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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aviation maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constant_pressure_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constant_pressure_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Constant pressure charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constant_pressure_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_weather_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_weather_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Surface weather analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_weather_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather map</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3" title="خريطة الطقس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خريطة الطقس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_meteorol%C3%B2gic" title="Mapa meteorològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mapa meteorològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologick%C3%A1_mapa" title="Meteorologická mapa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meteorologická mapa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterkarte" title="Wetterkarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wetterkarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmakaart" title="Ilmakaart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ilmakaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μετεωρολογικός χάρτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετεωρολογικός χάρτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_meteorol%C3%B3gico" title="Mapa meteorológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mapa meteorológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نقشه هواشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه هواشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique" title="Carte météorologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte météorologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%84" title="일기도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일기도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosti%C4%8Dka_karta" title="Prognostička karta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prognostička karta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_meteorologica" title="Carta meteorologica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carta meteorologica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מפה סינופטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפה סינופטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_meteorol%C3%B2gica" title="Carta meteorològica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carta meteorològica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="हवामानदर्शक नकाशा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हवामानदर्शक नकाशा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Цаг агаарын газрын зураг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаг агаарын газрын зураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerkaart" title="Weerkaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weerkaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%97%E5%9B%B3" title="天気図 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天気図" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AArkart" title="Vêrkart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vêrkart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob-havo_xaritasi" title="Ob-havo xaritasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ob-havo xaritasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੌਸਮ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਸਮ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_pogody" title="Mapa pogody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mapa pogody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_meteorol%C3%B3gico" title="Mapa meteorológico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mapa meteorológico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C4%83_meteo" title="Hartă meteo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hartă meteo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Карта погоды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карта погоды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_map" title="Weather map – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weather map" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremenska_karta" title="Vremenska karta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vremenska karta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نەخشەی کەشوھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخشەی کەشوھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosti%C4%8Dka_karta" title="Prognostička karta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prognostička karta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4kartta" title="Sääkartta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sääkartta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4derkarta" title="Väderkarta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väderkarta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%B1_%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%B2_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏙᏱ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏙᏱ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Погодна мапа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Погодна мапа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E5%9C%96" title="天氣圖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天氣圖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865144#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Weather_map" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Table of weather elements</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_analysis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Surface_analysis.gif/250px-Surface_analysis.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Surface_analysis.gif/375px-Surface_analysis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Surface_analysis.gif/500px-Surface_analysis.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A surface weather analysis for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on October 21, 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>weather map</b>, also known as <b>synoptic weather chart</b>, displays various <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> features across a particular area at a particular point in time and has <a href="/wiki/Station_model" title="Station model">various symbols</a> which all have specific meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such maps have been in use since the mid-19th century and are used for research and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a> purposes. Maps using <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isotherms</a> show temperature gradients,<sup id="cite_ref-DataAir_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DataAir-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can help locate <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">weather fronts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isotach" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotach">Isotach</a> maps, analyzing lines of equal <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> speed,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a constant pressure surface of 300 or 250 <a href="/wiki/HPa" class="mw-redirect" title="HPa">hPa</a> show where the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> is located. Use of constant pressure charts at the 700 and 500 hPa level can indicate <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> motion. Two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines_and_pathlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines">streamlines</a> based on wind speeds at various levels show areas of convergence and <a href="/wiki/Divergence" title="Divergence">divergence</a> in the wind field, which are helpful in determining the location of features within the wind pattern. A popular type of surface weather map is the <a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">surface weather analysis</a>, which plots <a href="/wiki/Isobar_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobar (meteorology)">isobars</a> to depict areas of <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low pressure</a>. Cloud codes are translated into symbols and plotted on these maps along with other meteorological data that are included in synoptic reports sent by professionally trained observers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/170px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/255px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/340px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>, the inventor of the weather map.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of weather charts in a modern sense began in the middle portion of the 19th century in order to devise a theory on storm systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> a storm devastated the French fleet at <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaklava</a>, and the French scientist <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> was able to show that if a chronological map of the storm had been issued, the path it would take could have been predicted and avoided by the fleet. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the scientist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> heard of this work, as well as the pioneering weather forecasts of <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>. After gathering information from weather stations across the country for the month of October 1861, he plotted the data on a map using his own system of symbols, thereby creating the world's first weather map. He used his map to prove that air circulated clockwise around areas of high pressure; he coined the term 'anticyclone' to describe the phenomenon. He was also instrumental in publishing the first weather map in a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a>, for which he modified the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> (an instrument for copying drawings) to inscribe the map onto printing blocks. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> began printing weather maps using these methods with data from the <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological Office">Meteorological Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wea05013_(9627284429)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wea05013_%289627284429%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption>US weather map from 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of country-wide weather maps required the existence of national <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> networks so that data from across the country could be gathered in real time and remain relevant for all analysis. The first such use of the telegraph for gathering data on the weather was the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Examiner" title="Manchester Examiner">Manchester Examiner</a></i> newspaper in 1847:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...led us to inquire if the electric telegraph was yet extended far enough from Manchester to obtain information from the eastern counties...inquiries were made at the following places; and hypothesis were returned, which we append...</p></blockquote> <p>It was also important for time to be <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standardized</a> across <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> so that the information on the map should accurately represent the weather at a given time. A standardized time system was first used to coordinate the British railway network in 1847, with the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>. </p><p>In the US, The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> developed its network of observers over much of the central and eastern United States between the 1840s and 1860s once <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> took the helm.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Signal Corps">U.S. Army Signal Corps</a> inherited this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of Congress, and expanded it to the west coast soon afterwards. At first, not all the data on the map was used due to a lack of time standardization. The United States fully adopted <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> in 1905, when <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> finally established standard time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg/330px-US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg/440px-US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Light tables were important to the construction of surface weather analyses into the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of frontal zones on weather maps began in the 1910s in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Polar front theory is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a>, derived from a coastal network of observation sites in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. This theory proposed that the main inflow into a cyclone was concentrated along two <a href="/wiki/Convergence_zone" title="Convergence zone">lines of convergence</a>, one ahead of the low and another trailing behind the low. The convergence line ahead of the low became known as either the steering line or the warm front. The trailing convergence zone was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall line</a> or cold front. Areas of clouds and <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> appeared to be focused along these convergence zones. The concept of frontal zones led to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a>. The nature of the three-dimensional structure of the cyclone would wait for the development of the upper air network during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-OU_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the leading edge of air mass changes bore resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Military_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Military front">military fronts</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the term "front" came into use to represent these lines.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States began to formally analyze fronts on surface analyses in late 1942, when the WBAN Analysis Center opened in downtown <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to surface weather maps, weather agencies began to generate constant pressure charts. In 1948, the United States began the Daily Weather Map series, which at first analyzed the 700 hPa level, which is around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 14, 1954, the 500 hPa surface was being analyzed, which is about 5,520 metres (18,110 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effort to automate map plotting began in the United States in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the process complete in the 1970s. A similar initiative was started in India by <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">Indian Meteorological Department</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> completed their process of automated surface plotting by 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1999, computer systems and software had finally become sophisticated enough to allow for the ability to underlay on the same workstation satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model-derived fields such as atmospheric thickness and frontogenesis in combination with surface observations to make for the best possible surface analysis. In the United States, this development was achieved when <a href="/wiki/Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a> workstations were replaced by n-<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Weather_Interactive_Processing_System" title="Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System">AWIPS</a> workstations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, the various surface analyses done within the National Weather Service were combined into the Unified Surface Analysis, which is issued every six hours and combines the analyses of four different centers.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advances in both the fields of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> have made it possible to devise finely tailored products that take us from the traditional weather map into an entirely new realm. Weather information can quickly be matched to relevant geographical detail. For instance, icing conditions can be mapped onto the road network. This will likely continue to lead to changes in the way surface analyses are created and displayed over the next several years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plotting_of_data">Plotting of data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plotting of data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Station_model" title="Station model">Station model</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowcloudsymbols.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lowcloudsymbols.gif/200px-Lowcloudsymbols.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lowcloudsymbols.gif/300px-Lowcloudsymbols.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lowcloudsymbols.gif/400px-Lowcloudsymbols.gif 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Low étage (Sc,St) and upward-growing vertical (Cu, Cb)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midcloudcymbols.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Midcloudcymbols.gif/200px-Midcloudcymbols.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Midcloudcymbols.gif/300px-Midcloudcymbols.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Midcloudcymbols.gif/400px-Midcloudcymbols.gif 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Middle étage (Ac,As) and downward-growing vertical (Ns)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Highcloudsymbols.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Highcloudsymbols.gif/200px-Highcloudsymbols.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Highcloudsymbols.gif/300px-Highcloudsymbols.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Highcloudsymbols.gif/400px-Highcloudsymbols.gif 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">High étage (Ci,Cc,Cs)</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather_symbolsNEW2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Weather_symbolsNEW2.png/220px-Weather_symbolsNEW2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Weather_symbolsNEW2.png/330px-Weather_symbolsNEW2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Weather_symbolsNEW2.png/440px-Weather_symbolsNEW2.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Present weather symbols used on weather maps</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_barbs.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wind_barbs.gif/220px-Wind_barbs.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wind_barbs.gif/330px-Wind_barbs.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wind_barbs.gif/440px-Wind_barbs.gif 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Wind barb interpretation</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Station_model" title="Station model">station model</a> is a symbolic illustration showing the <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> occurring at a given <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">reporting station</a>. Meteorologists created the station model to plot a number of weather elements in a small space on weather maps. Maps filled with dense station-model plots can be difficult to read, but they allow meteorologists, pilots, and mariners to see important weather patterns. A computer draws a station model for each observation location. The station model is primarily used on surface-weather maps, but can also be used to show the weather aloft. A completed station-model map allows users to analyze patterns in air pressure, temperature, wind, cloud cover, and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Station model plots use an internationally accepted coding convention that has changed little since August 1, 1941. Elements in the plot show the key weather elements, including <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewpoint">dewpoint</a>, wind, cloud cover, air pressure, pressure tendency, and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LIZ_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIZ-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winds have a standard notation when plotted on weather maps. More than a century ago, winds were plotted as arrows, with feathers on just one side depicting five knots of wind, while feathers on both sides depicted 10 knots (19 km/h) of wind. The notation changed to that of half of an arrow, with half of a wind barb indicating five knots, a full barb ten knots, and a pennant flag fifty knots. </p><p>Because of the structure of the SYNOP code, a maximum of three cloud symbols can be plotted for each reporting station that appears on the weather map. All cloud types are coded and transmitted by trained observers then plotted on maps as low, middle, or high-étage using special symbols for each major cloud type. Any cloud type with significant vertical extent that can occupy more than one étage is coded as low (cumulus and cumulonimbus) or middle (nimbostratus) depending on the altitude level or étage where it normally initially forms aside from any vertical growth that takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-Etages_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etages-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol used on the map for each of these étages at a particular observation time is for the genus, species, variety, mutation, or cloud motion that is considered most important according to criteria set out by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO). If these elements for any étage at the time of observation are deemed to be of equal importance, then the type which is predominant in amount is coded by the observer and plotted on the weather map using the appropriate symbol. Special weather maps in <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> show areas of icing and turbulence.<sup id="cite_ref-Format_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Format-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ifr.gif/220px-Ifr.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ifr.gif/330px-Ifr.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ifr.gif/440px-Ifr.gif 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Alaskan aviation weather map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_maps">Aviation maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aviation maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aviation</a> interests have their own set of weather maps. One type of map shows where VFR (visual flight rules) are in effect and where IFR (instrument flight rules) are in effect. Weather depiction plots show <a href="/wiki/Flight_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight ceiling">ceiling</a> height (level where at least half the sky is covered with clouds) in hundreds of feet, present weather, and cloud cover.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icing maps depict areas where icing can be a hazard for flying. Aviation-related maps also show areas of turbulence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constant_pressure_charts">Constant pressure charts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constant pressure charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jetstreak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jetstreak.png/220px-Jetstreak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Jetstreak.png 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>An upper-level jet streak. DIV areas are regions of divergence aloft, which usually leads to surface convergence and cyclogenesis</figcaption></figure> <p>Constant pressure charts normally contain plotted values of temperature, humidity, wind, and the vertical height above sea level of the pressure surface.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a variety of uses. In the mountainous terrain of the western United States and Mexican Plateau, the 850 hPa pressure surface can be a more realistic depiction of the weather pattern than a standard surface analysis. Using the 850 and 700 hPa pressure surfaces, one can determine when and where warm advection (coincident with upward vertical motion) and cold advection (coincident with downward vertical motion) is occurring within the lower portions of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>. Areas with small dewpoint depressions and are below freezing indicate the presence of icing conditions for aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-upper_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 500 hPa pressure surface can be used as a rough guide for the motion of many <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>. Shallower tropical cyclones, which have experienced vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>, tend to be steered by winds at the 700 hPa level.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the 300 and 200 hPa constant pressure charts can indicate the strength of systems in the lower troposphere, as stronger systems near the Earth's surface are reflected as stronger features at these levels of the atmosphere. Isotachs are drawn at these levels, which a lines of equal wind speed. They are helpful in finding maxima and minima in the wind pattern. Minima in the wind pattern aloft are favorable for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">tropical cyclogenesis</a>. Maxima in the wind pattern at various levels of the atmosphere show locations of jet streams. Areas colder than −40 °C (−40 °F) indicate a lack of significant icing, as long as there is no active <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-upper_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_weather_analysis">Surface weather analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surface weather analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streamlineanalysispacific.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Streamlineanalysispacific.gif/220px-Streamlineanalysispacific.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Streamlineanalysispacific.gif/330px-Streamlineanalysispacific.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Streamlineanalysispacific.gif/440px-Streamlineanalysispacific.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Streamline analysis of the tropical Pacific Ocean</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></div> <p>A surface weather analysis is a type of weather map that depicts positions for <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure areas</a>, as well as various types of <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic scale">synoptic scale</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">frontal zones</a>. Isotherms can be drawn on these maps, which are lines of equal temperature. Isotherms are drawn normally as solid lines at a preferred temperature interval.<sup id="cite_ref-DataAir_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DataAir-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They show temperature gradients, which can be useful in finding fronts, which are on the warm side of large temperature gradients. By plotting the freezing line, isotherms can be useful in determination of precipitation type. Mesoscale boundaries such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, outflow boundaries and <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a> also are analyzed on surface weather analyses. </p><p>Isobaric analysis is performed on these maps, which involves the construction of lines of equal mean <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea level pressure">sea level pressure</a>. The innermost closed lines indicate the positions of relative maxima and minima in the pressure field. The minima are called low-pressure areas while the maxima are called <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure areas</a>. Highs are often shown as H's whereas <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">lows</a> are shown as L's. Elongated areas of low pressure, or troughs, are sometimes plotted as thick, brown dashed lines down the trough axis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isobars are commonly used to place surface boundaries from the <a href="/wiki/Horse_latitudes" title="Horse latitudes">horse latitudes</a> poleward, while streamline analyses are used in the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A streamline analysis is a series of arrows oriented parallel to wind, showing wind motion within a certain geographic area. "C"s depict cyclonic flow or likely areas of low pressure, while "A"s depict anticyclonic flow or likely positions of high-pressure areas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An area of confluent streamlines shows the location of <a href="/wiki/Weather_front#Stationary_front" title="Weather front">shearlines</a> within the tropics and subtropics.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isobar_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobar (meteorology)">Isobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognostic_chart" title="Prognostic chart">Prognostic chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_map&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Pacific Region Headquarters<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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