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id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teacher's_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher's_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Teacher's Day</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher's_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Charity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Constituent_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Constituent_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in Constituent Assembly</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in Constituent Assembly subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Global policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Advaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intuition_and_religious_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intuition_and_religious_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Intuition and religious experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intuition_and_religious_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Classification of religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Appraisal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Criticism and context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Perennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universalism,_communalism_and_Hindu_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universalism,_communalism_and_Hindu_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universalism,_communalism_and_Hindu_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Post-colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feud_with_The_Modern_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feud_with_The_Modern_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Feud with <i>The Modern Review</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feud_with_The_Modern_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>State honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_by_Radhakrishnan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Radhakrishnan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works by Radhakrishnan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Radhakrishnan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_and_monographs_on_Radhakrishnan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_and_monographs_on_Radhakrishnan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_and_monographs_on_Radhakrishnan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.2</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A3" title="সৰ্বেপল্লী ৰাধাকৃষ্ণণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সৰ্বেপল্লী ৰাধাকৃষ্ণণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A3" title="সর্বপল্লী রাধাকৃষ্ণণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বপল্লী রাধাকৃষ্ণণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарвепалі Радхакрышнан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сарвепалі Радхакрышнан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарвепали Радхакришнан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сарвепали Радхакришнан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_R%C3%A1dhakri%C5%A1nan" title="Sarvepalli Rádhakrišnan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarvepalli Rádhakrišnan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A9_%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%B1%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސަރްވެޕައްލީ ރާދާކްރިޝްޱަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަރްވެޕައްލީ ރާދާކްރިޝްޱަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Σαρβεπάλλι Ραντακρίσναν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρβεπάλλι Ραντακρίσναν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86" title="ساروپالی رادهاکرشنن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساروپالی رادهاکرشنن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%89._%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A8" title="ડૉ. સર્વપલ્લી રાધાકૃષ્ણન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડૉ. સર્વપલ્લી રાધાકૃષ્ણન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%ED%8C%94%EB%A6%AC_%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%88%EB%82%9C" title="사르베팔리 라다크리슈난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사르베팔리 라다크리슈난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սարվեպալի Ռադհակրիշնան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարվեպալի Ռադհակրիշնան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वेपल्लि राधाकृष्णन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वेपल्लि राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="סרוופלי רדהקרישנן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרוופלי רדהקרישנן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸರ್ವೆಪಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಧಾಕೃಷ್ಣನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ವೆಪಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಧಾಕೃಷ್ಣನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სარვეპალი რადჰაკრიშნანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარვეპალი რადჰაკრიშნანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_R%C4%81dhakri%C5%A1nans" title="Sarvepalli Rādhakrišnans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarvepalli Rādhakrišnans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarv%C3%A9palli_R%C3%A1d%C3%A1krisnan" title="Szarvépalli Rádákrisnan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarvépalli Rádákrisnan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB" title="എസ്. രാധാകൃഷ്ണൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്. രാധാകൃഷ്ണൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سارفيبالى راذاكريشنان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سارفيبالى راذاكريشنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3" title="サルヴパッリー・ラーダークリシュナン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルヴパッリー・ラーダークリシュナン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%A8" title="ସର୍ବପଲ୍ଲୀ ରାଧାକୃଷ୍ଣନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସର୍ବପଲ୍ଲୀ ରାଧାକୃଷ୍ଣନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਰਵੇਪੱਲੀ ਰਾਧਾਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਣਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਵੇਪੱਲੀ ਰਾਧਾਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਣਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86" title="رادھاکرشنن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رادھاکرشنن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Радхакришнан, Сарвепалли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радхакришнан, Сарвепалли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱯᱚᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱨᱩᱥᱱᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱯᱚᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱨᱩᱥᱱᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڊاڪٽر راڌا ڪرشنان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊاڪٽر راڌا ڪرشنان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C3%A9palli_R%C3%A1dh%C3%A1kri%C5%A1nan" title="Sarvépalli Rádhákrišnan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sarvépalli Rádhákrišnan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakri%C5%A1nan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrišnan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrišnan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарвепали Радакришнан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сарвепали Радакришнан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சர்வபள்ளி இராதாகிருஷ்ணன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வபள்ளி இராதாகிருஷ்ணன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สรวปัลลี ราธากฤษณัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สรวปัลลี ราธากฤษณัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарвепалли Радхакришнан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сарвепалли Радхакришнан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарвепаллі Радхакришнан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарвепаллі Радхакришнан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86" title="سروپلی رادھا کرشنن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سروپلی رادھا کرشنن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%95%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" title="萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E7%83%88%E6%AE%8A%E5%8D%97" title="拉達烈殊南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉達烈殊南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%95%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" title="萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of India from 1962 to 1967</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Radhakrishnan" redirects here. For other people with this name, see <a href="/wiki/Radhakrishnan_(name)" title="Radhakrishnan (name)">Radhakrishnan (name)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Telugu_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu name">Telugu name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Sarvepalli</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official Portrait, 1962</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 May 1962 – 13 May 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> (Acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zakir Husain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad">Dr. Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain" title="Zakir Husain">Zakir Husain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 May 1952 – 12 May 1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>(Position established)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain" title="Zakir Husain">Zakir Husain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of India to Russia">2nd Ambassador of India to Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 July 1949 – 12 May 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon" title="K. P. S. Menon">K. P. S. Menon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University">Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1939–1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya">Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Jha" title="Amarnath Jha">Amarnath Jha</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-09-05</span>)</span>5 September 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Thiruttani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruttani">Thiruttani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> <br /> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1975<span style="display:none">(1975-04-17)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <br /> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sarvepalli Sivakamu</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1903; died 1956)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Gopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor">vice-chancellor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">Philosopher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> (1954)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> (1975)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">the <i>Indian Philosophy</i>: 2 volume set</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voorhees_College,_Vellore" title="Voorhees College, Vellore">Voorhees College, Vellore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Presidency College">Madras Presidency College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College,_Mysore" title="Maharaja's College, Mysore">Maharaja's College, Mysore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Manchester_College,_Oxford" title="Harris Manchester College, Oxford">Manchester College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)#Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Advaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/230px-Double_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/345px-Double_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/460px-Double_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Classical Advaita Vedanta</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81mat%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāmatī">Bhāmatī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarana" title="Vivarana">Vivarana</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Shaivism/Tantra/Nath</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a>)</li></ul> <p><i><b>New movements</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)">Avidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">Ajativada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchitananda">Satchitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three Bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect_in_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect in Advaita Vedanta">Cause and effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_neti" title="Neti neti">Neti neti</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Kashmir Shaivism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">so'ham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Sravana, manana, nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna#Spiritual_practices" title="Pratyabhijna">"Unfoldment of the middle"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-enquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-enquiry">Self-enquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Moksha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anubhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anubhava (page does not exist)">Anubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Jivanmukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Advaita Vedanta</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Bodha_Deepika" title="Advaita Bodha Deepika">Advaita Bodha Deepika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Viveka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka">Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara of Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Ashtavakra Gita</a></li></ul> <p><i>Gaudapada</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></li></ul> <p><i>Adi Shankara</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a></li> <li><i>Attributed to Shankara</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekachudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekachudamani">Vivekachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_bodha" title="Atma bodha">Atma bodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparokshanubhuti" title="Aparokshanubhuti">Aparokshanubhuti</a></li></ul> <p><b>Advaita-Yoga</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nath</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Gita" title="Avadhuta Gita">Avadhuta Gita</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kashmir Shaivism</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijnahridayam" title="Pratyabhijnahridayam">Pratyabhijnahridayam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Neo-Vedanta</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda#Literary_works" title="Swami Vivekananda">Works by Vivekananda</a></li></ul> <p><b>Inchegeri Sampradaya</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasbodh" title="Dasbodh">Dasbodh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Teachers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita Vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Misra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandana Misra">Mandana Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmapadacharya" title="Padmapadacharya">Padmapadacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalananda" title="Amalananda">Amalananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathi_Tirtha" title="Bharathi Tirtha">Bharathi Tirtha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teachers_of_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta">Advaita teachers</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Swami Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Swami Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Swami Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sarvapriyananda" title="Swami Sarvapriyananda">Swami Sarvapriyananda</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Shaivism/Tantra/Nath</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._W._L._Poonja" title="H. W. L. Poonja">H. W. L. Poonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnanabhiksu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanic movement</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Hinduism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Buddhism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism#Schayer_-_Precanonical_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Precanonical Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Monasteries and Orders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita Vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapadacharya_Math" title="Gaudapadacharya Math">Gaudapadacharya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhana_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana matha">Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka Pitha">Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotirmath">Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Modern Advaita Vedanta</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsha_Vidya_Gurukulam" title="Arsha Vidya Gurukulam">Arsha Vidya Gurukulam</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_De_Smet" title="Richard De Smet">Richard De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Deutsch" title="Eliot Deutsch">Eliot Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Godman" title="David Godman">David Godman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita" title="Category:Advaita">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vishishtadvaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta">Vishishtadvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Shaivism" title="Category:Advaita Shaivism">Advaita Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Nondualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Nondualism (page does not exist)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita_teachers" title="Category:Neo-Advaita teachers">Neo-Advaita teachers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/20px-Hinduism_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/30px-Hinduism_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/40px-Hinduism_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Svpr.ogg\/Svpr.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Svpr.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Svpr.ogg/Svpr.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Svpr.ogg" title="File:Svpr.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975; natively <b>Radhakrishna</b>) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and statesman who served as the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> from 1962 to 1967. He previously served as the first <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of India">vice president of India</a> from 1952 to 1962. He was the second <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union">ambassador of India to the Soviet Union</a> from 1949 to 1952. He was also the fourth <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor_of_Banaras_Hindu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University">vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University</a> from 1939 to 1948 and the second vice-chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a> from 1931 to 1936. Radhakrishnan is considered one of the most influential and distinguished 20th century <a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">scholars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> from 1921 to 1932 and <a href="/wiki/Spalding_Professor_of_Eastern_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics">Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> from 1936 to 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> against what he called "uninformed <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Western criticism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">contemporary Hindu identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> in 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in 1963. He was also one of the founders of Helpage India, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit Organization">non profit organisation</a> for elderly <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">underprivileged in India</a>. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-BharatRatna_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BharatRatna-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan was born as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Brahmin" title="Niyogi Brahmin">Niyogi Brahmin</a> family of Sarvepalli Veeraswami and Sithamma. He was the fourth born of six siblings (five brothers and one sister),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Tiruttani" title="Tiruttani">Tiruttani</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot district</a> in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>His family hails from <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli" title="Sarvepalli">Sarvepalli</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. His early years were spent in <a href="/wiki/Thiruttani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruttani">Thiruttani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a>. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local <i><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></i> (local landlord). His primary education was at K. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> and Government High Secondary School, <a href="/wiki/Walajapet" title="Walajapet">Walajapet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198911_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan,_in_the_Oval_Office_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Indian_President_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan%2C_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan with US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in the Oval Office, 1963</figcaption></figure><p> Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined <a href="/wiki/Voorhees_College_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voorhees College (India)">Voorhees College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a> for his high school education. After his F.A. (First of Arts) class, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> (affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>) at the age of 16. He graduated from there in 1907, and also finished his Masters from the same college. </p><p>Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. He had wished to study mathematics. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academics course.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198914_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198914-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree thesis on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198916_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198916-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> system had no room for ethics."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his professors, William Meston and Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">missionary institutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This led him to his critical study of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogg as 'My distinguished teacher,'<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "one of the greatest Christian thinkers we had in India.'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, Professor William Skinner, who was acting Principal of the College, gave a testimonial saying "he is one of the best men we have had in the recent years", which enabled him to get the first job in Presidency College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan dedicated one of his early books to William Skinner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198915_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198915-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>The Spirit of <i>Abheda</i></big></b> </p><p>Radhakrishnan expresses his anguish, against the British critics, in The Ethics of the Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he wrote, "it has become philosophic fashion of the present day to consider the Vedanta system a non-ethical one." He quotes a <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a>, who lived and studied in Britain for most of his life, <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Muller</a> as stating, "The Vedanta philosophy has not neglected the important sphere of ethics; but on the contrary, we find ethics in the beginning, ethics in the middle, and ethics in the end, to say nothing of the fact that minds, so engrossed with divine things as Vedanta philosophers, are not likely to fall victims to the ordinary temptations of the world, the flesh, and other powers." </p><p>Radhakrishnan then explains how this philosophy requires us (people) to look upon all creations as one. As non-different. This is where he introduces "The Spirit of Abheda".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes, "In morals, the individual is enjoined to cultivate a Spirit of <i>Abheda</i>, or non-difference." Thus he mentions how this "naturally leads to the ethics of love and brotherhood". </p><p>"Every other individual is to be regarded as your co-equal, and treated as an end, not a means." </p><p>"The Vedanta requires us to respect human dignity and demands the recognition of man as man." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan was married to <a href="/wiki/Sivakamu_Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivakamu Radhakrishnan">Sivakamu</a><sup id="cite_ref-skspell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skspell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1893–1956) in May 1903, a distant cousin, at the age of 14, when she was aged 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198912_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per tradition the marriage was <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged</a> by the family. The couple had five daughters named Padmavati, Rukmini, Sushila, Sundari and Shakuntala. They also had a son named <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a> who went on to a notable career as a historian. Many of Radhakrishnan's family members including his grandchildren and great-grandchildren have pursued a wide range of careers in academia, public policy, medicine, law, banking, business, publishing and other fields across the world. Former India cricketer & <a href="/wiki/National_Cricket_Academy" title="National Cricket Academy">NCA</a> director <a href="/wiki/VVS_Laxman" title="VVS Laxman">VVS Laxman</a> is his great-grandnephew. Sivakamu died on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 53 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="hand made portrait of Mr. President." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg/170px-Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg/255px-Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Radhakrishnan_telugu_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan drawn by Bujjai and signed by Sarvepalli in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> as "Radhakrishnayya".</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1909, Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Presidency College">Madras Presidency College</a>. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mysore" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a>, where he taught at its <a href="/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College,_Mysore" title="Maharaja's College, Mysore">Maharaja's College, Mysore</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-times10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MurtyVohra1990_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurtyVohra1990-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like <i>The Quest</i>, <i>Journal of Philosophy</i> and the <i>International Journal of Ethics</i>. He also completed his first book, <i>The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore</i>. He believed <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a>'s philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". His second book, <i>The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy</i> was published in 1920. </p><p>In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="International Congress of Philosophy">International Congress of Philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Hibbert_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibbert Lecture">Hibbert Lecture</a> on the ideals of life which he delivered at <a href="/wiki/Harris_Manchester_College,_Oxford" title="Harris Manchester College, Oxford">Manchester College, Oxford</a> in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as <i>An Idealist View of Life</i>. </p><p>In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a> in the June <a href="/wiki/1931_Birthday_Honours" title="1931 Birthday Honours">1931 Birthday Honours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formally invested with his honour by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Earl of Willingdon</a>, in April 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence,<sup id="cite_ref-banerji_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banerji-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'. </p><p>He was the <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor">vice-chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a> from 1931 to 1936. During his first convocation address, he spoke about his native <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra</a> as, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We, the Andhras, are fortunately situated in some respects. I firmly believe that if any part of India is capable of developing an effective sense of unity it is in Andhra. The hold of conservatism is not strong. Our generosity of spirit and openness of mind are well -known. Our social instinct and suggestibility are still active. Our moral sense and sympathetic imagination are not much warped by dogma. Our women are relatively more free. Love of the mother-tongue binds us all.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg/220px-Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg/330px-Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg/440px-Portrait_DR._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan by <a href="/wiki/Serge_Ivanoff" title="Serge Ivanoff">Serge Ivanoff</a> 1953.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named <a href="/wiki/Spalding_Professor_of_Eastern_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics">Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, and was elected a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College</a>. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the awards continued steadily throughout the 1960s. In 1939 <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (BHU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199090_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199090-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_President_Dr._Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_of_India_Exit_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>President of United States John F. Kennedy and President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (left), depart the White House following a meeting. Minister of External Affairs of India, Lakshmi N. Menon, walks behind President Kennedy at West Wing Entrance, White House, Washington, D.C., on 4 June 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career.<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His international authority preceded his political career. He was one of those stalwarts who attended <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Mahasabha" title="Andhra Mahasabha">Andhra Mahasabha</a> in 1928 where he seconded the idea of renaming Ceded Districts division of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a>. In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">Committee for Intellectual Cooperation</a>, where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (1946–52) and was later <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union">Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union</a>, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967). Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. He was the <i>politician in shadow</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (August 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His motivation lay in his pride of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu culture</a>, and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian Donald Mackenzie Brown, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher's_Day"><span id="Teacher.27s_Day"></span><i>Teacher's Day</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teacher's Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> When Radhakrishnan became the President of India, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied,</p><blockquote><p>Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th is observed as Teachers' Day.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His birthday has since been celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Teachers%27_Day_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers' Day (India)">Teacher's Day</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">G. D. Birla</a> and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png/220px-State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png/330px-State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png/440px-State_Visits_by_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>As President of India, Radhakrishnan made 11 state visits including visits to both the US and the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_Constituent_Assembly">Role in Constituent Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in Constituent Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was against State institutions imparting denominational religious instruction as it was against the secular vision of the Indian State.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_policy">Global policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Global policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, Radhakrishnan, the second president of India and the first vice president of India, was one of the sponsors of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_World_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' World Convention">Peoples' World Convention</a> (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern and western thought,<sup id="cite_ref-Schillp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schillp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defending Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism",<sup id="cite_ref-brown153_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also incorporating Western philosophical and religious thought.<sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advaita Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan was one of the most prominent spokesmen of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fort179_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fort179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His metaphysics was grounded in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for a contemporary understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>'s notion of <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">maya</a></i>. According to Radhakrishnan, maya is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real."<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuition_and_religious_experience">Intuition and religious experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intuition and religious experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mysticism#Mystical_experience" title="Mysticism">Mystical experience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></div> <p>"Intuition", <sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synonymously called "religious experience",<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.<sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1842–1910), <a href="/wiki/F._H._Bradley" title="F. H. Bradley">F. H. Bradley</a> (1846–1924), <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> (1859–1941), and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a> (1852–1925),<sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> (1863–1902),<sup id="cite_ref-Rambachan1994_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambachan1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had a strong influence on Sarvepalli's thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990179_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990179-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (<i>svatassiddha</i>), self-evidencing (<i>svāsaṃvedya</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Self-luminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-luminous">self-luminous</a> (<i>svayam-prakāsa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>An Idealist View of Life</i>, he made a case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Radhakrishnan, <i>intuition</i> plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radhakrishnan discernes eight sorts of experience:<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Cognitive Experience:</li> <li>Sense Experience</li> <li>Discursive Reasoning</li> <li>Intuitive Apprehension</li> <li>Psychic Experience</li> <li>Aesthetic Experience</li> <li>Ethical Experience</li> <li>Religious Experience</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_religions">Classification of religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classification of religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Radhakrishnan, theology and creeds are intellectual formulations, and symbols of religious experience or "religious intuitions".<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan qualified the variety of religions hierarchically according to their apprehension of "religious experience", giving Advaita Vedanta the highest place:<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The worshippers of the Absolute</li> <li>The worshippers of the personal God</li> <li>The worshippers of the incarnations like Rama, Kṛiṣhṇa, Buddha</li> <li>Those who worship ancestors, deities and sages</li> <li>The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits</li></ol> <p>Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Radhakrishnan, "if philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From his writings collected as The Hindu View of Life, Upton Lectures, Delivered at Manchester College, Oxford, 1926: "Hinduism insists on our working steadily upwards in improving our knowledge of God. The worshippers of the absolute are of the highest rank; second to them are the worshippers of the personal God; then come the worshippers of the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Buddha; below them are those who worship deities, ancestors, and sages, and lowest of all are the worshippers of petty forces and spirits. The deities of some men are in water (i.e., bathing places), those of the most advanced are in the heavens, those of the children (in religion) are in the images of wood and stone, but the sage finds his God in his deeper self. The man of action finds his God in fire, the man of feeling in the heart, and the feeble minded in the idol, but the strong in spirit find God everywhere". The seers see the supreme in the self, and not the images." </p><p>To Radhakrishnan, Advaita Vedanta was the best representative of Hinduism, as being grounded in intuition, in contrast to the "intellectually mediated interpretations"<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He objected against charges of "quietism"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "world denial", instead stressing the need and ethic of social service, giving a modern interpretation of classical terms as <i>tat-tvam-asi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fort179_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fort179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Radhakrishnan, Vedanta offers the most direct intuitive experience and inner realisation, which makes it the highest form of religion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Vedanta is not a religion, but religion itself in its most universal and deepest significance.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Radhakrishnan saw other religions, "including what Dr. S. Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism,"<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta, thereby Hinduising all religions.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a>, were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> influences of their own culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan,_tankbund.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG/220px-Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG/330px-Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG/440px-Sarve_palli_raadhakrishnan%2C_tankbund.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sarvepalli at Hyderabad (Tankbund)</figcaption></figure> <p>Radhakrishnan was one of world's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,<sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2007173_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2007173-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004199_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In figures such as Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan we witness Vedanta traveling to the West, where it nourished the spiritual hunger of Europeans and Americans in the early decades of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004199_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appraisal">Appraisal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan has been highly appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nor would it be possible to find a more excellent example of a living "bridge" between the East and the West than Professor Radhakrishnan. Steeped, as Radhakrishnan has been since his childhood, in the life, traditions, and philosophical heritage of his native India, he has also struck deep roots in Western philosophy, which he has been studying tirelessly ever since his undergraduate college-days in Madras Christian College, and in which he is as thoroughly at home as any Western philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-Schillp_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schillp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>And according to Hawley: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Radhakrishnan's concern for experience and his extensive knowledge of the Western philosophical and literary traditions has earned him the reputation of being a bridge-builder between India and the West. He often appears to feel at home in the Indian as well as the Western philosophical contexts, and draws from both Western and Indian sources throughout his writing. Because of this, Radhakrishnan has been held up in academic circles as a representative of Hinduism to the West. His lengthy writing career and his many published works have been influential in shaping the West's understanding of Hinduism, India, and the East.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_context">Criticism and context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism and context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan's ideas have also received criticism and challenges, for their perennialist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and universalist claims,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazumdarKaiwar200936_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazumdarKaiwar200936-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of an east–west dichotomy.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perennialism">Perennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Perennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></div> <p>According to Radhakrishnan, there is not only an underlying "divine unity"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the seers of the Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also "an essential commonality between philosophical and religious traditions from widely disparate cultures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also a major theme in the works of <a href="/wiki/Rene_Guenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Guenon">Rene Guenon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, and the contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism. Social-constructionists give an alternative approach to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen as being determined and mediated by cultural determinants:<sup id="cite_ref-sharf1998_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharf2000_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharf2000-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Michaels notes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Religions, too, rely not so much on individual experiences or on innate feelings – like a <i>sensus numinosus</i> (Rudolf Otto) – but rather on behavioral patterns acquired and learned in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rinehart also points out that "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindu thought is a product of history",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which "has been worked out and expressed in a variety of historical contexts over the preceding two hundreds years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also true for Radhakrishan, who was educated by missionaries<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004195_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004195-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, like other neo-Vedantins, used the prevalent western understanding of India and its culture to present an alternative to the western critique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universalism,_communalism_and_Hindu_nationalism"><span id="Universalism.2C_communalism_and_Hindu_nationalism"></span>Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Richard King, the elevation of Vedanta as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by colonial Indologists but also neo-Vedantins served well for the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalists</a>, who further popularised this notion of Advaita Vedanta as the pinnacle of Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001129–130_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129–130-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...provided an opportunity for the construction of a nationalist ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against colonial oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001133_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001133-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This "opportunity" has been criticised. According to Sucheta Mazumdar and Vasant Kaiwar, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Indian nationalist leaders continued to operate within the categorical field generated by politicized religion [...] Extravagant claims were made on behalf of Oriental civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's statement – "[t]he Vedanta is not a religion but religion itself in its "<i>most universal and deepest significance</i>" – is fairly typical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazumdarKaiwar200936_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazumdarKaiwar200936-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rinehart also criticises the inclusivity of Radhakrishnan's approach, since it provides "a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rinehart, the consequence of this line of reasoning is <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea that "all people belonging to one religion have common economic, social and political interests and these interests are contrary to the interests of those belonging to another religion."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rinehart notes that Hindu religiosity plays an important role in the nationalist movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the neo-Hindu discourse is the unintended consequence of the initial moves made by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Rinehart also points out that it is </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...clear that there isn't a neat line of causation that leads from the philosophies of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004198_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004198-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</a></div> <p>Colonialism left deep traces in the hearts and minds of the Indian people, influencing the way they understood and represented themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influences of "colonialist forms of knowledge"<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be found in the works of Radhakrishnan. According to Hawley, Radhakrishnan's division between East and West, the East being spiritual and mystical, and the West being rationalist and logical in its forms of knowledge, was constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Arguably, these characterisations are "imagined" in the sense that they reflect the philosophical and religious realities of neither "East' nor West."<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, the colonial influences on the 'construction' and 'representation' of Hinduism have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism. Western Indologists are trying to come to more neutral and better-informed representations of India and its culture, while Indian scholars are trying to establish forms of knowledge and understanding which are grounded in and informed by Indian traditions, instead of being dominated by western forms of knowledge and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feud_with_The_Modern_Review">Feud with <i>The Modern Review</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Feud with The Modern Review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radhakrishnan's appointment, as a southerner, to "the most important chair of philosophy in India" in the north, was resented by a number of people from the Bengali intellectual elite, and <i>The Modern Review</i>, which was critical of the appointment of non-Bengalis, became the main vehicle of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198737_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198737-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199030-31_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199030-31-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989116_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989116-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after his arrival in Calcutta in 1921, Radhakrishnan's writings were regularly criticised in <i>The Modern Review</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989116_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989116-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Radhakrishnan published his <i>Indian Philosophy</i> in two volumes (1923 and 1927), <i>The Modern Review</i> questioned his use of sources, criticising the lack of references to Bengali scholars. Yet, in an editor's note, <i>The Modern Review</i> acknowledged that "As professor's Radhakrishnan's book has not been received for review in this Journal, <i>The Modern Review</i> is not in a position to form any opinion on it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198734_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198734-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the January 1929 issue of <i>The Modern Review</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sinha" title="Jadunath Sinha">Jadunath Sinha</a> made the claim that parts of his 1922 doctoral thesis, <i>Indian Psychology of Perception</i>, published in 1925, were copied by his teacher Radhakrishnan into the chapter on "The Yoga system of Patanjali" in his book <i>Indian Philosophy II</i>, published in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198734_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198734-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199031_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199031-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinha and Radhakrishnan exchanged several letters in the <i>Modern Review</i>, in which Sinha compared parts of his thesis with Radhakrishnan's publication, presenting altogether 110 instances of "borrowings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198735_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198735-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199031_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199031-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan felt compelled to respond, stating that Sinha and he had both used the same classical texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198736_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198736-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that his translations were standard translations, and that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing on the subject before publishing his book, and that his book was ready for publication in 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198735_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198735-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, <a href="/wiki/Ganganath_Jha" title="Ganganath Jha">Ganganath Jha</a>, and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that Radhakrishnan was distributing the notes in question since 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989117-118_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989117-118-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramananda Chatterjee, the editor of <i>The Modern Review</i>, refused to publish a letter by Nalini Ganguli confirming this fact, while continuing publishing Sinha's letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989117-118_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989117-118-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Editor of Radhakrishnan's publisher, professor Muirhead, further confirmed that the publication was delayed for three years, due to his stay in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198735-36_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198735-36-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Summer 1929, the dispute escalated into a juristic fight. Responding to the alleged "systematic effort [...] to destroy Radhakrishnan's reputation as a scholar and a public figure,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radhakrishnan filed a suit for defamation of character against Sinha and Chatterjee, demanding Rs. 100,000 for the damage done,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sinha filed a case against Radhakrishnan for copyright infringement, demanding Rs. 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suits were settled in May 1933, the terms of the settlement were not disclosed, and "all the allegations made in the pleadings and in the columns of the <i>Modern Review</i> were withdrawn."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198737_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198737-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199032-33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg/220px-S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg/330px-S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg/440px-S._Radhakrishnan_receiving_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_from_President_Dr._Prasad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>S. Radhakrishnan receiving the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> award from President <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_honours">State honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon </th> <th>Decoration </th> <th width="100px">Country </th> <th width="100px">Date </th> <th width="300px">Note </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/70px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/105px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/140px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>Ceased to use the pre-nominal of <i>Sir</i> in 1947, following the independence of India. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/100px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/150px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/200px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td>The highest civilian honour of India. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png/100px-MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png/150px-MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png/200px-MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td><i>Sash First Class</i>, the highest civilian honour of Mexico. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/100px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/150px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/200px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td>For <i>Sciences and Arts</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pourlemerite_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pourlemerite-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/70px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/105px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/140px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td><i>Honorary Member</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_achievements">Other achievements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A portrait of Radhakrishnan adorns the Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1938: elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>.</li> <li>1947: election as Permanent Member of the Instutut international de philosophie.</li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Plaque_of_the_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt">Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt</a>.</li> <li>1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.</li> <li>1962: Institution of <a href="/wiki/Teachers%27_Day_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers' Day (India)">Teacher's Day</a> in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-BharatRatna_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BharatRatna-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968: Sahitya Akademi fellowship, The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer (he is the first person to get this award)</li> <li>1975: the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> in 1975, a few months before his death, for advocating non-aggression and conveying "a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."<sup id="cite_ref-Templeton_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templeton-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Templeton-quote_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templeton-quote-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University.</li> <li>1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was nominated sixteen times for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel prize in literature</a>, and eleven times for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Commemorative stamps</b> released by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a> (by year) - </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1967"><img alt="1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg/89px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg/134px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg/178px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1967_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1967</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1989"><img alt="1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/120px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/180px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/240px-Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1989</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sarvepalli Radhakrishna</i> (1988) is a documentary film about Radhakrishnan, directed by N. S. Thapa, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Films Division">Films Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_to_Wikiquote plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/40px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/60px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/80px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This page <b>is a candidate for <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">copying</a> over to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="q:Main Page">Wikiquote</a> using the Transwiki process</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the page can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">expanded</a> into an encyclopedic article, rather than a list of quotations, please do so and remove this message.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>"It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"When we think we know, we cease to learn."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"There is nothing wonderful in my saying that Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A life of joy and happiness is possible only on the basis of knowledge.</li> <li>"If he does not fight, it is not because he rejects all fighting as futile, but because he has finished his fights. He has overcome all dissensions between himself and the world and is now at rest... We shall have wars and soldiers so long as the brute in us is untamed."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_Radhakrishnan">Works by Radhakrishnan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works by Radhakrishnan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore</i> (1918), Macmillan, London, 276 pages</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1922" class="citation journal cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. (October 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fintejethi.33.1.2377174">"The Hindu Dharma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Ethics">International Journal of Ethics</a></i>. <b>33</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fintejethi.33.1.2377174">10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-297X">1539-297X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377174">2377174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144844920">144844920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Dharma&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1922-10&rft.issn=1539-297X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144844920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2377174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fintejethi.33.1.2377174&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fintejethi.33.1.2377174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2">Indian Philosophy</a></i> (1923) Vol. 1, 738 pages. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 pages. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (1st edition).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170903"><i> The Hindu View of Life</i></a> (1927), London: Allen & Unwin. 92 pages</li> <li><i>Indian Religious Thought</i> (2016), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orient_Paperbacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orient Paperbacks (page does not exist)">Orient Paperbacks</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-222042-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-222042-4-7">978-81-222042-4-7</a></li> <li><i>Religion, Science and Culture</i> (2010), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orient_Paperbacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orient Paperbacks (page does not exist)">Orient Paperbacks</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-222001-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-222001-2-6">978-81-222001-2-6</a></li> <li><i>An Idealist View of Life</i> (1929), 351 pages</li> <li><i>Kalki, or the Future of Civilization</i> (1929), 96 pages</li> <li><i>Gautama the Buddha</i> (London: Milford, 1938); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13295/page/n3/mode/2up">1st India ed., 1945</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.263406/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Eastern Religions and Western Thought</i></a> (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages</li> <li><i>Religion and Society</i> (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages</li> <li><i>The Bhagavadgītā: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes</i> (1948), 388 pages</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada_(Radhakrishnan_translation)" title="Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)">The Dhammapada</a></i> (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principal_Upanishads" title="The Principal Upanishads">The Principal Upanishads</a></i> (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited</li> <li><i>Recovery of Faith</i> (1956), 205 pages</li> <li><i>A Source Book in Indian Philosophy</i> (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Moore" title="Charles A. Moore">Charles A. Moore</a> as co-editor.</li> <li><i>The Brahma Sutra: The Philosophy of Spiritual Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1959, 606 pages.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsuCDRLeou8C">Religion, Science & Culture</a></i> (1968), 121 pages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_and_monographs_on_Radhakrishnan">Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several books have been published on Radhakrishnan: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtyAshok_Vohra1990" class="citation book cs1">Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&q=radhakrishnan&pg=PP1"><i>Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791403440" title="Special:BookSources/9780791403440"><bdi>9780791403440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+his+life+and+ideas&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780791403440&rft.aulast=Murty&rft.aufirst=K.+Satchidananda&rft.au=Ashok+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6FsaptULgAC%26q%3Dradhakrishnan%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Minor, Robert Neil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LzRkWABC6sC&q=radhakrishnan"><i>Radhakrishnan: a religious biography</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-554-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-554-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+a+religious+biography&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-554-5&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Robert+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LzRkWABC6sC%26q%3Dradhakrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Sarvepalli (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radhakrishnanbio0000gopa"><i>Radhakrishnan: a biography</i></a>. Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562999-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-562999-X"><bdi>0-19-562999-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-562999-X&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradhakrishnanbio0000gopa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappu1995" class="citation book cs1">Pappu, S.S. Rama Rao (1995). <i>New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7030-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7030-461-6"><bdi>978-81-7030-461-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Essays+in+the+Philosophy+of+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7030-461-6&rft.aulast=Pappu&rft.aufirst=S.S.+Rama+Rao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathi,_G.Chattopadhyaya,_Debi_Prasad1989" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarathi, G.; Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad, eds. (1989). <i>Radhakrishnan: centenary volume</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+centenary+volume&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers" title="List of Indian writers">List of Indian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Order_of_Merit" title="List of members of the Order of Merit">List of members of the Order of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-skspell-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skspell_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakrishnan's wife's name is spelled differently in different sources, perhaps because a common Telugu spelling is Sivamma. It is spelled <i>Sivakamu</i> by Sarvepalli Gopal (1989); <i>Sivakamuamma</i> by Mamta Anand (2006); and still differently by others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neo-Vedanta seems to be closer to <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda-Vedanta</a> than to Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, with the acknowledgement of the reality of the world. Nicholas F. Gier: "Ramakrsna, Svami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo (I also include M.K. Gandhi) have been lvhfgvùhabeled "neo-Vedantists," a philosophy that rejects the Advaitins' claim that the world is illusory. Aurobindo, in his <i>The Life Divine</i>, declares that he has moved from Sankara's "universal illusionism" to his own "universal realism" (2005: 432), defined as metaphysical realism in the European philosophical sense of the term."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This qualification is not unique to Radhakrishnan. It was developed by nineteenth-century Indologists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sweetman_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was highly influential in the understanding of Hinduism, both in the west and in India.Hinduism Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anubhava</i> is a central term in Shankara's writings. According to several modern interpretators, especially Radakrishnan, Shankara emphasises the role of personal experience (<i>anubhava</i>) in ascertaining the validity of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambachan1991_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambachan1991-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, according to Rambacham himself, <i>sruti</i>, or textual authority, is the main source of knowledge for Shankara.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambachan1994_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambachan1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweetman: "[T]he supposed quietist and conservative nature of Vedantic thought"<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, especially, <a href="/wiki/Steven_T._Katz" title="Steven T. Katz">Steven T. Katz</a>: <ul><li><i>Mysticism and Philosophical Analysis</i> (Oxford University Press, 1978)</li> <li><i>Mysticism and Religious Traditions</i> (Oxford University Press, 1983)</li> <li><i>Mysticism and Language</i> (Oxford University Press, 1992)</li> <li><i>Mysticism and Sacred Scripture</i> (Oxford University Press, 2000)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rinehart: "Though neo-Hindu authors prefer the idiom of tolerance to that of inclusivism, it is clear that what is advocated is less a secular view of toleration than a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth. Thus Radhakrishnan's view of experience as the core of religious truth effectively leads to harmony only when and if other religions are willing to assume a position under the umbrella of Vedanta. We might even say that the theme of neo-Hindu tolerance provided the Hindu not simply with a means to claiming the right to stand alongside the other world religions, but with a strategy for promoting Hinduism as the ultimate form of religion itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neither is Radhakrishnan's "use" of religion in the defence of Asian culture and society against colonialism unique for his person, or India in general. The complexities of Asian nationalism are to be seen and understood in the context of colonialism, modernisation and <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a>. See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a>, for the role of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lankese struggle for independence,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>, who conjuncted <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nihonjinron" title="Nihonjinron">Japanese nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">militarism</a>, in defence against both western hegemony <i>and</i> the pressure on Japanese Zen during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> to conform to <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_Bunri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinbutsu Bunri">Shinbutsu Bunri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweetman mentions: <ul><li>Wilhelm Halbfass (1988), <i>India and Europe</i></li> <li>IXth European Conference on Modern Asian Studies in Heidelberg (1989), <i>Hinduism Reconsidered</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Ronald Inden</a>, <i>Imagining India</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Breckenridge" title="Carol Breckenridge">Carol Breckenridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Veer" title="Peter van der Veer">Peter van der Veer</a>, <i>Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Dalmia" title="Vasudha Dalmia">Vasudha Dalmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a>, <i>Representing Hinduism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.N._Balagangadhara" class="mw-redirect" title="S.N. Balagangadhara">S.N. Balagangadhara</a>, <i>The Heathen in his Blindness...</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a>, <i>Aryans and British India</i></li> <li>Richard King (1989), <i>Orientalism and religion</i></li></ul> <br /> See also <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kashuradab.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/the-pizza-effect-in-indian-philosophy/">Mrinal Kaud, <i>The "Pizza Effect" in Indian Philosophy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The timeline is not clear from these sources. According to Gopal, Radhakrishnan filed his lawsuit in the summer of 1929, to which Sinha filed a clounter-claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1989118-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Minor and Murty & Vohra, Sinha filed a lawsuit first, to which Radhakrishnan responded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor198737_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor198737-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199033_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199033-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Templeton-quote-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Templeton-quote_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was President of India from 1962 to 1967. An Oxford Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics, he consistently advocated non-aggression in India's conflicts with neighbouring Pakistan. His accessible writings underscored his country's religious heritage and sought to convey a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."<sup id="cite_ref-Templeton_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templeton-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html">"Radhakrishnan of India, Philosopher, Dead at 86"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. 17 April 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212090229/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Radhakrishnan+of+India%2C+Philosopher%2C+Dead+at+86&rft.date=1975-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F04%2F17%2Farchives%2Fradhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock,_Sheldon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf">"Crisis in the Classics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Research</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 21–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0015">10.1353/sor.2011.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141188541">141188541</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024905/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=Crisis+in+the+Classics&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-48&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141188541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Pollock%2C+Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fmesaas%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fpollock_pub%2Fclassics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Madras Mail</i>, Saturday, 8 February 1936, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown153-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown153_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Donald Mackenzie (1970). <i>The Nationalist Movement: Indian Political Thought from Ranade to Bhave</i>. University of California Press. pp. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520001831" title="Special:BookSources/9780520001831"><bdi>9780520001831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nationalist+Movement%3A+Indian+Political+Thought+from+Ranade+to+Bhave&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780520001831&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Donald+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (13 July 1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawley, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712171420/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">Archived</a> 12 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html">"March 21, 2010"</a>. <i>www.koumudi.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116201302/http://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koumudi.net&rft.atitle=March+21%2C+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koumudi.net%2Fgollapudi%2Fsakshi%2Fmarch_21_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radhakrishnayya, as Shri Radhakrishnan sometimes referred to himself, was born in the Sarvepalli family which traced its roots in the village of Sarvepalli in the Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/teachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047/2324242/">"Teachers' Day 2021 – Lessons from Radhakrishnayya for 2047"</a>. <i>Financialexpress</i>. 5 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085245/https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/teachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047/2324242/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financialexpress&rft.atitle=Teachers%27+Day+2021+%E2%80%93+Lessons+from+Radhakrishnayya+for+2047&rft.date=2021-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Feducation-2%2Fteachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047%2F2324242%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2013" class="citation web cs1">Jain, Rupal (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNCDF7wm8R4C&q=Sarvepalli+radhakrishnan+Niyogi&pg=PA136">"How to be a Good Teacher"</a>. Pustak Mahal – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+be+a+Good+Teacher&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Rupal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNCDF7wm8R4C%26q%3DSarvepalli%2Bradhakrishnan%2BNiyogi%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2017" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, Archana (2 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece">"On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator of the students"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903155133/http://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=On+Teachers%27+Day%2C+remembering+an+educator+of+the+students&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Archana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fchildren%2Fremembering-an-educator%2Farticle19609361.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia._Parliament._Rajya_Sabha1988" class="citation book cs1">India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf"><i>Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: a commemorative volume, 1888–1988</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prentice-Hall of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87692-557-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87692-557-7"><bdi>978-0-87692-557-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023115/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan%3A+a+commemorative+volume%2C+1888%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+of+India&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87692-557-7&rft.au=India.+Parliament.+Rajya+Sabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Frsnew%2Fpublication_electronic%2FSarvapall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html">"Teachers' Day: 10 things to know about India's 'philosopher President' Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 5 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016213721/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Teachers%27+Day%3A+10+things+to+know+about+India%27s+%27philosopher+President%27+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fhappy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan%2Fstory-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudarshan_Agarwal" class="citation web cs1">Sudarshan Agarwal (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf">"Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan A Commemorative Volume"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rajyasabha.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023115/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rajyasabha.nic.in&rft.atitle=Dr+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan+A+Commemorative+Volume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Frsnew%2Fpublication_electronic%2FSarvapall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2017" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, Archana (2 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece">"On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903155133/http://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=On+Teachers%27+Day%2C+remembering+an+educator&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Archana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fchildren%2Fremembering-an-educator%2Farticle19609361.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200049/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf">"The Great Indian Philosopher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Internet Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Indian+Philosopher&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodisha.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2Forissareview%2F2010%2Fseptember%2Fengpdf%2F1-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198911-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198911_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1989">Gopal 1989</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchillp1992" class="citation book cs1">Schillp, Paul Arthur (1992). <i>The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</i>. Motilall Banarsidass. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120807921" title="Special:BookSources/9788120807921"><bdi>9788120807921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788120807921&rft.aulast=Schillp&rft.aufirst=Paul+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198914-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198914_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1989">Gopal 1989</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198916-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198916_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1989">Gopal 1989</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra1990112_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurtyVohra1990">Murty & Vohra 1990</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishna" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishna, Sarvepalli. <i>My Search for Truth</i>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Search+for+Truth&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Radhakrishna&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Schilpp, P.A. (ed.). <i>Reply to Critics, in, The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</i>. p. 806.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reply+to+Critics%2C+in%2C+The+Philosophy+of+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan&rft.pages=806&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198915-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198915_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1989">Gopal 1989</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1914" class="citation journal cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. (1914). "The Ethics of the Vedanta". <i>International Journal of Ethics</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 168–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fintejethi.24.2.2376505">10.1086/intejethi.24.2.2376505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-422X">1526-422X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376505">2376505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143066187">143066187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+the+Vedanta&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-183&rft.date=1914&rft.issn=1526-422X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143066187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2376505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fintejethi.24.2.2376505&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1914" class="citation journal cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. (1914). "The Ethics of the Vedanta". <i>Ethics</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F206804">10.1086/206804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1704">0014-1704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+the+Vedanta&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F206804&rft.issn=0014-1704&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal198912-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal198912_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1989">Gopal 1989</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, K. R. Gupta & Amita (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA1056"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0"><bdi>978-81-269-0639-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155801/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA1056">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=K.+R.+Gupta+%26+Amita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC%26dq%3DSivakamu%2BRadhakrishnan%26pg%3DPA1056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharathi1998" class="citation book cs1">Bharathi, K. S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeHxfYFD69AC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA11"><i>Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-688-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-688-8"><bdi>978-81-7022-688-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155803/https://books.google.com/books?id=LeHxfYFD69AC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Eminent+Thinkers&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-688-8&rft.aulast=Bharathi&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLeHxfYFD69AC%26dq%3DSivakamu%2BRadhakrishnan%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaran2015" class="citation book cs1">Saran, Renu (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMNPCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PT6"><i>Dr. Radha Krishnan: The Great Indian Philosopher</i></a>. Junior Diamond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83990-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83990-10-8"><bdi>978-93-83990-10-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155805/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMNPCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PT6">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Radha+Krishnan%3A+The+Great+Indian+Philosopher&rft.pub=Junior+Diamond&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.isbn=978-93-83990-10-8&rft.aulast=Saran&rft.aufirst=Renu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMNPCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSivakamu%2BRadhakrishnan%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJai2003" class="citation book cs1">Jai, Janak Raj (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA25"><i>Presidents of India, 1950-2003</i></a>. Regency Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0"><bdi>978-81-87498-65-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155802/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents+of+India%2C+1950-2003&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-87498-65-0&rft.aulast=Jai&rft.aufirst=Janak+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2C2InxI0xAC%26dq%3DSivakamu%2BRadhakrishnan%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurtyVohra1990-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurtyVohra1990_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurty,_Kotta_SatchidanandaVohra,_Ashok1990" class="citation book cs1">Murty, Kotta Satchidananda; Vohra, Ashok (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA26">"3. Professor at Mysore"</a>. <i>Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas</i>. SUNY Press. pp. 17–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1401-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-1401-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126143304/https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Professor+at+Mysore&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+His+Life+and+Ideas&rft.pages=17-26&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1401-0&rft.au=Murty%2C+Kotta+Satchidananda&rft.au=Vohra%2C+Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6FsaptULgAC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banerji-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banerji_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji1991" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, Anjan Kumar (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvfWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a centenary tribute</i></a>. Varanasi, India: Banaras Hindu University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28967355">28967355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan%2C+a+centenary+tribute&rft.place=Varanasi%2C+India&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28967355&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Anjan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvfWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span>. Page 9 states: "In 1931.... He was knighted that year, but ceased to use the title after Independence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199090-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtyVohra199090_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurtyVohra1990">Murty & Vohra 1990</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/philosopher-teacher-president-remembering-dr-s-radhakrishnan/life-as-a-teacher/slideshow/60374990.cms">"Philosopher, teacher, president: Remembering Dr S Radhakrishnan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 5 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018231134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/philosopher-teacher-president-remembering-dr-s-radhakrishnan/life-as-a-teacher/slideshow/60374990.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Philosopher%2C+teacher%2C+president%3A+Remembering+Dr+S+Radhakrishnan&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fphilosopher-teacher-president-remembering-dr-s-radhakrishnan%2Flife-as-a-teacher%2Fslideshow%2F60374990.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102603/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/sarvepalli_radhakrishnan">"CADIndia"</a>. <i>cadindia.clpr.org.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/sarvepalli_radhakrishnan">the original</a> on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, Schocken Books. pp. 539, 670, 676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+peace&rft.pages=539%2C+670%2C+676&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Schocken+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Nathan%2C+Otto&rft.au=Norden%2C+Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinonpeace00eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html">"[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus"</a>. <i>BND: Archivo del Escritor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194759/http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BND%3A+Archivo+del+Escritor&rft.atitle=%5BCarta%5D+1950+oct.+12%2C+Gen%C3%A8ve%2C+%5BSuiza%5D+%5Ba%5D+Gabriela+Mistral%2C+Santiago%2C+Chile+%5Bmanuscrito%5D+Gerry+Kraus.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl%2Fbnd%2F623%2Fw3-article-137193.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schillp-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schillp_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schillp_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchillp1992" class="citation book cs1">Schillp, Paul Arthur (1992). <i>The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</i>. Motilall Banarsidass. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120807921" title="Special:BookSources/9788120807921"><bdi>9788120807921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Sarvepalli+Radhakrishnan&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788120807921&rft.aulast=Schillp&rft.aufirst=Paul+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharf1998-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharf1998_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1998" class="citation book cs1">Sharf, Robert H. 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"Overreaching to be different: A critique of Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Hindu_Studies" title="International Journal of Hindu Studies">International Journal of Hindu Studies</a></i>. <b>16</b> (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-012-9127-x">10.1007/s11407-012-9127-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144711827">144711827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Overreaching+to+be+different%3A+A+critique+of+Rajiv+Malhotra%27s+Being+Different&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-012-9127-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144711827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rambachan1994-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rambachan1994_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rambachan1994_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambachan1994" class="citation book cs1">Rambachan, Anatanand (1994). <i>The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+prehistory+of+Orientalism%3A+Colonialism+and+the+Textual+Basis+for+Bartholomaus+Ziegenbalg%27s+Account+of+Hinduism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-38&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otago.ac.nz%2Freligion%2Fstaff%2Farticles%2Fprehistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rambachan1991-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rambachan1991_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambachan1991" class="citation book cs1">Rambachan, Anantanand (1991). <i>Accomplishing the accomplished: the Vedas as a source of valid knowledge in Śankara</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Experience+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=267-87&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1998%2C%2520Religious%2520Experience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels,_Axel2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOU9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Hinduism: Past and Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08953-9"><bdi>978-0-691-08953-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418170724/https://books.google.com/books?id=iOU9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08953-9&rft.au=Michaels%2C+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOU9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004195-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004195_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129–130-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001129–130_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001133-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001133_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004198-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004198_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2008" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, David L. (2008). <i>The Making of Buddhist Modernism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195183276" title="Special:BookSources/9780195183276"><bdi>9780195183276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Buddhist+Modernism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195183276&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert H. 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Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434377807" title="Special:BookSources/9781434377807"><bdi>9781434377807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Philosophers+of+India&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Authorhouse+1663+Liberty+Drive+Suite+200+Bloomington%2C+IN+47403&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781434377807&rft.aulast=Kuttan&rft.aufirst=Mahadevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Memoria de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+Gallery+%3A+Lok+Sabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.194%2Floksabha%2FPhotoGal%2FPhotoGalleryPicture.aspx%3FGalID%3D4%26CatDesc%3DRajya%2520Sabha%2520Chamber%2520and%2520its%2520Inner%2520Lobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp">"Rajya Sabha"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418165721/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rajya+Sabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Frsnew%2Fpicture_gallery%2Fdr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttan2009" class="citation book cs1">Kuttan, Mahadevan (2009). <i>The Great Philosophers of India</i>. Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434377807" title="Special:BookSources/9781434377807"><bdi>9781434377807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Philosophers+of+India&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Authorhouse+1663+Liberty+Drive+Suite+200+Bloomington%2C+IN+47403&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781434377807&rft.aulast=Kuttan&rft.aufirst=Mahadevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169">Nomination Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903122137/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169">Archived</a> 3 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525">"Nomination Database"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808040326/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Nomination+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D7525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJag_Mohan1990" class="citation book cs1">Jag Mohan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128"><i>Documentary films and Indian Awakening</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Publications_Division_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications Division (India)">Publications Division</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2363-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2363-2"><bdi>978-81-230-2363-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentary+films+and+Indian+Awakening&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Publications+Division&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-230-2363-2&rft.au=Jag+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfgADgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/James_A._C._Brown" title="James A. C. Brown">Brown, J. A. C.</a> (1963) <i>Techniques of Persuasion</i>, Ch. 11. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140206043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140206043">978-0140206043</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvepalli1963" class="citation book cs1">Sarvepalli, Radhakrishnan (1963). <i>Occasional speeches and writings, Volume 3</i>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. India. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occasional+speeches+and+writings%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+India&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Sarvepalli&rft.aufirst=Radhakrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Philosophy East & West, Volume 5</i>. University Press of Hawaii, 1955 – Philosophy. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii%2C+1955+%E2%80%93+Philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvepalli1963" class="citation book cs1">Sarvepalli, Radhakrishnan (1963). <i>Occasional speeches and writings, Volume 3</i>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. India. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occasional+speeches+and+writings%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+India&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Sarvepalli&rft.aufirst=Radhakrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2002" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Lala (2002). <i>Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion</i>. Piotr Balcerowicz & Marek Mejor. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819771" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120819771"><bdi>978-8120819771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Jaina+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Piotr+Balcerowicz+%26+Marek+Mejor&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8120819771&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Lala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted on <a href="/wiki/Wordsmith.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsmith.org">Wordsmith.org</a> on 5 September 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucci, Giuseppe. East and West, vol. 11, no. 4, 1960, pp. 296–296. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29754329. Accessed 22 March 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1966" class="citation cs2">Barbour, Ian (1966), <i>Issues in Science and Religion</i>, Prentice-Hall</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+in+Science+and+Religion&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1989" class="citation cs2">Gopal, Sarvepalli (1989), <i>Radhakrishnan. A Biography</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan.+A+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHori1999" class="citation cs2">Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf"><i>Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116220519/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+the+Zen+Phrase+Book.+In%3A+Nanzan+Bulletin+23+%281999%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Ftranslating_zen_phrasebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalapati2002" class="citation cs2">Kalapati, Joshua (2002), <i>Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: An Introduction to Hindu-Christian Apologetics</i>, ISPCK, New Delhi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7214-690-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7214-690-6"><bdi>81-7214-690-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+S.+Radhakrishnan%3A+An+Introduction+to+Hindu-Christian+Apologetics&rft.pub=ISPCK%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7214-690-6&rft.aulast=Kalapati&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (1999), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2001), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Taylor & Francis e-Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2007" class="citation cs2">Long, Jeffery D. (2007), <i>A Vision for Hinduism: Beyond Hindu Nationalism</i>, A Vision for Hinduism: Beyond Hindu Nationalism, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112738" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112738"><bdi>9781845112738</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+for+Hinduism%3A+Beyond+Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pub=A+Vision+for+Hinduism%3A+Beyond+Hindu+Nationalism&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845112738&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdarKaiwar2009" class="citation cs2">Mazumdar, Srucheta; Kaiwar, Vasant (2009), <i>From Orientalism to Postcolonialism</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Orientalism+to+Postcolonialism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Srucheta&rft.au=Kaiwar%2C+Vasant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor1987" class="citation cs2">Minor, Robert Neil (1987), <i>Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography</i>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-554-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-554-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+A+Religious+Biography&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-554-5&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Robert+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtyVohra1990" class="citation cs2">Murty, K. Satchidananda; Vohra, Ashok (1990), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radhakrishnanhis0000murt"><i>Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas</i></a></span>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791403440" title="Special:BookSources/9780791403440"><bdi>9780791403440</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+His+Life+and+Ideas&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780791403440&rft.aulast=Murty&rft.aufirst=K.+Satchidananda&rft.au=Vohra%2C+Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradhakrishnanhis0000murt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2004" class="citation cs2">Rinehart, Robin (2004), <i>Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</i>, ABC-CLIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersluis1993" class="citation cs2">Versluis, Arthur (1993), <i>American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Transcendentalism+and+Asian+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Versluis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersluis2001" class="citation cs2">Versluis, Arthur (2001), <i>The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Esoteric+Origins+of+the+American+Renaissance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Versluis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilber1996" class="citation cs2">Wilber, Ken (1996), <i>The Atman Project: A Transpersonal View of Human Development</i>, Quest Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835607308" title="Special:BookSources/9780835607308"><bdi>9780835607308</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atman+Project%3A+A+Transpersonal+View+of+Human+Development&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780835607308&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Online sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IEP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">"Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175842/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Radhakrishnan%2C+Sarvepalli+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fradhakri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BharatRatna-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BharatRatna_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BharatRatna_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304070427/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">"Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ram+Puniyani%2C+COMMUNALISM+%3A+Illustrated+Primer%2C+Chapter+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralindia.com%2Fbook%2FIllustrated_prmier%2FChapter_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pourlemerite-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pourlemerite_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232443/http://www.pourlemerite.org/peace/peace.php">"Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science, <i>List of Members from 1842 to 1998</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pourlemerite.org/peace/peace.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+pour+le+Merite+for+Arts+and+Science%2C+List+of+Members+from+1842+to+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pourlemerite.org%2Fpeace%2Fpeace.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Templeton-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Templeton_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Templeton_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templetonprize.org/laureates/">"Templeton Prize I Laureates"</a>. <i>Templeton Prize</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Templeton+Prize&rft.atitle=Templeton+Prize+I+Laureates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.templetonprize.org%2Flaureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvepalli+Radhakrishnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Radhakrishnan%2C%20Sarvepalli%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sarvepalli%20Radhakrishnan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radhakrishnan%2C%20Sarvepalli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarvepalli%20Radhakrishnan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radhakrishnan%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Sarvepalli%20Radhakrishnan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radhakrishnan%2C%20Sarvepalli%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sarvepalli%20Radhakrishnan%22%29%20OR%20%28%221888-1975%22%20AND%20Radhakrishnan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f2808981.html">"Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan- The philosopher president"</a>, Press Information Bureau, Government of India</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/">"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)"</a> by Michael Hawley, <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/s-radhakrishnan">S. Radhakrishnan materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cattamanchi_Ramalinga_Reddy" title="Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy">Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a> </b><br />1931–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasireddy_Sri_Krishna" title="Vasireddy Sri Krishna">Vasireddy Sri Krishna</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">First holder</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Spalding_Professor_of_Eastern_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics">Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics</a> </b><br />1936–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Robert Charles Zaehner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University">Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University</a> </b><br />1939–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Jha" title="Amarnath Jha">Amarnath Jha</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union">Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />1949–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon" title="K. P. S. Menon">K. P. S. Menon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> </b><br />1962–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Hussain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a> </b><br />1952–1962 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Presidents_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_India" title="Template:Presidents of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_India" title="Template talk:Presidents of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Presidents_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">Presidents of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India" title="List of presidents of India">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahagiri Venkata Giri">Varahagiri Venkata Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanker_Dayal_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanker Dayal Sharma">Shanker Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratibha Devisingh Patil">Pratibha Devisingh Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/60px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/90px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/120px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahagiri Venkata Giri">Varahagiri Venkata Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Hidayatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Hidayatullah">M. Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_India" title="Category:Presidents of India">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Vice_presidents_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Template:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Vice_presidents_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vice_presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice presidents of India">Vice presidents of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_India" title="List of vice presidents of India">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahagiri Venkata Giri">Varahagiri Venkata Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Swarup_Pathak" title="Gopal Swarup Pathak">Gopal Swarup Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Hidayatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Hidayatullah">M. Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanker_Dayal_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanker Dayal Sharma">Shanker Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kant" title="Krishan Kant">Krishan Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Hamid_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Hamid Ansari">M. Hamid Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Venkaiah_Naidu" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Venkaiah Naidu">M. Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/31px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/63px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_India_One" title="Air India One">Official aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_House,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President's House, New Delhi">Official residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_vice_president_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the vice president of India">Spouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template talk:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template talk:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> writers <small><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/India#Modern_India" title="India">1848</a> to date)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Religious writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa (The Mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Anirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Anirvan">Sri Anirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prem" title="Krishna Prem">Krishna Prem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Swami Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satprakashananda" title="Swami Satprakashananda">Swami Satprakashananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Political writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Oraon" title="Kartik Oraon">Kartik Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westerners influenced<br /> by Hinduism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dyer" title="Wayne Dyer">Wayne Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">R.W. Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">H.S. Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Balagangadhara" title="S. N. Balagangadhara">S. N. Balagangadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Gargi" title="Sister Gargi">Sister Gargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Schweig" title="Graham Schweig">Graham Schweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Eastern_religions_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of modern Eastern religions writers">List of modern Eastern religions writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_Hinduism" title="List of writers on Hinduism">List of writers on Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Template:Sahitya Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Template talk:Sahitya Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahitya Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">Sahitya Akademi Fellowship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1968)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarasankar_Bandyopadhyay" title="Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay">Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitranandan_Pant" title="Sumitranandan Pant">Sumitranandan Pant</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> (1969)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firaq_Gorakhpuri" title="Firaq Gorakhpuri">Firaq Gorakhpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sakharam_Khandekar" title="Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar">Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a> (1970)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh" title="Gurbaksh Singh">Gurbaksh Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalindi_Charan_Panigrahi" title="Kalindi Charan Panigrahi">Kalindi Charan Panigrahi</a> (1971)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Masti_Venkatesha_Iyengar" title="Masti Venkatesha Iyengar">Masti Venkatesha Iyengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangharam_Udharam_Malkani" title="Mangharam Udharam Malkani">Mangharam Udharam Malkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilmoni_Phukan_(Senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilmoni Phukan (Senior)">Nilmoni Phukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi" title="Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi">Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Sen_(linguist)" title="Sukumar Sen (linguist)">Sukumar Sen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._R._Trivedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. R. Trivedi (page does not exist)">V. R. Trivedi</a> (1973)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T._P._Meenakshisundaram" title="T. P. Meenakshisundaram">T. P. Meenakshisundaram</a> (1975)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atmaram_Ravaji_Deshpande" title="Atmaram Ravaji Deshpande">Atmaram Ravaji Deshpande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainendra_Kumar" title="Jainendra Kumar">Jainendra Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._Raghavan" title="V. Raghavan">V. Raghavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a> (1979)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Umashankar_Joshi" title="Umashankar Joshi">Umashankar Joshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._R._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar">K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Shivaram_Karanth" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Shivaram Karanth">K. Shivaram Karanth</a> (1985)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mulk_Raj_Anand" title="Mulk Raj Anand">Mulk Raj Anand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinayaka_Krishna_Gokak" title="Vinayaka Krishna Gokak">Vinayaka Krishna Gokak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxmanshastri_Balaji_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi">Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritlal_Nagar" title="Amritlal Nagar">Amritlal Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annada_Shankar_Ray" title="Annada Shankar Ray">Annada Shankar Ray</a> (1989)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nagarjun" title="Nagarjun">Nagarjun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashapurna_Devi" title="Ashapurna Devi">Ashapurna Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder" title="Qurratulain Hyder">Qurratulain Hyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Bhikaji_Kolte" title="Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte">Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanhu_Charan_Mohanty" title="Kanhu Charan Mohanty">Kanhu Charan Mohanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._T._Narasimhachar" title="P. T. Narasimhachar">P. T. Narasimhachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh_(poet)" title="Harbhajan Singh (poet)">Harbhajan Singh</a> (1994)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jayakanthan" title="Jayakanthan">Jayakanthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinda_Karandikar" title="Vinda Karandikar">Vinda Karandikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidya_Niwas_Mishra" title="Vidya Niwas Mishra">Vidya Niwas Mishra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Mukhopadhyay_(poet)" title="Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)">Subhash Mukhopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachidananda_Routray" title="Sachidananda Routray">Sachidananda Routray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Sobti" title="Krishna Sobti">Krishna Sobti</a> (1996)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Malik" title="Syed Abdul Malik">Syed Abdul Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunturu_Seshendra_Sarma" title="Gunturu Seshendra Sarma">Gunturu Seshendra Sarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Shah_(author)" title="Rajendra Shah (author)">Rajendra Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Sharma" title="Ram Vilas Sharma">Ram Vilas Sharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._Khelchandra_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Khelchandra Singh">N. Khelchandra Singh</a> (1999)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehman_Rahi" title="Rehman Rahi">Rehman Rahi</a> (2000)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Shastri" title="Ram Nath Shastri">Ram Nath Shastri</a> (2001)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaifi_Azmi" title="Kaifi Azmi">Kaifi Azmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Chandra_Pande" title="Govind Chandra Pande">Govind Chandra Pande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilmani_Phookan_(Junior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilmani Phookan (Junior)">Nilamani Phookan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhisham_Sahni" title="Bhisham Sahni">Bhisham Sahni</a> (2002)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kovilan" title="Kovilan">Kovilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy" title="U. R. Ananthamurthy">U. R. Ananthamurthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijaydan_Detha" title="Vijaydan Detha">Vijaydan Detha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadriraju_Krishnamurti" title="Bhadriraju Krishnamurti">Bhadriraju Krishnamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankha_Ghosh" title="Shankha Ghosh">Shankha Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Verma" title="Nirmal Verma">Nirmal Verma</a> (2004)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Das" title="Manoj Das">Manoj Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Prabhakar" title="Vishnu Prabhakar">Vishnu Prabhakar</a> (2006)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anita_Desai" title="Anita Desai">Anita Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Duggal" title="Kartar Singh Duggal">Kartar Singh Duggal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kelekar" title="Ravindra Kelekar">Ravindra Kelekar</a> (2007)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Narang" title="Gopi Chand Narang">Gopi Chand Narang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramakanta_Rath" title="Ramakanta Rath">Ramakanta Rath</a> (2009)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandranath_Mishra_Amar" title="Chandranath Mishra Amar">Chandranath Mishra Amar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Narayan" title="Kunwar Narayan">Kunwar Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bholabhai_Patel" title="Bholabhai Patel">Bholabhai Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Singh" title="Kedarnath Singh">Kedarnath Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> (2010)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raghuveer_Chaudhari" title="Raghuveer Chaudhari">Raghuveer Chaudhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Hasid" title="Arjan Hasid">Arjan Hasid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asit_Rai" title="Asit Rai">Asit Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satya_Vrat_Shastri" title="Satya Vrat Shastri">Satya Vrat Shastri</a> (2013)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._L._Bhyrappa" title="S. L. Bhyrappa">Santeshivara Lingannaiah Bhyrappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Narayana_Reddy" title="C. Narayana Reddy">C. Narayana Reddy</a> (2014)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nirendranath_Chakravarty" title="Nirendranath Chakravarty">Nirendranath Chakravarty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdial_Singh" title="Gurdial Singh">Gurdial Singh</a> (2016)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> (1974)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_C._Dimock,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward C. Dimock, Jr. (page does not exist)">Edward C. Dimock, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji_Xianlin" title="Ji Xianlin">Ji Xianlin</a> (1996)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassilis_Vitsaxis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassilis Vitsaxis (page does not exist)">Vassilis Vitsaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Chelyshev" title="Eugene Chelyshev">Eugene Chelyshev</a> (2002)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Asher" title="Ronald E. Asher">Ronald E. Asher</a> (2007)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Unnuth" title="Abhimanyu Unnuth">Abhimanyu Unnuth</a> (2013)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premchand Fellowship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Intizar_Hussain" title="Intizar Hussain">Intizar Hussain</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Kishwar_Naheed" title="Kishwar Naheed">Kishwar Naheed</a> (2016)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ananda Coomaraswamy Fellowship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Senake_Bandaranayake" title="Senake Bandaranayake">Senake Bandaranayake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chie_Nakane" title="Chie Nakane">Chie Nakane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azad_N._Shamatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azad N. Shamatov (page does not exist)">Azad N. Shamatov</a> (1996)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156349#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156349#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156349#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73892870">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54666/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCCJCQcdWHpTyCXTWqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118743473">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056937">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12156943v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFSharf2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSudarshan_Agarwal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweetman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersluis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersluis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilber1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Advaita\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bharat Ratna\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Copy to Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Hindu philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"IndianVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scholar\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern Hindu writers\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Pronunciation\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-break\"] = 5,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 6,\n [\"SahityaAkademiFellowship\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 63,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Templeton Prize Laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","27.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","21.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.9"],["type","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.9"],["[others]","220","15.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2z5zb","timestamp":"20241124053107","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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