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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dammed_valleys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dammed valleys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dammed_valleys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Coastal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank-side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank-side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bank-side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank-side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation_reservoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation_reservoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Irrigation reservoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation_reservoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Direct water supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hydroelectricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlling_watersources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlling_watersources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Controlling watersources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlling_watersources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_balancing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_balancing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Flow balancing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_balancing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modelling_reservoir_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modelling_reservoir_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modelling reservoir management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modelling_reservoir_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whole_life_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whole_life_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Whole life environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whole_life_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reservoir_greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoir_greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoir_greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectricity_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectricity_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Hydroelectricity and climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectricity_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Human impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Limnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Seismicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of reservoirs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_reservoirs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of reservoirs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_reservoirs_by_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_reservoirs_by_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>List of reservoirs by area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_reservoirs_by_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_reservoirs_by_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_reservoirs_by_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>List of reservoirs by volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_reservoirs_by_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reservoir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reservoir" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stausee" title="Stausee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stausee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="خزان مائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خزان مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entibo" title="Entibo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Entibo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_anbar%C4%B1" title="Su anbarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su anbarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জলাধার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলাধার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-kh%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chúi-khò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-khò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вадасховішча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вадасховішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вадасховішча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вадасховішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Язовир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Язовир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་མཛོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་མཛོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassament" title="Embassament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embassament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Шыв усравĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв усравĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ehradn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dr%C5%BE" title="Přehradní nádrž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přehradní nádrž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronfa_dd%C5%B5r" title="Cronfa ddŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cronfa ddŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reservoir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stausee" title="Stausee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stausee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisj%C3%A4rv" title="Paisjärv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paisjärv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Τεχνητή λίμνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνητή λίμνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalse" title="Embalse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embalse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara%C4%B5lago" title="Baraĵlago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baraĵlago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtegi" title="Urtegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="مخزن سد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخزن سد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_barrage" title="Lac de barrage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac de barrage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opslachmar" title="Opslachmar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Opslachmar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiscumar" title="Taiscumar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taiscumar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%88%98%EC%A7%80" title="저수지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저수지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ջրամբար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրամբար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="जलाशय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलाशय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetno_jezero" title="Umjetno jezero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetno jezero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waduk" title="Waduk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waduk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_(idraulica)" title="Bacino (idraulica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacino (idraulica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מאגר מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאגר מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhuk" title="Wadhuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wadhuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜಲಾಶಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಾಶಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="წყალსაცავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალსაცავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Су қоймасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су қоймасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gola_bend%C3%AE" title="Gola bendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gola bendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Суу сактагыч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суу сактагыч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi%C5%86ture" title="Iudiņture – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Iudiņture" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptaculum_aquae" title="Receptaculum aquae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Receptaculum aquae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdenskr%C4%81tuve" title="Ūdenskrātuve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdenskrātuve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvenkinys" title="Tvenkinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tvenkinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinvezist%C3%B6" title="Plotinvezistö – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Plotinvezistö" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Вештачко езеро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештачко езеро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحيرة تخزين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيرة تخزين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takungan" title="Takungan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ведень ванфтома вастсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведень ванфтома вастсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6" title="ရေလှောင်တမံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေလှောင်တမံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuwmeer" title="Stuwmeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stuwmeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="जलाशय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जलाशय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%AF%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A0" title="貯水池 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貯水池" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoar_(hydrologi)" title="Reservoar (hydrologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reservoar (hydrologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassreservoar" title="Vassreservoar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vassreservoar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_ombori" title="Suv ombori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv ombori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbiornik_zaporowy" title="Zbiornik zaporowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zbiornik zaporowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_acumulare" title="Lac de acumulare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lac de acumulare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hark%27a_qucha" title="Hark'a qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hark'a qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Водохранилище – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водохранилище" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81" title="ජලාශ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලාශ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reservoir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priehradn%C3%A1_n%C3%A1dr%C5%BE" title="Priehradná nádrž – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priehradná nádrž" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akumulacijsko_jezero" title="Akumulacijsko jezero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akumulacijsko jezero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Вештачко језеро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вештачко језеро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varastoallas" title="Varastoallas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varastoallas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenmagasin" title="Vattenmagasin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenmagasin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்நோக்கு நீர்த்தேக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்நோக்கு நீர்த்தேக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Сусаклагыч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сусаклагыч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="జలాశయము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జలాశయము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="อ่างเก็บน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ่างเก็บน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraj_g%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Baraj gölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baraj gölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Storage space for water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an artificial body of water or a natural lake. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reservoir (disambiguation)">Reservoir (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other types of man-made water bodies, see <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lake">artificial lake</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Reservoir" title="Kardzhali Reservoir">Kardzali Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> is a reservoir in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg/220px-Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg/330px-Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg/440px-Artificial_reservoir_in_Argos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Some reservoirs such as this in <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos, Peloponnese</a> are made for recreational purposes, rather than storing fresh water.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>reservoir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i> <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A9servoir#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:réservoir">réservoir</a></i></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁezɛʁvwaʁ]</a></span>) is an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> behind a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a>, usually built to <a href="/wiki/Water_storage" title="Water storage">store</a> <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, often doubling for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power generation">hydroelectric power generation</a>. </p><p>Reservoirs are created by controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water, interrupting a watercourse to form an <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">embayment</a> within it, excavating, or building any number of <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining walls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> to enclose any area to store water. </p><p>The term is also used technically to refer to certain forms of liquid storage, such the "coolant reservoir" that captures overflow of coolant in an automobile's cooling system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Porosity_Storage_Reservoir" title="Porosity Storage Reservoir">Porosity Storage Reservoir</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dammed_valleys">Dammed valleys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dammed valleys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg/220px-Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg/330px-Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg/440px-Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vyrnwy" title="Lake Vyrnwy">Lake Vyrnwy</a> Reservoir. The dam spans the <a href="/wiki/River_Vyrnwy" title="River Vyrnwy">Vyrnwy Valley</a> and was the first large stone dam built in the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg/220px-East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg/330px-East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg/440px-East_Branch_Reservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/East_Branch_Reservoir" title="East Branch Reservoir">East Branch Reservoir</a>, part of the New York City <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system" title="New York City water supply system">water supply system</a>, is formed by impounding the <a href="/wiki/East_Branch_Croton_River" title="East Branch Croton River">eastern tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Croton_River" title="Croton River">Croton River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg/220px-Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg/330px-Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg/440px-Cherokee_Lake_view_from_Panther_Creek_State_Park_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6126" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Lake" title="Cherokee Lake">Cherokee Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. It was formed after the impounding of the <a href="/wiki/Holston_River" title="Holston River">Holston River</a> Valley by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> in 1941 as a part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>'s efforts to bring electricity to the Tennessee Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dammed reservoirs</b> are <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lake">artificial lakes</a> created and controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> constructed across a <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> and rely on the natural <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. These reservoirs can either be <i>on-stream reservoirs</i>, which are located on the original <a href="/wiki/Streambed" class="mw-redirect" title="Streambed">streambed</a> of the downstream <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> and are filled by <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creeks</a>, rivers or <a href="/wiki/Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainwater">rainwater</a> that <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runs off</a> the surrounding forested catchments, or <i><a href="/wiki/Off-stream_reservoir" title="Off-stream reservoir">off-stream reservoirs</a></i>, which receive <a href="/wiki/Water_diversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Water diversion">diverted water</a> from a nearby stream or <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">pipeline</a> water from other on-stream reservoirs. </p><p>Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as natural walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength and the lowest cost of construction. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, historical artifacts moved or rare environments relocated. Examples include the temples of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which were moved before the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>), the relocation of the village of <a href="/wiki/Capel_Celyn" title="Capel Celyn">Capel Celyn</a> during the construction of <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the relocation of <a href="/wiki/Petrella_Salto" title="Petrella Salto">Borgo San Pietro of Petrella Salto</a> during the construction of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Salto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Salto">Lake Salto</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Construction of a dammed reservoir will usually require the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hilly regions, reservoirs are often constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs, the new top water level exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Clywedog" class="mw-redirect" title="Llyn Clywedog">Llyn Clywedog</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir. </p><p>Where the topography is poorly suited to forming a single large reservoir, a number of smaller reservoirs may be constructed in a chain, as in the <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">River Taff</a> valley where the <a href="/wiki/Llwyn-on_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Llwyn-on Reservoir">Llwyn-on</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Reservoir" title="Cantref Reservoir">Cantref</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beacons_Reservoir" title="Beacons Reservoir">Beacons Reservoirs</a> form a chain up the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal">Coastal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coastal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" title="Coastal reservoir">Coastal reservoir</a></div> <p><b>Coastal reservoirs</b> are <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> storage reservoirs located on the sea <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> near a <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouth</a> to store the flood water of a river.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the land-based reservoir construction is fraught with substantial land submergence, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" title="Coastal reservoir">coastal reservoirs</a> are preferred economically and technically since they do not use scarce land area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many coastal reservoirs were constructed in Asia and Europe. <a href="/wiki/Saemangeum_Seawall" title="Saemangeum Seawall">Saemanguem</a> in South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Barrage" title="Marina Barrage">Marina Barrage</a> in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China, and <a href="/wiki/Plover_Cove_Reservoir" title="Plover Cove Reservoir">Plover Cove</a> in Hong Kong are a few such coastal reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg/220px-Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg/330px-Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg/440px-Plover_Cove_Reservoir_from_a_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Plover_Cove_Reservoir" title="Plover Cove Reservoir">Plover Cove coastal reservoir</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank-side">Bank-side</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bank-side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg/220px-The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg/330px-The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg/440px-The_Queen_Mother_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Reservoir" title="Queen Mother Reservoir">Queen Mother Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> is an example of a bank-side reservoir; its water is pumped from the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Where water is pumped or <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphoned</a> from a river of variable quality or size, <b>bank-side reservoirs</b> may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">embankment</a>, which may exceed 6 km (4 miles) in circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEQueenMary_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEQueenMary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the floor of the reservoir and the bund must have an impermeable lining or core: initially these were often made of <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(civil_engineering)" title="Puddling (civil engineering)">puddled clay</a>, but this has generally been superseded by the modern use of <a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">rolled</a> clay. The water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and reduce <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>. The use of bank-side reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time, for instance when the river is unacceptably polluted or when flow conditions are very low due to <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. The London water supply system exhibits one example of the use of bank-side storage: here water is taken from the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Lee_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee (England)">River Lee</a> into several large Thames-side reservoirs, such as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Reservoir" title="Queen Mary Reservoir">Queen Mary Reservoir</a> that can be seen along the approach to <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEQueenMary_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEQueenMary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service">Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Service_reservoir"></span> <b>Service reservoirs</b> store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many service reservoirs are constructed as <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water towers</a>, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be storage pools, <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tanks</a> or sometimes entirely underground <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a>, especially in more hilly or mountainous country. Modern reserviors will often use <a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">geomembrane</a> liners on their base to limit seepage and/or as floating covers to limit evaporation, particularly in arid climates. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water" title="Thames Water">Thames Water</a> has many underground reservoirs built in the 1800s, most of which are lined with brick. A good example is the <a href="/wiki/Honor_Oak" title="Honor Oak">Honor Oak</a> Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909. When it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world<sup id="cite_ref-Honor_Oak_Reservoir_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honor_Oak_Reservoir_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is still one of the largest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Honor_Oak_Reservoir_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honor_Oak_Reservoir_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reservoir now forms part of the southern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water_Ring_Main" title="Thames Water Ring Main">Thames Water Ring Main</a>. The top of the reservoir has been grassed over and is now used by the Aquarius Golf Club.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Service reservoirs perform several functions, including ensuring sufficient <a href="/wiki/Head_(hydrology)" title="Head (hydrology)">head</a> of water in the <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_system" title="Water distribution system">water distribution system</a> and providing water capacity to even-out peak demand from consumers, enabling the treatment plant to run at optimum efficiency. Large service reservoirs can also be managed to reduce the cost of pumping by refilling the reservoir at times of day when energy costs are low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation_reservoir">Irrigation reservoir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irrigation reservoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An irrigation reservoir is a water reservoir for agricultural use. They are filled using pumped <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, pumped river water or water runoff and are typically used during the local dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of infrastructure has sparked an opposition movement in France, with numerous disputes and, for some projects, protests, especially in the former Poitou-Charentes region where violent demonstrations took place in 2022 and 2023.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Spain, there is greater acceptance because all beneficiary users are involved in the implementation of the system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The specific debate about substitution reservoirs is part of a broader discussion related to reservoirs used for agricultural irrigation, regardless of their type, and a certain model of intensive agriculture. Opponents view these reservoirs as a monopolization of resources benefiting only a few, representing an outdated model of productive agriculture. They argue that these reservoirs lead to a loss in both quantity and quality of water necessary for maintaining ecological balance and pose a risk of increasing severity and duration of droughts due to climate change. In summary, they consider it a misadaptation to climate change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Proponents of reservoirs or substitution reserves, on the other hand, see them as a solution for sustainable agriculture while waiting for a truly durable agricultural model. Without such reserves, they fear that unsustainable imported irrigation will be inevitable. They believe that these reservoirs should be accompanied by a territorial project that unites all water stakeholders with the goal of preserving and enhancing natural environments. </p><p>Two main types of reservoirs can be distinguished based on their mode of supply.<sup id="cite_ref-IRSTEA15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRSTEA15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Reservoir Type</th> <th>Source of Supply</th> <th>Period of Supply </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Irrigation reservoir </b></td> <td>River or alluvial aquifer</td> <td>Outside the low-water period </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pumping from an aquifer </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Stream reservoir</b></td> <td>only water runoff</td> <td>All year </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 3000 BC, the craters of extinct <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> were used as reservoirs by farmers for their <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry climate and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_India" title="Water scarcity in India">water scarcity in India</a> led to early development of <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwells</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resource management</a> techniques, including the building of a reservoir at <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> in 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodda-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artificial lakes dating to the 5th century BC have been found in ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artificial Bhojsagar lake in present-day <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> state of India, constructed in the 11th century, covered 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Rodda_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodda-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Hafir" title="Hafir">Hafir</a>, a type of reservoir, during the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic period">Meroitic period</a>. 800 ancient and modern hafirs have been registered in the Meroitic town of <a href="/wiki/Butana" title="Butana">Butana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinkel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinkel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hafirs catch the water during rainy seasons in order to ensure water is available for several months during dry seasons to supply drinking water, irrigate fields and water cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinkel_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinkel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Reservoir near the Lion Temple in <a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a> is a notable hafir in Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hinkel_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinkel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, large reservoirs were created by ancient <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Kingdom">Sinhalese</a> kings in order to store water for irrigation. The famous Sri Lankan king <a href="/wiki/Par%C4%81kramab%C4%81hu_I_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka">Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka</a> said "Do not let a drop of water seep into the ocean without benefiting mankind." He created the reservoir named <a href="/wiki/Parakrama_Samudra" title="Parakrama Samudra">Parakrama Samudra</a> ("sea of King Parakrama").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vast artificial reservoirs were also built by various ancient kingdoms in Bengal, Assam, and Cambodia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_water_supply">Direct water supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GibsonR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GibsonR.jpg/220px-GibsonR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GibsonR.jpg/330px-GibsonR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GibsonR.jpg/440px-GibsonR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Reservoir" title="Gibson Reservoir">Gibson Reservoir</a>, Montana</figcaption></figure> <p>Many dammed river reservoirs and most bank-side reservoirs are used to provide the <a href="/wiki/Raw_water" title="Raw water">raw water</a> feed to a <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> plant which delivers <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> through water mains. The reservoir does not merely hold water until it is needed: it can also be the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> process. The time the water is held before it is released is known as the <i>retention time</i>. This is a design feature that allows particles and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a> to settle out, as well as time for natural biological treatment using <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> that naturally live in the water. However natural <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnological</a> processes in temperate climate lakes produce temperature <a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">stratification</a> in the water, which tends to partition some elements such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> into deep, cold anoxic water during the summer months. In the autumn and winter the lake becomes fully mixed again. During drought conditions, it is sometimes necessary to draw down the cold bottom water, and the elevated levels of manganese in particular can cause problems in water treatment plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hydroelectricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroelectric_dam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/220px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/330px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/440px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Hydroelectric dam in cross section</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, about 25% of the world's 33,105 large dams (over 15 metres in height) were used for hydroelectricity.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. produces 3% of its electricity from 80,000 dams of all sizes. An initiative is underway to retrofit more dams as a good use of existing infrastructure to provide many smaller communities with a reliable source of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reservoir generating <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">turbines</a> connected to the retained water body by large-diameter pipes. These generating sets may be at the base of the dam or some distance away. In a flat river valley a reservoir needs to be deep enough to create a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_head" title="Hydraulic head">head</a> of water at the turbines; and if there are periods of drought the reservoir needs to hold enough water to average out the river's flow throughout the year(s). <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydro</a> in a steep valley with constant flow needs no reservoir. </p><p>Some reservoirs generating hydroelectricity use pumped recharge: a high-level reservoir is filled with water using high-performance electric pumps at times when electricity demand is low, and then uses this stored water to generate electricity by releasing the stored water into a low-level reservoir when electricity demand is high. Such systems are called <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pump-storage</a> schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlling_watersources">Controlling watersources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controlling watersources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankstownreservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/220px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/330px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/440px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bankstown_Reservoir" title="Bankstown Reservoir">Bankstown Reservoir</a> in Sydney</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg/220px-KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg/330px-KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg/440px-KupferbachStauseeAachen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>Recreational-only Kupferbach reservoir near <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Reservoirs can be used in a number of ways to control how water flows through downstream waterways: </p> <dl><dt>Downstream water supply</dt> <dd>water may be released from an upland reservoir so that it can be abstracted for drinking water lower down the system, sometimes hundreds of miles further downstream.</dd> <dt>Irrigation</dt> <dd>water in an <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> reservoir may be released into networks of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farmlands</a> or secondary water systems. Irrigation may also be supported by reservoirs which maintain river flows, allowing water to be abstracted for irrigation lower down the river.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Flood control</dt> <dd>also known as an "attenuation" or "balancing" reservoirs, flood control reservoirs collect water at times of very high rainfall, then release it slowly during the following weeks or months. Some of these reservoirs are constructed across the river line, with the onward flow controlled by an <a href="/wiki/Orifice_plate" title="Orifice plate">orifice plate</a>. When river flow exceeds the capacity of the orifice plate, water builds up behind the dam; but as soon as the flow rate reduces, the water behind the dam is slowly released until the reservoir is empty again. In some cases, such reservoirs only function a few times in a decade, and the land behind the reservoir may be developed as community or recreational land. A new generation of balancing dams are being developed to combat the possible <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">consequences of climate change</a>. They are called "Flood Detention Reservoirs". Because these reservoirs will remain dry for long periods, there may be a risk of the clay core drying out, reducing its structural stability. Recent developments include the use of composite core fill made from recycled materials as an alternative to clay.</dd> <dt>Canals</dt> <dd>Where a natural watercourse's water is not available to be diverted into a <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>, a reservoir may be built to guarantee the water level in the canal: for example, where a canal climbs through <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> to cross a range of hills. Another use is to reduce costs or construction time when the canal must be dug through rock, as used on the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">The Narrows</a> locks dividing the two Rideau's and essentially turning the upper Rideau into an enlarged reservoir, albeit only by two or three feet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Recreation</dt> <dd>water may be released from a reservoir to create or supplement <a href="/wiki/White_water" class="mw-redirect" title="White water">white water</a> conditions for <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaking</a> and other white-water sports.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmonid</a> rivers special releases (in Britain called <i><a href="/wiki/Freshet" title="Freshet">freshets</a></i>) are made to encourage natural migration behaviours in fish and to provide a variety of fishing conditions for anglers.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_balancing">Flow balancing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flow balancing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reservoirs can be used to balance the flow in highly managed systems, taking in water during high flows and releasing it again during low flows. In order for this to work without pumping requires careful control of water levels using <a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillways</a>. When a major storm approaches, the dam operators calculate the volume of water that the storm will add to the reservoir. If forecast storm water will overfill the reservoir, water is slowly let out of the reservoir prior to, and during, the storm. If done with sufficient lead time, the major storm will not fill the reservoir and areas downstream will not experience damaging flows. Accurate weather forecasts are essential so that dam operators can correctly plan drawdowns prior to a high rainfall event. Dam operators blamed a faulty weather forecast on the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Queensland_floods" title="2010–2011 Queensland floods">2010–2011 Queensland floods</a>. Examples of highly managed reservoirs are <a href="/wiki/Burrendong_Dam" title="Burrendong Dam">Burrendong Dam</a> in Australia and <a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a> (<i>Llyn Tegid</i>) in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>. Bala Lake is a natural lake whose level was raised by a low dam and into which the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a> flows or discharges depending upon flow conditions, as part of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_regulation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee regulation system">River Dee regulation system</a>. This mode of operation is a form of hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> in the river system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County,_North_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/220px-Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/330px-Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/440px-Chatuge_Reservoir_in_Clay_County%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>A boat on <a href="/wiki/Chatuge_Lake" title="Chatuge Lake">Chatuge Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many reservoirs often allow some <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> uses, such as <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>. Special rules may apply for the safety of the public and to protect the quality of the water and the ecology of the surrounding area. Many reservoirs now support and encourage less formal and less structured recreation such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird watching">bird watching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>, walking and <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, and often provide information boards and interpretation material to encourage responsible use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water falling as rain upstream of the reservoir, together with any <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> emerging as springs, is stored in the reservoir. Any excess water can be spilled via a specifically designed spillway. Stored water may be piped by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> for use as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, to generate <a href="/wiki/Hydro-electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro-electricity">hydro-electricity</a> or to maintain river flows to support downstream uses. Occasionally reservoirs can be managed to retain water during high rainfall events to prevent or reduce downstream flooding. Some reservoirs support several uses, and the operating rules may be complex. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg/170px-Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg/255px-Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg/340px-Llyn_Brianne_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Spillway of <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Brianne" title="Llyn Brianne">Llyn Brianne</a> dam in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern reservoirs have a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Draw-off_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw-off tower">draw-off tower</a> that can discharge water from the reservoir at different levels, both to access water as the water level falls, and to allow water of a specific quality to be discharged into the downstream river as "compensation water": the operators of many upland or in-river reservoirs have obligations to release water into the downstream river to maintain river quality, support fisheries, to maintain downstream industrial and recreational uses or for a range of other purposes. Such releases are known as <i>compensation water</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg/220px-Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg/330px-Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg/440px-Garaio_-_Embalse_de_Ull%C3%ADbarri-Gamboa_-_Nivel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Water level marker in a reservoir</figcaption></figure> <p>The units used for measuring reservoir areas and volumes vary from country to country. In most of the world, reservoir areas are expressed in square kilometers; in the United States, acres are commonly used. For volume, either cubic meters or cubic kilometers are widely used, with acre-feet used in the US. </p><p>The capacity, volume, or storage of a reservoir is usually divided into distinguishable areas. <i>Dead</i> or <i>inactive</i> storage refers to water in a reservoir that cannot be drained by gravity through a dam's <a href="/wiki/Outlet_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet works">outlet works</a>, spillway, or power plant intake and can only be pumped out. Dead storage allows sediments to settle, which improves water quality and also creates an area for fish during low levels. <i>Active</i> or <i>live</i> storage is the portion of the reservoir that can be used for flood control, power production, <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigation</a>, and downstream releases. In addition, a reservoir's "flood control capacity" is the amount of water it can regulate during flooding. The "surcharge capacity" is the capacity of the reservoir above the spillway crest that cannot be regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the water below the normal maximum level of a reservoir is called the "conservation pool".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, "top water level" describes the reservoir full state, while "fully drawn down" describes the minimum retained volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modelling_reservoir_management">Modelling reservoir management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modelling reservoir management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a wide variety of software for modelling reservoirs, from the specialist Dam Safety Program Management Tools (DSPMT) to the relatively simple <a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a>, to integrated models like the <a href="/wiki/WEAP" title="WEAP">Water Evaluation And Planning system (WEAP)</a> that place reservoir operations in the context of system-wide demands and supplies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/220px--Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm/Tynymynydd_Timelapse_ENG_lang_-_NRW_-_14_Jan_2021.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales" title="Natural Resources Wales">Natural Resources Wales</a> time-lapse video of the strengthening of the embankment of a small reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Gwydir_Forest" title="Gwydir Forest">Gwydir Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_safety" title="Reservoir safety">Reservoir safety</a></div> <p>In many countries large reservoirs are closely regulated to try to prevent or minimize failures of containment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While much of the effort is directed at the dam and its associated structures as the weakest part of the overall structure, the aim of such controls is to prevent an uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. Reservoir failures can generate huge increases in flow down a river valley, with the potential to wash away towns and villages and cause considerable loss of life, such as the devastation following the failure of containment at <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Eigiau" title="Llyn Eigiau">Llyn Eigiau</a> which killed 17 people.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_dam_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dam failures">List of dam failures</a>) </p><p>A notable case of reservoirs being used as an instrument of war involved the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">Dambusters</a> raid on Germany in World War II (codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in which three German reservoir dams were selected to be breached in order to damage German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eder_(Fulda)" title="Eder (Fulda)">Eder</a> rivers. The economic and social impact was derived from the enormous volumes of previously stored water that swept down the valleys, wreaking destruction. This raid later became the basis for several films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of reservoirs">Environmental impacts of reservoirs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg/220px-Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg/330px-Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg/440px-Brushes_Clough_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_715413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Brushes Clough Reservoir, located above <a href="/wiki/Shaw_and_Crompton" title="Shaw and Crompton">Shaw and Crompton</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whole_life_environmental_impact">Whole life environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Whole life environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All reservoirs will have a monetary cost/benefit assessment made before construction to see if the project is worth proceeding with.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such analysis can often omit the environmental impacts of dams and the reservoirs that they contain. Some impacts, such as the greenhouse gas production associated with concrete manufacture, are relatively easy to estimate. Other impacts on the natural environment and social and cultural effects can be more difficult to assess and to weigh in the balance but identification and quantification of these issues is now commonly required in major construction projects in the developed world<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reservoir_greenhouse_gas_emissions">Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturally occurring lakes receive organic sediments which decay in an <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> environment releasing <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The methane released is approximately 8 times more potent as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> than carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a human-made reservoir fills, existing plants are submerged and during the years it takes for this matter to decay, will give off considerably more greenhouse gases than lakes do. A reservoir in a narrow valley or canyon may cover relatively little vegetation, while one situated on a plain may flood a great deal of vegetation. The site may be cleared of vegetation first or simply flooded. Tropical flooding can produce far more greenhouse gases than in temperate regions. </p><p>The following table indicates reservoir emissions in milligrams per square meter per day for different bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Carbon Dioxide </th> <th>Methane </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lakes </td> <td>700 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temperate reservoirs </td> <td>1500 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tropical reservoirs </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroelectricity_and_climate_change">Hydroelectricity and climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hydroelectricity and climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending upon the area flooded versus power produced, a reservoir built for hydro-<a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> can either reduce or increase the net production of greenhouse gases when compared to other sources of power. </p><p>A study for the National Institute for Research in the Amazon found that hydroelectric reservoirs release a large pulse of carbon dioxide from decay of trees left standing in the reservoirs, especially during the first decade after flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-envcon_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envcon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This elevates the global warming impact of the dams to levels much higher than would occur by generating the same power from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-envcon_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envcon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Dams" title="World Commission on Dams">World Commission on Dams</a> report (Dams And Development), when the reservoir is relatively large and no prior clearing of forest in the flooded area was undertaken, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from the reservoir could be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, In 1990, the impoundment behind the <a href="/wiki/Balbina_Dam" title="Balbina Dam">Balbina Dam</a> in Brazil (inaugurated in 1987) had over 20 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large area flooded per unit of electricity generated.<sup id="cite_ref-envcon_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envcon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study published in the Global Biogeochemical Cycles also found that newly flooded reservoirs released more carbon dioxide and methane than the pre-flooded landscape, noting that forest lands, wetlands, and preexisting water features all released differing amounts of carbon dioxide and methane both pre- and post-flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam" title="Tucuruí Dam">Tucuruí Dam</a> in Brazil (completed in 1984) had only 0.4 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-envcon_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envcon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A two-year study of carbon dioxide and methane releases in Canada concluded that while the hydroelectric reservoirs there do emit greenhouse gases, it is on a much smaller scale than thermal power plants of similar capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydropower typically emits 35 to 70 times less greenhouse gases per TWh of electricity than thermal power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decrease in air pollution occurs when a dam is used in place of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power">thermal power</a> generation, since electricity produced from hydroelectric generation does not give rise to any <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_emissions_from_fossil_fuel_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion">flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_cormorant_(phalacrocorax_carbo).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG/220px-Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG/330px-Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG/440px-Great_cormorant_%28phalacrocorax_carbo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">great cormorant</a> (<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>) perched on a buoy at <a href="/wiki/Farmoor_Reservoir" title="Farmoor Reservoir">Farmoor Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. As reservoirs may contain stocks of fish, numerous water-bird species may rely on reservoirs and form habitats near them.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dams can produce a block for migrating fish, trapping them in one area, producing food and a habitat for various water-birds. They can also flood various <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> on land and may cause extinctions. </p><p>Creating reservoirs can alter the natural <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. After a reservoir's initial formation, there is a large increase in the production of toxic <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> (MeHg) via microbial methylation in flooded soils and peat. MeHg levels have also been found to increase in <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Human impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dams can severely reduce the amount of water reaching countries downstream of them, causing water stress between the countries, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which damages farming businesses in the downstream countries, and reduces drinking water. </p><p>Farms and villages, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ashopton" title="Ashopton">Ashopton</a> can be flooded by the creation of reservoirs, ruining many livelihoods. For this very reason, worldwide 80 million people (figure is as of 2009, from the Edexcel GCSE Geography textbook) have had to be forcibly relocated due to dam construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limnology">Limnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Limnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a> of reservoirs has many similarities to that of lakes of equivalent size. There are however significant differences.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reservoirs experience considerable variations in level producing significant areas that are intermittently underwater or dried out. This greatly limits the productivity or the water margins and also limits the number of species able to survive in these conditions. </p><p>Upland reservoirs tend to have a much shorter residence time than natural lakes and this can lead to more rapid cycling of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> through the water body so that they are more quickly lost to the system. This may be seen as a mismatch between water chemistry and water biology with a tendency for the biological component to be more <a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">oligotrophic</a> than the chemistry would suggest. </p><p>Conversely, lowland reservoirs drawing water from nutrient rich rivers, may show exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a> characteristics because the residence time in the reservoir is much greater than in the river and the biological systems have a much greater opportunity to utilise the available nutrients. </p><p>Deep reservoirs with multiple level draw off towers can discharge deep cold water into the downstream river greatly reducing the size of any <a href="/wiki/Hypolimnion" title="Hypolimnion">hypolimnion</a>. This in turn can reduce the concentrations of phosphorus released during any annual mixing event and may therefore reduce <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>. </p><p>The dams in front of reservoirs act as <a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">knickpoints</a>-the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational potential energy">energy</a> of the water falling from them reduces and deposition is a result below the dams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismicity">Seismicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Seismicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The filling (impounding) of reservoirs has often been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity#Artificial_lakes" title="Induced seismicity">reservoir-triggered seismicity</a> (RTS) as seismic events have occurred near large dams or within their reservoirs in the past. These events may have been triggered by the filling or operation of the reservoir and are on a small scale when compared to the amount of reservoirs worldwide. Of over 100 recorded events, some early examples include the 60 m (197 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Dam" title="Marathon Dam">Marathon Dam</a> in Greece (1929), the 221 m (725 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> in the U.S. (1935). Most events involve large dams and small amounts of seismicity. The only four recorded events above a 6.0-<a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude (M<sub>w</sub>)</a> are the 103 m (338 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Koyna_Dam" title="Koyna Dam">Koyna Dam</a> in India and the 120 m (394 ft) <a href="/wiki/Kremasta_Dam" title="Kremasta Dam">Kremasta Dam</a> in Greece which both registered 6.3-M<sub>w</sub>, the 122 m (400 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> at 6.25-M<sub>w</sub> and the 105 m (344 ft) <a href="/wiki/Xinfengjiang_Dam" title="Xinfengjiang Dam">Xinfengjiang Dam</a> in China at 6.1-M<sub>w</sub>. Disputes have occurred regarding when RTS has occurred due to a lack of hydrogeological knowledge at the time of the event. It is accepted, though, that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir do contribute to RTS patterns. For RTS to occur, there must be a seismic structure near the dam or its reservoir and the seismic structure must be close to failure. Additionally, water must be able to infiltrate the deep rock <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a> as the weight of a 100 m (328 ft) deep reservoir will have little impact when compared the deadweight of rock on a <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Stress_Fields" title="Structural geology">crustal stress field</a>, which may be located at a depth of 10 km (6 mi) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liptovska_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Liptovska_Mara.jpg/400px-Liptovska_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Liptovska_Mara.jpg/600px-Liptovska_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Liptovska_Mara.jpg/800px-Liptovska_Mara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liptovsk%C3%A1_Mara" title="Liptovská Mara">Liptovská Mara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (built in 1975), an example of an artificial lake which significantly changed the local climate</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reservoirs may change the local climate increasing humidity and reducing extremes of temperature, especially in dry areas. Such effects are claimed also by some <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">wineries</a> as increasing the quality of the wine production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_reservoirs">List of reservoirs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: List of reservoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs">List of reservoirs</a></div> <p>In 2005, there were 33,105 large dams (≥15 m height) listed by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_reservoirs_by_area">List of reservoirs by area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: List of reservoirs by area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volta_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Volta_lake.jpg/220px-Volta_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Volta_lake.jpg/330px-Volta_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Volta_lake.jpg/440px-Volta_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a> from space (April 1993)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_by_surface_area" title="List of reservoirs by surface area">List of reservoirs by surface area</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>The world's ten largest reservoirs by surface area </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="2">Surface area </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>sq mi </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,482 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,275 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smallwood_Reservoir" title="Smallwood Reservoir">Smallwood Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,527 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,520 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuybyshev_Reservoir" title="Kuybyshev Reservoir">Kuybyshev Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,450 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,490 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,150 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukhtarma_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant" title="Bukhtarma Hydroelectric Power Plant">Bukhtarma Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,490 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,120 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratsk_Reservoir" title="Bratsk Reservoir">Bratsk Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,426 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,095 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,248 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,026 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rybinsk_Reservoir" title="Rybinsk Reservoir">Rybinsk Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,770 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caniapiscau_Reservoir" title="Caniapiscau Reservoir">Caniapiscau Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,318 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,667 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guri_Dam" title="Guri Dam">Lake Guri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,640 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_reservoirs_by_volume">List of reservoirs by volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of reservoirs by volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Kariba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lake_Kariba.jpg/220px-Lake_Kariba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lake_Kariba.jpg/330px-Lake_Kariba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lake_Kariba.jpg/440px-Lake_Kariba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a> from space</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_by_volume" title="List of reservoirs by volume">List of reservoirs by volume</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>The world's ten largest reservoirs by volume </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="2">Volume </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>km<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>cu mi </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratsk_Reservoir" title="Bratsk Reservoir">Bratsk Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">169 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">157 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">148 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir" title="Manicouagan Reservoir">Manicouagan Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">142 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guri_(Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guri (Simón Bolívar)">Lake Guri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">135 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williston_Lake" title="Williston Lake">Williston Lake</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Dam" title="Krasnoyarsk Dam">Krasnoyarsk Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeya_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeya Reservoir">Zeya Reservoir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Anbar">Ab Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourful_lakelets" title="Colourful lakelets">Colourful lakelets</a> (in Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam_failure" title="Dam failure">Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forebay_(reservoir)" title="Forebay (reservoir)">Forebay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the reservoir">Head of the reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_pond" title="Mill pond">Mill pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_lake" title="Quarry lake">Quarry lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_safety" title="Reservoir safety">Reservoir safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shade balls">Shade balls</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(2006) <i>Water: the vital resource</i>, 2nd edition, Milton Keynes, The Open University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodda-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodda_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodda_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoddaUbertini2004" class="citation book cs1">Rodda, John; Ubertini, Lucio, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&pg=PA161"><i>The Basis of Civilization – Water Science?</i></a>. International Association of Hydrological Science. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901502-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901502-57-2"><bdi>978-1-901502-57-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224463869">224463869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+Civilization+%E2%80%93+Water+Science%3F&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Hydrological+Science&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224463869&rft.isbn=978-1-901502-57-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJI65-MygMm0C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson & Wilson (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97334-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97334-1">0-415-97334-1</a>. pp. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinkel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkel_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkel_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkel_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp.222-224.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudia Näser; The Great Hafir at Musawwarat as-Sufra. Fieldwork of the Archaeological Mission of Humboldt University Berlin in 2005 and 2006. On: Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006; In: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Aerchaeology University of Warsaw. PAM Supplement Series 2.2./1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html">– International Lake Environment Committee – Parakrama Samudra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083015/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoumisLucotteCanuelWeissenberger2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Soumis, Nicolas; Lucotte, Marc; Canuel, René; Weissenberger, Sebastian; Houel, Stéphane; Larose, Catherine; Duchemin, Éric (2004). "Hydroelectric Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases". <i>Water Encyclopedia</i>. pp. 203–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047147844X.sw791">10.1002/047147844X.sw791</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471478447" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471478447"><bdi>978-0471478447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydroelectric+Reservoirs+as+Anthropogenic+Sources+of+Greenhouse+Gases&rft.btitle=Water+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=203-210&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F047147844X.sw791&rft.isbn=978-0471478447&rft.aulast=Soumis&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Lucotte%2C+Marc&rft.au=Canuel%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Weissenberger%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Houel%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Larose%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Duchemin%2C+%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/hr/print/volume-31/issue-05/article/small-hydro-power-of-the-damned-how-small-hydro-could-rescue-americas-dumb-dams.html">"Small Hydro: Power of the Dammed: How Small Hydro Could Rescue America's Dumb Dams"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Small+Hydro%3A+Power+of+the+Dammed%3A+How+Small+Hydro+Could+Rescue+America%27s+Dumb+Dams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroworld.com%2Farticles%2Fhr%2Fprint%2Fvolume-31%2Fissue-05%2Farticle%2Fsmall-hydro-power-of-the-damned-how-small-hydro-could-rescue-americas-dumb-dams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729074951/http://www.fhc.co.uk/pumped_storage.htm">"First Hydro Company Pumped Storage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhc.co.uk/pumped_storage.htm">the original</a> on 29 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Hydro+Company+Pumped+Storage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhc.co.uk%2Fpumped_storage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203504/http://www.ukia.org/eabooklets/EA%20Reservoir%20booklet_final.pdf">"Irrigation UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukia.org/eabooklets/EA%20Reservoir%20booklet_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irrigation+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukia.org%2Feabooklets%2FEA%2520Reservoir%2520booklet_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011223100940/http://huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalres.htm">"Huddersfield Narrow Canal Reservoirs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalres.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huddersfield+Narrow+Canal+Reservoirs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huddersfield1.co.uk%2Fhuddersfield%2Fnarrowcanal%2Fhuddscanalres.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220217/http://www.ukrafting.co.uk/waterinfo.htm">"Canoe Wales – National White Water Rafting Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrafting.co.uk/waterinfo.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canoe+Wales+%E2%80%93+National+White+Water+Rafting+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrafting.co.uk%2Fwaterinfo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotrubaBroža1989" class="citation book cs1">Votruba, Ladislav; Broža, Vojtěch (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8dIlPJITH0C&q=active+storage+reservoir&pg=PA187"><i>Water Management in Reservoirs</i></a>. Developments in Water Science. Vol. 33. Elsevier Publishing Company. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-98933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-98933-8"><bdi>978-0-444-98933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Management+in+Reservoirs&rft.series=Developments+in+Water+Science&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Elsevier+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-444-98933-8&rft.aulast=Votruba&rft.aufirst=Ladislav&rft.au=Bro%C5%BEa%2C+Vojt%C4%9Bch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8dIlPJITH0C%26q%3Dactive%2Bstorage%2Breservoir%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118182405/http://www.lcra.org/water/conditions/glossary.html">"Water glossary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcra.org/water/conditions/glossary.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcra.org%2Fwater%2Fconditions%2Fglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlr.enr.state.nc.us/pages/damsafetylaw1967.html">North Carolina Dam safety law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416191623/http://www.dlr.enr.state.nc.us/pages/damsafetylaw1967.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1975/cukpga_19750023_en_1">"Reservoirs Act 1975"</a>. <i>www.opsi.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opsi.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Reservoirs+Act+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FRevisedStatutes%2FActs%2Fukpga%2F1975%2Fcukpga_19750023_en_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snowdoniaguide.com/llyn_eigiau.html">"Llyn Eigiau"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+relationship+between+large+reservoirs+and+seismicity+08+February+2010&rft.pub=International+Water+Power+%26+Dam+Construction&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterpowermagazine.com%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D2055399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-16.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Volta Lake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506103815/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-16.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccallum" class="citation web cs1">Maccallum, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smallwood-reservoir">"Smallwood Reservoir"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smallwood+Reservoir&rft.aulast=Maccallum&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsmallwood-reservoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/eur/deur54.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Reservoir Kuybyshev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903234458/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/eur/deur54.html">Archived</a> 3 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr04.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Lake Kariba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426204701/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr04.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/dasi61.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Bratskoye Reservoir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921121352/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/dasi61.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr19.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Aswam high dam reservoir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420085321/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr19.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam35.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Caniapiscau Reservoir</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719094829/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam35.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam26.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Manicouagan Reservoir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025943/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam26.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam29.html">International Lake Environment Committee – Williston Lake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721153100/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/dnam29.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reservoirs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Water_Resources" class="citation web cs1">Department of Water Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdec.water.ca.gov/misc/resinfo.html">"Reservoir Information"</a>. <i>California Data Exchange Center</i>. State of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Data+Exchange+Center&rft.atitle=Reservoir+Information&rft.au=Department+of+Water+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdec.water.ca.gov%2Fmisc%2Fresinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Journal_of_Research_Engineering_(USA)2012" class="citation journal cs1">Global Journal of Research Engineering (USA) (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403231852/https://www.engineeringresearch.org/index.php/GJRE/article/view/583">"Durability-Based Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm"</a>. <i>Global Journal of Research in Engineering</i>. <b>12</b> (3–E). Civil and Structural Engineering (GJRE-E). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringresearch.org/index.php/GJRE/article/view/583">the original</a> on 3 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Journal+of+Research+in+Engineering&rft.atitle=Durability-Based+Optimization+of+Reinforced+Concrete+Reservoirs+Using+Artificial+Bee+Colony+Algorithm&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3%E2%80%93E&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.au=Global+Journal+of+Research+Engineering+%28USA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringresearch.org%2Findex.php%2FGJRE%2Farticle%2Fview%2F583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservoir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131681#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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