ADW: Alydus eurinus: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Alydus eurinus: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/" /> <meta content="Alydus eurinus" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4059/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Alydus eurinus" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Alydus eurinus on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4059/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="431" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Alydus eurinus&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Alydus eurinus</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4059/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4059/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4062/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4062/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4019/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydus4019/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydidae4055/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydidae4055/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Alydus_eurinus/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydidae4016/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/hemiptera/Alydidae4016/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Brian Currin</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> are broad-headed bugs (the common name for the entire family) native to North America. They have been found in 43 of the 50 states in the United States. These bugs are found across the entire continental United States from coast to coast and have been found as far south as Texas and Florida. Their range extends northward into Alaska and all 10 provinces of Canada. These insects also inhabit the Yukon Territory of Canada. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#A15E7C1A-6567-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Swanson, 2018</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> is found in many legume fields. Both adults and nymphs can be found on soybeans (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Glycine max</span>). They can also be found on wild legumes such as patches of crimson clover (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Trifolium incarnatum</span>) in fallow grasslands. These true bugs do not move far beyond these fields. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682">savanna or grassland</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Broad-headed bugs (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span>) can exist as an egg, a nymph and an adult. The eggs are less than 1mm in width and about 1mm in length. In their nymph stage, these true bugs are ant mimics. These bug possess has three major sections: the head, thorax and abdomen, with their six legs are attached to the thorax. The legs are very thin compared to the rest of the body. The legs articulate in two places, dividing them up into three sections. Their abdomen is shaped like an oval.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The nymph stage is divided up into 5 instars of growth. In the first instar they are 2.25-2.75mm in length. By the fifth instar, these bugs are ca. 7-11mm long. As adults, they mimic spider wasps (members of the family Pompilidae) with black bodies and orange under the wings. They have two sets of wings and when they are not flying the wings are closed on the back. Their adult legs are slightly thicker than their nymph legs in the first section. These larger sections have small spines that stick backwards from the leg.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The adults are about 10-14mm long. Adults have broad heads as their name would suggest, about the width of their thorax. Their compound eyes also stick out to the side of their head. Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> are true bugs, which means they possess piercing sucking mouthparts to feed. Adults are usually black but they can be lighter or almost brown in color. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#51AD80E0-5FF8-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Aldrich, et al., 2000</a>; <a href="#CEEE60FE-6563-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Clem and Charles, 2016</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>sexes alike</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>10 to 14 mm</dd> <dd class="english">0.39 to 0.55 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have 5 stages as a nymph called instars. Each instar lasts for 2.78 days on average. Between each instar, individuals molts their exoskeleton to allow for more growth. Females and males reach sexual maturity at 13.9 days after hatching on average. Eggs under short day conditions eggs have been observed to enter diapause until conditions are more favorable. Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> overwinter as eggs. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#64C9A8B8-84DB-11EB-ACDB-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Musolin, et al., 1999</a>; <a href="#7B6C7BF8-84D7-11EB-AEF6-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Panizzi, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913223809">diapause</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Females of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Alydus euriunus</span> use a pheromone containing 2-methylbutyl butyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate to attract males. Both sexes have striations on their hind femur that allows for the production of sound. This sound can only be heard from a few centimeters away but allows for individual pairs to separate from other individuals within the species. Females and males are polygynandrous, meaning they have multiple mates. They use internal fertilization for reproduction. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#51AD80E0-5FF8-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Aldrich, et al., 2000</a>; <a href="#661C8A24-6AE5-11EB-A788-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Yonke and Medler, 1968</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145483">polygynandrous (promiscuous)</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The breeding for broad-headed bugs occurs between the months of April and August. Females can lay up to ten eggs five times per breeding season. The average number of eggs produced per season is 27. Eggs take 2.4 to 2.9 days to incubate. Time to independence is zero days, as parents provide no care post egg-laying or mating. Individuals of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have 5 stages as a nymph called instars. Each instar lasts for 2.78 days, on average. Females and males reach sexual maturity ca. 13.9 days after hatching, on average. Females live for up to 180 days, though the average of 66.8 days is significantly shorter. Males live up to 176 days with the average being 76.1 days. These lifespans suggest they are semelparous - breeding for one season or effort and then dying. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#51AD80E0-5FF8-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Aldrich, et al., 2000</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>; <a href="#661C8A24-6AE5-11EB-A788-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Yonke and Medler, 1968</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145784">semelparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> breed up to five times laying up to ten eggs per mating.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Breeding occurs between the months of April and August</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range eggs per season</dt> <dd>50 (high) </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average eggs per season</dt> <dd>27</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range time to independence</dt> <dd>0 to 0 minutes</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>13.9 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>13.9 days</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">After laying eggs, females have no involvement with their young after ovipositing. Males exhibit no parental investment beyond the act of mating. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7B6C7BF8-84D7-11EB-AEF6-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Panizzi, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>no parental involvement</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have been observed in captivity to have female lifespans averaging 66.8 days (range 28 to 180 days) and male lifespans averaging 76.1 days (range 38 to 175 days). Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have not be observed for longevity in the wild. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#661C8A24-6AE5-11EB-A788-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Yonke and Medler, 1968</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>28 to 180 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Typical lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>66.8 to 76.1 days</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Individuals of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> spends most of their time in solitude. They aggregate to feed and mate. Breeding and egg-laying occurs on the stems and pods of legumes. Nymphs and adults move from on legumes into leaf litter to hide from predators. Adults have wings to allow them to move around to feed or find mates <span class="citations"> (<a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <span>flies</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145585">sedentary</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145381">solitary</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range territory size</dt> <dd>0 (low) cm^2</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Not reported</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Broad headed bugs (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span>) use pheromones to attract mates. These pheromones are produced by females and attract males, and sometimes other females. They excrete these pheromones from a metathoracic scent gland. These true bugs attract mates by stridulation (producing sound by rubbing body parts together). The sound produced in this way can only be observed from a few centimeters away, indicating it is not effective over long distances. Individuals of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have large compound eyes to see. They have antennae that help them feel their surroundings, detect pheromones and changes in temperature. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#51AD80E0-5FF8-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Aldrich, et al., 2000</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145822">acoustic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145769">pheromones</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145852">vibrations</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> feed primarily on legumes. These broad-headed bugs are commonly found on commercially-grown legumes including soybeans (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Glycine max</span>) and crimson clover (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Trifolium incarnatum</span>). They use their piercing sucking mouthparts to suck out the fluid in a seed or leaf. In this way, these bugs are folivores and granivores. Individuals of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> aggregate together when it feeds. It has also been found on carrion and feces but it is not a significant portion of its diet. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#CEEE60FE-6563-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Clem and Charles, 2016</a>; <a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145488">scavenger</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145426">herbivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145622">folivore</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145718">granivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145559">coprophage</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913233224">carrion</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>leaves</span> </li> <li> <span>seeds, grains, and nuts</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Foods</li> <li> <span>dung</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Instars of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> mimic ants (members of the family <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Formicidae/">Formicidae</a>), while adults mimics spider wasps (members of the family <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Pompilidae/">Pompilidae</a>). Birds who frequent their habitats will opportunistically prey on these insects in its habitat. Spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>) and other insects (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Insecta/">Insecta</a>) will eat them. Nymphs and adults move from on legumes into leaf litter to hide from predators. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#B470AE24-6565-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Evans, 1964</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Anti-predator Adaptations</li> <li> <span>mimic</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>Birds (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Aves/">Aves</a>)</li> <li>Spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>)</li> <li>Predatory insects (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Insecta/">Insecta</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Individuals of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> consume nutrient rich fluids from the seeds and leaves of the plants in the family <span class="taxon-name">Fabaceae</span>. This feeding does not directly kill the plant but does reduce productivity and yield in a commercial setting. Birds, spiders, and predatory insects prey on <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span>. Immature parasitic nematodes in the genus <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Hexamermis</span> have been found on females of this species. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#B470AE24-6565-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Evans, 1964</a>; <a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>; <a href="#661C8A24-6AE5-11EB-A788-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Yonke and Medler, 1968</a>)</span></p> <div class="note"> <strong>Species Used as Host</strong> <br /> <ul> <li> <span class="taxon-name">Fabaceae</span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="note"> <strong>Commensal/Parasitic Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Nematodes (<span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Hexamermis</span>)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known positive economic effects of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> cause significant damage to commercial legume crops such as soybeans (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Glycine max</span>). They damage the pods and leaves reducing yield and marketability. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Negative Impacts</li> <li> <span>crop pest</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Members of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Alydus eurinus</span> have not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List. They have no special status on the CITES appendices, the United States endangered species list or the State of Michigan List.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Two threats to the species would be human use of insecticides to remove them from fields and predation.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Conservation efforts are not in place for this pest species. However, anti-conservation efforts are in place in areas where they damage legume crops. Insecticides are used such as pyrethroids to control them. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Schaefer, 1980</a>; <a href="#044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Underhill, 1943</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Brian Currin (author), Radford University, Logan Platt (editor), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145822"> <dl> <dt>acoustic</dt> <dd> <p>uses sound to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913233224"> <dl> <dt>carrion</dt> <dd> <p>flesh of dead animals.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145559"> <dl> <dt>coprophage</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913223809"> <dl> <dt>diapause</dt> <dd> <p>a period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145622"> <dl> <dt>folivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats leaves.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145718"> <dl> <dt>granivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats seeds</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145426"> <dl> <dt>herbivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145769"> <dl> <dt>pheromones</dt> <dd> <p>chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145483"> <dl> <dt>polygynandrous</dt> <dd> <p>the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145488"> <dl> <dt>scavenger</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats dead animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145585"> <dl> <dt>sedentary</dt> <dd> <p>remains in the same area</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145784"> <dl> <dt>semelparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145381"> <dl> <dt>solitary</dt> <dd> <p>lives alone</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682"> <dl> <dt>tropical savanna and grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.</p> </dd> <dt>savanna</dt> <dd> <p>A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.</p> </dd> <dt>temperate grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5掳 N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145852"> <dl> <dt>vibrations</dt> <dd> <p>movements of a hard surface that are produced by animals as signals to others</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="6F1DCEEE-668F-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Abudulai, M., M. Shepard. 2001. Timing insecticide sprays for control of pod-sucking bugs (Pentatomidae, Coreidae, and Alydidae) in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walpers). <span style="font-style: italic">Agricultural Urban Entomolgist</span>, 18/1: 1-10. </p> <p id="8C68C7D0-5FF8-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3">Aldrich, J., T. Yonke, R. Oetting. 1972. Histology and morphology of the abdominal scent apparatus in three alydids. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</span>, 45/2: 162-171. </p> <p id="51AD80E0-5FF8-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3">Aldrich, J., A. Zhang, J. Oliver. 2000. Attractant pheromone and allomone from the metathoracic scent gland of a broad-headed bug (Hemiptera: Alydidae). <span style="font-style: italic">Canadian Entomologist</span>, 132/6: 915-923. </p> <p id="CEEE60FE-6563-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Clem, C., R. Charles. 2016. Checklist of the broad-headed bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Alydidae) of Alabama, United States. <span style="font-style: italic">The Journal of Biodiversity Data</span>, 12/5: 1-17. </p> <p id="B470AE24-6565-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Evans, F. 1964. The food of vesper, field and chipping sparrows nesting in an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Midland Naturalist</span>, 72/1: 57-75. </p> <p id="801AA7B8-64E0-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3">Froeschner, R. 1942. Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Midland Naturalist</span>, 27/3: 591-609. </p> <p id="09074472-6690-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3">McPherson, J., B. Weber. 1981. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 2. Coreoidea. <span style="font-style: italic">The Great Lakes Entomologist</span>, 14/1: 1-7. </p> <p id="64C9A8B8-84DB-11EB-ACDB-005056AB59D3">Musolin, D., A. Maysov, A. Saulich. 1999. Egg diapause in Alydus calcaratus (L.) (Heteroptera: Alydidae): Photoperiodic induction under natural temperature conditions. <span style="font-style: italic">Applied Entomology and Zoology</span>, 34/4: 469-473. </p> <p id="69300C42-64DF-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Osborne, H. 1890. Catalogue of the hemiptera of Iowa. <span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science</span>, 1/2: 120-131. </p> <p id="7B6C7BF8-84D7-11EB-AEF6-005056AB59D3">Panizzi, A. 1987. Biology of Megalotomus parvus (Hemiptera: Alydidae) on selected leguminous food plants. <span style="font-style: italic">Insect Scientific Application</span>, 9/2: 279-285. </p> <p id="7330B64C-6566-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Powell, S., J. Grant, P. Lambdin. 1996. Incidence of above-ground arthropod species on musk thistle in Tennessee. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Agricultural Entomology</span>, 13/1: 17-28. </p> <p id="1CBF04A2-668E-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3">Schaefer, C. 1980. The host plants of the Alydinae, with a note on heterotypic feeding aggregations (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae). <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</span>, 53/1: 115-122. </p> <p id="6775261E-6690-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3">Schaefer, C., R. Pupedis. 1981. A stridulatory device in certain Alydinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Alydidae). <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</span>, 54/1: 143-152. </p> <p id="3F38F410-64E1-11EB-8C3F-005056AB59D3">Skvarla, M., D. Fisher, A. Dowling. 2016. Arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. III. Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera). <span style="font-style: italic">Biodiversity Data Journal</span>, 4: e7607. Accessed February 01, 2021 at <tt><a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7607">https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7607</a></tt>. </p> <p id="A15E7C1A-6567-11EB-A99B-005056AB59D3">Swanson, D. 2018. New state records for some Pentatomomorpha (Heteroptera) of the United States. <span style="font-style: italic">The Great Lakes Entomologist</span>, 51/2: 42-53. </p> <p id="044D7710-5FF8-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Underhill, G. 1943. Two pests of legumes: Alydus eurinus Say, and A. pilosulus. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Economic Entomology</span>, 36/2: 289-294. </p> <p id="BB18BBA0-6690-11EB-BE90-005056AB59D3">Williams, A. 2004. Feeding records of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Wisconsin. <span style="font-style: italic">The Great Lakes Entomologist</span>, 37/1: 1-15. </p> <p id="661C8A24-6AE5-11EB-A788-005056AB59D3">Yonke, T., J. Medler. 1968. Biologies of three species of Alydus in Wisconsin. <span style="font-style: italic">Annal of the Entomological Society of America</span>, 6/12: 526-531. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> 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ADW: Alydus eurinus: INFORMATION