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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22">"Snell Memorial Foundation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Snell+Memorial+Foundation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Snell Memorial Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg/220px-Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg/330px-Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg/440px-Snell_Memorial_Foundation_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Nonprofit organization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/North_Highlands,_California" title="North Highlands, California">North Highlands, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Executive Director Stephen Johnson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Helmet safety research, testing, certification, and education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smf.org">smf<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Snell Memorial Foundation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> created to provide a high quality standard of safety for <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a>. Founded in 1957, the foundation is named after William "Pete" Snell, a popular <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">racer</a> who died in 1956 of head injuries he received when the racing helmet he wore failed to protect his head. A group of friends, scientists, physicians, and others joined together to create a group that would promote research and education as well as test and develop standards to improve the effectiveness of helmets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B-95 <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">Bicycle helmets</a></li> <li>B-95C Children's bicycle helmets</li> <li>E2001 <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian helmets</a></li> <li>H2000 <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">Harness racing</a> helmets</li> <li>L-98 <a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">Mopeds</a> and Low Powered Vehicles</li> <li>M2015 <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">Motorcycle helmets</a></li> <li>M2020 Helmet Standard for Motorcycling</li> <li>N-94 Undefined or general use helmets used in sports and industry</li> <li>RS-98 Recreational <a href="/wiki/Ski_helmet" title="Ski helmet">Skiing & Snowboarding helmets</a></li> <li>SA2005 <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a> helmets</li> <li>SA2015 — 2015 Helmet Standard For Use in Competitive Automotive Sports</li> <li>SA2020 Helmet Standard for Automotive Sports</li> <li>K2005 <a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a> helmets (same as SA without the need for <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> fittings)</li> <li>K2010 — 2010 Helmet Standard For Use in Kart Racing</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> files of current and past Snell standards are available on the Snell Web site.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tests">Tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To qualify for Snell certification, the helmet must pass a series of tests. The tests are determined depending on the application and the requirements of the standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snell Standards significantly surpass those set by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> (DOT), the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI), <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> (ASTM) and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission">U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission</a>'s 16 CFR Part 1203. Industry consensus standards such as ASTM and ANSI, and government mandatory standards such as ECE, DOT and CPSC, are all minimum standards. Snell Standards are voluntary and call for premium level of protection in headgear while satisfying the minimum requirements set for different jurisdictions. Research shows that in higher severity tests, the DOT-only helmets transmitted significantly greater shocks than Snell certified helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snell Standards are updated about every five years. These updates are based on new scientific research and improved, available manufacturing technologies. As such, and in addition to other factors such as typical use wear and tear, Snell recommends that helmets be replaced approximately every five years to ensure good safety. </p><p>For motorcycle safety Snell standards are inferior to ECE and FIM equivalents, they disregard crumple and "softness" (that is empirically observed with motorcycle crashes) for repeated hard impact on the same section of helmet. This is not what happens in an actual crash the standard actually poses a threat to safety. Helmet standards call out various tests to evaluate helmet performance in reducing preventable brain injuries and fatalities. Helmet testing in a lab is not a simulation of a real crash. The most essential part of the testing is an assessment of the helmet’s total impact energy management capability. Snell Standards demand premium level of head protection above government minimum standard requirements set by DOT and ECE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Motorcyclist_(magazine)" title="Motorcyclist (magazine)"><i>Motorcyclist</i> magazine</a> wrote an in-depth article discussing helmet testing and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article included criticism of Snell Memorial Foundation standards by prominent head injury and helmet design experts, including Dr. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hurt" title="Harry Hurt">Harry Hurt</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Hurt_Report" title="Hurt Report">Hurt Report</a>, who described the Snell standards as "a little bit excessive," and Dr. Jim Newman, former head of Snell Memorial Foundation, who characterized the then-current Snell Memorial Foundation standard as a "marketing gimmick." The article reported that a softer absorption material would transfer less <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a> to the head in the most common motorcycle accidents than the stiffer absorption material required in Snell-certified helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snell Memorial Foundation released a technical critique and rebuttal to the article, available at their Web site, which asserts that there are no viable data to indicate that a softer liner or a softer shell could result in less severe head injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, <i>New York Times</i> published a follow-up article which cited the 2005 <i>Motorcyclist</i> article; SMF rebutted it as well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snell Memorial Foundation's 2010 standard for motorcycle helmets now conforms to one of the magazine's criticisms, that a larger head will also be a heavier head.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet#Worldwide:_ECE_22.05" title="Motorcycle helmet">E-marking of motorcycle helmets for road use</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/stds.html"><i>Snell Helmet Safety Standards</i></a>, Snell Memorial Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snell+Helmet+Safety+Standards&rft.pub=Snell+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smf.org%2Fstds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker,_Anishchenko,_and_Palmer2015" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Anishchenko, and Palmer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/pdf_files/91.pdf">"Motorcycle Helmet Impact Response at Various Levels of Severity for Different Standard Certifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ircobi.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ircobi.org&rft.atitle=Motorcycle+Helmet+Impact+Response+at+Various+Levels+of+Severity+for+Different+Standard+Certifications&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Becker%2C+Anishchenko%2C+and+Palmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircobi.org%2Fwordpress%2Fdownloads%2Firc15%2Fpdf_files%2F91.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2012" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Edward (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smf.org/docs/articles/pdf/ifz_Becker.pdf">"Voluntary and Mandatory Motorcycle Helmet Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.smf.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smf.org&rft.atitle=Voluntary+and+Mandatory+Motorcycle+Helmet+Standards&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmf.org%2Fdocs%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2Fifz_Becker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord(photog)_Jim_Brown2005" class="citation cs2">Ford, Dexter; (photog) Jim Brown (June 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/gearbox/motorcycle_helmet_review/">"Motorcycle Helmet Performance: Blowing the Lid Off: Searching for the truth behind motorcycle helmet design, helmet standards and actual head protection"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Motorcyclist_(magazine)" title="Motorcyclist (magazine)">Motorcyclist</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motorcyclist&rft.atitle=Motorcycle+Helmet+Performance%3A+Blowing+the+Lid+Off%3A+Searching+for+the+truth+behind+motorcycle+helmet+design%2C+helmet+standards+and+actual+head+protection&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft.au=%28photog%29+Jim+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcyclistonline.com%2Fgearbox%2Fmotorcycle_helmet_review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2005" class="citation cs2">Moon, Wendy (February 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103190147/http://www.mcnews.com/mcn/features/200502Hurt.pdf">"Harry Hurt Speaks Out; Helmets, The Brain, Safety Studies & Rider Training"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Motorcycle Consumer News</i>, Bowtie, pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>27, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcnews.com/mcn/features/200502Hurt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motorcycle+Consumer+News&rft.atitle=Harry+Hurt+Speaks+Out%3B+Helmets%2C+The+Brain%2C+Safety+Studies+%26+Rider+Training&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcnews.com%2Fmcn%2Ffeatures%2F200502Hurt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Snell_Memorial_Foundation2005" class="citation cs2">The Snell Memorial Foundation (September 9, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/docs/articles/pdf/btlo_tech_response_2.pdf"><i>Technical Response to Motorcyclist Magazine "Blowing The Lid Off Article"</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Response+to+Motorcyclist+Magazine+%22Blowing+The+Lid+Off+Article%22&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft.au=The+Snell+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smf.org%2Fdocs%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2Fbtlo_tech_response_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Snell_Memorial_Foundation2009" class="citation cs2">The Snell Memorial Foundation (September 24, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/docs/articles/responsenyt"><i>Snell's response to New York Times Article "Sorting Out Differences in Helmet Standards"</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snell%27s+response+to+New+York+Times+Article+%22Sorting+Out+Differences+in+Helmet+Standards%22&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.au=The+Snell+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smf.org%2Fdocs%2Farticles%2Fresponsenyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/standards/m/2010/m2010_cover_10-16-2008.pdf"><i>SMF M2010 Release Schedule</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Snell Memorial Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SMF+M2010+Release+Schedule&rft.pub=Snell+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smf.org%2Fstandards%2Fm%2F2010%2Fm2010_cover_10-16-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2009" class="citation cs2">Ford, Dexter (September 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/automobiles/27SNELL.html">"Sorting Out Differences in Helmet Standards"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sorting+Out+Differences+in+Helmet+Standards&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F27%2Fautomobiles%2F27SNELL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnell+Memorial+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snell_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/">www.smf.org</a> — Snell Memorial Foundation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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