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id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1994:_A_challenging_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1994:_A_challenging_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before 1994: A challenging situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1994:_A_challenging_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Galli_Law_of_1994:_An_attempt_to_modernize_the_water_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Galli_Law_of_1994:_An_attempt_to_modernize_the_water_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Galli Law of 1994: An attempt to modernize the water sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Galli_Law_of_1994:_An_attempt_to_modernize_the_water_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementing_the_Law:_Delays_and_regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementing_the_Law:_Delays_and_regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Implementing the Law: Delays and regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementing_the_Law:_Delays_and_regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2000s:_More_privatization_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2000s:_More_privatization_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The 2000s: More privatization attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2000s:_More_privatization_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2010s:_A_successful_referendum_against_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2010s:_A_successful_referendum_against_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The 2010s: A successful referendum against privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2010s:_A_successful_referendum_against_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_use_and_service_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_use_and_service_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water use and service 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font-size: 90%; text-align: left;" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Water and sanitation</big> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The flag of Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/100px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/150px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/200px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="4">Data </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Access to piped water supply </th> <td valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Coverage with sewers </th> <td valign="top">85% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Collected wastewater treated </th> <td valign="top">About 65% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Continuity of supply (%) </th> <td valign="top">15% suffer service interruptions (2004) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Average urban water use (liter/capita/day) </th> <td valign="top">214 (2022), according to <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Average urban domestic water and sewer bill </th> <td valign="top">€478/month (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_water" title="Non-revenue water">Non-revenue water</a> </th> <td valign="top">38%<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Annual investment in water supply and sanitation </th> <td valign="top">600m Euros/year (ca. 2000), or 11 Euros/capita/year </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Investment financing </th> <td valign="top">Self-financing by utilities and government subsidies </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="4">Institutions </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Responsibility for policy setting </th> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Italy)" title="Ministry of the Environment (Italy)">Ministry of Environment</a> (<i>Ministero dell'Ambiente</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Water and sanitation regulators </th> <td valign="top">Regulatory Authority for Electricity Gas and Water (<i>L'Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas e il sistema idrico</i>), 20 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regional governments</a> and 120 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provincial governments</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Sector laws </th> <td valign="top">Galli Law (L.36/94) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Number of service providers </th> <td valign="top">3,351 (2009), including 91 integrated regional utilities serving the majority of citizens as well as numerous smaller municipal utilities and municipalities </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></b> is characterized by mostly good services at prices that are lower than in other European countries with similar income levels. For example, the average monthly residential water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer</a> bill in Italy is 20 Euro compared to 31 Euro in France. According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, water in Italy has been underpriced for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardelli_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardelli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With about 240 liter per day, per capita water use for residential uses in Italy is higher than in Spain or in France, where it is about 160 liter per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water resources in Italy are distributed unevenly, with more abundant resources in the North and scarcer resources in the South. Most water withdrawals are for agriculture and industry, with only 18 percent of water withdrawals made for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">supply</a>. About one third of the water withdrawn for municipal supply is not billed to the customers because of <a href="/wiki/Water_leakage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water leakage">leakage</a>, malfunctioning <a href="/wiki/Water_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Water meter">water meters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_theft" title="Water theft">water theft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relatively low <a href="/wiki/Water_tariff" title="Water tariff">water tariffs</a> had been made possible by government subsidies for investments. However, because of high debt levels the government has been unable to sustain these subsidies, and investments thus have declined to a level that may make it hard to sustain service quality with an ageing infrastructure. It also makes it hard to improve service quality where necessary, such as in parts of Southern Italy where water supply is intermittent, or in areas where drinking water is naturally contaminated, such as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>. The Italian government has embarked on a bold reform process of the Italian water sector by passing the Galli Law in 1993. The law aimed at consolidating <a href="/wiki/Municipal_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal service">municipal service</a> providers into regional utilities, separating service provision from regulation, achieving cost recovery from tariffs, and improving efficiency. More than twenty years after the passing of the Galli Law, regional utilities have been created and regulation is in the hands of regional governments that are separate from the utilities. However, investment levels and efficiency still remain low, putting service quality at risk. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1994:_A_challenging_situation">Before 1994: A challenging situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1994: A challenging situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acqua_Granfonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Acqua_Granfonte.jpg/200px-Acqua_Granfonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Acqua_Granfonte.jpg/300px-Acqua_Granfonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Acqua_Granfonte.jpg/400px-Acqua_Granfonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>There are many public fountains in Italy that provide drinking water for free, such as the Granforte fountain in Liunforti (Sicily) shown here.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1994, the Italian water and sanitation sector was highly fragmented with about 13,000 local water and sanitation service providers, often providing water and sewer services separately in the same locality. Municipalities were both service providers and regulators, creating a conflict of interest. Investments were typically financed through government subsidies, while recurrent costs of service provision were covered by tariff revenues. Tariffs were accordingly much lower than for example in France or in Germany. Furthermore, Italian utilities often provided and still do provide water at public fountains for free. However, because of high debt levels the government was less and less able to provide the subsidies to maintain the existing infrastructure and to improve service quality. The latter was particularly poor in Southern Italy where water supply was often intermittent. Furthermore, wastewater was often being discharged without treatment or with insufficient treatment. In order to comply with the EU Wastewater Directive of 1991, new expensive investments in wastewater treatment were necessary in addition to investments needed to maintain the ageing infrastructure. These investments were to be financed by the water service providers using their own resources instead of government subsidies. In order to make this possible, on the one hand tariffs were to be increased. On the other hand, service providers were to become more efficient, reducing recurrent costs and non-revenue water so that a higher share of their revenues would become available for investments to maintain and improve service quality. Investments in wastewater treatment and bulk water supply were to be planned in a more rational way within the boundaries of river basins. Furthermore, fragmented service provision by municipalities was to be consolidated in regional utilities that were expected to be more efficient. Each local government on its own would not give up the responsibility for water supply, and mayors were reluctant to increase water tariffs for fear of losing votes. Therefore, the national government prepared a law that would force municipalities to regroup themselves and form regional utilities, as well as to achieve cost recovery from tariff revenues. Under the planned law, regional governments would have an important role in setting the geographic boundaries of the new regional utilities. </p><p>Very few European countries have passed a water and sanitation services law at the national level. The planned law thus had only one precedent in Europe, and that precedent happened two decades earlier: In <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales">England and Wales</a> municipal water and sanitation services were regrouped into ten Regional Water Authorities established along river basin boundaries through the Water Act of 1973. In <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> the number of water service providers had been consolidated over a period of four decades into ten regional water companies, but this evolution was gradual and was not triggered by a law. In other European countries such as in Spain, France, Germany or Austria the water sector remained highly fragmented without any intervention by the national government into how water and sanitation services were organized at the local level. Therefore, the Italian approach to reorganize and modernize a local service such as water supply and sanitation through a law at the national level was quite bold and almost unprecedented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Galli_Law_of_1994:_An_attempt_to_modernize_the_water_sector">The Galli Law of 1994: An attempt to modernize the water sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Galli Law of 1994: An attempt to modernize the water sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Montecitorio_-_esterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4866" data-file-height="5337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Montecitorio" title="Palazzo Montecitorio">Palazzo Montecitorio</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> that passed the Galli Law in 1994. The law set the basis for a fundamental restructuring and the modernization of the Italian water sector.</figcaption></figure> <p>After ten years of producing and discussing various bills, in December 1993, under the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> (April 1993-May 1994), the Italian Parliament passed the Galli Law (L.36/94) named after the Parliamentarian who spearheaded the law. The short-lived Ciampi government that passed the law was a coalition government consisting of technocrats. At a time of rapidly changing governments, corruption scandals, political fragmentation and high levels of government debt, the Galli Law was one of several laws passed as part of important economic and political reforms in Italy at the time. </p><p>The aim of the law was to modernize water supply and sanitation in Italy. The law had three specific aims: </p> <ul><li>it set full cost recovery from tariff revenues as a goal, something that was already the norm at that time in advanced EU countries such as France, Germany and England. It also included a controversial obligation that the remuneration of capital, including of public capital, should be included in the calculation of tariffs.</li> <li>it aimed at creating regional utilities, overcoming the fragmentation of the sector into thousands of service providers. Somewhat oddly, the new utilities were to be regulated by one newly established regional water authority for each new regional utility.</li> <li>it allowed the privatization of regional utilities through concesions as an option.</li> <li>it separated regulatory functions from service provision.</li> <li>it aimed at integrating water supply and sanitation utilities that had often been functionally separated, into single utilities.</li></ul> <p>To implement the law Italy's 20 regional governments were required to define “Optimal Service Areas” (<i>Ambiti territoriali ottimali</i>, ATO) that would be covered by the new regional utilities. Each ATO would comprise a group of municipalities. In each one, an authority called AATO was to be created that would set tariffs, establish an investment plan as well as a business plan, and award a concession to one public or private service provider. The AATO would monitor and regulate a single service provider in its area. The Galli Law thus, for the first time, introduced clear policies for water supply and sanitation in Italy at the national level. However, it was based on a technocratic vision that was in many respects at odds with the Italian reality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementing_the_Law:_Delays_and_regional_differences">Implementing the Law: Delays and regional differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementing the Law: Delays and regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only four months after the Galli Law had been passed, the government changed and Silvio Berlusconi was elected Prime Minister for the first time for a short period. The rapid succession of governments thereafter led to a first delay in the implementation of the law. Only when during the 1996-2001 period three centre-left governments from the <a href="/wiki/The_Olive_Tree_(Italy)" title="The Olive Tree (Italy)">Olive Tree Coalition</a> ruled Italy, implementation of the law picked up. For example, during this time a method to calculate water tariffs, the <i>Metodo Tariffario Normalizzato</i> (MTN), was specified through a decree in 1996. It fixed a standard of 7% for capital remuneration, a level that may have been appropriate at that time before the introduction of the Euro and falling interest rates. However, that rate was never updated after the introduction of the Euro in 1999, and its high level contributed to make the capital remuneration clause of the law unpopular among those that were primarily concerned with keeping tariffs affordable.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1999 all but one of the regional governments had passed legislation to create ATOs, in compliance with the Galli Law. However, only about half the ATOs had actually been created by then. The AATOs then were supposed to award concessions. This could be done through tenders, but also directly to private companies or even to the existing or newly created public utilities. Some also sold parts of the shares in their local utilities. Ultimately none of the regional utilities was fully privatized. While many of the 91 regional utilities remained entirely public, many were partially privatized.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Rome the regional company Acea, the largest in Italy, was partially privatized in 1999. The companies that entered the market were mostly foreign, such as <a href="/wiki/Suez_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Environnement">Suez Environnement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Veolia Environnement">Veolia Environnement</a> and Saur from France as well as <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water" title="Thames Water">Thames Water</a> from Britain. The implementation of the law varied from one area of Italy to another. In the North, there are strong municipal utilities and a tradition of local government. The creation of regional authorities thus faced resistance there. In some Northern regions, the law was not implemented for a long time, keeping municipal utilities in place. In the Centre and the South, the Galli Law was implemented faster than in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the implementation of the Galli Law diverged from the original plan. For example, the boundaries of ATOs were supposed to be drawn based on various criteria including river basin boundaries, in line with the principles of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_water_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated water resources management">integrated water resources management</a>. However, in reality most boundaries of utilities were drawn along administrative boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2000s:_More_privatization_attempts">The 2000s: More privatization attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The 2000s: More privatization attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second government of <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> (2001-2006) tried to give a second push to private sector participation. In 2001, it introduced norms that forced municipalities to award concessions to private companies, abolishing the direct award of concessions to public companies. However, faced with opposition, the norms were revised to allow direct “in-house” awards if it could be demonstrated that in-house provision was more efficient than a concession, or if utilities sold a majority share in their existing utilities. In the meantime, the foreign private companies that had entered the Italian water market in the late 1990s faced difficulties: "Foreign players including Thames Water and Saur attempted to enter the Italian market only to become embroiled in never-ending political, regulatory and legal wrangles".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, three years after the contract had been awarded in 1999, the local government asked a subsidiary of the French water company Suez to reduce its management fee because the planned financing had not been mobilized. After lengthy confrontations, the local government and the company agreed to postpone needed investments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, when the government of <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> (2006-2008) took office, trade unions, NGOs and civic associations established the Italian Forum of Water Movements, which collected 406,000 signatures in favor of a law on <a href="/wiki/Water_remunicipalisation" title="Water remunicipalisation">water remunicipalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campaign_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campaign-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the third government of Berlusconi (2008-2011) initiated a third push for privatization, this time through the Ronchi decree of November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led opponents of privatization to push for a national referendum instead of a <a href="/wiki/Remunicipalization" title="Remunicipalization">remunicipalization</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-Campaign_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campaign-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, paradoxically, investors also saw the Ronchi decree as an element of uncertainty that unintentionally froze private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fifteen years after the passing of the Galli law, it had become clear that the regional water authorities had not been effective. Mayors sat both on the Board of the Authorities and on the Board of regional utilities which they were supposed to regulate, creating a conflict of interest. Utilities, which have a strong information advantage over the Authorities, remained the more powerful players. The technical competence of the authorities remained weak, and investment plans were of “very poor quality (…), structured as patchwork collections of local demands rather than as strategic documents of water-basin planning.”<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2010s:_A_successful_referendum_against_privatization">The 2010s: A successful referendum against privatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The 2010s: A successful referendum against privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2010 1.4 million signatures, almost three times the legal minimum, had been collected in favor of a referendum on water privatization. In parallel to the run-up for the referendum, the government passed significant laws that changed the conditions in the water sector. Law no. 191/2009 (the Annual Public Finance Law) and Law no. 42/2010 abolished the ATO authorities, a core element of the Galli law of 1994. At the time, there were 91 authorities, of which 69 had awarded concessions. Regional governments now had to play the role of the sector regulator, but many of them failed to play that role adequately. Still under the Berlusconi government and just one month before the referendum, the “Decreto Sviluppo” established a National Water Agency in May 2011. The Agency took over some important regulatory functions related to tariffs. Other regulatory powers remained with the regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Italian_referendums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2011_Italian_referendums.jpg/220px-2011_Italian_referendums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2011_Italian_referendums.jpg/330px-2011_Italian_referendums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2011_Italian_referendums.jpg/440px-2011_Italian_referendums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>In the June 2011 referendum Italians voted against <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">water privatization</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2011, a double referendum abrogated compulsive competitive tendering and the requirement to remunerate the capital of utilities when setting tariffs. More than 27.6 million Italians voted, 95% of them against <a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water privatisation">water privatisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campaign_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campaign-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendums thus moved the legal framework back to the original Galli Law. The Berlusconi government, in office until November 2011, then tried to reintroduce norms abolished by the referendum through the back door, but was prevented from doing so through a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court</a> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2011 the government integrated the new National Water Agency into the existing Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas, now renamed Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity, Gas and Water through Law 214/11. </p><p>The Italian political scientist Andrea Lippi argues that "most of the essential prerequisites (for the Galli reforms to succeed) were missing", in particular "a cultural background for regulation, as in planning expertise, as well in control approach" and "an emergent market for water and sanitation service including private players". According to him, the Galli law had "offered Italian politicians a solution to escape away from a persistent legitimacy problem" by "adopting an innovative and fashionable legal framework" that was ultimately unable to fulfill the strong expectations for improvement that it had created.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippi_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River,_Florence,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-The_Ponte_Vecchio_%22Old_Bridge%22_and_Arno_River%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5158" data-file-height="3430" /></a><figcaption>While most Italian cities receive water from wells and springs, some cities depend for their water supply on rivers such as the Arno River that supplies Florence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Available water resources are estimated to be 58 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">cubic meters</a>/year, 72% of which from <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> and 28% from <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Almost 53% of the utilizable surface resources are in northern Italy, 19% in central Italy, 21% in southern Italy, and 7% in the two largest islands. About 70% of the underground resources is in the large flood plains of northern Italy, while groundwater in southern Italy is confined in the short stretches of coastal plains and in a few inner areas. Water is particularly scarce in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, a fact that could be aggravated by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Italian cities receive their drinking water from groundwater and springs. For example, Rome receives 97% of its drinking water from springs and 3% from <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> receives its drinking water from 433 wells in the vicinity of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other Italian cities get most of their drinking water from rivers. For example, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> gets most of its drinking water from the <a href="/wiki/Arno_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno River">Arno River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> region receives its drinking water through the Western <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> Aqueduct from the Gari River.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_use_and_service_quality">Water use and service quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water use and service quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volume of water withdrawn for municipal water supply was 9.5 billion cubic meters in 2012, accounting for about 18 percent of total water withdrawals. After deducting losses during water treatment, 8.4 billion of cubic meters of water enter the municipal distribution networks. After taking into account water losses (or, more precisely, <a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_water" title="Non-revenue water">non-revenue water</a>), 5.2 billion cubic meters of water were delivered to the users, corresponding to 241 liters per capita per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is higher than in France and almost twice as high as in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG/200px-Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG/300px-Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG/400px-Eau_min%C3%A9rale_Fiuggi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Italians are among the greatest consumers of bottled water in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bottled water</b>. Italians are among the greatest consumers of bottled water in the world, drinking 194 liters (51 gallons) per capita a year, according to Giorgio Temporelli, research director of the environmental foundation AGMA.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wastewater treatment</b>. Several Italian cities are in breach of EU wastewater treatment standards. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> sued the Italian government at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in 2010 and again in 2012. As of 2010, 178 towns and cities in Italy with more than 15,000 inhabitants are in breach of wastewater standards. These included <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme" title="Lamezia Terme">Lamezia Terme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albenga" title="Albenga">Albenga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, 143 towns with less than 15,000 inhabitants across the country were still not connected to a suitable sewage system and/or lacked secondary treatment facilities, or had insufficient treatment capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Natural contamination</b>. In 37 supply zones in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> the level of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> in drinking water is higher than the allowable limits due to natural contamination. In order to comply with the EU Drinking Water Directive, the Italian government had to provide treatment facilities to reduce the contamination below allowable limits. Despite a derogation, the government did not do this. In this case as well, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> sued the Italian government at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Supply disruptions</b>. Drinking water supply disruptions were experienced by about 15 per cent of families in 2004, with the highest figures being registered in southern Italy, where almost a quarter of users complained of supply problems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Water_station.jpg/220px-Water_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Water_station.jpg/330px-Water_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Water_station.jpg/440px-Water_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Main water tower in the Emilia region.</figcaption></figure> <p>The length of the water network was 337,459 km and the length of the sewer network is 164,473 km in 2008. As of 2012, there were 18,786 wastewater treatment plants in Italy, of which 18,162 (97%) were in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 542 municipalities with 2.3 million people (4% of the population) had no sewerage.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_WWD_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_WWD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities_in_the_sector">Responsibilities in the sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Responsibilities in the sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_and_regulation">Policy and regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Policy and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg/220px-MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg/330px-MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg/440px-MATTM_-_Sede_del_Ministero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>The Ministry of Environment in Rome is in charge of defining water and sanitation policy in Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the executive branch of the Italian government the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Italy)" title="Ministry of the Environment (Italy)">Ministry of Environment and Protection of Land and Sea</a> (<i>Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare</i>, also known as MATTM) is in charge of water and sanitation policy. It is being advised by a committee called COVIRI (<i>Comitato di Vigilanza sull’uso delle Risorse Idriche</i>). The Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity Gas and Water (<i>L'Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas ed il Sistema Idrico</i>, AeegSI), an autonomous entity created by law, is tasked with defining uniform criteria for the setting of water tariffs. Water tariffs should be set in such a way that they provide incentives for higher investments while keeping water affordable for “vulnerable customers”. The 20 regional governments also have important regulatory powers. They are supposed to define investment plans as well as business plans of utilities and to monitor their implementation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_provision">Service provision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Service provision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 350px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="350" data-zoom="5" data-lat="41.8" data-lon="12" data-overlays="["_3e44a8c719ee23421a8790462231c0990c7cb775"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/41.8/12/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,41.8,12,300x350.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&revid=1251227506&groups=_3e44a8c719ee23421a8790462231c0990c7cb775" width="300" height="350" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,41.8,12,300x350@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&revid=1251227506&groups=_3e44a8c719ee23421a8790462231c0990c7cb775 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div> <p>In 2012, the management of urban water services was entrusted to 3,161 service providers operating in 8,067 municipalities, according to <a href="/wiki/Istat" class="mw-redirect" title="Istat">Istat</a>. However, only a few large service providers serve the majority of the population. Thus most Italians are served by one of the 91 regional water and sewer utilities, each covering an optimal service area (ATO) and operating under a concession from the regional government. Here are some examples: </p> <ul><li>AQP serves 338 municipalities in the <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> regions,</li> <li>SMAT serves 286 in the Turin area of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> region,</li> <li>Italgas serves 283 in the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> region,</li> <li>CAP serves 194 in the <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> region, and</li> <li>ACEA serves 66 in the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The sizes of the ATOs differ significantly. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> with a population of almost four million has only one ATO, while <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> with a population of 1.2 million has six. A full list of ATOs can be found in the article <i>Ambito territoriale ottimale</i> on the Italian Wikipedia. </p><p>Many utilities in Italy are multi-utilities that provide energy, water and sanitation, with most of their revenues coming from the energy side (electricity and gas). Utilities can be publicly owned, privately owned or under mixed ownership. An example of a mixed-ownership multi-utility is ACEA, which serves - among others - Rome. It is owned by the municipality (51%), the Italian investor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Gaetano_Caltagirone" title="Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a> (16%), the French multinational company <a href="/wiki/Suez_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Environnement">Suez Environnement</a> (12.5%) and by other shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its stocks are traded on the stock market. Other examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hera_Group" title="Hera Group">Hera Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/A2A" title="A2A">A2A</a>, both of which are owned by Northern Italian municipalities as well as institutional investors and small shareholders. Both companies are listed on the stock market. </p><p>The world's two largest water companies, both based in France, have a strong presence in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Veolia Environnement">Veolia Environnement</a> has several subsidiaries. These include Sagidep which operates mainly in the Northwest, SAP which operates mainly in the Liguria area around Genova, and Sicea which operates in Piemont and in the region around Rome (Lazio). Veolia also holds a minority share in the municipal water provider in the Tuscan city of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. Furthermore, it owns shares in two bulk water providers, Sorical in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and Sicilacque in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suez_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Environnement">Suez Environnement</a> holds 12.5% of Acea, the water and power utility in charge of the Rome area serving 9 million customers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FederUtility, a trade association, represents the interests of energy and water utilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_aspects">Financial aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariffs_and_cost_recovery">Tariffs and cost recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tariffs and cost recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2015 global water tariff survey by the magazine Global Water Intelligence, the average residential water tariff in Italy for a consumption of 15 cubic meters per month (including wastewater and sales tax) was "among the lowest in Western Europe" at US$1.71 per cubic meter, with large differences between cities. The survey includes five Italian cities: Genova (US$2.59), Milan (US$0.80), Naples (US$1.48), Palermo (US$2.13) and Rome (US$1.85). In Rome, tariffs had increased by 14% compared to 2014, while tariffs in Palermo remained unchanged and tariffs in the other three cities increased by between 3 and 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-GWI_Survey_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWI_Survey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated annual turnover of the Italian water service industry was about 6.5 billion Euro in 2009. For about 5.5 billion cubic meters of water distributed this corresponds to revenues of almost 1.20 Euro per cubic meter, much lower than the estimate from the global water tariff survey. The degree of cost recovery in water supply and sanitation is low. The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, in its Economic Survey on Italy of 2011, wrote that «water has been underpriced for a long time and both price controls and the organisational structure have prevented a rational use of resources».<sup id="cite_ref-Bardelli_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardelli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_and_financing">Investment and financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Investment and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg/400px-Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg/600px-Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg/800px-Depuratore_smat_castiglione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Investments in the Italian water sector are required particularly in wastewater treatment plants, such as the one shown here in Turin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Investments fell by more than 70 per cent over the course of the 1990s, dropping from approximately €2.0 billion to around €0.6 billion a year: A study commissioned by the government and published in 2006 noted: "The fall in investment occurred precisely at a time when applicable European environmental directives required, on the contrary, an increase in investment. (...) The challenge for the sector is (...) to more than triple the current level of investment, without being able to rely any longer on the contribution of public funds at a level comparable with the past."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most investments were historically financed by local taxes or by cross-subsidies from local energy utilities. In line with government policy, between 2004 and 2014 water tariffs in some cities increased, for example from 1.20 to 1.60 Euro per cubic meter in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many local politicians are reluctant to raise water tariffs, even if such increases are foreseen in the business plans of regional utilities. Water tariffs thus remain much lower than in the UK, France, Germany or Austria. The average water bill of a household using 100 cubic meters per year was only 11 Euro per month in 2011, according to the Blue Book of the Italian water sector published by the research group Utilitatis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blue Book estimated the need for investments in the sector for the next 30 years at 64 billion Euro (about 2.1 billion Euro/year). Half of the investment is for maintenance. Expected public funding will cover only 11% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder is expected to come from private funding. However, ATO business plans do not provide room for more debt.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a small share of investments can be financed by EU grants that are only available for some regions like Sardinia and Sicily. </p><p>In 2022, a loan of €200 million was provided by the European Investment Bank, to Abbanoa, the primary water utility of Sardinia. This loan assisting a multi-year investment plan to repair the island's leaky water pipes, which lose almost 60% of the water that flows through them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The efficiency of water and sewer service provision in Italy is low. According to one estimate, the total inefficiencies cost 5 billion Euros per year. They include operational inefficiencies of 2 billion Euros/year, which consist of poor <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> and high water losses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the level of non-revenue water, consisting of leakage, metering and billing mistakes as well as water theft, was estimated at 38%, much higher than the 32% estimate for 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2012_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one study, "operational efficiency is higher in those ATOs where the water service supply concession contracts that fit the schemes of the new legislative framework prevail or where the service is mostly provided by a private equity owned or by mixed <a href="/wiki/Public-private_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private company">public-private companies</a>". The study covered 38 ATOs all over Italy. It measured operational efficiency by the number of employees, network length and operational costs to provide a given output.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_of_climate_change">Impacts of climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impacts of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy#Water_resources" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change in Italy § Water resources</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Italy&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Where_the_river_ends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Where_the_river_ends.jpg/220px-Where_the_river_ends.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Where_the_river_ends.jpg/330px-Where_the_river_ends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Where_the_river_ends.jpg/440px-Where_the_river_ends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Trebbia" class="mw-redirect" title="River Trebbia">River Trebbia</a>, a tributary of the Po, pictured in summer 2017, is vulnerable to drought.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The expected <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and risk of flooding along the Italian coastlines, constitutes a risk of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> contamination. The coastal fresh water beds might experience salt water intrusion of which may result in soil dryness in response to a lowered fresh water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Italy_:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Italy_:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local effects of sea level rise in coastal regions have been studied in Murgia and Salento in southern Italy. These, as well as other regions, use groundwater as their primary supply of water for irrigation and drinking. The natural rate of refilling the groundwater <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> by freshwater is too slow, making them sensitive to overexploitation (by e.g. illegal wells) as well as the seawater intrusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Italy_:8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Italy_:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the observed salinity of up to 7 g/L in certain locations along Salento's coast. As this salination proceeds, the groundwater discharge is expected to decrease significantly, in some cases resulting in a 16% reduction in water supply aimed for household use.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Italy_:8_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Italy_:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In summer 2022 the government declared the drought on the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">River Po</a> an <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/comunicato-stampa/le-statistiche-dellistat-sullacqua-anni-2020-2023/">"Le statistiche dell'Istat sull'acqua – Anni 2020-2023 – Istat"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Materiali UVAL (Public Investment Evaluation Unit of the Department for Development and Cohesion Policies (DPS) in the Ministry for Economic Development), According to sample survey conducted annually by <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risks%2C+uncertainties+and+conflicts+of+Interest+in+the+Italian+water+sector%3A+A+review+and+proposals+for+reform&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Materiali+UVAL+%28Public+Investment+Evaluation+Unit+of+the+Department+for+Development+and+Cohesion+Policies+%28DPS%29+in+the+Ministry+for+Economic+Development%29%2C+According+to+sample+survey+conducted+annually+by+ISTAT&rft.date=2006&rft.au=L.+Anwandter+and+P.+Rubino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+supply+and+sanitation+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istat_WWD-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Istat_WWD_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/en/archive/153584">"World water day: Istat water statistics"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinsent+Masons+Water+Yearbook+2009-2010%3A+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalwaterintel.com%2Fpinsent-masons-yearbook%2F2009-2010%2Fpart2%2F34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+supply+and+sanitation+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> The number for Turin is from 2015 and includes the inclusion to new municipalities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acea.it/ViewCategory.aspx?lang=en&catid=27bd8fef879a4e88a4871f5947a33410#.VXwj-PmvGM8">"The shareholding structure"</a>. acea<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" title="Template:Water supply and sanitation by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" title="Template talk:Water supply and sanitation by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water supply and sanitation by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Water supply and sanitation by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_European_Union" title="Water supply and sanitation in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_responsibilities_in_the_water_supply_and_sanitation_sector_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of responsibilities in the water supply and sanitation sector in Latin America and the Caribbean">Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(90deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonn,_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG/190px-Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG/285px-Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG/380px-Bonn%2C_Kl%C3%A4ranlage_Salierweg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Angola" title="Water supply and sanitation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Benin" title="Water supply and sanitation in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Water supply and sanitation in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lesotho" title="Water supply and sanitation in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mali" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco" title="Water supply and sanitation in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mozambique" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal" title="Water supply and sanitation in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania" title="Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zambia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Azerbaijan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Macau" title="Water supply and sanitation in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Georgia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel" title="Water supply and sanitation in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Japan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Laos" title="Water supply and sanitation in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lebanon" title="Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Vietnam" title="Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Belgium" title="Water supply and sanitation in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Denmark" title="Water supply and sanitation in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_France" title="Water supply and sanitation in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Germany" title="Water supply and sanitation in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Portugal" title="Water supply and sanitation in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Spain" title="Water supply and sanitation in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Turkey" title="Water supply and sanitation in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Scotland" title="Water supply and sanitation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Canada" title="Water supply and sanitation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Water supply and sanitation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Cuba" title="Water supply and sanitation in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_El_Salvador" title="Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Guatemala" title="Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Honduras" title="Water supply and sanitation in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jamaica" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Panama" title="Water supply and sanitation in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Argentina" title="Water supply and sanitation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bolivia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Chile" title="Water supply and sanitation in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Colombia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ecuador" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Guyana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Paraguay" title="Water supply and sanitation in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uruguay" title="Water supply and sanitation in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Venezuela" title="Water supply and sanitation in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" 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