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id="toc-St._Louis–New_Orleans_Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hiatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harrisburg–St._Louis_Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harrisburg–St._Louis_Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harrisburg–St._Louis_Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Players</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">American professional Negro League baseball team</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 27em; line-height: 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DCDCDC !important; color: #000000 !important; border: 2px solid #000000 !important;">St. Louis–New Orleans Stars</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC !important;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">League</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a> (1938–1941)</li> <li>Did not play (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (II)</a> (1943)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ballpark</th><td class="infobox-data extended-address"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Stadium" title="Bush Stadium">Perry Stadium</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_End_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South End Park (page does not exist)">South End Park</a> (1939, 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Stadium" title="Pelican Stadium">Pelican Stadium</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Island_(Pennsylvania)" title="City Island (Pennsylvania)">Island Stadium</a> (1943)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1938_in_baseball" title="1938 in baseball">1938</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1943_in_baseball" title="1943 in baseball">1943</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"> <ul><li><b>Indianapolis ABCs</b> (III) (1938)</li> <li><b>St. Louis Stars</b> (III) (1939)</li> <li><b>St. Louis–New Orleans Stars</b> (1940–1941)</li> <li><b>Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</b> (1943)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>St. Louis–New Orleans Stars</b>, originally the <b>Indianapolis ABCs</b> and then the <b>St. Louis Stars</b>, were a major <a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a> team that played in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a> from 1938 through 1941. They disbanded for the 1942 season due to financial difficulties but regrouped for the 1943 season in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> as the <b>Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</b> in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League</a> before folding for good. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of annual win-loss records, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_seasons" title="List of St. Louis–New Orleans Stars seasons">List of St. Louis–New Orleans Stars seasons</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_as_Indianapolis_ABCs">Formation as Indianapolis ABCs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation as Indianapolis ABCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other teams with this name, see <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_ABCs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indianapolis ABCs (disambiguation)">Indianapolis ABCs (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>One season removed from the failed attempt of the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Athletics" title="Indianapolis Athletics">Indianapolis Athletics</a> to revive Negro league baseball in Indiana, a new team was formed in 1938. Hoping to revive the success of years past, the owners named the team the ABCs; the third such team to do so and the first in five years. Almost immediately, financial difficulties forced the team to relocate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Louis_Stars">St. Louis Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: St. Louis Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other teams with this name, see <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Louis Stars (disambiguation)">St. Louis Stars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In 1939, the team arrived in St. Louis and again took on the name of a previously successful local team, the St. Louis Stars. This was again the third such named team and the first in two years. This club continued to suffer financial woes and after one season had to resort to splitting their home games between two cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Louis–New_Orleans_Stars"><span id="St._Louis.E2.80.93New_Orleans_Stars"></span>St. Louis–New Orleans Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: St. Louis–New Orleans Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the 1940 and 1941 seasons, the club split its home games between St. Louis and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and rechristened themselves as the St. Louis–New Orleans Stars. However, having two home cities did nothing to improve their financial difficulties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiatus">Hiatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hiatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942, Allen Johnson, owner of the St. Louis–New Orleans Stars, quit the Negro American League to become part owner of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Black_Yankees" title="New York Black Yankees">New York Black Yankees</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League</a>. He brought George Mitchell along as business manager.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dispute ensued about whether he was allowed to transfer the Stars players to the Black Yankees; the leagues decided that he could transfer ten players, with the remaining nine players to be distributed among Negro American League teams.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harrisburg–St._Louis_Stars"><span id="Harrisburg.E2.80.93St._Louis_Stars"></span>Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1943, Johnson and Mitchell established a new Negro National League franchise in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, although they played under the Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars moniker because the majority of the players had previously played for the St. Louis Stars.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-season, they were in conflict with league officials over signing players that were reserved by other teams, and they received permission to drop out of the league in July to barnstorm as the "Bond Bombers" to raise funds for war bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They disbanded for good after the 1943 season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Players">Players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_all-time_roster" title="St. Louis–New Orleans Stars all-time roster">St. Louis–New Orleans Stars all-time roster</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_fields">Home fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Home fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Indianapolis ABCs, they played their home games at <a href="/wiki/Bush_Stadium" title="Bush Stadium">Perry Stadium</a> (1938).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The St. Louis home games were played at <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_End_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South End Park (page does not exist)">South End Park</a> (1939, 1941),<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their New Orleans home games at <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Stadium" title="Pelican Stadium">Pelican Stadium</a> (1940–1941)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their Harrisburg home games at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island Stadium (page does not exist)">Island Stadium</a> (1943).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Allen Johnson Invests in N. Y. Black Yanks: St. Louis Stars Owner Quits Western Body". <i>The Chicago Defender</i>. February 21, 1942. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Allen+Johnson+Invests+in+N.+Y.+Black+Yanks%3A+St.+Louis+Stars+Owner+Quits+Western+Body&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1942-02-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Allan Johnson Recites Grievances: Black Yanks Co-Owner in Fighting Mood". <i>The Chicago Defender</i>. March 21, 1942. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Allan+Johnson+Recites+Grievances%3A+Black+Yanks+Co-Owner+in+Fighting+Mood&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1942-03-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Eastern Ball Clubs Will Have to Beat Black Yanks". <i>The Chicago Defender</i>. March 28, 1942. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Eastern+Ball+Clubs+Will+Have+to+Beat+Black+Yanks&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1942-03-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0ugmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FAMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5846%2C1510744">"Harrisburg New NNL Club; Season Opens May 15: Franchise Granted ex-St. Louis Stars"</a>. <i>The Afro-American</i>. April 17, 1943. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro-American&rft.atitle=Harrisburg+New+NNL+Club%3B+Season+Opens+May+15%3A+Franchise+Granted+ex-St.+Louis+Stars&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1943-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D0ugmAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DFAMGAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5846%252C1510744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3egmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FAMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1981%2C4006084">"NNL Orders Starks and Williams to Yankees"</a>. <i>The Afro-American</i>. July 3, 1943. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro-American&rft.atitle=NNL+Orders+Starks+and+Williams+to+Yankees&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1943-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D3egmAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DFAMGAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1981%252C4006084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Philip J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/106"><i>Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebration of Major League and Negro League Ballparks</i></a>. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/106">106–107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1"><bdi>0-8027-1562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Cathedrals%3A+The+Ultimate+Celebration+of+Major+League+and+Negro+League+Ballparks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8027-1562-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowry-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Philip J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/203"><i>Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebration of Major League and Negro League Ballparks</i></a>. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1"><bdi>0-8027-1562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Cathedrals%3A+The+Ultimate+Celebration+of+Major+League+and+Negro+League+Ballparks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8027-1562-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Philip J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/144"><i>Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebration of Major League and Negro League Ballparks</i></a>. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/144">144–145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1"><bdi>0-8027-1562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Cathedrals%3A+The+Ultimate+Celebration+of+Major+League+and+Negro+League+Ballparks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8027-1562-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9%2Fpage%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Philip J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/95"><i>Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebration of Major League and Negro League Ballparks</i></a>. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9/page/95">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1"><bdi>0-8027-1562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Cathedrals%3A+The+Ultimate+Celebration+of+Major+League+and+Negro+League+Ballparks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8027-1562-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9%2Fpage%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis%E2%80%93New+Orleans+Stars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="St._Louis–New_Orleans_Stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;background-color: #DCDCDC !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; !important;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars" title="Template:St. Louis–New Orleans Stars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #000000 !important">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars" title="Template talk:St. Louis–New Orleans Stars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #000000 !important">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St. Louis–New Orleans Stars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #000000 !important">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="St._Louis–New_Orleans_Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#000000">St. Louis–New Orleans Stars</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;"><div> <ul><li>Operated <b>1938–1941, 1943</b></li> <li>Also known as <b>Indianapolis ABCs</b>, <b>St. Louis Stars</b> and <b>Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</b><br />Based in <b><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Indianapolis, Indiana</span></a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">St. Louis, Missouri</span></a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">New Orleans, Louisiana</span></a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:1%">Franchise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_all-time_roster" title="St. Louis–New Orleans Stars all-time roster">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_seasons" title="List of St. Louis–New Orleans Stars seasons">Seasons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:1%">Ballparks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Indianapolis</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bush_Stadium" title="Bush Stadium">Perry Stadium</a><br /><b>St. Louis</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_End_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South End Park (page does not exist)">South End Park</a><br /><b>New Orleans</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Stadium" title="Pelican Stadium">Pelican Stadium</a><br /><b>Harrisburg</b>: <a href="/wiki/City_Island_(Pennsylvania)" title="City Island (Pennsylvania)">Island Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:1%">League affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (II)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:1%">Other play-off<br />appearances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1939</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;background-color: #DCDCDC !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; !important;;"><div id="Seasons_(5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_seasons" title="List of St. Louis–New Orleans Stars seasons"><span style="color:#000000">Seasons</span></a> (5)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:9em">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;"> · 1930 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1934 · 1935 · 1936 · 1937</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Indianapolis_ABCs_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Indianapolis ABCs season (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_St._Louis_Stars_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 St. Louis Stars season (page does not exist)">1939</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;;width:9em">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 St. Louis–New Orleans Stars season (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 St. Louis–New Orleans Stars season (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><span style="color:#808080;"><i>1942</i></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Harrisburg%E2%80%93St._Louis_Stars_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars season (page does not exist)">1943</a> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;"> · 1944 · 1945 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #000000 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DCDCDC, inset -2px -2px 0 #DCDCDC; !important;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:St._Louis%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:St. Louis–New Orleans Stars (page does not exist)"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Category</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negro_American_League_(1937–1962)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Negro_American_League" title="Template:Negro American League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Negro_American_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Negro American League (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Negro_American_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Negro American League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negro_American_League_(1937–1962)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League (1937–1962)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-integration<br />(1937–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Crackers" title="Atlanta Black Crackers">Atlanta Black Crackers/Indianapolis ABCs (IV)</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Black_Barons" title="Birmingham Black Barons">Birmingham Black Barons</a> (1937–1938, 1940–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> (1937–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Tigers" title="Cincinnati Tigers">Cincinnati Tigers</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Buckeyes" title="Cleveland Buckeyes">Cincinnati/Cleveland/Louisville Buckeyes</a> (1942–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Stars_(1937)" title="Detroit Stars (1937)">Detroit Stars (III)</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Athletics" title="Indianapolis Athletics">Indianapolis Athletics</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Clowns" title="Indianapolis Clowns">Cincinnati/Indianapolis Clowns</a> (1943–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Toledo/Indianapolis Crawfords</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Red_Caps" title="Jacksonville Red Caps">Jacksonville Red Caps/Cleveland Bears</a> (1938–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> (1937–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Red_Sox" title="Memphis Red Sox">Memphis Red Sox</a> (1937–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(1937)" title="St. Louis Stars (1937)">St. Louis Stars (II)</a> (1937)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indianapolis ABCs (II)/New Orleans–St. Louis Stars</a> (1938–1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-integration<br />(1949–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Elite_Giants" title="Baltimore Elite Giants">Baltimore Elite Giants</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Stars" title="Detroit–New Orleans Stars">Detroit Stars/Clowns/Detroit–New Orleans Stars</a> (1954–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Houston/New Orleans Eagles</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisville_Clippers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisville Clippers (page does not exist)">Louisville Clippers</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Havana_Cuban_Giants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile Havana Cuban Giants (page does not exist)">Mobile Havana Cuban Giants</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Crescent_Stars_(1957)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Orleans Crescent Stars (1957) (page does not exist)">New Orleans Crescent Stars</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newark_Indians_(1959)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newark Indians (1959) (page does not exist)">Newark Indians</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Cubans" title="New York Cubans">New York Cubans</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stars_(baseball)" title="Philadelphia Stars (baseball)">Philadelphia Stars</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_Tigers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raleigh Tigers (page does not exist)">Raleigh Tigers</a> (1959–1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Years in parentheses are years as a full member in the Negro American League. Years as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate team">associate team</a> are not noted.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negro_National_League_(1933–1948)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Template:Negro National League (1933–1948)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Negro National League (1933–1948) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Negro National League (1933–1948)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negro_National_League_(1933–1948)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (1933–1948)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacharach_Giants" title="Bacharach Giants">Bacharach Giants</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Black_Sox" title="Baltimore Black Sox">Baltimore Black Sox</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Elite_Giants" title="Baltimore Elite Giants">Baltimore Elite Giants</a> (1933–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Cole's American Giants</a> (1933–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Red_Sox" title="Cleveland Red Sox">Cleveland Red Sox</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Birds" title="Columbus Blue Birds">Columbus Blue Birds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Akron_Black_Tyrites" title="Akron Black Tyrites">Akron Black Tyrites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Giants" title="Cleveland Giants">Cleveland Giants</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_ABCs_(1931%E2%80%931933)" title="Indianapolis ABCs (1931–1933)">Indianapolis ABCs(II)/Detroit Stars (II)</a> (1933)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">(Washington) Homestead Grays</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Black_Yankees" title="New York Black Yankees">New York Black Yankees</a> (1936–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Cubans" title="New York Cubans">New York Cubans</a> (1935–1936, 1939–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stars_(baseball)" title="Philadelphia Stars (baseball)">Philadelphia Stars</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a> (1933–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Black_Senators" title="Washington Black Senators">Washington Black Senators</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Years in parentheses are years as a full member in the Negro National League. Years as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate team">associate team</a> are not noted.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negro_league_baseball" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Negro_League_teams" title="Template:Negro League teams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Negro_League_teams" title="Template talk:Negro League teams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Negro_League_teams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Negro League teams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negro_league_baseball" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Negro_league_baseball_players" title="Lists of Negro league baseball players">List of players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(A%E2%80%93D)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (A–D)">A–D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(E%E2%80%93L)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (E–L)">E–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(M%E2%80%93R)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (M–R)">M–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_black_Major_League_Baseball_players" title="List of first black Major League Baseball players">First black players in MLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_who_played_in_Major_League_Baseball" title="List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball">Negro leaguers who played in MLB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-season</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_postseason_games" title="List of Negro league baseball postseason games">List of Negro league baseball postseason games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_champions" title="List of Negro league baseball champions">List of league champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Series" title="American Series">American Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serie_Monumental" title="Serie Monumental">Serie Monumental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="Lists of Negro league baseball teams">List of teams by state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="List of major Negro league baseball teams">major league teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="List of minor Negro league baseball teams">minor league teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="Timeline of Negro league baseball teams">Timeline of teams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1920%E2%80%931931)" title="Negro National League (1920–1931)">Negro National League (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Colored_League" title="Eastern Colored League">Eastern Colored League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_League" title="American Negro League">American Negro League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_League" title="East–West League">East–West League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%931936)" title="Negro Southern League (1920–1936)">Negro Southern League (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_of_Colored_Base_Ballists" title="Southern League of Colored Base Ballists">Southern League of Colored Base Ballists (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Base_Ball_League" title="National Colored Base Ball League">National Colored Base Ball League (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Independent_Professional_Base_Ball_Clubs" title="International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs">International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Baseball_Clubs_of_the_United_States_and_Cuba" title="National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba">National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%931936)" title="Negro Southern League (1920–1936)">Negro Southern League (1920–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Colored_League" title="Texas Colored League">Texas Colored League (1919–1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Association" title="Negro American Association">Negro American Association (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Major_League" title="Negro Major League">Negro Major League (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_League" title="United States League">United States League (1945–1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1945%E2%80%931951)" title="Negro Southern League (1945–1951)">Negro Southern League (1945–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Negro_Baseball_Association" title="West Coast Negro Baseball Association">West Coast Negro Baseball Association (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Association" title="Negro American Association">Negro American Association (1948–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League (1951–1960)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_no-hitters" title="List of Negro league baseball no-hitters">No-hitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_All-Star_Game" title="East–West All-Star Game">East–West All-Star Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum" title="Negro Leagues Baseball Museum">Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Negro_league_baseball" title="Category:Negro league baseball">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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