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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="برانطودون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برانطودون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon_africanus" title="Paranthodon africanus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paranthodon africanus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon_africanus" title="Paranthodon africanus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paranthodon africanus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%9E%80%ED%86%A0%EB%8F%88" title="파란토돈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파란토돈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרנתודון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנתודון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="パラントドン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラントドン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantodon" title="Parantodon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parantodon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paranthodon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BC%E8%8A%B1%E5%90%9B%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="似花君龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="似花君龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Paranthodon</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">132 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:168.89230769231px; width:6.4307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:175.32307692308px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span><small>Possible <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> record</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skull of Paranthodon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paranthodon.png/220px-Paranthodon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paranthodon.png/330px-Paranthodon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paranthodon.png/440px-Paranthodon.png 2x" data-file-width="5337" data-file-height="2185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstruction of the skull; grey material is unknown. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Paranthodon" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Stegosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosauridae">Stegosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Paranthodon</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Nopcsa">Nopcsa</a>, 1929<sup id="cite_ref-nopcsa1929_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nopcsa1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>P. africanus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Paranthodon africanus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom</a>, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-broom1912_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broom1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a> serrarius</i><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen</a>, 1876 (in part)<sup id="cite_ref-owen1876_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen1876-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoscincus" title="Palaeoscincus">Palaeoscincus</a> africanus</i><br /><small>Broom, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-broom1912_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broom1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li> <li><i>Paranthodon owenii</i><br /><small>Nopcsa, 1929<sup id="cite_ref-nopcsa1929_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nopcsa1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Paranthodon</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAN</span>-thə-don</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-holtz2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtz2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">stegosaurian</a> dinosaur that lived in what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>, between 139 and 131 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>. Discovered in 1845, it was one of the first stegosaurians found. Its only remains, a partial skull, isolated teeth, and fragments of vertebrae, were found in the <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Formation" title="Kirkwood Formation">Kirkwood Formation</a>. British <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> initially identified the fragments as those of the <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a></i>. After remaining untouched for years in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum of Natural History">British Museum of Natural History</a>, the partial skull was identified by South African paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a> as belonging to a different genus; he named the specimen <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoscincus" title="Palaeoscincus">Palaeoscincus</a> africanus</i>. Several years later, Hungarian paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Nopcsa">Franz Nopcsa</a>, unaware of Broom's new name, similarly concluded that it represented a new <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>, and named it <i>Paranthodon owenii</i>. Since Nopcsa's species name was assigned after Broom's, and Broom did not assign a new genus, both names are now <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a> of the current binomial, <i>Paranthodon africanus</i>. The genus name combines the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>para</i> (near) with the genus name <i>Anthodon</i>, to represent the initial referral of the remains. </p><p>In identifying the remains as those of <i>Palaeoscincus</i>, Broom initially classified <i>Paranthodon</i> as an <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurian">ankylosaurian</a>, a statement backed by the research of Coombs in the 1970s. In 1929, Nopcsa identified the taxon as a <a href="/wiki/Stegosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurid">stegosaurid</a>, with which most modern studies agree. In 1981, the genus was reviewed with modern taxonomic techniques, and found to be a valid genus of stegosaurid. A 2018 review of <i>Paranthodon</i> could only identify one distinguishing feature, and while that study still referred it to Stegosauria based on similarity and multiple phylogenetic analyses, no diagnostic features of the group could be identified in <i>Paranthodon</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthodon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fossils of Anthodon, what Paranthodon was once thought to be" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anthodon.png/170px-Anthodon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anthodon.png/255px-Anthodon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anthodon.png/340px-Anthodon.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_serrarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthodon serrarius">Anthodon serrarius</a></i>, to which the skull of <i>Paranthodon</i> was originally assigned</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1845, amateur geologists <a href="/wiki/William_Guybon_Atherstone" title="William Guybon Atherstone">William Guybon Atherstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_Bain" title="Andrew Geddes Bain">Andrew Geddes Bain</a> discovered several fossils near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dassieklip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dassieklip (page does not exist)">Dassieklip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bushman%27s_River" title="Bushman's River">Bushman's River</a> Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-atherstone_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atherstone-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-durand_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durand-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849 and 1853, Bain sent some of the fossils to <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> for identification. Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the "Cape <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i>", so the site was named "Iguanodonhoek". Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857,<sup id="cite_ref-atherstone_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atherstone-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atherstone1871_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atherstone1871-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection <i>Anthodon serrarius</i>, basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-owen1876_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen1876-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partial <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> skull BMNH 47337, the left jaw BMNH 47338, the <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a> BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> skull, and the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> BMNH 47337a were all assigned to <i>Anthodon.</i><sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> assigned <i>Anthodon</i> to <a href="/wiki/Stegosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosauridae">Stegosauridae</a> based on BMNH 47338, and in 1890, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> found that although <i>Anthodon</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Pareiasauria" title="Pareiasauria">pareiasaur</a>, its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen, who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality, whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a> visited the collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum of Natural History">British Museum of Natural History</a>. He concluded that Owen had mixed the partial distorted skull, teeth, and a <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> of a pareiasaur and a partial upper jaw of a dinosaur, BMNH 47338, which were from two different species.<sup id="cite_ref-broom1912_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broom1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-owen1876_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen1876-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broom kept the name <i>Anthodon</i> for the pareiasaur, but identified the other fossil as a member of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoscincus" title="Palaeoscincus">Palaeoscincus</a></i>, naming the new species <i>Palaeoscincus africanus</i> in 1912. He found that the anatomy of the teeth were quite different, even though they resembled each other, as well as those of <i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-broom1912_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broom1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Franz Nopcsa, unaware of Broom's previous publication, provided a second novel name as <a href="/wiki/D._M._S._Watson" title="D. M. S. Watson">D. M. S. Watson</a> believed that the jaw should be differentiated from <i>Anthodon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nopcsa1929_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nopcsa1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nopcsa named the species <i>Paranthodon Owenii</i>, with the generic name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>para</i>, meaning "similar", "near", or "beside", and <i>Anthodon</i>, and specific name honouring Owen.<sup id="cite_ref-nopcsa1929_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nopcsa1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holtz2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtz2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glut97_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following modern conventions, the specific name was later emended to <i>owenii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both names were brought into the current nomenclature by Walter P. Coombs in his 1971 dissertation as the new combination <i>Paranthodon africanus</i>, as the name <i>Paranthodon</i> was the first new generic name for the fossils and <i>africanus</i> was the first new specific name.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olshevsky1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olshevsky1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes <i>Paranthodon africanus</i> the proper name for the taxon previously known as <i>Palaeoscincus africanus</i> and <i>Paranthodon owenii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-deklerk2000_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deklerk2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon_teeth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paranthodon_teeth.png/220px-Paranthodon_teeth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paranthodon_teeth.png/330px-Paranthodon_teeth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paranthodon_teeth.png/440px-Paranthodon_teeth.png 2x" data-file-width="5004" data-file-height="3095" /></a><figcaption>Previously referred tooth (NHMUK R4992)</figcaption></figure> <p>The holotype of <i>Paranthodon</i>, BMNH 47338, was found in a layer of the <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Formation" title="Kirkwood Formation">Kirkwood Formation</a> that has been dated between the <a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> ages. It consists of the back of the snout, containing the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> with teeth, the posterior caudodorsal ramus of the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasals</a>, and some isolated teeth probably from the lower jaw. One additional specimen was assigned to it based on the <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a>, BMNH (now NHMUK) R4992, including only isolated teeth sharing the same morphology as those from the holotype.<sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bones that were unidentified by Galton & Coombs (1981) were described as a fragment of a vertebra in 2018 by Raven & Maidment.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth do not bear any autapomorphies of <i>Paranthodon</i>, and were referred to an indeterminate stegosaurid in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment08_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment08-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth were identified in 2018 as also lacking any distinct stegosaurian features, and were thus designated as <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> indeterminate.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mugher_Mudstone" title="Mugher Mudstone">Mugher Mudstone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was screened in the 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a>, and in it were discovered multiple dinosaur teeth, pertaining to many groups of taxa. The locality has been described as "the largest and most complete record of dinosaur fossils from a Late Jurassic African locality outside of <a href="/wiki/Tendaguru_Formation" title="Tendaguru Formation">Tendaguru</a>". Two of the partial teeth discovered were referred to <i>Paranthodon</i> by Lee Hall and Mark Goodwin in 2011. The reasons for the referral to <i>Paranthodon</i> were not discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-hall11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silhouette of Paranthodon is shown to be three times longer than the human silhouette is tall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/220px-Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/330px-Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/440px-Paranthodon_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison with a human</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Paranthodon</i> was a small relative of larger stegosaurids such as <i>Stegosaurus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Holtz_Jr." title="Thomas R. Holtz Jr.">Thomas R. Holtz Jr.</a> estimated that the animal was 5.0 m (16.4 ft) long and weighed between 454 and 907 kg (1,001 and 2,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-holtz2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtz2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holtzsuplementary_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtzsuplementary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The snout is elongated, though not extremely so, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a> on top. The back of the premaxilla is long and broad, and the external <a href="/wiki/Nostrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrils">nares</a> are large. The teeth have a prominent primary ridge. The fossilised nasal and maxillary bones are relatively complete, and an incomplete premaxilla is also preserved. The partial snout resembles <i>Stegosaurus</i> in its large <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterior</a> premaxillary process and the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>. <i>Stegosaurus</i> was the only stegosaurid known from adequate cranial material to compare with <i>Paranthodon</i> during the 1981 review of the taxon, and even though their resemblance is great, tooth <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> is very distinguishing among the stegosaurians. For example, cranial material is known from <i>Stegosaurus</i>, <i>Paranthodon</i>, <i>Kentrosaurus</i>, and <i>Tuojiangosaurus</i>, and the tooth morphology differs in all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon_maxilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paranthodon_maxilla.png/170px-Paranthodon_maxilla.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paranthodon_maxilla.png/255px-Paranthodon_maxilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paranthodon_maxilla.png/340px-Paranthodon_maxilla.png 2x" data-file-width="4647" data-file-height="5769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a> in multiple views</figcaption></figure> <p>The premaxilla of <i>Paranthodon</i> is incomplete, but the anterior process is sinuous and curves <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">ventrally</a>. This is similar to in <i><a href="/wiki/Miragaia" title="Miragaia">Miragaia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Huayangosaurus" title="Huayangosaurus">Huayangosaurus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaur">ankylosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Heterodontosaurus" title="Heterodontosaurus">Heterodontosaurus</a></i>, but unlike in <i><a href="/wiki/Chungkingosaurus" title="Chungkingosaurus">Chungkingosaurus</a></i>, <i>Stegosaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lesothosaurus" title="Lesothosaurus">Lesothosaurus</a></i>. The premaxilla also lacks any teeth, like in every stegosaur except <i>Huayangosaurus</i> where the premaxilla is preserved. Like in <i>Huayangosaurus</i> but not <i>Stegosaurus</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hesperosaurus" title="Hesperosaurus">Hesperosaurus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_fenestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal fenestra">nasal fenestra</a> faces anterolaterally, being visible from the front and sides. The naris is longer than wide like in other stegosaurs, and also has a smooth internal surface, so it was most likely a simple passage.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maxilla is roughly triangular, as in most other thyreophorans. The <a href="/wiki/Tooth_row" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth row">tooth row</a> is horizontal in lateral view, and in ventral view it is sinuous. <i>Stegosaurus</i> and <i>Huayangosaurus</i> possess a straight tooth row in ventral view, although <i><a href="/wiki/Scelidosaurus" title="Scelidosaurus">Scelidosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jiangjunosaurus" title="Jiangjunosaurus">Jiangjunosaurus</a></i> do not.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maxilla of <i>Paranthodon</i> preserves the tooth row, and shows that there is little to no overhang. This differs from ankylosaurians, where there is a large overhang of the maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-PMGCratero_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMGCratero-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <i>Stegosaurus</i> and <i>Silvisaurus</i>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Diastema" title="Diastema">diastema</a> (gap in the tooth row) on the maxilla in front of the tooth row. The posterior maxilla is incomplete so no information is known about the <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal</a> contact.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Paranthodon</i> has an elongate, dorsally convex nasal, like in most other stegosaurs. There are thickened ridges along the sides of the nasals. The preserved portion of the nasal does not contact the premaxilla or maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon_vertebra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paranthodon_vertebra.png/220px-Paranthodon_vertebra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paranthodon_vertebra.png/330px-Paranthodon_vertebra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paranthodon_vertebra.png/440px-Paranthodon_vertebra.png 2x" data-file-width="5672" data-file-height="4369" /></a><figcaption>Known vertebra fragment, compared to a complete <i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i> dorsal vertebra (F)</figcaption></figure> <p>Thirteen teeth are preserved in <i>Paranthodon</i>, but as they extend to the back of the maxilla there were possibly more in life. The teeth are symmetrical as in stegosaurs except <i>Chungkingosaurus</i>. Along the base of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth crown">tooth crown</a> there is a swelling (<a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(tooth)" title="Cingulum (tooth)">cingulum</a>), which is seen in all other known stegosaurid teeth except <i>Huayangosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth have a middle ridge, with five fewer prominent ridges on either side. This is similar to the size ridges seen on <i>Kentrosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMGCratero_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMGCratero-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all stegosaurians, the <a href="/wiki/Denticle_(tooth_feature)" title="Denticle (tooth feature)">denticles</a> on the teeth are rounded at the tips, in contrast to ankylosaurians. Also, like <i>Huayangosaurus</i>, but unlike <i>Kentrosaurus</i> and <i>Stegosaurus</i>, <i>Paranthodon</i> possesses a prominent buccal margination (a ridge beside the tooth row). <i>Paranthodon</i> teeth preserve wear, but wear is absent on most teeth, similar to <i>Huayangosaurus</i>, meaning it is likely that <i>Paranthodon</i> lacked <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> between teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-pmb01_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmb01-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As only two fragments of a vertebra are known, few anatomical details can be observed. The right <a href="/wiki/Transverse_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse process">transverse process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prezygapophysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prezygapophysis">prezygapophysis</a> are preserved. The vertebra is possibly a middle dorsal, based on the angle of the transverse process and the orientation of the prezygapophysis. Similar to <i>Stegosaurus</i> and <i>Chungkingosaurus</i> mid-dorsals, the transverse process is angled about 60º dorsally. Unlike in all other stegosaurs except <i>Stegosaurus</i>, the prezygapophysis faces dorsally.<sup id="cite_ref-raven2018_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, <i>Paranthodon</i> is classified as a stegosaur related to <i>Stegosaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tuojiangosaurus" title="Tuojiangosaurus">Tuojiangosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Loricatosaurus" title="Loricatosaurus">Loricatosaurus</a></i>. Initially, when Broom assigned the name <i>Palaeoscincus africanus</i> to the <i>Paranthodon</i> fossils, he classified them as an <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">ankylosaurian</a>. This classification was later changed by Nopcsa, who found that <i>Paranthodon</i> best resembled a stegosaurid (before the group was truly defined<sup id="cite_ref-serenotaxon_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serenotaxon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Coombs (1978) did not follow Nopcsa's classification, keeping <i>Paranthodon</i> as an ankylosaurian, like Broom, although he only classified it as Ankylosauria <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-coombs1978_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coombs1978-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent review by Galton and Coombs in 1981 instead confirmed Nopcsa's interpretation, redescribing <i>Paranthodon</i> as a stegosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-galton&coombs1981_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton&coombs1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMGCratero_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMGCratero-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Paranthodon</i> was distinguished from other stegosaurs by a long, wide, posterior process of the premaxilla, teeth in the maxilla with a very large cingulum, and large ridges on the tooth crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-glut97_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all of these features were considered valid in a 2008 review of Stegosauria, with the only <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">autapomorphy</a> found being the possession of a partial second bony palate on the maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment08_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment08-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small-headed dinosaur standing on four legs. The back has numerous bony plates extending upward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon.jpg/220px-Paranthodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon.jpg/330px-Paranthodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paranthodon.jpg/440px-Paranthodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Paleoart" title="Paleoart">restoration</a> based on related <a href="/wiki/Stegosaurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurians">stegosaurians</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple phylogenetic analyses have placed <i>Paranthodon</i> in Stegosauria, and often in Stegosauridae. A 2010 analysis including nearly all species of stegosaurians found that <i>Paranthodon</i> was outside Stegosauridae, and in a <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> with <i>Tuojiangosaurus</i>, <i>Huayangosaurus</i>, <i>Chungkingosaurus</i>, <i>Jiangjunosaurus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantspinosaurus" title="Gigantspinosaurus">Gigantspinosaurus</a></i>. When the latter two genera were removed, <i>Paranthodon</i> grouped with <i>Tuojiangosaurus</i> just outside Stegosauridae, and <i>Huayangosaurus</i> grouped with <i>Chungkingosaurus</i> in Huayangosauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An elaboration upon this analysis was published in 2017 by Susannah Maidment and Thomas Raven, and it resolved relationships within Stegosauria much more. All taxa were remained included, and <i>Paranthodon</i> grouped with <i>Tuojiangosaurus</i>, <i>Huayangosaurus</i> and <i>Chunkingosaurus</i> as the most basal true stegosaurians. The position of <i><a href="/wiki/Alcovasaurus" title="Alcovasaurus">Alcovasaurus</a></i> was uncertain, and further work could change the result. Below is the analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranthodon_nasal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paranthodon_nasal.png/170px-Paranthodon_nasal.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paranthodon_nasal.png/255px-Paranthodon_nasal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paranthodon_nasal.png/340px-Paranthodon_nasal.png 2x" data-file-width="5186" data-file-height="7446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">Nasal bone</a> of <i>Paranthodon</i> in multiple views</figcaption></figure> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 85%; line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lesothosaurus_diagnosticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesothosaurus diagnosticus">Lesothosaurus diagnosticus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Laquintasaura_venezuelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Laquintasaura venezuelae">Laquintasaura venezuelae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Scutellosaurus_lawleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutellosaurus lawleri">Scutellosaurus lawleri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Emausaurus_ernsti" class="mw-redirect" title="Emausaurus ernsti">Emausaurus ernsti</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Scelidosaurus_harrisonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii">Scelidosaurus harrisonii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Alcovasaurus_longispinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcovasaurus longispinus">Alcovasaurus longispinus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eurypoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypoda">Eurypoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta_edwardsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropelta edwardsi">Sauropelta edwardsi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_burgei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastonia burgei">Gastonia burgei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus_tutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Euoplocephalus tutus">Euoplocephalus tutus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huayangosaurus_taibaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayangosaurus taibaii">Huayangosaurus taibaii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chungkingosaurus_jiangbeiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis">Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tuojiangosaurus_multispinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuojiangosaurus multispinus">Tuojiangosaurus multispinus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Paranthodon africanus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangjunosaurus_junggarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis">Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantspinosaurus_sichuanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis">Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus">Kentrosaurus aethiopicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dacentrurus_armatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacentrurus armatus">Dacentrurus armatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Loricatosaurus_priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loricatosaurus priscus">Loricatosaurus priscus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperosaurus_mjosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperosaurus mjosi">Hesperosaurus mjosi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Miragaia_longicollum" title="Miragaia longicollum">Miragaia longicollum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus_stenops" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurus stenops">Stegosaurus stenops</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus_homheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurus homheni">Stegosaurus homheni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Other analyses have found <i>Paranthodon</i> closely related to <i>Tuojiangosaurus</i>, <i>Loricatosaurus</i>, and <i>Kentrosaurus</i> within <a href="/wiki/Stegosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurinae">Stegosaurinae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment08_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment08-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-galton2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galton2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though phylogenetic analyses recognise <i>Paranthodon</i> as a stegosaurid, the type material bears no <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a> of Stegosauria. The material is likely of stegosaurian nature, and phylogenies by many authors have found it to be within the group.<sup id="cite_ref-maidment2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maidment2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the Eastern Cape off the coast of South Africa, with the Kirkwood Formation near the southern coast"><img alt="Map showing the Eastern Cape off the coast of South Africa, with the Kirkwood Formation near the southern coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg/200px-South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg/300px-South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg/400px-South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.216%;left:34.692%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kirkwood Formation"><img alt="Map showing the Eastern Cape off the coast of South Africa, with the Kirkwood Formation near the southern coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kirkwood Formation</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Eastern_Cape_location_map.svg" title="File:South Africa Eastern Cape location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Formation" title="Kirkwood Formation">Kirkwood Formation</a>, the location of the fossil discovery</div></div></div> <p>The Kirkwood Formation is in South Africa, and many fossils of different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and genera have been discovered in it, with <i>Paranthodon</i> being the first uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-forsteretal2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsteretal2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation is of a <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> age, with the oldest deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a>, about 145.5 million years ago, and the youngest rocks being from the Valanginian, about 130 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-holtz2007_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtz2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glut97_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psetal03_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psetal03-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific vertebrate-bearing portion of the formation is approximately level with the upper region of the <a href="/wiki/Sundays_River_Formation" title="Sundays River Formation">Sundays River Formation</a>, which has been dated to 139 to 131 mya based on microfossils.<sup id="cite_ref-mcphee16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcphee16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large variety of different <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> groups have been found in the formation, including dinosaurs, at least two different <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">sphenodontian</a> tuataras, multiple <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fishes, a few <a href="/wiki/Crocodylian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylian">crocodylians</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> specimens, and also <a href="/wiki/Turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtles">turtles</a>. A large amount of the material of the Kirkwood formation only includes isolated teeth or partial and fragmentary pieces of bone. Dinosaurs of the formation include a basal <a href="/wiki/Tetanuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanuran">tetanuran</a>, the primitive <a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">ornithomimosaurian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></i>, a potential <a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">titanosaurian</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischians</a>, a genus of ornithopod <i><a href="/wiki/Iyuku" title="Iyuku">Iyuku</a></i>, and a "<a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsilophodontid">hypsilophodontid</a>" (the family Hypsilophodontidae is no longer considered to be a natural grouping<sup id="cite_ref-brown2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-forsteretal2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsteretal2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-albanymus_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albanymus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple additional sauropod taxa have been discovered, including a basal <a href="/wiki/Eusauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusauropod">eusauropod</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiosaurid">brachiosaurid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dicraeosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicraeosaurid">dicraeosaurid</a> and a derived <a href="/wiki/Diplodocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocid">diplodocid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcphee16_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcphee16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the referral of teeth from Ethiopia to <i>Paranthodon</i> is correct, then the taxon's geographic range is extended significantly. The Mugher locality is approximately 151 million years old, about 14 million older than has previously been suggested for <i>Paranthodon</i>, as well as across both southern and eastern Africa. The fauna in the Mugher locality differ from elsewhere of the same time and place in Africa. While the Tendaguru has abundant stegosaurs, sauropods, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopod">ornithopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropods</a>, the Mugher Mudstone preserves the stegosaur <i>Paranthodon</i>, a hypsilophodontid ornithopod, a probable sauropod, and theropods related to <a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall11_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> This article was submitted to <i>WikiJournal of Science</i> for external <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">academic peer review</a> in 2018 (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_of_Science/Paranthodon">reviewer reports</a>). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA-3.0</a> license (<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=history&date-range-to=2019-01-31">2019</a></span>). The version of record as reviewed is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">Iain Reid; et al. 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Academic Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-226810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-226810-6"><bdi>978-0-12-226810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albany+Museum%2C+Grahamstown%2C+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Dinosaurs&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-12-226810-6&rft.aulast=Chinsamy&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanthodon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranthodon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Paranthodon</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paranthodon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paranthodon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paranthodon" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Paranthodon">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Science/Paranthodon" class="extiw" title="v:WikiJournal of Science/Paranthodon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" class="extiw" title="species:Paranthodon">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135602" class="extiw" title="d:Q135602">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stegosaur_research" title="Timeline of stegosaur research">Timeline of stegosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stegosauria" title="Template:Stegosauria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stegosauria" title="Template talk:Stegosauria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stegosauria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stegosauria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stegosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Ornithischia_*_Clade:_Thyreophora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stegosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baiyinosaurus" title="Baiyinosaurus">Baiyinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bashanosaurus" title="Bashanosaurus">Bashanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chialingosaurus" title="Chialingosaurus">Chialingosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Craterosaurus" title="Craterosaurus">Craterosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravidosaurus" title="Dravidosaurus">Dravidosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantspinosaurus" title="Gigantspinosaurus">Gigantspinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaberrysaura" title="Isaberrysaura">Isaberrysaura</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexovisaurus" title="Lexovisaurus">Lexovisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkonosaurus" title="Monkonosaurus">Monkonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanbeilong" title="Yanbeilong">Yanbeilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yingshanosaurus" title="Yingshanosaurus">Yingshanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huayangosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayangosauridae">Huayangosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chungkingosaurus" title="Chungkingosaurus">Chungkingosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huayangosaurus" title="Huayangosaurus">Huayangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stegosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosauridae">Stegosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentrosaurus" title="Kentrosaurus">Kentrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loricatosaurus" title="Loricatosaurus">Loricatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mongolostegus" title="Mongolostegus">Mongolostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paranthodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuojiangosaurus" title="Tuojiangosaurus">Tuojiangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dacentrurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacentrurinae">Dacentrurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adratiklit" title="Adratiklit">Adratiklit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcovasaurus" title="Alcovasaurus">Alcovasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacentrurus" title="Dacentrurus">Dacentrurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miragaia_longicollum" title="Miragaia longicollum">Miragaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thyreosaurus" title="Thyreosaurus">Thyreosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaurinae">Stegosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperosaurus" title="Hesperosaurus">Hesperosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangjunosaurus" title="Jiangjunosaurus">Jiangjunosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuerhosaurus" title="Wuerhosaurus">Wuerhosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stegosaurus stenops"><img alt="Stegosaurus stenops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png/140px-Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png/210px-Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png/280px-Stegosaurus_stenops_sophie_wiki_martyniuk.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stegosaur_research" title="Timeline of stegosaur research">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stegosaurs" title="Category:Stegosaurs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Paranthodon</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135602" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q135602">Q135602</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Paranthodon">Paranthodon</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/52570678">52570678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3238867">3238867</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1259730">1259730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4946392">4946392</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38813">38813</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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