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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Animal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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title="Ouida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9" title="Maria Louise Ramé – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maria Louise Ramé" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EB%8B%A4" title="위다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="ウィーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9" title="Maria Louise Ramé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria Louise Ramé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Уида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida" title="Ouida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ouida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the English novelist. For the American screenwriter and actress, see <a href="/wiki/Ouida_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Ouida Bergère">Ouida Bergère</a>. For the British actress, see <a href="/wiki/Ouida_MacDermott" title="Ouida MacDermott">Ouida MacDermott</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Marie Louise de la Ramée</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouida_(Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph by Adolphe Beau, c. 1867–1871"><img alt="Photograph by Adolphe Beau, c. 1867–1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg/220px-Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg/330px-Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg/440px-Ouida_%28Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Photograph by Adolphe Beau, c. 1867–1871</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Maria Louise Ramé<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1839-01-01</span>)</span>1 January 1839<br /><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">25 January 1908<span style="display:none">(1908-01-25)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ouida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">English-French</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouida%27s_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ouida%27s_signature.png/250px-Ouida%27s_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ouida%27s_signature.png/330px-Ouida%27s_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maria Louise Ramé</b> (1 January 1839<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 25 January 1908), going by the name <b>Marie Louise de la Ramée</b> and known by the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> <b>Ouida</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WEE</span>-də</i></a>), was an <a href="/wiki/English_novel" title="English novel">English novelist</a>. Ouida wrote more than 40 novels, as well as short stories, children's books and essays. Moderately successful, she lived a life of luxury, entertaining many of the literary figures of the day. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i> (1867), one of her most famous novels, described the British in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. It expressed sympathy for the French colonists – with whom Ouida deeply identified – and, to some extent, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The novel was adapted for the stage, and was filmed six times. Her 1872 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i> is considered a children's classic in much of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American author <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> cited her novel <i>Signa</i> as one of the reasons for his literary success. Her lavish lifestyle eventually led her to penury, and her works were put up for auction to pay her debts. She died in Italy from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. Soon after her death, her friends organized a public subscription in <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, her birthplace, where they had a fountain for horses and dogs installed in her name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maria Louise Ramé was born at <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-Maria_Louise_Ramé_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maria_Louise_Ramé-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother, Susan Sutton, was a wine merchant's daughter;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her father was from France.<sup id="cite_ref-Maria_Louise_Ramé_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maria_Louise_Ramé-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She derived her pen name from her own childish pronunciation of her given name "Louise".<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her opinion of her birthplace fluctuated; she wrote:— "That clean, quiet antiquated town, that always puts me in the mind of an old maid dressed for a party; that lowest and dreariest of Boroughs, where the streets are as full of grass as an acre of pasture land. Why, the inhabitants are driven to ringing their own doorbells lest they rust from lack of use."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouida_cartoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ouida_cartoon.png/240px-Ouida_cartoon.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ouida_cartoon.png/360px-Ouida_cartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ouida_cartoon.png/480px-Ouida_cartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Ouida (<i>Punch</i>, 20 August 1881)</figcaption></figure> <p>She moved into the <a href="/wiki/Langham_Hotel,_London" title="Langham Hotel, London">Langham Hotel, London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1867. There, according to the hotel promotional materials, she wrote in bed, by candlelight, with the curtains drawn to keep out daylight and surrounded by purple flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Langham_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She ran up huge hotel and florists' bills of up to 200 pounds per week and commanded soirées that included soldiers, politicians, literary lights (including <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon Swinburne">Algernon Swinburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>), and artists (including <a href="/wiki/John_Millais" class="mw-redirect" title="John Millais">John Millais</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of her stories and characters were based upon people she invited to her salons at The Langham.<sup id="cite_ref-Langham_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ouida was described by <a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a> in his diary of 1872 as of short stature, with a "sinister, clever face" and with a "voice like a carving knife."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1912_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1912-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years Ouida lived in London, but in about 1871 she moved to Italy. In 1874, she settled permanently with her mother in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and there long pursued her work as a novelist. At first, she rented an apartment at the Palazzo Vagnonville. Later she removed to the Villa Farinola at <a href="/wiki/Scandicci" title="Scandicci">Scandicci</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Bellosguardo" title="Bellosguardo">Bellosguardo</a>, three miles from Florence, where she lived in great style, entertained largely, collected objets d'art, dressed expensively but not tastefully, drove good horses, and kept many dogs, to which she was deeply attached.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> She lived in Bagni di Lucca for a period, where there is a commemorative plaque on an outside wall. She declared that she never received from her publishers more than £1600 for any one novel, but that she found America "a mine of wealth". In <i>The Massarenes</i> (1897) she gave a lurid picture of the parvenu millionaire in smart London society. This book was greatly prized by Ouida, and was very successful in terms of sales. Thenceforth she chiefly wrote for the leading magazines essays on social questions or literary criticisms, which were not remunerative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1912_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1912-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As before, she used her locations as inspiration for the setting and characters in her novels. The British and American colony in Florence was satirised in her novel, <i>Friendship</i> (1878).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ouida considered herself a serious artist. She was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a> in particular, and was interested in other artists of all kinds. Sympathetic descriptions of tragic painters and singers occurred in her later novels. Her work often combines romanticism with social criticism. In her novel, <i>Puck</i>, a talking dog narrates his views on society. <i>Views and Opinions</i> includes essays in her own voice on a variety of social topics. She was an animal lover and rescuer, and at times owned as many as thirty dogs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:III_Cimitero_Inglese,_Bagni_di_Lucca,_Italia_2_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg/260px-III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg/390px-III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg/520px-III_Cimitero_Inglese%2C_Bagni_di_Lucca%2C_Italia_2_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Ouida in <a href="/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca" title="Bagni di Lucca">Bagni di Lucca</a>'s English cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Although successful, she did not manage her money well. A civil list pension of £150 a year was offered to her by the prime minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, on the application of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Austin" title="Alfred Austin">Alfred Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">George Wyndham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walburga,_Lady_Paget" title="Walburga, Lady Paget">Walburga, Lady Paget</a>, which she reluctantly accepted after a request by her friend, Lady Howard of Glossop, on 16 July 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>She continued to live in Italy until her death on 25 January 1908, at 70 Via Zanardelli, Viareggio, of pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is buried in the English Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca" title="Bagni di Lucca">Bagni di Lucca</a>, Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animal rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ouida was an advocate of animal rights and a staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-vivisectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vivisectionist">anti-vivisectionist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She authored <i>The New Priesthood: A Protest Against Vivisection</i>, in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ouida authored articles denouncing animal experimentation in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortnightly_Review" title="The Fortnightly Review">The Fortnightly Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She opposed the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career">Literary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg/250px-%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg/330px-%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg/500px-%27OUIDA%27_1839-1908_NOVELIST_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque erected in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> at 11 Ravenscourt Square, <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a>, London W6</figcaption></figure><p>During her career, Ouida wrote more than 40 novels, children's books and collections of short stories and essays. Her work had several phases. </p><p>In 1863, when she was 24, she published her first novel, <i>Held in Bondage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (She later claimed to have written her well-received 1867 novel <i>Idalia</i> at the age of 16. It featured a rebellious ingénue heroine who was sympathetic to Italian independence.)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her early period, her novels were considered "racy" and "swashbuckling", a contrast to "the moralistic prose of early Victorian literature" (Tom Steele),<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a hybrid of the <a href="/wiki/Sensation_novel" title="Sensation novel">sensationalism</a> of the 1860s and the proto-<a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">adventure novels</a> being published as part of the romanticisation of imperial expansion. Later her work was more typical of <a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">historical romance</a>, though she never stopped commenting on contemporary society. She also wrote several stories for children. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i> (1867), one of her most famous novels, described the British in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. It expressed sympathy for the French colonists (called <i><a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">pieds noirs</a></i>) – with whom Ouida deeply identified – and, to some extent, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The novel was adapted for the stage, and was filmed six times.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American author <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> cited her novel <i>Signa</i> (1875), which he read at the age of eight, as one of the eight reasons for his literary success.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British composer <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Hymen_Cowen" title="Frederic Hymen Cowen">Frederic Hymen Cowen</a> and his librettists <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Arthur_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="Gilbert Arthur à Beckett">Gilbert Arthur à Beckett</a>, H. A. Rudall, and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edward_Weatherly" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Edward Weatherly">Frederic Edward Weatherly</a> acquired the rights to Ouida's 1875 novel <i>Signa</i> to create an opera for <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_English_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal English Opera House">Royal English Opera House</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> in 1891. Between Cowen not being ready with his work and the collapse of Carte's venture, Cowen eventually took his finished opera <i><a href="/wiki/Signa_(opera)" title="Signa (opera)">Signa</a></i> to Italy with an Italian translation of the original English text by G.A. Mazzucato. After many delays and production troubles, Cowen's <i>Signa</i> was first performed in a reduced three-act version at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Dal_Verme" title="Teatro Dal Verme">Teatro Dal Verme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 12 November 1893. After further revision and much cutting, it was later given in a two-act version at <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> on 30 June 1894, at which point Cowen wondered if there was any sense left in the opera at all. Ouida's impression of the work is unknown. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OUIDA_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/OUIDA_memorial.jpg/220px-OUIDA_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/OUIDA_memorial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Ouida Memorial, formerly a drinking fountain, in <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a> bought the rights for her story "Two Little Wooden Shoes", intending to adapt it for an opera. His friend <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a> became interested in the story and began a court action, claiming that because Ouida was in debt, the rights to her works should be put up for public auction to raise funds for creditors. He won the court challenge and persuaded his publisher Ricordi to bid for the story. After Ricordi won, Puccini lost interest and never composed the opera. Mascagni later composed one based on the story, under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Lodoletta" title="Lodoletta">Lodoletta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiritualist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Peters_Nosworthy" title="Helen Peters Nosworthy">Helen Peters Nosworthy</a> was wearing a locket containing Ouida's portrait and signature that seemed to spell out ouija during a 1890 <a href="/wiki/Seance" class="mw-redirect" title="Seance">seance</a> in which Nosworthy asked a talking board to name itself and it responded O-U-I-J-A. Nosworthy and brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Bond" title="Elijah Bond">Elijah Bond</a> were granted a patent for the <a href="/wiki/Ouija_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouija board">ouija board</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after her death, her friends organized a public subscription in Bury St Edmunds, where they had a fountain for horses and dogs installed in her name.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inscription was composed by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Her friends have erected this fountain in the place of her birth. Here may God's creatures whom she loved assuage her tender soul as they drink.</p></blockquote> <p>Fellow author "Rita" Humphreys (<a href="/wiki/Eliza_Humphreys" title="Eliza Humphreys">Eliza Margaret Jane Humphreys</a>, 1850–1938) wrote a eulogy to Ouida and sent it to the press soon after her death. It was read at the unveiling of Ouida's memorial. During Rita's youth, Ouida had been popular but the girl was forbidden to read her. She made up for it later by purchasing every book written by Ouida and keeping them in her library for the rest of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Work</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><i>Held in Bondage</i></td> <td>First published with the title <i>Granville de Vigne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865</td> <td><i>Strathmore</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td><i>Chandos </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td><i>Cecil Castlemaine's Gage</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td><i>Idalia</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i></td> <td>Film versions in 1912 (two), 1915 (shorts), <a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1916_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1916 film)">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1922_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1922 film)">1922</a> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1936_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1936 film)">1936</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Colman" title="Ronald Colman">Ronald Colman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td><i>Randolph Gordon and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868</td> <td><i>Beatrice Boville and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869</td> <td><i>Tricotrin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870</td> <td><i>Puck</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td><i>Folle-Farine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872</td> <td><i>A Leaf in the Storm, and other stories</i></td> <td>Includes <i>A Leaf in the Storm</i>, <i>A Provance Rose</i>, <i>A Dog of Flanders</i>, and <i>A Branch of Lilac</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i></td> <td>English-language film versions in <a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1935_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1935 film)">1935</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1959_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1959 film)">1959</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1999_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)">1999</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a>); popular cartoon TV series in Japan in <a href="/wiki/Dog_of_Flanders_(TV_series)" title="Dog of Flanders (TV series)">1975</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874</td> <td><i>Pascarel</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874</td> <td><i>Two Little Wooden Shoes</i></td> <td>Also published with the title <i>Bébée</i>; film version in <a href="/wiki/Two_Little_Wooden_Shoes" title="Two Little Wooden Shoes">1920</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td><i>Signa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876</td> <td><i>In a Winter City</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877</td> <td><i>Ariadne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1878</td> <td><i>Friendship</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td><i>Moths</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td><i>Pipistrello and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td><i>A Village Commune</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><i>Bimbi: Stories for Children</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><i>In Maremma</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_(play)" title="Afternoon (play)">Afternoon</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><i>Frescoes: Dramatic Sketches</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><i>Wanda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884</td> <td><i>Princess Napraxine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td><i>A Rainy June</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td><i>Othmar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886</td> <td><i>Don Guesaldo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1887</td> <td><i>A House Party</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889</td> <td><i>Guilderoy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td><i>Ruffino and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td><i>Syrlin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td><i>Santa Barbara and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892</td> <td><i>The Tower of Taddeo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893</td> <td><i>The New Priesthood: A Protest Against <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td><i>The Silver Christ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td><i>The Silver Christ and A Lemon Tree</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td><i>Two Offenders and Other Tales</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895</td> <td><i>The Nürnberg Stove</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895</td> <td><i>Toxin</i></td> <td>Appeared as a short story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>, Summer number, 1895, pp. 2–18. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895</td> <td><i>Views and Opinions</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896</td> <td><i>Le Selve and Other Tales</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><i>An Altruist</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><i>Dogs</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><i>Muriella; or, Le Selve</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><i>The Massarenes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td><i>La Strega and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td><i>Critical Studies</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td><i>The Waters of Edera</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td><i>Street Dust and Other Stories</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> <td><i>Helianthus </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td><i>Moufflou and other stories</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Moths</i> (1913, based on the novel <i>Moths</i>)</li> <li><i>Strathmore</i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Grandon" title="Francis J. Grandon">Francis J. Grandon</a> (1915, based on the novel <i>Strathmore</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Dutch_Girl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Little Dutch Girl (page does not exist)">The Little Dutch Girl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Dutch_Girl" class="extiw" title="it:The Little Dutch Girl">it</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Chautard" title="Émile Chautard">Émile Chautard</a> (1915, based on the novel <i>Two Little Wooden Shoes</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1916_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1916 film)">Under Two Flags</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_(director)" title="J. Gordon Edwards (director)">J. Gordon Edwards</a> (1916, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Her_Greatest_Love" title="Her Greatest Love">Her Greatest Love</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Edwards_(director)" title="J. Gordon Edwards (director)">J. Gordon Edwards</a> (1917, based on the novel <i>Moths</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Little_Wooden_Shoes" title="Two Little Wooden Shoes">Two Little Wooden Shoes</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Morgan" title="Sidney Morgan">Sidney Morgan</a> (1920, based on the novel <i>Two Little Wooden Shoes</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1922_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1922 film)">Under Two Flags</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a> (1922, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_of_Flanders" title="A Boy of Flanders">A Boy of Flanders</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger" title="Victor Schertzinger">Victor Schertzinger</a> (1924, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>)</li> <li><i>In Maremma</i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvatore_Aversano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvatore Aversano (page does not exist)">Salvatore Aversano</a> (Italy, 1924, based on the novel <i>In Maremma</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flames_of_Desire_(1924_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flames of Desire (1924 film)">Flames of Desire</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Denison_Clift" title="Denison Clift">Denison Clift</a> (1924, based on the novel <i>Strathmore</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1935_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1935 film)">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sloman" title="Edward Sloman">Edward Sloman</a> (1935, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1936_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1936 film)">Under Two Flags</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1936, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(novel)" title="Under Two Flags (novel)">Under Two Flags</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1959_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1959 film)">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/James_B._Clark_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Clark (director)">James B. Clark</a> (1960, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dog_of_Flanders_(TV_series)" title="Dog of Flanders (TV series)">Dog of Flanders</a></i>, directed by Yoshio Kuroda (Japan, 1975, animated TV series, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Romance: Moths</i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Waris_Hussein" title="Waris Hussein">Waris Hussein</a> (UK, 1977, TV film, based on the novel <i>Moths</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders_(1999_film)" title="A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brodie" title="Kevin Brodie">Kevin Brodie</a> (1999, based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders" title="A Dog of Flanders">A Dog of Flanders</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The hotel's loyalty programme is named after the author; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ouida.langhamhotels.com/StaticPage/EN/ouida_home.aspx">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057719/Ouida">"Ouida."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ouida.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9057719%2FOuida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmino" class="citation web cs1">Amino, Amine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aminoapps.com/c/anime/page/blog/lets-discuss-dog-of-flanders/D7tP_uMWJNwWjD07q4axwwz4R35883">"Let's Discuss: Dog of Flanders"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Discuss%3A+Dog+of+Flanders&rft.aulast=Amino&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faminoapps.com%2Fc%2Fanime%2Fpage%2Fblog%2Flets-discuss-dog-of-flanders%2FD7tP_uMWJNwWjD07q4axwwz4R35883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria_Louise_Ramé-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Louise_Ramé_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Louise_Ramé_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?scan=1&r=1679879:2344&d=bmd_1566861514">"Maria Louise Rame"</a>, birth record, Bury St. Edmunds, FreeBMD, accessed 14 September 2019. Note: Does not include any information about parents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schroeder, Natalie, and Shari Hodges Holt (2008). <i>Ouida the Phenomenon: Evolving Social, Political, and Gender Concerns in her Fiction</i>. Newark: University of Delaware Press, p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874130331" title="Special:BookSources/9780874130331">9780874130331</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/01/29/104716286.pdf"><i>The New York Times</i></a>, 29 January 1908. Note: Ouida was identified as the sister of the US Civil War officer, Col. George Roy Gliddoth. She was said to have "left her home in America at a tender age under the care of a woman who adopted her as her daughter." Another article about her supposed Gliddoth family was reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i> at the same time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cosmo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmopolis.ch/travel/the_langham_london.htm">"The Langham, London"</a>. <i>Cosmopolis</i>. 6 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmopolis&rft.atitle=The+Langham%2C+London&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolis.ch%2Ftravel%2Fthe_langham_london.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLQsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA351"><i>Cecil Castlemaine's Gage: And Other Novelettes</i></a>. Chatto & Windus. 1899. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Castlemaine%27s+Gage%3A+And+Other+Novelettes&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLQsAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langham-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langham_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langham_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ouida.langhamhotels.com/static/ouida_home.aspx">"Ouida"</a>. <i>Guide to The Langham Hotel</i>. langhamhotels.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+The+Langham+Hotel&rft.atitle=Ouida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fouida.langhamhotels.com%2Fstatic%2Fouida_home.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1912-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1912_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1912_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1912">Lee 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanKing2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanKing2016">Jordan & King 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_2004_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Susan (2004). <i>Animal Welfare & Anti-vivisection 1870-1910: Frances Power Cobbe, Volume 1</i>. Routledge, pp. lii–liii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32142-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32142-5">0-415-32142-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morse, Deborah Denenholz; Danahay, Martin A. (2007). <i>Victorian Animal Dreams: Representations of Animals in Victorian Literature and Culture</i>, p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5511-4">978-0-7546-5511-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuida2010" class="citation book cs1">Ouida (2010). <i>A House Party, Don Gesualdo, And A Rainy June (1887)</i>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1166536787" title="Special:BookSources/978-1166536787"><bdi>978-1166536787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+Party%2C+Don+Gesualdo%2C+And+A+Rainy+June+%281887%29&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1166536787&rft.au=Ouida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leibfried, Philip, <i>Films of the French Foreign Legion</i>, Duncan, OK: BearManor Media, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London, Jack (1917) "Eight Factors of Literary Success", in Earle Labor (ed.) (1994), Viking Penguin. <i>The Portable Jack London</i>, p. 512. "In answer to your question as to the greatest factors of my literary success, I will state that I consider them to be: Vast good luck. Good health; good brain; good mental and muscular correlation. Poverty. Reading Ouida's <i>Signa</i> at eight years of age. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>'s <i>Philosophy of Style.</i> Because I got started twenty years before the fellows who are trying to start today."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallach2002" class="citation book cs1">Mallach, Alan (2002). <i>Pietro Mascagni and His Operas</i>. Boston Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555535247" title="Special:BookSources/9781555535247"><bdi>9781555535247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pietro+Mascagni+and+His+Operas&rft.place=Boston+Massachusetts&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781555535247&rft.aulast=Mallach&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrögerMelanie_R._Anderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Kröger, Lisa; Melanie R. Anderson (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/out-of-the-shadows-on-the-forgotten-mothers-of-the-occult/">"Out of the Shadows: On the Forgotten Mothers of the Occult"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LitHub" class="mw-redirect" title="LitHub">LitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LitHub&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+On+the+Forgotten+Mothers+of+the+Occult&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Melanie+R.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fout-of-the-shadows-on-the-forgotten-mothers-of-the-occult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memorial-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memorial_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt_Edmundsbury" class="citation web cs1">St Edmundsbury, Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Ouida-Memorial.cfm">"Ouida Memorial, Bury St Edmunds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ouida+Memorial%2C+Bury+St+Edmunds.&rft.aulast=St+Edmundsbury&rft.aufirst=Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stedmundsbury.gov.uk%2Fsebc%2Fvisit%2FOuida-Memorial.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> "Rita" The Forgotten Author</i>, by Paul Jones L.R.P.S.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lee, Elizabeth (1912). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1912_supplement/De_la_Ram%C3%A9e,_Marie_Louise" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/De la Ramée, Marie Louise">De la Ramée, Marie Louise</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> (2nd supplement)</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">487–</span>488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+la+Ram%C3%A9e%2C+Marie+Louise&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography+%282nd+supplement%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordanKing2016" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Jane; King, Andrew (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Ouida-and-Victorian-Popular-Culture/King-Jordan/p/book/9781138268241">"Ouida and Victorian Popular Culture"</a>. Routledge & CRC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ouida+and+Victorian+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+CRC+Press&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=King%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FOuida-and-Victorian-Popular-Culture%2FKing-Jordan%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138268241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bigland, Eileen. <i>Ouida: The Passionate Victorian</i>, Jarrolds, 1950.</li> <li>Elwin, Malcolm. <i>Victorian Wallflowers</i>, Jonathan Cape, 1934. (chapter 9)</li> <li>Ffrench, Yvonne. <i>Ouida: A Study in Ostentation</i>, Cobden-Sanderson, 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lee_(writer)" title="Elizabeth Lee (writer)">Lee, Elizabeth</a>. <i>Ouida. A Memoir</i>, T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.</li> <li>Stirling, Monica. <i>The Fine and the Wicked: The Life and Times of Ouida</i>, Victor Gollancz, 1957.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Marie_Louise_de_la_Ram%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Marie Louise de la Ramée">Marie Louise de la Ramée</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maria_Louise_Ram%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maria Louise Ramé">Maria Louise Ramé</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1204">Works by Ouida</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ouida%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ouida%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ouida%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ouida%22%29%20OR%20%28%221839-1908%22%20AND%20Ouida%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ouida</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/170">Works by Ouida</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/vwwp-list.html#ouida">Works by Ouida</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813104256/http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/vwwp-list.html#ouida">Archived</a> 13 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at The Victorian Women Writers Project</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F43135">"Archival material relating to Ouida"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Ouida&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF43135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuida" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258001#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203201608/http://www.valancourtbooks.com/inmaremma.html">Book description of <i>In Maremma</i> (1882) at Valancourt Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nationalmagazine21brayrich#page/653/mode/1up">Charles Warren Stoddard, "Ouida in Her Winter City"</a>, <i>National Magazine</i>, March 1905, p. 653, with photos, at OpenBooks</li> <li>Willis J. Abbot: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhistoryliv00abbogoog/page/407/mode/2up"><i>Notable women in history : the lives of women who in all ages, all lands and in all womanly occupations have won fame and put their imprint on the world's history</i></a> (1913), pp. 407–410.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/161/authors/1291.html">Ouida Similes</a>, Bartleby</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121005407">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34490941">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/105338/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119106019">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82225768">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12127731x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12127731x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451929">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ouida"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV092684">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35251764">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006311&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1337905">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/474837">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069661073">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ouida, 1839-1908"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000094675&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=131669">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200000031">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftws27116m8458">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591898205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16274">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007273103705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000088262">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528870106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14646309">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03746790?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/882703">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119106019.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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