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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-维京人的侵袭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#维京人的侵袭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>维京人的侵袭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-维京人的侵袭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卡佩王朝的统治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卡佩王朝的统治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>卡佩王朝的统治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卡佩王朝的统治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王权的巩固" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王权的巩固"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>王权的巩固</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王权的巩固-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-腓力二世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腓力二世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>腓力二世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腓力二世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-路易九世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#路易九世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>路易九世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-路易九世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-诺曼与盎格鲁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诺曼与盎格鲁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>诺曼与盎格鲁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-诺曼与盎格鲁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-百年战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#百年战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>百年战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-百年战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>社会经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>文学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>建筑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中世纪的法国</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。23种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="فرنسا في العصور الوسطى – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا في العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сярэдневяковая Францыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэдневяковая Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_a_l%27edat_mitjana" title="França a l'edat mitjana – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França a l'edat mitjana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="France in the Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_en_la_Edad_Media" title="Francia en la Edad Media – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia en la Edad Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaegne_Prantsusmaa" title="Keskaegne Prantsusmaa – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskaegne Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="فرانسه در قرون وسطی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه در قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_au_Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="France au Moyen Âge – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="France au Moyen Âge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc_sna_Me%C3%A1naoiseanna" title="An Fhrainc sna Meánaoiseanna – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhrainc sna Meánaoiseanna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צרפת בימי הביניים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת בימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis_Abad_Pertengahan" title="Prancis Abad Pertengahan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis Abad Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_medievale" title="Francia medievale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francia medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="중세 프랑스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세 프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis_di_Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Perancis di Zaman Pertengahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis di Zaman Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk_in_de_Middeleeuwen" title="Frankrijk in de Middeleeuwen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankrijk in de Middeleeuwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja_%C5%9Bredniowieczna" title="Francja średniowieczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja średniowieczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="França na Idade Média – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França na Idade Média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija_v_srednjem_veku" title="Francija v srednjem veku – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francija v srednjem veku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Историја Француске у средњем веку – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Француске у средњем веку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike_under_medeltiden" title="Frankrike under medeltiden – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrike under medeltiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ฝรั่งเศสสมัยกลาง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝรั่งเศสสมัยกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Середньовічна Франція – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньовічна Франція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="قرون وسطی میں فرانس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرون وسطی میں فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q237131#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&oldid=84305303" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&id=84305303&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%259B%25BD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%259B%25BD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages_in_France" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q237131" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#002654"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="法國歷史"><span style="color:white">法國历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="百合花飾（Fleur-de-lis）"><img alt="百合花飾（Fleur-de-lis）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/50px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/75px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/100px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法國帝國鵰（Aigle de drapeau）"><img alt="法國帝國鵰（Aigle de drapeau）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/50px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/75px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/100px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="National Emblem"><img alt="National Emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/50px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/75px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/100px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#CE1126"> <span style="color:white">历史系列条目</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">早期歷史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國史前時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prehistory of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國史前時代（页面不存在）">史前時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Prehistory of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prehistory of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希臘殖民時期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希臘殖民時期（页面不存在）">希臘殖民時期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" class="extiw" title="en:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</span></a></span>）</span></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 前600年—前40年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="高盧">高盧</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="凱爾特人">凱爾特人</a>）</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   至前50年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2" title="罗马高卢">羅馬高盧</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬人</a>）</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 前50年—公元486年</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">中古時期</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭克王國">法蘭克王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國">西法蘭克王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">近代早期</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一共和国">法兰西第一共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792-1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">法兰西第一帝国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804-1815</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">近代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" title="法国波旁复辟">波旁王室復辟</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814年–1830年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="七月王朝">七月王朝</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830年–1848年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二共和國">法蘭西第二共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848年–1852年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852年–1870年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法兰西第三共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870年–1940年</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">20世紀至現代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法兰西第三共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870年–1940年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="自由法國">自由法國</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国">维希法国</a></li></ul></div></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940年–1944年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="法蘭西共和國臨時政府">臨時政府</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944年–1946年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第四共和国">法蘭西第四共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946年–1958年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第五共和國">法蘭西第五共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958年–<small>今世</small></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 主题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="法国文化">人文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="法国军事史">軍事史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國政治史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political history of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國政治史（页面不存在）">政治史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Political history of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political history of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國經濟史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economic history of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國經濟史（页面不存在）">經濟史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Economic history of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economic history of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="法语历史">法語史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法國文學">文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="法国美术">美術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="法国电影">電影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="法国音乐">音樂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國哲學（页面不存在）">哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="法國軍隊">軍隊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD%E6%9B%B2" title="馬賽曲">國歌</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:法国">法国主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:法國歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:法國歷史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:法國歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>中世纪的法国</b>是指从公元843年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克帝国">法兰克帝国</a>的分裂至1453年百年战争结束期间的法国，而也正是在这一时期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西">法兰西</a>的民族认同感最终形成。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国"><span id=".E5.8D.A1.E6.B4.9B.E6.9E.97.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E4.B8.8E.E8.A5.BF.E6.B3.95.E5.85.B0.E5.85.8B.E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD"></span>卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：卡洛林王朝与西法兰克王国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:843-870_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/180px-843-870_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/270px-843-870_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/360px-843-870_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>843年后的西法兰克王国</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="西法兰克王国">西法兰克王国</a></div> <p>法兰克帝国统治者<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%94%E8%AF%9A%E8%80%85%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="虔诚者路易">虔诚者路易</a>死于840年，他的三个儿子瓜分了查理曼帝国的土地。843年，三人签订《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔登条约">凡尔登条约</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%83%E5%A4%B4%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86" title="秃头查理">秃头查理</a>取得西部的领土，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西岛">法兰西岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%8E%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="亞奎丹">亞奎丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="布列塔尼">布列塔尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC" title="勃艮第">勃艮第</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="加泰罗尼亚">加泰罗尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰德斯">弗兰德尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%B6%85" title="加斯科涅">加斯科涅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="图卢兹">图卢兹</a>等在内，建立了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="西法兰克王国">西法兰克王国</a>。公元870年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="中法兰克王国">中法兰克王国</a>原统治者<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B3%B0%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="洛泰爾">洛泰尔</a>的儿子们死后，根据《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="墨爾森條約">墨尔森条约</a>》，西法兰克王国同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="东法兰克王国">东法兰克王国</a>瓜分了<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF" title="普罗旺斯">普罗旺斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>880年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B)" title="路易三世 (西法兰克)">路易三世</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%B4%9D%E8%92%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="利贝蒙条约">利贝蒙条约</a>》中再次获得中法兰克王国的西部土地。这个继续由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡洛林王朝">卡洛林王朝</a>统治的王国后来逐渐形成法国的前身。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="维京人的侵袭"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E4.BA.AC.E4.BA.BA.E7.9A.84.E4.BE.B5.E8.A2.AD"></span>维京人的侵袭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：维京人的侵袭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 9世纪，来自<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚">斯堪的纳维亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="维京人">维京人</a>开始进一步劫掠<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>大陆。除了在法国的北部沿海大肆掠夺，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E8%88%B9" title="维京长船">维京长船</a>还驶入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="卢瓦尔河">卢瓦尔河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="塞纳河">塞纳河</a>，沿途烧杀抢掠，恐慌加剧蔓延。</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/250px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/375px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/500px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>维京人在几个世纪内的侵袭扩张</figcaption></figure><p>843年，维京侵略者杀害了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%89%B9" title="南特">南特</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="主教">主教</a>，几年后又焚毁了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94" title="图尔">图尔</a>的圣马丁教堂。845年，维京人洗劫了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>。由于他们频繁地突然行动与迅速消失，使得卡洛林王朝几乎毫无还手之力。911年，西法兰克国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B)" title="查理三世 (西法兰克)">查理三世</a>与一位名叫<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%9B_(%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="羅洛 (諾曼第)">羅洛 (諾曼第)</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>统帅签订了一份条约，在王国的北部、塞纳河下游的两岸建立起一个相对而言比较友好的维京“缓冲国”，即<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼底公国">诺曼底公国</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Hugh_Capet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King_Hugh_Capet.jpg/120px-King_Hugh_Capet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King_Hugh_Capet.jpg/180px-King_Hugh_Capet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King_Hugh_Capet.jpg/240px-King_Hugh_Capet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="雨果·卡佩">雨果·卡佩</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卡佩王朝的统治"><span id=".E5.8D.A1.E4.BD.A9.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB"></span>卡佩王朝的统治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：卡佩王朝的统治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Ancient.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="359 × 432 pixels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/France_Ancient.svg/220px-France_Ancient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/France_Ancient.svg/330px-France_Ancient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/France_Ancient.svg/440px-France_Ancient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>卡佩家族纹章</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡佩王朝">卡佩王朝</a></div> <p>长期的权力斗争，以及北方<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="维京人">维京人</a>的长期掠夺，都使得<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>日益对统治整个国家感到心有余而力不足。权力的真空也给各地<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="贵族">贵族</a>机会来展现出比国王更有保卫领地的能力，他们进而把握权柄，登上权位。最终<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西法兰克">西法兰克</a>变成一副由数百个独立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="公国">公国</a>组成的破碎拼图。而随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>的倒台，拥有巴黎<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="伯爵">伯爵</a>与法兰西<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="公爵">公爵</a>头衔的贵族——<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="雨果·卡佩">雨果·卡佩</a>接替王位，建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西王国">法兰西王国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡佩王朝">卡佩王朝</a>。卡佩王朝在百余年间发展出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>世界最强大的王室，与其<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦卢瓦王朝">瓦卢瓦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="波旁王朝">波旁</a>分支统治法国长达800余年。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王权的巩固"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E6.9D.83.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.A9.E5.9B.BA"></span>王权的巩固</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：王权的巩固"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg/180px-Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg/270px-Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg/360px-Philip_I_of_France_%C2%B7_HHWXI28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>腓力一世，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西岛">法兰西岛</a>建设先驱</figcaption></figure> <p>成立之初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡佩王朝">卡佩王朝</a>并不比<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡洛林王朝">卡洛林王朝</a>更强大。尽管法理上卡佩是全法兰克人的国王，对西法兰克全境拥有宣称的控制权，但实际上他只是众多诸侯中的一个；而对于像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="土魯斯伯爵">图卢兹伯爵</a>等其他远离法兰西岛的大领主们而言，他们完全可以对王朝的发号施令置之不理。在10世纪、11世纪，一些诸侯通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="聯姻">联姻</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>的手段进行扩张，进一步扩张。即便如此，法国也没有出现全国性的政权，相反只涌现出几个较大的诸侯，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%8E%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="亞奎丹">亞奎丹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" title="诺曼底">诺曼底</a>的公爵，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰德斯">法兰德斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9" title="安茹">安茹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6" title="布卢瓦">布卢瓦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F_(%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="香槟 (行省)">香槟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC" title="勃艮第">勃艮第</a>的伯爵等。他们控制着本地的贡赋、税收与公共事业，掌握的实权并不比卡佩王朝的国王小。 </p><p>但所幸卡佩家族的世袭继承一直没有遇到困扰。家族341年连续生育出11代合法的继承人，而且很少发生王位争斗。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同时，卡佩王朝也精于处世之道，尽量避免纷争，同教皇保持良好的关系，逐渐收回其财富、权利与封土。 </p><p>卡佩王朝的君主<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="腓力一世 (法兰西)">腓力一世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="路易六世 (法兰西)">路易六世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="路易七世 (法兰西)">路易七世</a>都潜心于对法兰西岛的治理，使法兰西岛逐渐成为法国真正的心脏地带。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="腓力二世"><span id=".E8.85.93.E5.8A.9B.E4.BA.8C.E4.B8.96"></span>腓力二世</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：腓力二世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="腓力二世 (法兰西)">腓力二世 (法兰西)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png/200px-Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png/300px-Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png/400px-Conquetes_Philippe_Auguste.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>腓力二世在位期间法国领土归属变化图 <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#245CB4; color:white;"> </span> 王室領土</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64947C; color:black;"> </span> 卡佩封地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E45454; color:black;"> </span> 英格蘭封地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ECDC6C; color:black;"> </span> 教会领地</div></figcaption></figure> <p>法国的王权在路易七世的儿子“尊严王”腓力二世手中走向成熟。凭借着机遇和智慧，腓力二世与英国的对手进行明争暗斗。他从<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英格兰国王">英格兰国王</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="约翰 (英格兰国王)">无地王约翰</a>手中取得诺曼底，又在1214年于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="布汶战役">布汶战役</a>中击败约翰的联军，使法国成为13世纪的强国。<sup id="cite_ref-FL2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>内政方面，腓力二世将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>变为真正的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="首都">首都</a>。腓力二世把“御前会议”作为宫廷最高机构，以实现自己的统治意志。在地方的管辖上，他更多的依靠“执行官”（baillis），而不是贵族。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="路易九世"><span id=".E8.B7.AF.E6.98.93.E4.B9.9D.E4.B8.96"></span>路易九世</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：路易九世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="路易九世 (法兰西)">路易九世 (法兰西)</a></div><p> 路易九世从他的母亲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="卡斯提尔的布兰奇">卡斯提尔的布兰奇</a>那儿继承了许多精神观念，因而致力于推行严正的道德观。</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_IX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Louis_IX.jpg/160px-Louis_IX.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Louis_IX.jpg/240px-Louis_IX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Louis_IX.jpg/320px-Louis_IX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>“圣路易”路易九世</figcaption></figure><p>在国内，路易维护经济文化的发展，赞助艺术，取得了不错的成就。然而在国外，路易九世所积极参与的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宗教战争">宗教战争</a>却屡遭败绩。1248年，路易参加<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第七次十字军东征">第七次十字军东征</a>，却在进攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a>的战役中为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="马穆鲁克">马穆鲁克</a>将领<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拜巴尔一世">拜巴尔一世</a>所击败，并遭俘虏，直至1254年才得以赎回。1270年路易再次参加<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第八次十字军东征">第八次十字军东征</a>，却在登陆<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="突尼斯">突尼斯</a>不久染病身亡。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>尽管路易九世在与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>的战争中没有占到什么便宜，但他对<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>的虔诚、对艺术事业的热忱以及个人的人格魅力，也使他获得了神圣的声誉。1297年，路易九世被封为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="聖路易">圣路易</a>”，这也大大提高了整个卡佩血脉的神圣性。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="诺曼与盎格鲁"><span id=".E8.AF.BA.E6.9B.BC.E4.B8.8E.E7.9B.8E.E6.A0.BC.E9.B2.81"></span>诺曼与盎格鲁</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：诺曼与盎格鲁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 1066年，与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>隔<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡">英吉利海峡</a>相望的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>发生王位继承危机，国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>无嗣而终。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="北欧">北欧</a>维京人建立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼底公国">诺曼底公国</a>的现时统治者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="征服者威廉">征服者威廉</a>声称拥有英王继承权，并击败竞争者<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德二世">哈罗德二世</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺">西敏寺</a>加冕为王。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png/200px-Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png/300px-Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png/400px-Battle_of_Hastings-battleplan.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑斯廷斯战役">黑斯廷斯战役</a>——征服者威廉击败哈罗德二世的决定性战役</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼征服英格兰</a>这一历史事件直接改变了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="不列顛島">不列颠</a>的文化走向，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲大陆">欧洲大陆</a>进一步影响这片土地；另一方面，英法两个王国的国王之间地位变得非常复杂，也为后来两国的种种争端埋下伏笔。 </p><p>到了1154年，威廉的后代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利二世 (英格兰)">亨利二世</a>继承了英格兰王位，同时他还从母亲<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="马蒂尔达皇后">马蒂尔达皇后</a>和妻子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%8E%E4%B8%B9%E7%9A%84%E8%89%BE%E8%8E%89%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="亞奎丹的艾莉諾">亞奎丹的艾莉諾</a>处继承和合并了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡">英吉利海峡</a>两岸的大片土地，缔造了一个“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="安茹帝国">安茹帝国</a>”。尽管在亨利在世时，帝国被整治一新，但到了他的幼子约翰就位后，金雀花王朝在欧洲大陆广褒的土地除去加斯科涅等少数地方以外，尽数被法王腓力二世收回。<sup id="cite_ref-FL2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="百年战争"><span id=".E7.99.BE.E5.B9.B4.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>百年战争</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：百年战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></div> <p>1328年，法王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="查理四世 (法兰西)">查理四世</a>无嗣而终，卡佩王朝继承争端骤起。英格兰的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华三世 (英格兰)">爱德华三世</a>企图以母亲的亲缘来继承法国王位，然而最终继承权却为瓦卢瓦的腓力所得，法国开启<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦卢瓦王朝">瓦卢瓦王朝</a>。英王爱德华对此强烈不满，再加上两国在法兰德斯由来已久的贸易纷争以及其它种种矛盾，最终爱德华三世于1337年向<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="腓力六世 (法兰西)">腓力六世</a>宣战，战争由此一发不可收拾，断断续续长达百余年，史称“百年战争”。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/180px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/270px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/360px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5176" /></a><figcaption>圣女贞德帮助法国扭转了整个战势</figcaption></figure> <p>整个战争在116年的时间内经历了多个阶段，期间双方互有胜负，最终以法国的胜利告终，法国夺回了英格兰在法国的领地。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E8%B4%9E%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="圣女贞德">圣女贞德</a>在战争末期扮演了重要的角色，她的事迹至今为法国人津津乐道。战争推动了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="军事制度">军事制度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="武器">武器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E6%9C%AF" title="战术">战术</a>思想的进步，也大大提升了法国人的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>意识，然而旷日持久的战火同当时肆虐的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>都是使得法国这个主战场疲惫不堪，民不聊生。直至16世纪中期，法国的人口数量才恢复到14世纪中期的水平。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 百年战争在1453年结束，这也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>结束的标志之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>纵观整个中世纪，法国从混乱的割据局面向着王权的加强发展。卡洛林王朝及初期的卡佩王朝，国内诸侯林立，又受维京、英格兰等外敌的侵扰，没有什么中央统治可言。到了13世纪，经过以腓力二世为代表的一系列君主的治理，王权得到巩固。赢得百年战争之后，法国基本收回了英国在法国境内的领地。15世纪晚期，“蜘蛛国王”<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80" title="路易十一">路易十一</a>成功通过政治手段征服法国大贵族，大体上实现了法兰西的统一和君主制的集权。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouverture_des_%C3%89tats_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_de_1789_%C3%A0_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="180 × 253 pixels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ouverture_des_%C3%89tats_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_de_1789_%C3%A0_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>1789年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="三级会议">三级会议</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在封建制度之下，法国出现人民代表组成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="三级会议">三级会议</a>的制度。三级会议由教士、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="贵族">贵族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="第三等级">第三等级</a>组成。1302年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="腓力四世 (法兰西)">腓力四世</a>为了与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="卜尼法斯八世">卜尼法斯八世</a>对抗，召开了第一次三级会议。此后，法国每逢遇到政治上（尤其是财政上）的困难就召开三级会议以询问民众的看法，或通过某些重大决议。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最后一次三级会议是1789年由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD" title="路易十六">路易十六</a>召开的，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>后被废除。 </p><p>1357年，在百年战争中蒙受阶段性失败的法国召开了一次由巴黎商人<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="马塞尔">马塞尔</a>主持的三级会议。<sup id="cite_ref-FGS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>会议规定了一种新的宪政组织结构：法国由国王和三级会议联合统治，三级会议将定期召开，并监督<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="皇室">皇室</a>在财政、行政与外交等事务。但仅在一年之后，这个法令便在皇太子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="查理五世 (法兰西)">查理</a>的反扑镇压之下被废除。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会经济"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>社会经济</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：社会经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="800 × 598 pixels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG/220px-Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG/330px-Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG/440px-Donjon_chateau_louvre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>现存的中世纪时建造的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%AB" title="卢浮宫">卢浮宫</a>地下室护城河</figcaption></figure> <p>在中世纪早期，法国农村逐渐形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%91%E5%BA%84" title="村庄">村庄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E9%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="采邑">采邑</a>。10世纪晚期外族侵略逐渐平息后，法国农业和商业得到发展，公爵们鼓励村庄间开展周期性的集市。香槟在其伯爵的支持下成为欧洲最大的集市之一。法国北部的巴黎盆地成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E7%89%A9" title="谷物">谷物</a>种植和出口的重要农业区，弗兰德尔发达的纺织业也使得当地的商业日益繁荣。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>卡佩王朝掌握统治权后，致力于建设其统治中心——法兰西岛。在腓力二世时，巴黎人口达到5万，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎圣母院">巴黎圣母院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%AB" title="卢浮宫">卢浮宫</a>等工程陆续开工，城内道路也趋于完善。到1300年，巴黎人口达到20万，超过<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰">米兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>等强大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>城邦，成为欧洲最大都会之一。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>14世纪，法国全国饱受战争和<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a>的肆虐，同时<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%8B%E7%A8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="赋税">赋税</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AD%E5%BD%B9" title="徭役">徭役</a>增加，国内人口减少，生产力也随之锐减。直到15世纪末16世纪初，法国的经济状况才恢复和复兴。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Albi)_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg/200px-%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg/300px-%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg/400px-%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_and_the_Old_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11091" data-file-height="5271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%B4%BE" title="卡特里派">卡特里派</a>于1145年传入<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94" title="阿尔比">阿尔比</a>城</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="教皇">教皇</a>以天主教控制着法国人的信仰。到了中世纪中期，异端学说时常涌现。法国南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%B4%BE" title="卡特里派">卡特里派</a>教徒令教会相当头疼，他们信仰一种二神论，同时对教会采取<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反教权主义">反教权主义</a>。另外，许多新的教派也在法国出现，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%83" title="加爾都西會">加尔都西会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%99%E7%AC%83%E4%BC%9A" title="熙笃会">熙笃会</a>，这些教派对于宗教的改革有着高涨的热情。而在加强王权的过程中，国王与教会时而发生冲突。“美男子”腓力四世在位期间表现出了强硬，他迫使教廷屈服——14世纪初教皇驻地迁到<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC%E7%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="阿维尼翁">阿维尼翁</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Villon_1489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Francois_Villon_1489.jpg/100px-Francois_Villon_1489.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Francois_Villon_1489.jpg/150px-Francois_Villon_1489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Francois_Villon_1489.jpg/200px-Francois_Villon_1489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="维庸">佛朗索瓦·维庸</a>以诗集《小遗言集》和《大遗言集》为代表作</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6"></span>文学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：文学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中世纪早期，法国<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a>以北方文学中的尚武精神为主。<sup id="cite_ref-FGS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到了12世纪中后期，文学风格转变，南部地区的浪漫诗歌影响力渐大，尤其是普罗旺斯、图卢兹、亞奎丹等地区。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%AF%97" title="抒情诗">抒情诗</a>与“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%90%9F%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="游吟诗人">游吟诗人</a>”表现出更多的新颖的爱情观，这也影响了贵族与宫廷中的意识形态。12、13世纪，新的诗体——“浪漫传奇”在法国红极一时，市民文学、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言</a>和神迹剧在普通民众中饱受欢迎。在中世纪晚期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E6%A1%91" title="克里斯蒂娜·德·皮桑">克里斯蒂娜·德·皮桑</a>和巴黎流浪汉<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="维庸">佛朗索瓦·维庸</a>是法国较为知名的作家和诗人。<sup id="cite_ref-ME_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91"></span>建筑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：建筑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在中世纪中期，法国的建筑都是用石头砌成的，无论是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="沙特尔大教堂">沙特尔大教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聖米歇爾修道院">圣米歇尔修道院</a>，还是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="兰斯大教堂">兰斯大教堂</a>、巴黎圣母院，12、13世纪的宏伟建筑几乎都是石砌建筑。12世纪中期前后，分别以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-disambig" title="罗马式">罗马式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="哥特式">哥特式</a>分别居主导地位。而到了中世纪末期，一直没有更伟大的建筑出现。<sup id="cite_ref-FGS_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考来源"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>参考来源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlas of World History，Edited by Barry Cunliffe，Sandcastle Books Press，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/095524787X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9552478-7-X</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ME-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-4"><sup><b>2.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-5"><sup><b>2.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-6"><sup><b>2.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-7"><sup><b>2.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME_2-8"><sup><b>2.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Judith M. Bennett & C. Warren Hollister. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievaleuropesh0000benn">Medieval Europe: A Short History</a>. The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-295515-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-295515-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-07-295515-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Judith+M.+Bennett+%26+C.+Warren+Hollister&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-295515-5&rft.pub=The+McGraw-Hill+Companies%2CInc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievaleuropesh0000benn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FL2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FL2_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FL2_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Baldwin, John, Philippe Auguste et son gouvernement - Les fondations du pouvoir royal en France au Moyen Âge, traduit de l'anglais par Béatrice Bonne, préface de Jacques Le Goff, Fayard, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Richard, Jean; Birrell, Jean. The Crusades, c.1071-c.1291. Cambridge University Press. Sep 28, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521625661" title="Special:网络书源/0521625661"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0521625661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Birrell%2C+Jean&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%2C+c.1071-c.1291&rft.date=1999-09-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521625661&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><cite class="citation book">雅克·罗高夫. 《圣路易》. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-10003464-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-10003464-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-10003464-7</a>. <q>K·734</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%AB&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%A3%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-10003464-7&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Bates, David (2001). William the Conqueror. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 33. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0752419803" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7524-1980-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones, <i>Atlas of World Population History.</i> Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1978, pp. 55–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5kxCjXUKu?url=http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761564185">états généraux (France) - MSN Encarta</a>. MSN encarta. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-01-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761564185">原始内容</a>存档于2009-11-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=%C3%A9tats+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux+%28France%29+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MSN+encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.encarta.msn.com%2Fencnet%2Frefpages%2FRefArticle.aspx%3Frefid%3D761564185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FGS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FGS_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGS_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGS_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><cite class="citation book">瑟诺博斯. 法国史（上册）. 商务印书馆. 1972年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/11017-219" title="Special:网络书源/11017-219"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 11017-219</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> 请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code>值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_isbn" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E7%91%9F%E8%AF%BA%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=11017-219&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbjn.com/show.aspx?page=3&id=1594&cid=67">第一章美男子腓力（1285～1314 年）和卡佩王朝末期诸王统治下的法国（1314～1328 年）_中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史</a>. 金诺人文. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-01-02</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0+%E7%BE%8E%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%881285%EF%BD%9E1314+%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%AB%E6%9C%9F%E8%AF%B8%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%881314%EF%BD%9E1328+%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89_%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E9%87%91%E8%AF%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbjn.com%2Fshow.aspx%3Fpage%3D3%26id%3D1594%26cid%3D67&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="WikiProject:法国">专题</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="法國歷史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="法国历史年表">年表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国史前时期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prehistory of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国史前时期（页面不存在）">史前</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Prehistory of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prehistory of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2" title="高卢">凯尔特高卢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2" title="罗马高卢">罗马高卢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國">西法蘭克王國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漫长19世纪的法国" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="France in the long nineteenth century"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%AB%E9%95%BF19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漫长19世纪的法国（页面不存在）">漫长19世纪时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" class="extiw" title="en:France in the long nineteenth century"><span lang="en" dir="auto">France in the long nineteenth century</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="拿破仑时代">拿破仑时代</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="20世纪法国" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="France in the twentieth century"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20世纪法国（页面不存在）">二十世纪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" class="extiw" title="en:France in the twentieth century"><span lang="en" dir="auto">France in the twentieth century</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">政权</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="旧制度">旧制度</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1791%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941792%E5%B9%B4)" title="法蘭西王國 (1791年—1792年)">后法兰西王国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一共和国">第一共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">第一帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" title="法国波旁复辟">法国波旁复辟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="七月王朝">七月王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二共和國">第二共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">第二帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">第三共和国</a></li> <li>二战时期 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="自由法國">自由法國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国">维希法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="法蘭西共和國臨時政府">临时政府</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第四共和国">第四共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第五共和國">第五共和国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="法国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="法国行政区划">行政区划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="法国两万人口以上市镇列表">城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD#气候生态" title="法国">气候</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国岛屿列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国岛屿列表（页面不存在）">岛屿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国湖泊列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of lakes of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国湖泊列表（页面不存在）">湖泊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of lakes of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of lakes of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国山脉列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of French mountains by prominence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国山脉列表（页面不存在）">山脉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" class="extiw" title="en:List of French mountains by prominence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of French mountains by prominence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国河流列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of rivers of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国河流列表（页面不存在）">河流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of rivers of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of rivers of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="法國政治">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="法國憲法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="法国选举">选举</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="法國外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="法國政治">政府</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国人权" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Human rights in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国人权（页面不存在）">人权</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Human rights in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Human rights in France</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8BLGBT%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A" title="法國LGBT權益">法國LGBT權益</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国司法机构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Judiciary of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国司法机构（页面不存在）">机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Judiciary of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Judiciary of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Law of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国法律（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Law of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Law of France</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="法國執法機構">执法人员</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="法國武裝部隊">军事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="法国议会">议会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="法國政黨列表">政党</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="法國經濟">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F#農業" title="法國經濟">农业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国银行业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Banking in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国银行业（页面不存在）">银行业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Banking in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Banking in France</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="法兰西银行">中央银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国经济史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economic history of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国经济史（页面不存在）">经济史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Economic history of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economic history of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国能源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国能源（页面不存在）">能源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Energy in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元<small>（现行流通货币）</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A7%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="法国出口货物列表">出口货物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法国法郎">法郎<small>（原流通货币）</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="法国各大区国内生产总值列表">各大区GDP总值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%B3%9B%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="巴黎泛欧交易所">证券交易所</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国税收" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taxation in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国税收（页面不存在）">税收</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Taxation in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taxation in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="法国通信">通信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="法國觀光">旅游业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国职工会列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of trade unions in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%8C%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国职工会列表（页面不存在）">工会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of trade unions in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of trade unions in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="法國交通">法國交通</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="Category:法國社會">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国犯罪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crime in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国犯罪（页面不存在）">犯罪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Crime in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crime in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="法國人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="法国教育">教育</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国医疗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health care in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国医疗（页面不存在）">医疗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Health care in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health care in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="法兰西人">族裔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国贫困" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Poverty in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%AB%E5%9B%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国贫困（页面不存在）">贫困</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Poverty in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Poverty in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国宗教（页面不存在）">宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Religion in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国社会保障" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social protection in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国社会保障（页面不存在）">福利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Social protection in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social protection in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="法国文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:French architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French architecture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="法国美术">美术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="法国电影">电影</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国喜剧片" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French comedy films"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国喜剧片（页面不存在）">喜剧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_comedy_films" class="extiw" title="en:French comedy films"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French comedy films</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="法國飲食文化">饮食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国服饰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French fashion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国服饰（页面不存在）">服饰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:French fashion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French fashion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国著名花园" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Remarkable Gardens of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国著名花园（页面不存在）">花园</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Remarkable Gardens of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Remarkable Gardens of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="法语文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国媒体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Media of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国媒体（页面不存在）">媒体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Media of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Media of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="法国音乐">音乐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国公众假期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public holidays in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%81%87%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国公众假期（页面不存在）">公众假期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Public holidays in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public holidays in France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="法國體育">体育</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国标志" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symbols of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%87%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国标志（页面不存在）">标志</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Symbols of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symbols of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国剧院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theatre of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国剧院（页面不存在）">剧院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Theatre of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theatre of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" 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