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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turin
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turin</title><script src="https://dtyry4ejybx0.cloudfront.net/js/cmp/cleanmediacmp.js?ver=0104" async="true"></script><script defer data-domain="newadvent.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/script.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15092d.htm"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="description" content="The chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Savoy and of the Kingdom of Sardinia"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://feeds.newadvent.org/bestoftheweb?format=xml"><link rel="icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><meta name="robots" content="noodp"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../utility/screen6.css" media="screen"></head> <body class="cathen" id="15092d.htm"> <!-- spacer--> <br/> <div id="capitalcity"><table summary="Logo" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr valign="bottom"><td align="left"><a href="../"><img height=36 width=153 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></td><td align="right"> <form id="searchbox_000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0" action="../utility/search.htm"> <!-- Hidden Inputs --> <input type="hidden" name="safe" value="active"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0"/> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:9"/> <!-- Search Box --> <label for="searchQuery" id="searchQueryLabel">Search:</label> <input id="searchQuery" name="q" type="text" size="25" aria-labelledby="searchQueryLabel"/> <!-- Submit Button --> <label for="submitButton" id="submitButtonLabel" class="visually-hidden">Submit Search</label> <input id="submitButton" type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" aria-labelledby="submitButtonLabel"/> </form> <table summary="Spacer" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td height="2"></td></tr></table> <table summary="Tabs" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../"> Home </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_white_on_color" href="../cathen/index.html"> Encyclopedia </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../summa/index.html"> Summa </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../fathers/index.html"> Fathers </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../bible/gen001.htm"> Bible </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../library/index.html"> Library </a></td> </tr></table> </td> </tr></table><table summary="Alphabetical index" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"> <a href="../cathen/a.htm"> A </a><a href="../cathen/b.htm"> B </a><a href="../cathen/c.htm"> C </a><a href="../cathen/d.htm"> D </a><a href="../cathen/e.htm"> E </a><a href="../cathen/f.htm"> F </a><a href="../cathen/g.htm"> G </a><a href="../cathen/h.htm"> H </a><a href="../cathen/i.htm"> I </a><a href="../cathen/j.htm"> J </a><a href="../cathen/k.htm"> K </a><a href="../cathen/l.htm"> L </a><a href="../cathen/m.htm"> M </a><a href="../cathen/n.htm"> N </a><a href="../cathen/o.htm"> O </a><a href="../cathen/p.htm"> P </a><a href="../cathen/q.htm"> Q </a><a href="../cathen/r.htm"> R </a><a href="../cathen/s.htm"> S </a><a href="../cathen/t.htm"> T </a><a href="../cathen/u.htm"> U </a><a href="../cathen/v.htm"> V </a><a href="../cathen/w.htm"> W </a><a href="../cathen/x.htm"> X </a><a href="../cathen/y.htm"> Y </a><a href="../cathen/z.htm"> Z </a> </td></tr></table></div> <div id="mobilecity" style="text-align: center; "><a href="../"><img height=24 width=102 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></div> <!--<div class="scrollmenu"> <a href="../utility/search.htm">SEARCH</a> <a href="../cathen/">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="../summa/">Summa</a> <a href="../fathers/">Fathers</a> <a href="../bible/">Bible</a> <a href="../library/">Library</a> </div> <br />--> <div id="mi5"><span class="breadcrumbs"><a href="../">Home</a> > <a href="../cathen">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> > <a href="../cathen/t.htm">T</a> > Turin</span></div> <div id="springfield2"> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-top' style='display: flex; height: 100px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; '></div> <h1>Turin</h1> <p><em><a href="https://gumroad.com/l/na2"><strong>Please help support the mission of New Advent</strong> and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99...</a></em></p> <p>(Turino; Taurinensis)</p> <p>The City of Turin is the chief town of a civil province in <a href="../cathen/12076b.htm">Piedmont</a> and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a> and of the <a href="../cathen/13473b.htm">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. It is situated on the left bank of the Po and on right of the Dora Riparia, which flows into the Po not far off. The surrounding flat country is fertile in grain, pasturage, hemp, and herbs available for use in the industries, while on the hills a delicious fungus, a species of truffle is found. The district is also rich in minerals (a species of gneiss and granite), and there are five mineral springs. The population is 270,000.</p> <p>Besides the numerous elementary and intermediate <a href="../cathen/13554b.htm">schools</a>, public and private, there are a <a href="../cathen/15188a.htm">university</a> (see below), a musical lyceum, commercial and industrial <a href="../cathen/13554b.htm">schools</a>. The Accademia Albertina (1652), for the <a href="../cathen/05248a.htm">fine arts</a>, possesses the precious Mossi Gallery (Raphael, <a href="../cathen/05093b.htm">Dolci</a>, <a href="../cathen/10569b.htm">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="../cathen/13214c.htm">Rubens</a>, <a href="../cathen/05220b.htm">Van Dyck</a>, <a href="../cathen/06565a.htm">Giotto</a>, Andrea del Sarto, Correggio, <a href="../cathen/06564b.htm">Luca Giordano</a>, Guercino, and others, with cartoons of <a href="../cathen/15440a.htm">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and others). There is a royal academy of the <a href="../cathen/13598b.htm">sciences</a> (1757) and a royal commission on studies in Italian history. The documents of the general archives go back as far as the year 934. Other institutions of <a href="../cathen/13598b.htm">sciences</a> and arts are the military academy, the Scuola di Guerra, the practical <a href="../cathen/13554b.htm">school</a> for the artillery and engineers, and eight public <a href="../cathen/09227b.htm">libraries</a>, among them the National (1714). The last-named contains the precious Bobbio <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscripts</a> and many Greek and <a href="../cathen/05329b.htm">Egyptian</a> papyri; in 1904 it was ravaged by a fire in which valuable <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscripts</a> perished, among them some which had not yet been thoroughly studied. The Museum of Antiquities is of great importance, containing a number of marbles collected throughout <a href="../cathen/12076b.htm">Piedmont</a> besides one of the most complete <a href="../cathen/05329b.htm">Egyptian</a> collections in existence, that made by Bernardino Drovetti, a French consul in <a href="../cathen/05329b.htm">Egypt</a>. Worthy of note also are the Royal Gallery (Pinacoteca) and the zoölogical, mineralogical, geological, anatomical, and the rich <a href="../cathen/11152a.htm">numismatical</a> museum (the king's medallion). Benevolent institutions are the Opera Pia di S. Paolo, which includes the Pious Institute (<em>ufficio pio</em>) of Alms for the poor and dowries for young girls, and the <a href="../cathen/10534d.htm">Monte di Pietà</a>. The <a href="../cathen/07480a.htm">hospitals</a> are those of S. Giovanni (fourteenth century), of the Order of Sts. Maurice and Lazarus, the Opera Pia di S. Luigi (1792), the Ophthalmic Hospital, the Cottolengo (Piccola Casa della Divina Providenza, founded in 1827 for every kind of human misery, in which about 7000 sick, aged, and infirm <a href="../cathen/11726a.htm">persons</a> have found shelter), the Royal General Charity Hospice, the asylum of the Infanzia Abbandonata, the Reale Albergo di Virtù (1580). The Opera Pia Barolo has under its direction various charitable and <a href="../cathen/13554b.htm">educational institutions</a>. For the Rifugio and Oratory of St. Francis de Sales, see <a href="../cathen/02689d.htm">Bosco</a>.</p> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <h2>Churches</h2> <p>The <a href="../cathen/03438a.htm">cathedral</a>, dedicated to <a href="../cathen/08486b.htm">St. John the Baptist</a>, stands on the site of three ancient churches, and was built (1492-98) by Meo del Caprino, with an octagonal <a href="../cathen/05100b.htm">dome</a>. Attached to the <a href="../cathen/03438a.htm">cathedral</a> is the <a href="../cathen/03574b.htm">chapel</a> of the Santissimo Sudario, built by Guarini (1694), where is preserved in a casket a cloth believed to be the shroud in which the Body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the Cross, The <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a> of Corpus Domini records a <a href="../cathen/10338a.htm">miracle</a> which took place during the sack of the city in 1453, when a soldier was carrying off an <a href="../cathen/11344a.htm">ostensorium</a> containing the <a href="../cathen/05584a.htm">Blessed Sacrament</a>: the <a href="../cathen/11344a.htm">ostensorium</a> fell to the ground, while the Host remained suspended in air. The present splendid church, erected in 1610 to replace the original <a href="../cathen/03574b.htm">chapel</a> which stood on the spot, is the work of Ascanio Vittozzi. The Consolata, a sanctuary much frequented by <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrims</a>, stands on the site of the tenth-century <a href="../cathen/04340c.htm">monastery</a> of S. Andrea, and is the work of Guarini. It was sumptuously restored in 1903. Outside the city, are: S. Maria Ausiliatrice, erected by Don Bosco; the Gran Madre di Dio, erected in 1818 on occasion of the return of King Victor Emanuel I; S. Maria del Monte (1583) on the Monte dei Cappucini; the Basilica of Superga, with a <a href="../cathen/05100b.htm">dome</a> 244 feet high, the work of Juvara, built by Amedeo II <em>ex voto</em> for the deliverance of Turin (1706), and which has served since 1772 as a royal mausoleum.</p> <h2>Profane edifices</h2> <p>The Royal Palace (1646-58) contains various splendidly decorated halls and an extremely rich collection of arms of all periods and all peoples, as well as the king's <a href="../cathen/09227b.htm">library</a>. Under the palace the remains of a Roman theatre were discovered. The Palazzo Madama stands on the site of the old decuman gate, which became a castle in the <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a> and was repeatedly enlarged until, in 1718, it was finally prepared by Juvara for Madama Reale, as she was called, the <a href="../cathen/15617c.htm">widow</a> of Charles Emanuel II. It is now occupied by the state archives and the observatory. The Palazzo Carignano (1680), a work of Guarini, is the residence of the younger branch of Savovy-Carignano, now the reigning house. This palace was occupied by the Parliament from 1848 to 1864, and now shelters the Museum of Natural History. The Academy of the Sciences, formerly a <a href="../cathen/14081a.htm">Jesuit</a> <a href="../cathen/04107b.htm">College</a> (1679), houses the Museum of Antiquities and the Pinaceoteca. The Palazzo di Città or City Hall (1669), the work of Lanfranchi, contains the Biblioteca Civica. There is also a Museo Civico di Belle Arti; and the Mole Antenelliana, 580 feet high, contains the Museo di Risorgimento (1863). The city itself is laid out on a very regular plan.</p> <h2>History</h2> <p>Before the Roman conquest of the Graian and Cottian Alps, Taurasia was already an important city of the Taurini, a Ligurian people. In 218 B.C. Hannibal destroyed it. Under <a href="../cathen/02107a.htm">Augustus</a> the conquest was completed, and the city was named Augusta Taurinorum; it probably continued, however, to form part of the dominions of Cottius, King of Secusio (the modern Susa). In the <a href="../cathen/15546c.htm">war</a> between Otho and Vitellius, it was almost entirely burned down. None of the Roman monuments have survived except the Porta Palatina, commonly known as the Towers, near which are the remains of a monument erected early in the second century in <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a> of Attilius Agricola. In the fifth and sixth centuries the city suffered from the invasions of the <a href="../cathen/03068a.htm">Burgundians</a> and of Odoacer, and in the Gothic War. After the Lombard invasion it became the capital of a duchy, and four of its dukes — Agilulfus (589), Arioaldus (590), Garibaldus (661), Ragimbertus (701) — became kings of the Lombards. When the Lombard kingdom fell, Turin became a residence of <a href="../cathen/06238a.htm">Frankish</a> counts until, in 892, it passed to the marquesses of <a href="../cathen/08258a.htm">Ivrea</a>, from whom, through the marriage of Adelaide with Odo of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a> (1046), it passed into the possession of the latter house. In 1130 the city was constituted a commune, still remaining, however, under the influence now of the counts of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a>, now of the marquesses of <a href="../cathen/13405c.htm">Saluzzo</a> or of Monferrato, with whom, as also with the emperors, they were frequently at <a href="../cathen/15546c.htm">war</a>. From 1280 on, it was almost constantly under the power of the House of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a>, more particularly the Acaia branch (1295-1418). After 1459 it was the capital of the Duchy of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a>. In 1536 it fell into the power of <a href="../cathen/06207a.htm">Francis I of France</a>, who established a parliament there; in 1562 Emanuel Philibert reconquered it. In 1638, during the quarrel of the regency, the city was besieged by the French and defended by Prince Thomas of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a>. Still more memorable the siege of Turin in 1706, again at the hands of the French, from which it was relieved by Prince Eugene and by the sacrifice of Pietro Micca. During the French occupation it was the capital of the Department of the Po (1798-1814), though it was in the hands of the Austro-Russian forces from May, 1799 until June 1800. In 1821 the revolution against Charles Emanuel broke out, and a provisional government was set up, the king abdicating in favor of his brother Charles Felix. After that, Turin was the centre of all Italian movements for the union of the Peninsula, whether monarchical or republican. The transfer of the capital of the <a href="../cathen/08208a.htm">Kingdom of Italy</a> from Turin to <a href="../cathen/06105c.htm">Florence</a>, in 1864, caused another, though not important, revolution (21, 22 September).</p> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <p>The most ancient traditions of <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christianity</a> at Turin are connected with the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrdom</a> of Sts. Adventor, Solutor, and Candida, who were much <a href="../cathen/05188b.htm">venerated</a> in the fifth century, and were in later times included in the Theban Legion. As to the <a href="../cathen/05001a.htm">episcopal see</a>, it is <a href="../cathen/03539b.htm">certain</a> that in the earlier half of the fourth century Turin was subject to <a href="../cathen/15348b.htm">Vercelli</a>. Perhaps, however, <a href="../cathen/05614b.htm">St. Eusebius</a>, <a href="../cathen/02581b.htm">Bishop</a> of <a href="../cathen/15348b.htm">Vercelli</a>, on his return from exile, provided the city with a <a href="../cathen/11537b.htm">pastor</a> of its own. In any case St. Maximus can hardly be considered the first <a href="../cathen/02581b.htm">Bishop</a> of Turin, even though no other <a href="../cathen/02581b.htm">bishop</a> is known before him. This <a href="../cathen/04171a.htm">saint</a>, many of whose <a href="../cathen/07448a.htm">homilies</a> are extant, died between 408 and 423. It was another Maximus who lived in 451 and 465. In 494 Victor went with <a href="../cathen/13393b.htm">St. Epiphanius</a> to <a href="../cathen/06166a.htm">France</a> for the ransom of <a href="../cathen/12430a.htm">prisoners</a> of <a href="../cathen/15546c.htm">war</a>. St. Ursicinus (569-609) suffered much from the depredations of the French. It was then that the Diocese of Moriana (Maurienne) was detached from that of Turin. Other <a href="../cathen/02581b.htm">bishops</a> were Rusticus (d. 691); Claudius (818-27), a copious, though not original, writer, famous for his opposition to the veneration of images; Regimirus (of uncertain date, in the ninth century), who established a rule of common life among his canons; Amolone (880-98), who incurred the ill-will of the Turinese and was driven out by them; Gezone (1000), who founded the <a href="../cathen/04340c.htm">monastery</a> of the <a href="../cathen/07386a.htm">holy</a> <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrs</a> Solutor, Adventor, and Candida; Landolfo (1037), who founded the Abbey of Cavour and repaired the losses inflicted on his Church by the <a href="../cathen/10424a.htm">Saracen</a> incursions; Cuniberto (1046-81), to whom <a href="../cathen/11764a.htm">St. Peter Damian</a> wrote a letter exhorting him to repress energetically the laxity of his <a href="../cathen/04049b.htm">clergy</a>; Uguccione (1231-43), who abdicated the <a href="../cathen/05001a.htm">bishopric</a> and became a <a href="../cathen/03780c.htm">Cistercian</a>; Guido Canale enlarged the <a href="../cathen/03438a.htm">cathedral</a>; Thomas of <a href="../cathen/13492a.htm">Savoy</a> (1328). Under Gianfrancesco della Rovere (1510), Turin was detached from the <a href="../cathen/10244c.htm">metropolitan</a> obedience of <a href="../cathen/10298a.htm">Milan</a> and became an <a href="../cathen/01694b.htm">archiepiscopal see</a> with Mondovì and <a href="../cathen/08258a.htm">Ivrea</a> for suffragans, other sees being added later on. In the time of Cesare Cibo the <a href="../cathen/05001a.htm">diocese</a> was infested with the <a href="../cathen/03198a.htm">Calvinistic</a> <a href="../cathen/07256b.htm">heresy</a>, and his successors were also called upon to combat it. Cardinal Gerolamo della Rovere, in 1564, brought to Turin the Holy Shroud and the body of <a href="../cathen/10068c.htm">St. Maurice</a>, the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyr</a>.</p> <p>From 1713 to 1727, owing to difficulties with the <a href="../cathen/07424b.htm">Holy See</a>, the See of Turin remained <a href="../cathen/15248b.htm">vacant</a>. After 1848 Cardinal Luigi Fransoni (1832-62) distinguished himself by his <a href="../cathen/06147a.htm">courageous</a> opposition to the encroachments of the <a href="../cathen/12076b.htm">Piedmontese</a> Government upon the <a href="../cathen/13055c.htm">rights</a> of the <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a>, and in consequence was <a href="../cathen/11189a.htm">obliged</a> to live in exile. Notable among his successors are Cardinal Alimonda (1883-91), a polished writer, and Cardinal Richelmy (1897), the present incumbent of the <a href="../cathen/05001a.htm">see</a>. The <a href="../cathen/05001a.htm">dioceses</a> suffragan to Turin are <a href="../cathen/01110a.htm">Acqui</a>, Alba, <a href="../cathen/01591c.htm">Aosta</a>, <a href="../cathen/02018b.htm">Asti</a>, <a href="../cathen/04569b.htm">Cuneo</a>, <a href="../cathen/06154a.htm">Fossano</a>, <a href="../cathen/08258a.htm">Ivrea</a>, <a href="../cathen/10478a.htm">Mondovì</a>, <a href="../cathen/12102a.htm">Pinerolo</a>, <a href="../cathen/13405c.htm">Saluzzo</a>, and <a href="../cathen/14345a.htm">Susa</a>. The archdiocese comprises 276 <a href="../cathen/11499b.htm">parishes</a> with 680,600 <a href="../cathen/14153a.htm">souls</a>, 1405 secular and 280 <a href="../cathen/12722c.htm">regular</a> <a href="../cathen/12406a.htm">priests</a>, 35 communities of male and 51 of <a href="../cathen/15687b.htm">female</a> religious, 15 <a href="../cathen/13554b.htm">educational establishments</a> for boys and 27 for girls. There are two <a href="../cathen/03449a.htm">Catholic</a> daily newspapers, "Momento" and "Italia Reale", two weeklies, and many other instructive and edifying periodicals.</p> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-bottom' style='display: flex; height: 100px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; '></div> <div class="cenotes"><h2>Sources</h2><p class="cenotes">CAPPELLETTI, <em>Chiese d'Italia,</em> XIV; SAVIO, <em>Gli antichi vescovi Piemonte</em> (Turin, 1899), 281; CIBRARIO, <em>Storia di Torino</em> (Turin, 1846); ISAIA, <em>Torino e dintorni</em> (Turin, 1909); SEMERIA, <em>Storia della chiesa di Torino</em> (Turin, 1840); <em>Guido Commerciale ed amministrativa di Torino</em> (Turin, 1911); <em>Cenni storico-statistici delle istituzioni publiche e private di beneficenza e di assistenza del Commune di Torino</em> (Turin' 1906); RONDOLINO, <em>I Visconti di Torino</em>, in <em>Bollettino Storico Subalpino</em> (Pinerolo, 1901-02).</p></div> <div class="pub"><h2>About this page</h2><p id="apa"><strong>APA citation.</strong> <span id="apaauthor"></span> <span id="apaarticle">Turin.</span> <span id="apayear">(1912).</span> In <span id="apawork">The Catholic Encyclopedia.</span> <span id="apapublisher">New York: Robert Appleton Company.</span> <span id="apaurl">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15092d.htm</span></p><p id="mla"><strong>MLA citation.</strong> <span id="mlaauthor"></span> <span id="mlaarticle">"Turin."</span> <span id="mlawork">The Catholic Encyclopedia.</span> <span id="mlavolume">Vol. 15.</span> <span id="mlapublisher">New York: Robert Appleton Company,</span> <span id="mlayear">1912.</span> <span id="mlaurl"><http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15092d.htm>.</span></p><p id="transcription"> <span id="transcriber"></span> <span id="dedication"></span></p><p id="approbation"><strong>Ecclesiastical approbation.</strong> <span id="nihil"><em>Nihil Obstat.</em> October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor.</span> <span id="imprimatur"><em>Imprimatur.</em> +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.</span></p><p id="contactus"><strong>Contact information.</strong> The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster <em>at</em> newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.</p></div> </div> <div id="ogdenville"><table summary="Bottom bar" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"><center><strong>Copyright © 2023 by <a href="../utility/contactus.htm">New Advent LLC</a>. 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