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<span>Course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_human_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_human_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and human use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_human_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kura (South Caucasus river)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koera" title="Koera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="كر (نهر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كر (نهر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Կուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Кор (гӀор) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кор (гӀор)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCr" title="Kür – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kür" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1_(%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2)_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کر (قفقاز) چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کر (قفقاز) چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0)" title="কুরা (কাস্পিয়ান সাগর) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুরা (কাস্পিয়ান সাগর)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кура (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кура (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кура (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кура (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koura_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Koura (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koura (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Kura" title="Riu Kura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Kura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_Nehri" title="Kura Nehri – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kura Nehri" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Kura" title="Afon Kura – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Kura" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkvari" title="Mtkvari – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mtkvari" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_j%C3%B5gi" title="Kura jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kura jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Κύρος (ποταμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύρος (ποταμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Kur%C3%A1" title="Río Kurá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Kurá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="کورا (رود) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورا (رود)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koura_(fleuve)" title="Koura (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koura (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%9D%BC%EA%B0%95" title="쿠라강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠라강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Կուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kura" title="Sungai Kura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Kura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къуар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къуар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(fiume)" title="Kura (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kura (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="קורה (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורה (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მტკვარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტკვარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кура дарыясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кура дарыясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_(flumen)" title="Cyrus (flumen) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cyrus (flumen)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABra_(upe)" title="Kūra (upe) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kūra (upe)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="കുറ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുറ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მტკვარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მტკვარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="نهر كورا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر كورا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کورا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kura" title="Sungai Kura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Kura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koera_(rivier_in_Transkaukasi%C3%AB)" title="Koera (rivier in Transkaukasië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koera (rivier in Transkaukasië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9D" title="クラ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkwari" title="Mtkwari – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mtkwari" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBra" title="Koʻra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(rzeka)" title="Kura (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kura (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Cura" title="Rio Cura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Cura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(r%C3%A2u)" title="Kura (râu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kura (râu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(rieka_v_%C3%81zii)" title="Kura (rieka v Ázii) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kura (rieka v Ázii)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(reka)" title="Kura (reka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kura (reka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Kura" title="Ilog Kura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Kura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%99" title="Күрә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күрә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_Nehri" title="Kura Nehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kura Nehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Kura" title="Sông Kura – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Kura" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="库拉河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库拉河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&params=40.6715688305_N_42.765199064_E_type:river"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°40′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°45′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.6715688305°N 42.765199064°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.6715688305; 42.765199064</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in the Caucasus region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river in the South Caucasus. For the river in North Caucasus, see <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Russia)" title="Kura (Russia)">Kura (Russia)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kura_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kura (disambiguation)">Kura (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Kura<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Mtkvari</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg/293px-Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg/440px-Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg/586px-Aragvi-Mtskheta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Confluence of clay-colored waters of Kura (left) with <a href="/wiki/Aragvi" title="Aragvi">Aragvi</a> (right) near <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurabasinmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kurabasinmap.png/300px-Kurabasinmap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kurabasinmap.png/450px-Kurabasinmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kurabasinmap.png/600px-Kurabasinmap.png 2x" data-file-width="4329" data-file-height="3123" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kura River Basin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khashuri" title="Khashuri">Khashuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Borjomi" title="Borjomi">Borjomi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mingacevir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingacevir">Mingacevir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zardab" class="mw-redirect" title="Zardab">Zardab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sabirabad_(city)" title="Sabirabad (city)">Sabirabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftçala</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Near Kartsakhi Lake, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&params=40_40_31_N_42_44_32_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°40′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°44′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.67528°N 42.74222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.67528; 42.74222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,740 m (8,990 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Watersheds_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watersheds-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftçala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neftchala_Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neftchala Rayon">Neftchala Rayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&params=40.6715688305_N_42.765199064_E_type:river"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°40′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°45′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.6715688305°N 42.765199064°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.6715688305; 42.765199064</span></span></span></a></span></span> 40.67156883058258, 42.76519906444574</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−26.5 m (−87 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,515 km (941 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">198,300 km<sup>2</sup> (76,600 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-overview_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">directly downstream from Aras River confluence<sup id="cite_ref-sediment_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sediment-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">443 m<sup>3</sup>/s (15,600 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-sediment_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sediment-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">206 m<sup>3</sup>/s (7,300 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-RDD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,250 m<sup>3</sup>/s (79,000 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-RDD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">border of Georgia and Azerbaijan</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">378 m<sup>3</sup>/s (13,300 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">River system</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Sea basin">Caspian Sea basin</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Liakhvi" title="Great Liakhvi">Liakhvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksani" title="Ksani">Ksani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragvi" title="Aragvi">Aragvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iori_(river)" title="Iori (river)">Iori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algeti" title="Algeti">Algeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartarchay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarchay">Tartarchay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_6a4dd962f58563bc7df6e4443f0b0988fc164462"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kura_%28South_Caucasus_river%29&revid=1258685287&groups=_6a4dd962f58563bc7df6e4443f0b0988fc164462" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kura_%28South_Caucasus_river%29&revid=1258685287&groups=_6a4dd962f58563bc7df6e4443f0b0988fc164462 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kura</b> is an east-flowing river south of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus Mountains</a> which drains the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus east into the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. It also drains the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a>, while its main tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a>, drains the south side of those mountains. Starting in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the Kura flows through Turkey to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, where it receives the Aras as a right tributary, and enters the Caspian Sea at <a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftçala</a>. The total length of the river is 1,515 kilometres (941 mi). </p><p>People have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years and first established <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in the Kura Valley over 4,500 years ago. Large, complex civilizations eventually grew on the river, but by 1200 CE most were reduced to ruin by natural disasters and foreign invaders. The increasing human use, and eventual damage, of the watershed's forests and grasslands, contributed to a rising intensity of <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> through the 20th century. In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> started building many dams and canals on the river. Previously navigable up to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in Georgia, the Kura is now much slower and shallower, having been harnessed by irrigation projects and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>. The river is now moderately polluted by major industrial centers like Tbilisi and <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a> in Georgia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Kura is related either to <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> <i>kur</i> 'water, river' or to an ancient <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian language</a> term for 'reservoir'. The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> name of Kura is <i>Mt'k'vari</i> (in old Georgian <i>Mt'k'uari</i>), either from Georgian "good water" or a Georgianized form of <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a> <i>tkvar-ua</i> "gnaw" (as in, "river that eats its way through the mountains").<sup id="cite_ref-E.M._Pospelov,_1998_p._231_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.M._Pospelov,_1998_p._231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Kura was adopted first by the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> cartographers. In some definitions of Europe, the Kura defines the borderline between Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the various regional languages, the river is known as: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Kür</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">მტკვარი</span></span>, <i>Mt’k’vari</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: Korr,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Կուր</span>, <i>Kour</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kür</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greek and Latin sources of antiquity, the river was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus" title="Cyrus">Cyrus</a></i> river; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κῦρος</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cyrus</i>, as attested by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> source written in <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Book Pahlavi</a>, refers to the river as <i>Tord</i> in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Russia)" title="Kura (Russia)">Kura river in Russia</a>, a westward flowing tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Malka_(river)" title="Malka (river)">Malka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kur_(Kursk_Oblast)" title="Kur (Kursk Oblast)">Kur</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Russia; <a href="/wiki/Kur_(Khabarovsk_Krai)" title="Kur (Khabarovsk Krai)">Kur</a> near <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>, also in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Kor_River" title="Kor River">Kor River</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soulier,_E.;_Andriveau-Goujon,_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_(BJ).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg/250px-Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg/375px-Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg/500px-Soulier%2C_E.%3B_Andriveau-Goujon%2C_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_%28BJ%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Old map showing the drainage south of the Caucasus split between the Phasis on the west and the Kura on the east</figcaption></figure> <p>It rises in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in a small valley in the <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> Upland<sup id="cite_ref-AQUASTAT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQUASTAT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a>. It flows west, then north and east past <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, and crosses into <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. It arcs to the northwest, then into a canyon near <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a> where it starts to run northeast in a gorge for about 75 kilometres (47 mi), spilling out of the mountains near <a href="/wiki/Khashuri" title="Khashuri">Khashuri</a>. It then arcs east before flowing east-southeast for about 120 kilometres (75 mi), past <a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a>, then near <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, flows south through a short canyon and along the west side of <a href="/wiki/T%27bilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="T'bilisi">T'bilisi</a>, the largest city in the region. The river flows steeply southeast past <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a> and turns eastward at its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a>, crossing the Georgia-<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> border and flowing across grasslands into <a href="/wiki/Shemkir_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemkir reservoir">Shemkir reservoir</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Yenikend_reservoir" title="Yenikend reservoir">Yenikend reservoir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BasinMap_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasinMap-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kura then empties into <a href="/wiki/Mingachevir_reservoir" title="Mingachevir reservoir">Mingachevir reservoir</a>, the largest body of water in Azerbaijan, formed by a dam near its namesake town at the southeastern end. The rivers <a href="/wiki/Iori_(river)" title="Iori (river)">Iori</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Qabirri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabirri">Qabirri</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a> formerly joined the Kura, but their mouths are now submerged under the lake. After leaving the dam, the river meanders southeast where it meets its biggest tributary <a href="/wiki/Tartarchay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarchay">Tartarchay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barda_Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Barda Rayon">Barda Rayon</a> and continues across a broad <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a> plain for several hundred kilometers, turning east near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sarysu" title="Lake Sarysu">Lake Sarysu</a>, and shortly after, receives the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a>, the largest tributary, at the city of <a href="/wiki/Sabirabad_(city)" title="Sabirabad (city)">Sabirabad</a>. At the Aras confluence it makes a large arc to the north and then flows almost due south for about 60 kilometres (37 mi), passing the west side of <a href="/wiki/Shirvan_National_Park" title="Shirvan National Park">Shirvan National Park</a>, before turning east and emptying into the Caspian Sea at <a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftçala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BasinMap_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasinMap-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basin">Basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atskuri_fortress,_Georgia-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg/220px-Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg/330px-Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg/440px-Atskuri_fortress%2C_Georgia-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Kura making its way through mountains, as viewed from the walls of <a href="/wiki/Atskuri_Fortress" title="Atskuri Fortress">Atskuri Fortress</a> in Georgia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the Kura runs in the broad and deep valley between the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, and the major tributary, the Aras, drains most of the southern Caucasus and the mountain ranges of the extreme northern <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The entirety of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and most of Azerbaijan are drained by the river. Most of the elevation change in the river occurs within the first 200 kilometres (120 mi). While the river starts at 2,740 metres (8,990 ft) above sea level, the elevation is 693 metres (2,274 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-GE_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the time it reaches Khashuri in central Georgia, just out of the mountains, and only 291 metres (955 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-GE_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it reaches Azerbaijan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg/220px-Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg/330px-Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg/440px-Mtkvari_in_Gori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Kura (Mtkvari) near <a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a>, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p>The lower part of the river flows through the <a href="/wiki/Kura-Aras_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura-Aras Lowland">Kura-Aras Lowland</a>, which covers most of central Azerbaijan and abuts the Caspian Sea. The Kura is the third largest, after the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural</a>, of the rivers that flow into the Caspian. Its <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> is the fourth largest among the rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-sediment_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sediment-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is divided into three main sections, or "sleeves", composed of sediment the river deposited during different periods of time. Before 1998, the river flowed all the way to the tip of the delta, where it discharged into the Caspian. In that year, the river escaped its channel and started to flow off to the west, leaving the last few kilometers abandoned. The course change is believed to be the result of a rise in the level of the Caspian Sea coupled with a major flood of the Kura.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 174 kilometres (108 mi) of the river is in Turkey, 435 kilometres (270 mi) in Georgia, and 906 kilometres (563 mi) in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-AQUASTAT_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQUASTAT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wateruse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5,500 square kilometres (2,100 sq mi) of the catchment is in Turkey, 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi) in Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 46,237 square kilometres (17,852 sq mi) in Georgia, 56,290 square kilometres (21,730 sq mi) in Azerbaijan,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 63,500 square kilometres (24,500 sq mi) are in Iran. At the confluence with the Aras River, the drainage area of the tributary is actually larger than the Kura by about 4%, and it is also longer.<sup id="cite_ref-wateruse_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-presentation_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presentation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the more arid conditions and equally intensive water use, the discharge of the Aras is much less than the Kura, so downstream of the confluence the river is still called the Kura. About 52% of the river's flow comes from snowmelt and glaciers, 30% comes from groundwater seepage, and roughly 18% from precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-wateruse_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of high water use, many of the smaller tributaries of the Kura no longer reach the river, instead disappearing in the plain many kilometers from their original mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-wateruse_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following rivers are tributaries of the Kura, from source to mouth: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghstafa_(river)" title="Aghstafa (river)">Aghstafa</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeti" title="Algeti">Algeti</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragvi" title="Aragvi">Aragvi</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdymanchay" class="mw-redirect" title="Girdymanchay">Girdymanchay</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Liakhvi" title="Great Liakhvi">Great Liakhvi</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iori_(river)" title="Iori (river)">Iori</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksani" title="Ksani">Ksani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurekchay" title="Kurekchay">Kurekchay</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravani" title="Paravani">Paravani</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqar%C3%A7ay" title="Qarqarçay">Qarqarçay</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkirchay" title="Shamkirchay">Shamkirchay</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartar_(river)" title="Tartar (river)">Tartar</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedzami" title="Tedzami">Tedzami</a> (right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turyan" title="Turyan">Turyan</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_(river)" title="Vere (river)">Vere</a> (right)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg/220px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg/330px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg/440px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_Tbilisi_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The Kura flowing along the <a href="/wiki/Metekhi" title="Metekhi">Metekhi</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a> characterizes the arid reaches of the Kura catchment, while <a href="/wiki/Meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadows">meadows</a> are often found in the alpine areas. The Kura catchment area is considered as part of the Kura-South Caspian Sea Drainages <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. Some portions of the river flow through a semi-<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> environment. <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">Forest cover</a> is sparse. Almost 60 species of fish inhabit the Kura and its tributaries. Some common families include <a href="/wiki/Loach" title="Loach">loach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alburnus" title="Alburnus">bleak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nase">nase</a>, and many of these fish are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the region. Among rivers of the Caucasus, the Kura has the largest number of endemic species. The upper section of the river supports much more biodiversity than the lower half, which is typically more <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbid</a> and polluted. This pattern is also apparent in most of its tributaries, especially the larger ones that span more climate zones, such as the Aras and Alazani. There are many lakes and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> along the Kura's lower course, most of which are formed by flooding, and some of which are formed by irrigation runoff water. Many lakes also form at the mouths of small tributaries that do not reach the ultimate destination in the Caspian most of the time. The local name for these lakes translate to <i>dead lake</i> or <i>dead water</i>, suggesting that these lakes do not support much biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_human_use">Economy and human use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy and human use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly navigable up to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, the largest city on the river, the amount of water in the Kura has greatly diminished in the 20th century because of extensive use for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water">municipal water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> generation. The Kura is regarded as one of the most stressed river basins in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the water comes from snowmelt and infrequent precipitation in the mountains, which leads to severe floods and an abundance of water for a short time of the year (generally in June and July), and a relatively low sustainable <a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">baseflow</a>. Forest cover is sparse, especially in the Kura and Aras headwaters, and most of the water that falls on the highlands becomes runoff instead of supplying <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Attempts at flood control include the constructions of <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyke_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke (construction)">dikes</a> and dams, the largest of which is at <a href="/wiki/Mingachevir" title="Mingachevir">Mingachevir</a>, an 80-metre (260 ft)-high rockfill dam impounding over 15.73 cubic kilometres (12,750,000 acre⋅ft) of water.<sup id="cite_ref-presentation_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presentation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the high <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> content of rivers in the Kura basin,<sup id="cite_ref-sediment_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sediment-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the effectiveness of these floodworks is limited and decreases every year. </p><p>Irrigation agriculture has been one of the primary economic mainstays of the lower Kura valley since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-Irrigation_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irrigation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of water taken out for irrigation use, up to 20% of the water that formerly flowed in the river no longer reaches the Caspian Sea. Over 70% of the water in the Iori (Gabirry) River, a major tributary of the Kura, is expended before it reaches Lake Mingachevir.<sup id="cite_ref-wateruse_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 4,525,000 hectares (11,180,000 acres) of agricultural land in the lower Kura catchment area, 1,426,000 hectares (3,520,000 acres), about 31%, are irrigated.<sup id="cite_ref-Irrigation_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irrigation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the water diverted from the river for irrigation goes to waste because of leakage from the canals, evaporation, poor maintenance, and other causes. Leaking water causes groundwater to rise, in some areas so high that about 267,000 hectares (660,000 acres) of land are so waterlogged that they are no longer suitable for agriculture. About 631,000 hectares (1,560,000 acres) of the irrigated lands have a dangerously high salt content because of mineral deposits from irrigation. Of this, 66,000 hectares (160,000 acres) are extremely salinated. Irrigation returns water, returned to the river by an extensive but outdated<sup id="cite_ref-Irrigation_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irrigation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drainage system, contributes to severe pollution. Some of this degradation also comes from industrial and municipal wastewater discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg/220px-Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg/330px-Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg/440px-Kur_Azerbaijan_Salian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Kura in Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient inhabitants of the Kura-Aras lowland called the river <i>Mother Kür</i>, signifying the importance of the river to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first irrigation agriculture began about 4,500 years ago in the eastern Azerbaijan lowlands. Trading centers were established in time, including one at Mingachevir in Azerbaijan and another at <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> in Georgia. </p><p>The site at Mingachevir (probably Sudagylan<sup id="cite_ref-livingcosmos_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingcosmos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), first discovered in the 1940s by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> G. I. Ione, had "seven rectangular kilns ... The fuel chamber was a trapezoid. The inner walls and floor were covered with a special coating. These kilns were attributed to the third century B.C. [2,300 years ago]. The number of kilns and the quantity of raw material indicate a trade center."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was probably destroyed by a fire around A.D. 600, but its demise is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-livingcosmos_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingcosmos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But perhaps the most famous of the ancient settlements on the Kura is the "cave town" at <a href="/wiki/Uplistsikhe" title="Uplistsikhe">Uplistsikhe</a>, Georgia, first settled as early as 3,500 years ago. The city, carved into a cliff on the bank of the Kura covering an area of 8 hectares (20 acres), contains underground living quarters, communal chambers, places of worship, storerooms, connected by a network of passageways. It reached its peak about 1,100 years ago as the political, religious and cultural center of the region, but in the 13th century, it fell to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gori_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gori_ISS.jpg/250px-Gori_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gori_ISS.jpg/375px-Gori_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gori_ISS.jpg/500px-Gori_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Kura (Mtkvari) near Gori, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though irrigation agriculture had been well established for thousands of years, until the 1920s, humans did not have a significant effect on the ecology or hydrology of the Kura catchment area. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> and especially agriculture began to have a severe outcome on the water availability of the basin. Many forested areas in the mountains have been replaced by thin grassland because of logging. These habitat changes have been detrimental to the ecology of the Kura basin. After the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> were drained and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> were created to facilitate development of irrigation in the lower Kura valley.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, when the Caucasus region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, construction of many of the reservoirs and waterworks in the Kura basin began. Of the major reservoirs in the Kura catchment, one of the earliest was at <a href="/wiki/Varvara,_Azerbaijan" title="Varvara, Azerbaijan">Varvara</a> in 1952. Large-scale construction of dams continued until the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irrigation_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irrigation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_lakes_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan">Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">List of rivers of Georgia (country)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Watersheds-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watersheds_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuluzada" class="citation web cs1">Guluzada, Lidiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feem-web.it/transcat_conf/conf_papers/Guluzada.pdf">"Kura River—Transboundary Watercourse of Caucasus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AQUASTAT&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Geography%2C+climate+and+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnr%2Fwater%2Faquastat%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan%2Findex.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BasinMap-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BasinMap_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasinMap_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegvinetukhutsest" class="citation map cs1">Megvinetukhutsest, Nutsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013014456/http://www.kuraarasbasin.net/EU_KuraAras_webpage/Kura_River_Basin_files/Map_KuraArasBasin%20Map.pdf"><i>Background Map of the Kura-Aras River Basin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Map). Cartography by Trans-Boundary River Management Phase II for the Kura River basin—Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. European Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuraarasbasin.net/EU_KuraAras_webpage/Kura_River_Basin_files/Map_KuraArasBasin%20Map.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Map+of+the+Kura-Aras+River+Basin&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.aulast=Megvinetukhutsest&rft.aufirst=Nutsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuraarasbasin.net%2FEU_KuraAras_webpage%2FKura_River_Basin_files%2FMap_KuraArasBasin%2520Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamedova" class="citation web cs1">Mamedova, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717195900/http://www.isprs.org/publications/related/ISRSE/html/papers/990.pdf">"Using Spaceborne Data and GIS-technology for Research of Coastal Zone in Azerbaijan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of General Geography, Baku State University, Azerbaijan</i>. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isprs.org/publications/related/ISRSE/html/papers/990.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+General+Geography%2C+Baku+State+University%2C+Azerbaijan&rft.atitle=Using+Spaceborne+Data+and+GIS-technology+for+Research+of+Coastal+Zone+in+Azerbaijan&rft.aulast=Mamedova&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isprs.org%2Fpublications%2Frelated%2FISRSE%2Fhtml%2Fpapers%2F990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wateruse-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wateruse_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wateruse_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wateruse_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wateruse_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wateruse_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafaevMammadov" class="citation web cs1">Mustafaev, Islam; Mammadov, Vagif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/11383693/Length-Of-Rivers">"Problems of Transboundary Water Management in Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Institute of Radiation Problems, Institute of Geology</i>. docstoc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Radiation+Problems%2C+Institute+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Transboundary+Water+Management+in+Azerbaijan&rft.aulast=Mustafaev&rft.aufirst=Islam&rft.au=Mammadov%2C+Vagif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F11383693%2FLength-Of-Rivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenia is entirely in the Kura River catchment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Problems of Transboundary Water Management in Azerbaijan</i> report states that 65% of Azerbaijan is drained by the Kura</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presentation-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-presentation_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammadovIsmatovaVerdiyev" class="citation web cs1">Mammadov, R.; Ismatova, Kh.; Verdiyev, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/env/water/meetings/flood/workshop%202009/presentations/session%203/Mammadov_Kura.pdf">"Integrated Water Resources Management As Basis for Flood Prevention in the Kura River Basin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Azerbaijan Geographical Society, Azerbaijan Aerospace Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+Geographical+Society%2C+Azerbaijan+Aerospace+Agency&rft.atitle=Integrated+Water+Resources+Management+As+Basis+for+Flood+Prevention+in+the+Kura+River+Basin&rft.aulast=Mammadov&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Ismatova%2C+Kh.&rft.au=Verdiyev%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Fenv%2Fwater%2Fmeetings%2Fflood%2Fworkshop%25202009%2Fpresentations%2Fsession%25203%2FMammadov_Kura.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogutskaya2010" class="citation web cs1">Bogutskaya, Nina (2010-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204044/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=434">"Kura-South Caspian Drainages"</a>. <i>World Wildlife Fund, Nature Conservancy</i>. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=434">the original</a> on 2011-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wildlife+Fund%2C+Nature+Conservancy&rft.atitle=Kura-South+Caspian+Drainages&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Bogutskaya&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feow.org%2Fecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irrigation-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irrigation_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irrigation_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irrigation_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irrigation_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImanov" class="citation web cs1">Imanov, Farda A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020175708/http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/english/congress2007/chapter_1/08.pdf">"Water Infrastructure of Kura River Basin Within Azerbaijan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Basin Resources Protection</i>. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. pp. 100–105. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsi.gov.tr/english/congress2007/chapter_1/08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basin+Resources+Protection&rft.atitle=Water+Infrastructure+of+Kura+River+Basin+Within+Azerbaijan&rft.pages=100-105&rft.aulast=Imanov&rft.aufirst=Farda+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsi.gov.tr%2Fenglish%2Fcongress2007%2Fchapter_1%2F08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livingcosmos-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livingcosmos_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livingcosmos_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasichnyk2009" class="citation web cs1">Pasichnyk, Richard Michael (2009-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217081833/http://www.livingcosmos.com/AD550-750.htm">"AD 550 to 750—A Time for the New World's Renewal and Being 'Gracious to the Creatures' — Another Example of a Historical Cycle"</a>. Living Cosmos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingcosmos.com/AD550-750.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AD+550+to+750%E2%80%94A+Time+for+the+New+World%27s+Renewal+and+Being+%27Gracious+to+the+Creatures%27+%E2%80%94+Another+Example+of+a+Historical+Cycle&rft.pub=Living+Cosmos&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft.aulast=Pasichnyk&rft.aufirst=Richard+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingcosmos.com%2FAD550-750.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldPrice1950" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Henry; Price, Kathleen (1950). "Archaeological News, Russia". <i>Archaeological Institute of America</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 425–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F501010">10.2307/501010</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/501010">501010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191409715">191409715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.atitle=Archaeological+News%2C+Russia&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-429&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191409715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F501010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F501010&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Price%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5234/">"Uplistsikhe Cave Town"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Center</i>. United Nations. 2007-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Uplistsikhe+Cave+Town&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5234%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1990" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Billie Lee (1990). <i>The Earth as transformed by human action: global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years</i>. CUP Archive. pp. 527–528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36357-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36357-8"><bdi>0-521-36357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+as+transformed+by+human+action%3A+global+and+regional+changes+in+the+biosphere+over+the+past+300+years&rft.pages=527-528&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-36357-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Billie+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura+%28South+Caucasus+river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kura_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kura River">Kura River</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050116193921/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ku/Kura.html">Kura</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Georgia" title="Template:Rivers of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Rivers of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Rivers_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasha_(river)" title="Abasha (river)">Abasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzyb_(river)" title="Bzyb (river)">Bzipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Chorokhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acharistsqali" title="Acharistsqali">Acharistsqali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enguri" title="Enguri">Enguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobi_(river)" title="Khobi (river)">Khobi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanistsqali" title="Chanistsqali">Chanistsqali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodori_(river)" title="Kodori (river)">Kodori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakeni_(river)" title="Sakeni (river)">Sakeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanebi" title="Natanebi">Natanebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choloki" title="Choloki">Choloki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochkhamuri_(river)" title="Ochkhamuri (river)">Ochkhamuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psou" title="Psou">Psou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qvirila" title="Qvirila">Qvirila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekhuri" title="Tekhuri">Tekhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhenistsqali" title="Tskhenistsqali">Tskhenistsqali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supsa_(river)" title="Supsa (river)">Supsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhvistsqali" title="Bakhvistsqali">Bakhvistsqali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Koysu" title="Andi Koysu">Andi Koysu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mtkvari</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Liakhvi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Liakhvi River">Liakhvi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsa_(river)" title="Patsa (river)">Patsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragvi" title="Aragvi">Aragvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iori_(river)" title="Iori (river)">Iori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksani" title="Ksani">Ksani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeti" title="Algeti">Algeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Tergi</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: † also known as <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura</a></b> ‡ also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a></b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">List of rivers of Georgia (country)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Rivers_of_Turkey_by_drainage_basin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Template:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Rivers_of_Turkey_by_drainage_basin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers of Turkey</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filyos_River" title="Filyos River">Filyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River" title="Bartın River">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak (Halys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_River" title="Gök River">Gök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme_River" title="Terme River">Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river)" title="Yeşilırmak (river)">Yeşilırmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1dere_stream" title="Yağlıdere stream">Yağlıdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Deresi" title="Aksu Deresi">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelevara_Deresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelevara Deresi">Gelevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Dere" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Dere">Kara Dere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Çoruh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_%C3%87ay%C4%B1" title="Biga Çayı">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simav_River" title="Simav River">Susurluk (Simav)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Meriç (Maritsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundzha" title="Tundzha">Tunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamenderes_River" title="Karamenderes River">Karamenderes (Scamander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r%C3%A7ay" title="Bakırçay">Bakırçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Küçük Menderes River">Küçük Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Büyük Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azmak_Creek" title="Azmak Creek">Azmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fen_River" title="Eşen River">Eşen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_River_(Turkey)" title="Aksu River (Turkey)">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavgat_River" title="Manavgat River">Manavgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%C3%A7ay_River" title="Köprüçay River">Köprüçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaledran_Creek" title="Kaledran Creek">Kaledran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Creek_(Turkey)" title="Dragon Creek (Turkey)">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_Creek" title="Sini Creek">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%C4%9Fuksu_Creek" title="Soğuksu Creek">Soğuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babad%C4%B1l_Creek" title="Babadıl Creek">Babadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Göksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonlu_River" title="Limonlu River">Limonlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alata_River" title="Alata River">Alata (Sorgun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCk_Creek" title="Tömük Creek">Tömük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karacao%C4%9Flan_River" title="Karacaoğlan River">Karacaoğlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tece_Creek" title="Tece Creek">Tece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezitli_River" title="Mezitli River">Mezitli (Liparis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efrenk_River" title="Efrenk River">Efrenk (Müftü)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli%C3%A7ay" title="Deliçay">Deliçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdan_River" title="Berdan River">Berdan (Tarsus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payas_River" title="Payas River">Payas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Asi (Orontes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_%C3%87ay" title="Deli Çay">Deli Çay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Fırat (Euphrates)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Dicle (Tigris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezil_Suyu" title="Hezil Suyu">Hezil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Azerbaijan&#124;link=Azerbaijan_Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_and_lakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_and_lakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_and_lakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Azerbaijan&#124;link=Azerbaijan_Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water of Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of rivers of Azerbaijan">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghstafa_(river)" title="Aghstafa (river)">Ağstafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpa_(river)" title="Arpa (river)">Arpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarachay" title="Astarachay">Astarachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorotan_(river)" title="Vorotan (river)">Bargushad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgarchay" title="Bolgarchay">Bolgarchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C9%99hri%C3%A7ay" title="Cəhriçay">Cəhriçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damiraparanchay" title="Damiraparanchay">Damiraparanchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garachay" title="Garachay">Garachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdimanchay" title="Girdimanchay">Girdimanchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakari_(river)" title="Hakari (river)">Hakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachinchay" title="Khachinchay">Khachinchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kür</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurekchay" title="Kurekchay">Kurekchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsaat_(river)" title="Pirsaat (river)">Pirsaatçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iori_(river)" title="Iori (river)">Qabırlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Qanıx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqar%C3%A7ay" title="Qarqarçay">Qarqarçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudyal" title="Qudyal">Qudyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samur_(river)" title="Samur (river)">Samur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samur%E2%80%93Absheron_channel" title="Samur–Absheron channel">Samur–Absheron channel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkirchay" title="Shamkirchay">Shamkirchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartar_(river)" title="Tartar (river)">Tərtərçay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fdaban%C3%A7ay" title="Ağdabançay">Ağdabançay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A7ay" title="Levçay">Levçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tura%C4%9Fay%C3%A7ay" title="Turağayçay">Turağayçay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turyan" title="Turyan">Türyançay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilesh" title="Vilesh">Viləş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voghji_(river)" title="Voghji (river)">Oxçu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_A%C4%9Fg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Ağgöl">Ağgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajinohur" title="Ajinohur">Ajinohur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyuk_Alagol" title="Boyuk Alagol">Alagöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbula_(lake)" title="Bulbula (lake)">Bulbula </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Boyukshor" title="Lake Boyukshor">Boyukshor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6yg%C3%B6l_(lake)" title="Göygöl (lake)">Göygöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hajikabul" title="Lake Hajikabul">Hajikabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandari_Lake" title="Jandari Lake">Jandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralg%C3%B6l" title="Maralgöl">Maralgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Masazir" title="Lake Masazir">Masazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehman_(lake)" title="Mehman (lake)">Mehman </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sarysu" title="Lake Sarysu">Sarysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan#Reservoirs" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Reservoirs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghstafachay_reservoir" title="Aghstafachay reservoir">Aghstafachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Dam" title="Aras Dam">Araz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giz_Galasi_Reservoir" title="Giz Galasi Reservoir">Giz Galasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeyranbatan_reservoir" title="Jeyranbatan reservoir">Jeyranbatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbulanchay_reservoir" title="Khanbulanchay reservoir">Khanbulanchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoda_Afarin_Dam" title="Khoda Afarin Dam">Khudafarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingachevir_reservoir" title="Mingachevir reservoir">Mingachevir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsang_Reservoir" title="Sarsang Reservoir">Sarsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkir_reservoir" title="Shamkir reservoir">Shamkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varvara_reservoir" title="Varvara reservoir">Varvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileshchay_reservoir" title="Vileshchay reservoir">Vileshchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikend_reservoir" title="Yenikend reservoir">Yenikend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/16px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/24px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156557#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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