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href="/oauth2-servers/accessing-data/create-an-application/" data-section="2.1">Create an Application</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-903"><a href="/oauth2-servers/accessing-data/setting-up-the-environment/" data-section="2.2">Setting up the Environment</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-907"><a href="/oauth2-servers/accessing-data/authorization-request/" data-section="2.3">Authorization Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-910"><a href="/oauth2-servers/accessing-data/obtaining-an-access-token/" data-section="2.4">Obtaining an Access Token</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-912"><a href="/oauth2-servers/accessing-data/making-api-requests/" data-section="4.5">Making API Requests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-28 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/" data-section="3">Signing in with Google</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-883"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/create-an-application/" data-section="3.1">Create an Application</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-886"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/setting-up-the-environment/" data-section="3.2">Setting up the Environment</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-888"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/authorization-request/" data-section="3.3">Authorization Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-891"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/getting-an-id-token/" data-section="3.4">Getting an ID Token</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-893"><a href="/oauth2-servers/signing-in-with-google/verifying-the-user-info/" data-section="3.5">Verifying the User Info</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-95 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/server-side-apps/" data-section="4">Server-Side Apps</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-865"><a href="/oauth2-servers/server-side-apps/authorization-code/" data-section="4.1">Authorization Code Grant</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-869"><a href="/oauth2-servers/server-side-apps/example-flow/" data-section="4.2">Example Flow</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-872"><a href="/oauth2-servers/server-side-apps/possible-errors/" data-section="4.3">Possible Errors</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-874"><a href="/oauth2-servers/server-side-apps/user-experience/" data-section="4.4">User Experience and Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-36 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/single-page-apps/" data-section="5">Single-Page Apps</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-856"><a href="/oauth2-servers/single-page-apps/authorization/" data-section="5.1">Authorization</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-850"><a href="/oauth2-servers/single-page-apps/example-flow/" data-section="5.2">Example Flow</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-847"><a href="/oauth2-servers/single-page-apps/implicit-flow/" data-section="5.3">Implicit Flow for Single-Page Apps</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-854"><a href="/oauth2-servers/single-page-apps/security-considerations/" data-section="5.4">Security Considerations for Single-Page Apps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-33 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/mobile-and-native-apps/" data-section="6">Mobile and Native Apps</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-838"><a href="/oauth2-servers/mobile-and-native-apps/authorization/" data-section="6.1">Authorization</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-841"><a href="/oauth2-servers/mobile-and-native-apps/security-considerations/" data-section="6.2">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-138 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/making-authenticated-requests/" data-section="7">Making Authenticated Requests</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-833"><a href="/oauth2-servers/making-authenticated-requests/refreshing-an-access-token/" data-section="7.1">Refresh Tokens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-140 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/client-registration/" data-section="8">Client Registration</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="/oauth2-servers/client-registration/registering-new-application/" data-section="8.1">Registering a New Application</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="/oauth2-servers/client-registration/client-id-secret/" data-section="8.2">The Client ID and Secret</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="/oauth2-servers/client-registration/deleting-applications-revoking-secrets/" data-section="8.3">Deleting Applications and Revoking Secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-148 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/" data-section="9">Authorization</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/the-authorization-request/" data-section="9.1">The Authorization Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/requiring-user-login/" data-section="9.2">Requiring User Login</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/the-authorization-interface/" data-section="9.3">The Authorization Interface</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/the-authorization-response/" data-section="9.4">The Authorization Response</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="/oauth2-servers/authorization/security-considerations/" data-section="9.5">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-174 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/scope/" data-section="10">Scope</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-177"><a href="/oauth2-servers/scope/defining-scopes/" data-section="10.1">Defining Scopes</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="/oauth2-servers/scope/user-interface/" data-section="10.2">User Interface</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="/oauth2-servers/scope/checkboxes/" data-section="10.3">Checkboxes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-184 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/redirect-uris/" data-section="11">Redirect URLs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="/oauth2-servers/redirect-uris/redirect-uri-registration/" data-section="11.1">Redirect URL Registration</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="/oauth2-servers/redirect-uris/redirect-uris-native-apps/" data-section="11.2">Redirect URLs for Native Apps</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="/oauth2-servers/redirect-uris/redirect-uri-validation/" data-section="11.3">Redirect URL Validation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-194 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/" data-section="12">Access Tokens</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-196"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/authorization-code-request/" data-section="12.1">Authorization Code Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-198"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/password-grant/" data-section="12.2">Password Grant</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-200"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/client-credentials/" data-section="12.3">Client Credentials</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-202"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/access-token-response/" data-section="12.4">Access Token Response</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-204"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/self-encoded-access-tokens/" data-section="12.5">Self-Encoded Access Tokens</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-206"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/access-token-lifetime/" data-section="12.6">Access Token Lifetime</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-208"><a href="/oauth2-servers/access-tokens/refreshing-access-tokens/" data-section="12.7">Refreshing Access Tokens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-210 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/listing-authorizations/" data-section="13">Listing Authorizations</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-212"><a href="/oauth2-servers/listing-authorizations/revoking-access/" data-section="13.1">Revoking Access</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-216"><a href="/oauth2-servers/the-resource-server/" data-section="14">The Resource Server</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-608 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/oauth-native-apps/" data-section="15">OAuth for Native Apps</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-614"><a href="/oauth2-servers/oauth-native-apps/use-system-browser/" data-section="15.1">Use a System Browser</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-620"><a href="/oauth2-servers/oauth-native-apps/redirect-urls-for-native-apps/" data-section="15.2">Redirect URLs for Native Apps</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-626"><a href="/oauth2-servers/oauth-native-apps/pkce/" data-section="15.3">PKCE Extension</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-627"><a href="/oauth2-servers/oauth-native-apps/checklist-server-support-native-apps/" data-section="15.4">Checklist for Server Support for Native Apps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-640 page_item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/" data-section="16">OAuth for Browserless and Input-Constrained Devices</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-643"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/user-flow/" data-section="16.1">User Flow</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-656"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/authorization-request/" data-section="16.2">Authorization Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-660"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/token-request/" data-section="16.3">Token Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-662"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/authorization-server-requirements/" data-section="16.4">Authorization Server Requirements</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-666 current_page_item"><a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/security-considerations/" data-section="16.5">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-668 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/pkce/" data-section="17">Protecting Apps with PKCE</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-670"><a href="/oauth2-servers/pkce/authorization-request/" data-section="17.1">Authorization Request</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-673"><a href="/oauth2-servers/pkce/authorization-code-exchange/" data-section="17.2">Authorization Code Exchange</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-214"><a href="/oauth2-servers/token-introspection-endpoint/" data-section="18">Token Introspection Endpoint</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-220"><a href="/oauth2-servers/creating-documentation/" data-section="19">Creating Documentation</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="/oauth2-servers/definitions/" data-section="20">Terminology Reference</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-136 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/" data-section="21">Differences Between OAuth 1 and 2</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-225"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/authentication-and-signatures/" data-section="21.1">Authentication and Signatures</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-227"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/user-experience-alternative-token-issuance-options/" data-section="21.2">User Experience and Alternative Token Issuance Options</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-229"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/performance-at-scale/" data-section="21.3">Performance at Scale</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-231"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/bearer-tokens/" data-section="21.4">Bearer Tokens</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-233"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/short-lived-tokens-long-lived-authorizations/" data-section="21.5">Short-lived tokens with Long-lived authorizations</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-235"><a href="/oauth2-servers/differences-between-oauth-1-2/separation-of-roles/" data-section="21.6">Separation of Roles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-676 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/openid-connect/" data-section="22">OpenID Connect</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-678"><a href="/oauth2-servers/openid-connect/authorization-vs-authentication/" data-section="22.1">Authorization vs Authentication</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-680"><a href="/oauth2-servers/openid-connect/building-an-authentication-framework/" data-section="22.2">Building an Authentication Framework</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-682"><a href="/oauth2-servers/openid-connect/id-tokens/" data-section="22.3">ID Tokens</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-684"><a href="/oauth2-servers/openid-connect/summary/" data-section="22.4">Summary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-686 page_item_has_children"><a href="/oauth2-servers/indieauth/" data-section="23">IndieAuth</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-738"><a href="/oauth2-servers/indieauth/discovery/" data-section="23.1">Discovery</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-688"><a href="/oauth2-servers/indieauth/sign-in/" data-section="23.2">IndieAuth Sign-In Workflow</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-690"><a href="/oauth2-servers/indieauth/authorization/" data-section="23.3">IndieAuth Authorization Workflow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-693"><a href="/oauth2-servers/map-oauth-2-0-specs/" data-section="24">Map of OAuth 2.0 Specs</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-697"><a href="/oauth2-servers/tools-and-libraries/" data-section="25">Tools and Libraries</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-715"><a href="/oauth2-servers/appendix/">Appendix</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul>  </nav>   <a id="menu-icon-close" href="#"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg width="15px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <title>Close</title> <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="Design" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="OAuth---Table-of-Contents-Menu" transform="translate(-1292.000000, -30.000000)" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="#333333"> <g id="ToC-Menu-Open" transform="translate(993.000000, -16.000000)"> <g id="Close" transform="translate(299.000000, 46.000000)"> <path d="M15.9149259,8.53193792 L-1.05529018,8.53193792 C-1.56341203,8.53193792 -1.97626292,8.12026136 -1.97626292,7.61096518 L-1.97626292,7.24987497 C-1.97626292,6.74175311 -1.56458636,6.32890222 -1.05529018,6.32890222 L15.9161303,6.32890222 C16.4242522,6.32890222 16.8371031,6.74057879 16.8371031,7.24987497 L16.8371031,7.61096518 C16.8359266,8.12026136 16.4242522,8.53193792 15.914956,8.53193792 L15.9149259,8.53193792 Z" id="Shape" transform="translate(7.430420, 7.430420) rotate(-315.000000) translate(-7.430420, -7.430420) "></path> <path d="M15.9149259,8.53193792 L-1.05529018,8.53193792 C-1.56341203,8.53193792 -1.97626292,8.12026136 -1.97626292,7.61096518 L-1.97626292,7.24987497 C-1.97626292,6.74175311 -1.56458636,6.32890222 -1.05529018,6.32890222 L15.9161303,6.32890222 C16.4242522,6.32890222 16.8371031,6.74057879 16.8371031,7.24987497 L16.8371031,7.61096518 C16.8359266,8.12026136 16.4242522,8.53193792 15.914956,8.53193792 L15.9149259,8.53193792 Z" id="Shape-Copy" transform="translate(7.430420, 7.430420) scale(-1, 1) rotate(-315.000000) translate(-7.430420, -7.430420) "></path> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div>  </header>  </div>  <div id="body" class="clearfix">  <div id="valprop"> <header class="valprop-content"> <h1 class="page-title"> Security Considerations </h1> </header> <span class="section-number">16.5</span> </div>   <div id="layout" class="pagewidth-narrow clearfix">  <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <div id="page-666" class="type-page">  <time datetime="2017-08-10"></time> <h1 class="page-title"> </h1>  <div class="page-content entry-content"> <br /> <h3>User Code Brute Forcing</h3> <p>Since the user code is hand-entered by the user into an interface that does not yet know about the device being authorized, precautions should be taken to avoid the possibility of a brute force attack against the user code.</p> <p>Typically a short code with much less entropy than used by authorization codes is used in order to be easily entered by hand. Because of this, it is recommended that the authorization server rate-limit the endpoint used to verify user codes.</p> <p>The rate limit should be based on the entropy of the user code in order to make a brute force attack infeasible. For example, with 8 characters out of the 20-character set described above, that provides approximately 34 bits of entropy. <code>log<sub>2</sub>(20<sup>8</sup>) = 34.57</code> You can use this formula to calculate the bits of entropy when choosing an acceptable rate limit.</p> <h3>Remote Phishing</h3> <p>It is possible for the device flow to be initiated on a device in the attacker’s possession, in order to trick the user into authorizing the attacker’s device. For example, the attacker might send an SMS instructing the user to visit a URL and enter the user code.</p> <p>To mitigate this risk, it is recommended that the authorization interface make it very clear to the user that they are authorizing a physical device to access their account, in addition to the standard information included in the authorization interface described in <a href="/oauth2-servers/scope/user-interface/">User Interface</a>.</p> <div id="themify_builder_content-666" data-postid="666" class="themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-666 themify_builder tb_generate_css" style="visibility:hidden;opacity:0;"> </div>    </div>  </div> </div>  <nav id="page"> <div class="alignleft"> <a href="/oauth2-servers/device-flow/authorization-server-requirements/"><span>Previous Chapter</span>Authorization Server Requirements</a> </div> <div class="alignright"> <a href="/oauth2-servers/pkce/"><span>Next Chapter</span>Protecting Apps with PKCE</a> </div> </nav> </div>  </div>  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