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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_and_Hellenistic_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_Hellenistic_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical and Hellenistic Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_Hellenistic_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herodotus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herodotus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Herodotus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herodotus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strabo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strabo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strabo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strabo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Додона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Додона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%C3%B3na" title="Dodóna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dodóna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodone" title="Dodone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dodone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CF%89%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αρχαία Δωδώνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Δωδώνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="دودونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodone" title="Dodone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dodone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="דודונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דודונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona_(plaats)" title="Dodona (plaats) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dodona (plaats)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="ドードーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドードーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraklet_i_Dodona" title="Oraklet i Dodona – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oraklet i Dodona" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Додона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Додона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Додона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Додона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dodona" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="多多纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多多纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q382317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dodona&params=39_32_47_N_20_47_16_E_type:landmark_region:GR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°32′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°47′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.54639°N 20.78778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.54639; 20.78778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hellenic oracle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dodona_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dodona (disambiguation)">Dodona (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dodona</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="grc-x-doric">Δωδώνη</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG/220px-Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG/330px-Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG/440px-Dodona-Greece-April-2008-107.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of the <a href="/wiki/Bouleuterion" title="Bouleuterion">bouleuterion</a> in Dodona</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dodona is located in Greece"><img alt="Dodona is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/250px-Greece_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/375px-Greece_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/500px-Greece_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.157%;left:15.628%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dodona"><img alt="Dodona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Greece</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dodoni" title="Dodoni">Dodoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dodona&params=39_32_47_N_20_47_16_E_type:landmark_region:GR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°32′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°47′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.54639°N 20.78778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.54639; 20.78778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">City and sanctuary</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd millennium BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">391–392 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Imperial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dodona</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric Greek language">Doric Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Δωδώνα</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Doric Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Dōdṓnā</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic Greek language">Attic Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Δωδώνη</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ionic Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">Dōdṓnē</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> was the oldest <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a>, possibly dating to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BCE</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. The earliest accounts in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> describe Dodona as an oracle of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. Situated in a remote region away from the main Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a>, it was considered second only to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a> in prestige. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> considered the region around Dodona to have been part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellas</a> and the region where the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a> originated.<sup id="cite_ref-1.14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oracle was first under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Thesprotians" title="Thesprotians">Thesprotians</a> before it passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained an important religious sanctuary until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Roman era</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, according to various accounts, priestesses and priests in the sacred grove interpreted the rustling of the oak (or beech) leaves to determine the correct actions to be taken. According to a new interpretation, the oracular sound originated from bronze objects hanging from oak branches and sounded with the wind blowing, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Wind_chime" title="Wind chime">wind chime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Nicholas Hammond</a>, Dodona was an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> devoted to a <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> (identified at other sites with <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, but here called <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a>) who was joined and partly supplanted in historical times by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/God_(male_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (male deity)">deity</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond39_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg/220px-Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg/330px-Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg/440px-Sacrificial_hammer_Dodona_Louvre_Br1183_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>Sacrificial hammer from Dodona. Bronze, 7th century BCE. Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the earliest inscriptions at the site date to c. 550–500 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeological excavations conducted for more than a century have recovered artifacts as early as the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean era</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many now at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a>, and some in the archaeological museum at nearby <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>. There was an ancient tradition that Dodona was founded as a colony from the city, also named <a href="/wiki/Dodona_(Thessaly)" title="Dodona (Thessaly)">Dodona</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cult activity at Dodona was already established in some form during the Late Bronze Age (or Mycenaean period).<sup id="cite_ref-Eidinow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eidinow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mycenaean offerings such as bronze objects of the 14th and 13th centuries were brought in Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 13th century <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist tomb</a> with squared shoulders was found at Dodona; it had no context, but a Mycenaean sherd of c. 1200 B.C. was also unearthed on the site, in association with <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> stems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence shows that the cult of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was established around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the post-Mycenaean period (or "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>"), evidence of activity at Dodona is scant, but there is a resumption of contact between Dodona and southern Greece during the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a> (8th century BCE) with the presence of bronze votive offerings (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod#Ancient_Greece" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripods</a>) from southern Greek cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Eidinow_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eidinow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dedication to the Oracle of Dodona arrived from most of the Greek world including its colonies. Although an adjacent area there were few Illyrian dedication most probably because the Oracle preferred interaction with the Greek world.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 650 BCE, Dodona was a religious and oracular centre mainly for northern tribes; only after 650 BCE did it become important for the southern tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was worshipped at Dodona as "Zeus Naios" or "Naos" (god of the spring below the oak in the <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos"><i>temenos</i> or sanctuary</a>, cf. <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "Zeus Bouleus" (Counsellor).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, the worship of Jupiter (Zeus) at Dodona was set up by <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrha" title="Pyrrha">Pyrrha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mention of Dodona is in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, and only Zeus is mentioned in this account. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (circa 750 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles prays to "High Zeus, Lord of Dodona, <a href="/wiki/Pelasgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian">Pelasgian</a>, living afar off, brooding over wintry Dodona" (thus demonstrating that Zeus also could be invoked from a distance).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No buildings are mentioned, and the priests (called <i><a href="/wiki/Selloi" title="Selloi">Selloi</a></i>) slept on the ground with unwashed feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No priestesses are mentioned in Homer. </p><p>The oracle also features in another passage involving Odysseus, giving a story of his visit to Dodona. Odysseus's words "bespeak a familiarity with Dodona, a realization of its importance, and an understanding that it was normal to consult Zeus there on a problem of personal conduct."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of this story are as follows. Odysseus says to the swineherd Eumaeus<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (possibly giving him a fictive account) that he (Odysseus) was seen among the Thesprotians, having gone to inquire of the oracle at Dodona whether he should return to Ithaca openly or in secret (as the disguised Odysseus is doing). Odysseus later repeats the same tale to Penelope, who may not yet have seen through his disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars, Dodona was originally an oracle of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> attended by priestesses. She was identified at other sites as <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>. The oracle also was shared by <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a>. By classical times, Dione was relegated to a minor role elsewhere in classical Greece, being made into an aspect of Zeus's more usual consort, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> — but never at Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many dedicatory inscriptions recovered from the site mention both "Dione" and "Zeus Naios".<sup id="cite_ref-Filos2023a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filos2023a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some archaeologists, it was not until the 4th century BCE that a small stone temple to Dione was added to the site. By the time <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> mentioned Dodona (fragmentary play <i>Melanippe</i>) and Herodotus wrote about the oracle, the priestesses had appeared at the site. </p><p>Over 4200 oracular tablets have been found in Dodona, written in different alphabets, and dated approximately between the mid-6th and early 2nd centuries BCE. All the texts were written in Greek, and attest to over 1200 personal names from different areas; these were almost exclusively Greek, with non-Greek names (e.g. Thracian, Illyrian) making up around 1% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-Filos2023a_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filos2023a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_and_Hellenistic_Greece">Classical and Hellenistic Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical and Hellenistic Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg/350px-Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg/525px-Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg/700px-Map_greek_sanctuaries-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>A map of the main sanctuaries in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though it never eclipsed the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Apollo at Delphi</a>, Dodona gained a reputation far beyond Greece. In the <i>Argonautica</i> of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, a retelling of an older story of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, Jason's ship, the "<a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a>", had the gift of prophecy, because it contained an oak timber spirited from Dodona. </p><p>In c. 290 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">King Pyrrhus</a> made Dodona the religious capital of his domain and beautified it by implementing a series of construction projects (i.e. grandly rebuilt the Temple of Zeus, developed many other buildings, added a festival featuring athletic games, musical contests, and drama enacted in a theatre).<sup id="cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wall was built around the oracle itself and the holy tree, as well as temples to Dione and <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. </p><p>In 219 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolians</a>, under the leadership of General Dorimachus, looted and set fire to the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 3rd century BCE, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> (along with the Epirotes) reconstructed all the buildings at Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 167 BCE, the Molossian cities and possibly Dodona itself were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (led by Aemilius Paulus<sup id="cite_ref-Pentreath1964_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentreath1964-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A fragment of Dio Cassius reports that Thracian soldiers instigated by King Mithridates sacked the sanctuary ca. 88 BCE. In the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> the site was prominent enough to feature an honorary statue of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>. The 2nd century CE traveller <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> noted a sacred oak tree of Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 241 CE, a priest named Poplius Memmius Leon organized the Naia festival of Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 362 CE, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Julian">Emperor Julian</a> consulted the oracle prior to his military campaigns against the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilgrims still consulted the oracle until 391-392 CE when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Theodosius">Emperor Theodosius</a> closed all pagan temples, banned all pagan religious activities, and cut down the ancient oak tree at the sanctuary of Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the surviving town was insignificant, the long-hallowed pagan site must have retained significance for Christians given that a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dodona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Dodona">bishop of Dodona</a> named Theodorus attended the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentreath1964_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentreath1964-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D70-0404-dodona.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the theatre of Dodona, the modern village Dodoni and the snow-capped Mount Tomaros are visible in the background"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/800px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/1200px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/1600px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8634" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:D70-0404-dodona.jpg" title="File:D70-0404-dodona.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the theatre of Dodona, the modern village <a href="/wiki/Dodoni" title="Dodoni">Dodoni</a> and the snow-capped Mount <a href="/wiki/Tomaros" title="Tomaros">Tomaros</a> are visible in the background</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herodotus">Herodotus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Herodotus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg/220px-Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg/330px-Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg/440px-Plan_Dodona_sanctuary-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the sanctuary, as it developed up to the Roman period. #16 on this map is the Christian Basilica that occupies the site of the former Zeus temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Herodotus<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Histories</i> 2:54–57) was told by priests at Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Egypt)">Thebes</a> in the 5th century BCE "that two <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priestesses</a> had been carried away from Thebes by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>; one, they said they had heard was taken away and sold in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, the other in Hellas; these women, they said, were the first founders of places of divination in the aforesaid countries." The simplest analysis of the quote is: Egypt, for Greeks as well as for Egyptians, was a spring of human culture of all but immeasurable antiquity. This mythic element says that the oracles at the oasis of <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a> in Libya and of Dodona in Epirus were equally old, but similarly transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> culture, and that the seeresses – Herodotus does not say "<a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyls</a>" – were women. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> follows with what he was told by the prophetesses, called <i><a href="/wiki/Peleiades" title="Peleiades">peleiades</a></i> ("doves") at Dodona: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>that two black doves had come flying from Thebes in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, one to Libya and one to Dodona; the latter settled on an oak tree, and there uttered human speech, declaring that a place of divination from Zeus must be made there; the people of Dodona understood that the message was divine, and therefore established the oracular shrine. The dove which came to Libya told the Libyans (they say) to make an oracle of Ammon; this also is sacred to Zeus. Such was the story told by the Dodonaean priestesses, the eldest of whom was Promeneia and the next Timarete and the youngest Nicandra; and the rest of the servants of the temple at Dodona similarly held it true.</p></blockquote> <p>In the simplest analysis, this was a confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Oracle#Egypt" title="Oracle">oracle</a> tradition in Egypt. The element of the dove may be an attempt to account for a folk etymology applied to the archaic name of the sacred women that no longer made sense and the eventual connection with Zeus, justified by a tale told by a priestess. Was the <i>pel-</i> element in their name connected with "black" or "muddy" root elements in names like "Peleus" or "Pelops"? Is that why the doves were black? </p><p>Herodotus adds: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But my own belief about it is this. If the Phoenicians did in fact carry away the sacred women and sell one in Libya and one in Hellas, then, in my opinion, the place where this woman was sold in what is now Hellas, but was formerly called <a href="/wiki/Pelasgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian">Pelasgia</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>; and then, being a slave there, she established a shrine of Zeus under an oak that was growing there; for it was reasonable that, as she had been a handmaid of the temple of Zeus at Thebes, she would remember that temple in the land to which she had come. After this, as soon as she understood the Greek language, she taught divination; and she said that her sister had been sold in Libya by the same Phoenicians who sold her. I expect that these women were called 'doves' by the people of Dodona because they spoke a strange language, and the people thought it like the cries of birds; then the woman spoke what they could understand, and that is why they say that the dove uttered human speech; as long as she spoke in a foreign tongue, they thought her voice was like the voice of a bird. For how could a dove utter the speech of men? The tale that the dove was black signifies that the woman was Egyptian.</p></blockquote> <p>Thesprotia, on the coast west of Dodona, would have been available to the seagoing Phoenicians, whom readers of Herodotus would not have expected to have penetrated as far inland as Dodona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strabo">Strabo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strabo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the oracle was founded by the Pelasgi:<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo7.7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>This oracle, according to Ephorus, was founded by the Pelasgi. And the Pelasgi are called the earliest of all peoples who have held dominion in Greece. </p> </blockquote> <p>The site of the oracle was dominated by Mount <a href="/wiki/Tomaros" title="Tomaros">Tomaros</a>, the area being controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Thesprotians" title="Thesprotians">Thesprotians</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>In ancient times, then, Dodona was under the rule of the Thesprotians; and so was Mount Tomaros, or Tmaros (for it is called both ways), at the base of which the temple is situated. And both the tragic poets and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindaros</a> have called Dodona 'Thesprotian Dodona.' But later on it came under the rule of the Molossoi. </p> </blockquote> <p>According to Strabo, the prophecies were originally uttered by men:<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo7.7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>At the outset, it is true, those who uttered the prophecies were men (this too perhaps the poet indicates, for he calls them “hypophetae” [interpreters] and the prophets might be ranked among these), but later on three old women were designated as prophets, after Dione also had been designated as temple-associate of Zeus. </p> </blockquote> <p>Strabo also reports as uncertain the story that the predecessor of Dodona oracle was located in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo7.7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>...the temple [oracle] was transferred from Thessaly, from the part of Pelasgia which is about <a href="/wiki/Scotussa" title="Scotussa">Scotussa</a> (and Scotussa does belong to the territory called <a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelasgiotis" title="Pelasgiotis">Pelasgiotis</a>), and also that most of the women whose descendants are the prophetesses of today went along at the same time; and it is from this fact that Zeus was also called “Pelasgian.” </p> </blockquote> <p>In a fragment of Strabo we find the following:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Among the Thesprotians and the Molossians old women are called "peliai" and old men "pelioi," as is also the case among the Macedonians; at any rate, those people call their dignitaries "peligones" (compare the <i>gerontes</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the Laconians and the Massaliotes). And this, it is said, is the origin of the myth about the pigeons [peleiades] in the Dodonaean oak-tree.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_commentaries">Other commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore,_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_(10451853483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/220px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/330px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/440px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore_statuette_from_Dodona" title="Terpsichore statuette from Dodona">Terpsichore statuette from Dodona</a>, exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Carlos_Museum" title="Michael C. Carlos Museum">Michael C. Carlos Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb</a>, the epithet <i>Neuos</i> of Zeus at Dodona primarily designated "the god of streams, and, generally, of water". Jebb also points out that <a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a>, as a water deity, received special honours at Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeb202_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeb202-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of the oracle was quite swampy, with lakes in the area and reference to the "holy spring" of Dodona may be a later addition. </p><p>Jebb mostly follows Strabo in his analysis. Accordingly, he notes that the Selloi, the prophets of Zeus, were also called <i>tomouroi</i>, which name derived from Mount Tomares. <i>Tomouroi</i> was also a variant reading found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. </p><p>According to Jebb, the Peleiades at Dodona were very early, and preceded the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Phemonoe" title="Phemonoe">Phemonoe</a>, the prophetess at Delphi.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeb202_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeb202-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of female attendants probably took place in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of change is clearly prior to Herodotus (5th century BCE), with his narrative about the doves and Egypt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Meteorologica" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorologica">Meteorologica</a></i>, 1.14) places 'Hellas' in the parts about Dodona and the Achelous and says it was inhabited by "the Selloi, who were formerly called Graikoi, but now Hellenes."<sup id="cite_ref-1.14_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guest272_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guest272-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternative reading of <i>Selloi</i> is <i>Helloi</i>. Aristotle clearly uses "Dodona" as the designation of the whole district in which the oracle was situated. Thus, according to some scholars, the origin of the words "Hellenes" and "Hellas" was from Dodona.<sup id="cite_ref-Guest272_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guest272-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the word "Greece" may have been derived from this area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1996">Liddell & Scott 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329769">"Dodone"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1.14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1.14_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1.14_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1986">Hammond 1986</a>, p. 77; Aristotle. <i>Meteorologica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">1.14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1751">Potter 1751</a>, Chapter VIII, "Of the Oracles of Jupiter", p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarissis" class="citation journal cs1">Harissis, Haralambos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2469561">"A Bronze Wheel from Dodona. The Iynx, the Cauldron and the Music of the Gods"</a>. <i>In 'Σπείρα. Επιστημονική Συνάντηση Προς Τιμήν Της Α. Ντούζουγλη Και Του Κ. Ζάχου'. Tapa. Athens. 2017</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+%27%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1.+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD+%CE%A4%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91.+%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9A.+%CE%96%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%27.+Tapa.+Athens.+2017&rft.atitle=A+Bronze+Wheel+from+Dodona.+The+Iynx%2C+the+Cauldron+and+the+Music+of+the+Gods&rft.aulast=Harissis&rft.aufirst=Haralambos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2469561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond39-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond39_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1986">Hammond 1986</a>, p. 39: "...Greek gods too, especially Zeus the sky-god, were at home on Mt. Olympus and in Pieria, and the Zeus of Dodona derived his importance from the Bronze Age when he displaced a Mother Goddess and assimilated her as Aphrodite."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLhôte2006">Lhôte 2006</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidinow2014">Eidinow 2014</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFTandy2001">Tandy 2001</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanus_of_Byzantium" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>. <i><span></span></i>Ethnica<i><span></span></i>. Vol. <i>sub voce</i> Δωδώνη.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnica&rft.au=Stephanus+of+Byzantium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eidinow-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eidinow_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eidinow_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidinow2014">Eidinow 2014</a>, pp. 62–63: "There appears to be evidence for contact between Epirus and Mycenean culture from the early and middle Bronze Age (mostly ceramic), with most evidence dating to the late Bronze Age and including as well as pottery remains, weaponry (swords and double-axes), tools and jewellery, and imports from the Europe and the Near East. Objects and archaeological remains at the site of Dodona suggest that there was already some kind of cult activity there in the late Bronze Age. There is little evidence for the Dark Age period (1200/1100-730/700 BC), but contact between the area and cities in South Greece seems to resume in the eighth century (with the foundation of Kassopeia in 730-700 BC by Elis, and settlements by Corinth, including Ambracia, Anaktorion Epidamnus and Apollonia, 650/630 BC), and this is supported by the appearance at Dodona of bronze votive offerings from the south of Greece, dating to the end of the eighth century, and beginning with the pervasive tripod, but going on through the archaic period to encompass a variety of animal, human and divine imagery."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantinidou1992">Constantinidou 1992</a>, p. 160: Although without remains of a Mycenaean cult building, excavations at Dodona have shown that a cult was practised there from Mycenaean times. Mycenaean offerings, among them bronze objects of the 14th and 13th centuries were brought...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesborough1972">Desborough 1972</a>, p. 97: The tholos tomb at Parga, in which not only thirteenth-century Mycenaean but also native pottery was found, had a spearhead which may possibly be classed with the type mentioned. A short sword was found at Ephyra, not far south of Parga and also close to the sea (see above for the Mycenaean pottery on this site). North and inland from here, at Paramythia, a cist tomb (note the type) produced a rather earlier variety of the short sword, with sloping shoulders. Yet another, with squared shoulders (as are the others I shall mention) was found at Dodona, not far south of the plain of lannina; it had no context, but a Mycenaean sherd of c. 1200 b.c. was unearthed on the site, in association with what sound like kylix stems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurnow2004">Curnow 2004</a>, p. 59: ...archaeology has uncovered clear evidence that the cult of Zeus was established at Dodona by about 1200 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapinal-Heras2021" class="citation book cs1">Chapinal-Heras, Diego (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTcYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT180"><i>Experiencing Dodona: The Development of the Epirote Sanctuary from Archaic to Hellenistic Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072772-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072772-2"><bdi>978-3-11-072772-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+Dodona%3A+The+Development+of+the+Epirote+Sanctuary+from+Archaic+to+Hellenistic+Times&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-11-072772-2&rft.aulast=Chapinal-Heras&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTcYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardman1982">Boardman 1982</a>, p. 653; <a href="#CITEREFHammond1976">Hammond 1976</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanHammond1982">Boardman & Hammond 1982</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristensen1960">Kristensen 1960</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFTarn1913">Tarn 1913</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: <i>bouleus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pyrrhus.html">Pyrrhus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>Iliad</i>, 16.233-16.235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lattimore translation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunson1997-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunson1997_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSacksMurray1995">Sacks & Murray 1995</a>, "Dodona", p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwatkin1961">Gwatkin 1961</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>Odyssey</i>, 14.327-14.328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>Odyssey</i>, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandenberg2007">Vandenberg 2007</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filos2023a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filos2023a_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filos2023a_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilos2023a">Filos 2023a</a>, pp. 38–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilos2023b">Filos 2023b</a>, p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakaris1971">Dakaris 1971</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFWilson2006">Wilson 2006</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakaris1971">Dakaris 1971</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakaris1971">Dakaris 1971</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentreath1964-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pentreath1964_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentreath1964_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPentreath1964">Pentreath 1964</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias. <i>Description of Greece</i>, 1.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakaris1971">Dakaris 1971</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakaris1971">Dakaris 1971</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFFontenrose1988">Fontenrose 1988</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlüelerRohde2009">Flüeler & Rohde 2009</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandenberg2007">Vandenberg 2007</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo7.7-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo7.7_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DStrab.%25207.7">7.7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusDodonaiosCult.html">7.7.9ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Fragments</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7Fragments*.html#ref476">Book VII</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the name of the senators at Sparta, meaning 'the elders'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The similarity of these two words is pointed out here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeb202-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeb202_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeb202_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJebb1892">Jebb 1892</a>, Appendix, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btdHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA202">p. 202, Note #4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEidinow2014">Eidinow 2014</a>, p. 64: "But from the fifth century the sanctuary appears to have been managed by priestesses, and this may indicate some sort of reorganization in the intervening period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guest272-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guest272_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guest272_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuest1883">Guest 1883</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510017026078;view=1up;seq=310">272</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanHammond1982" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L. (1982). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23447-4&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hammond%2C+N.+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1982" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1982). <i>The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9"><bdi>0-521-22496-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Balkans+and+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+World%2C+Tenth+to+Eighth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-22496-9&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantinidou1992" class="citation book cs1">Constantinidou, Soteroula (1992). "The Importance of Bronze in Early Greek Religion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BZ7CNCk57UC"><i>Δωδώνη: επιστημονική επετηρίς της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ioannina" title="University of Ioannina">University of Ioannina</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Bronze+in+Early+Greek+Religion&rft.btitle=%CE%94%CF%89%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%3A+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%99%CF%89%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.pub=University+of+Ioannina&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Constantinidou&rft.aufirst=Soteroula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BZ7CNCk57UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurnow2004" class="citation book cs1">Curnow, Trevor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf8uAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Oracles of the Ancient World: A Complete Guide</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3194-2"><bdi>978-0-7156-3194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oracles+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Complete+Guide&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3194-2&rft.aulast=Curnow&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKf8uAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesborough1972" class="citation book cs1">Desborough, Vincent Robin d'Arba (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUkbAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Greek Dark Ages</i></a>. Ernest Benn Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-510-03261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-510-03261-6"><bdi>978-0-510-03261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Dark+Ages&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn+Limited&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-510-03261-6&rft.aulast=Desborough&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Robin+d%27Arba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (2014). "Oracles and Oracle-Sellers. An Ancient Market in Futures". In Engles, David; Van Nuffelen, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6320469"><i>Religion and Competition in Antiquity</i></a>. Brussels: Éditions Latomus. pp. 55–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oracles+and+Oracle-Sellers.+An+Ancient+Market+in+Futures&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Competition+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=55-95&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Latomus&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Eidinow&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6320469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakaris1971" class="citation book cs1">Dakaris, S. I. (1971). <i>Archaeological Guide to Dodona</i>. Cultural Society 'The Ancient Dodona'.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Guide+to+Dodona&rft.pub=Cultural+Society+%27The+Ancient+Dodona%27&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Dakaris&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilos2023a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filos, Panagiotis (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/109384490">"The alphabets and dialects of the oracular lamellae"</a>. In Papadopoulou, V. N.; Vasileiou, E. D. (eds.). <i>Dodona: The Oracular Tablets</i> (in English and Greek). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sports_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)">Ministry of Culture (Greece)</a>. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5445-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-5445-06-5"><bdi>978-618-5445-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+alphabets+and+dialects+of+the+oracular+lamellae&rft.btitle=Dodona%3A+The+Oracular+Tablets&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+%28Greece%29&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-618-5445-06-5&rft.aulast=Filos&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F109384490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilos2023b" class="citation book cs1">Filos, Panagiotis (2023b). "Some Remarks on Ancient Epirote Glosses". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Filos, Panagiotis; Crespo, Emilio; de la Villa, Jesús (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JM7fEAAAQBAJ"><i>Classical Philology and Linguistics: Old Themes and New Perspectives</i></a>. Trends in Classics – Greek and Latin Linguistics. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 401–426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-127300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-127300-6"><bdi>978-3-11-127300-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+Ancient+Epirote+Glosses&rft.btitle=Classical+Philology+and+Linguistics%3A+Old+Themes+and+New+Perspectives&rft.series=Trends+in+Classics+%E2%80%93+Greek+and+Latin+Linguistics&rft.pages=401-426&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-11-127300-6&rft.aulast=Filos&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJM7fEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlüelerRohde2009" class="citation book cs1">Flüeler, Christoph; Rohde, Martin (2009). <i>Laster im Mittelalter/Vices in the Middle Ages</i>. New York, NY and Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020274-8"><bdi>978-3-11-020274-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laster+im+Mittelalter%2FVices+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+and+Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020274-8&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCeler&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Rohde%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenrose1988" class="citation book cs1">Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1988). <i>Didyma: Apollo's Oracle, Cult, and Companions</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05845-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05845-3"><bdi>0-520-05845-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Didyma%3A+Apollo%27s+Oracle%2C+Cult%2C+and+Companions&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-05845-3&rft.aulast=Fontenrose&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest1883" class="citation book cs1">Guest, Edwin (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510017026078"><i>Origines Celticae</i></a>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origines+Celticae&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.319510017026078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwatkin1961" class="citation journal cs1">Gwatkin, William E. Jr. (1961). "Dodona, Odysseus, and Aeneas". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 97–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Dodona%2C+Odysseus%2C+and+Aeneas&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gwatkin&rft.aufirst=William+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1986" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986). <i>A History of Greece to 322 B.C</i>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873096-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873096-9"><bdi>0-19-873096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece+to+322+B.C&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-873096-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1976" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). <i>Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas</i>. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-5047-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8155-5047-2"><bdi>0-8155-5047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+Invasions+in+Greece+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.place=Park+Ridge%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8155-5047-2&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJebb1892" class="citation book cs1">Jebb, Richard Claverhouse (1892). <i>Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments (Part V. The Trachiniae)</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophocles%3A+The+Plays+and+Fragments+%28Part+V.+The+Trachiniae%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Jebb&rft.aufirst=Richard+Claverhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristensen1960" class="citation book cs1">Kristensen, William Brede (1960). <i>The Meaning of Religion: Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion</i>. The Hague, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Religion%3A+Lectures+in+the+Phenomenology+of+Religion&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kristensen&rft.aufirst=William+Brede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhôte2006" class="citation book cs1">Lhôte, Éric (2006). <i>Les Lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone</i>. Genève, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-600-01077-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-600-01077-7"><bdi>2-600-01077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Lamelles+Oraculaires+de+Dodone&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-600-01077-7&rft.aulast=Lh%C3%B4te&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1996) [1940]. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1"><bdi>0-19-864226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-864226-1&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelrose2014" class="citation book cs1">Melrose, Robin (2014). <i>The Druids and King Arthur: A New View of Early Britain</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5890-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druids+and+King+Arthur%3A+A+New+View+of+Early+Britain&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5890-5&rft.aulast=Melrose&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentreath1964" class="citation book cs1">Pentreath, Guy (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenictravelle00arth"><i>Hellenic Traveller: A Guide to the Ancient Sites of Greece</i></a></span>. London, UK: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-09718-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-09718-9"><bdi>0-571-09718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Traveller%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Ancient+Sites+of+Greece&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-571-09718-9&rft.aulast=Pentreath&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenictravelle00arth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1751" class="citation book cs1">Potter, John (1751). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flUPAAAAQAAJ"><i>Archaeologia Graeca or the Antiquities of Greece</i></a>. Vol. I. London, UK: Printed for G. Strahan, R. Ware, W. Innys, J. and P. Knapton, S. Birt, D. Browne, H. Whitridge, T. Longman, C. Hitch, J. Hodges, B. Barker, R. Manry and S. Cox, J. Whiston, J. and J. Rivington, J. Ward, M. Cooper, and M. Austen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Graeca+or+the+Antiquities+of+Greece&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Printed+for+G.+Strahan%2C+R.+Ware%2C+W.+Innys%2C+J.+and+P.+Knapton%2C+S.+Birt%2C+D.+Browne%2C+H.+Whitridge%2C+T.+Longman%2C+C.+Hitch%2C+J.+Hodges%2C+B.+Barker%2C+R.+Manry+and+S.+Cox%2C+J.+Whiston%2C+J.+and+J.+Rivington%2C+J.+Ward%2C+M.+Cooper%2C+and+M.+Austen&rft.date=1751&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DflUPAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksMurray1995" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn (1995). <i>A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511206-1"><bdi>978-0-19-511206-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511206-1&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Murray%2C+Oswyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandy2001" class="citation book cs1">Tandy, David W. (2001). <i>Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy</i>. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-188-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-188-1"><bdi>978-1-55164-188-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+and+History%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Class+and+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-188-1&rft.aulast=Tandy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn1913" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antigonosgonatas00tarn"><i>Antigonos Gonatas</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8244-0142-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8244-0142-5"><bdi>0-8244-0142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigonos+Gonatas&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=0-8244-0142-5&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=William+Woodthorpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantigonosgonatas00tarn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Vandenberg, Philipp (2007). <i>Mysteries of the Oracles: The Last Secrets of Antiquity</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-402-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+of+the+Oracles%3A+The+Last+Secrets+of+Antiquity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-402-2&rft.aulast=Vandenberg&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1">West, M. L. (2007). <i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97334-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidisChristidēsArapopoulouΧρίτη2007" class="citation book cs1">Christidis, A.-F.; Christidēs, A.-Ph; Arapopoulou, Maria; Χρίτη, Μαρία; Chrite, Maria (2007). <i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83307-3&rft.aulast=Christidis&rft.aufirst=A.-F.&rft.au=Christid%C4%93s%2C+A.-Ph&rft.au=Arapopoulou%2C+Maria&rft.au=%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%2C+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.au=Chrite%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1985" class="citation book cs1">Muir, J. V. (1985). <i>Greek Religion and Society</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28785-2"><bdi>978-0-521-28785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion+and+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28785-2&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidinow2007" class="citation book cs1">Eidinow, Esther (2007). <i>Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927778-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927778-0"><bdi>978-0-19-927778-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oracles%2C+Curses%2C+and+Risk+Among+the+Ancient+Greeks&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927778-0&rft.aulast=Eidinow&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinatos1993" class="citation book cs1">Marinatos, Nanno (1993). <i>Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05384-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05384-6"><bdi>978-0-415-05384-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Sanctuaries%3A+New+Approaches&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05384-6&rft.aulast=Marinatos&rft.aufirst=Nanno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Robert (April 2016). "Seeking advice from Zeus at Dodona". <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 69–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001738351500025X">10.1017/S001738351500025X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26776769">26776769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163722432">163722432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Seeking+advice+from+Zeus+at+Dodona&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-90&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163722432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26776769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001738351500025X&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersmann1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petersmann, Hubert (1986). "Der homerische Demeterhymnus, Dodona und südslawisches Brauchtum" [The Homeric Demeter hymn, Dodona and South Slavic customs]. <i>Wiener Studien</i> (in German). <b>99</b>: 69–85. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24746284">24746284</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7787851420">7787851420</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=12054849">12054849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Studien&rft.atitle=Der+homerische+Demeterhymnus%2C+Dodona+und+s%C3%BCdslawisches+Brauchtum&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=69-85&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7787851420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24746284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Petersmann&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPötscher1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pötscher, Walter (1966). "Zeus Naios Und Dione in Dodona" [Zeus Naios And Dione At Dodona]. <i>Mnemosyne</i> (in German). <b>19</b> (2): 113–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852566X00015">10.1163/156852566X00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4429235">4429235</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299138732">1299138732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&rft.atitle=Zeus+Naios+Und+Dione+in+Dodona&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-147&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852566X00015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4429235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=P%C3%B6tscher&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodona" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodona&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dodona" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dodona">Dodona</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>A. E. Housman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalliope.org/digt.pl?longdid=housman2002020325&printer=1">"The Oracles"</a></li> <li>C. E. Witcombe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/trees.html">"Sacred Places: Trees and the Sacred"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213220539/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/trees.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Harry Thurston Peck (1898). <i>Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i>, s.v. "Dodona".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050422050641/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/clas/pathways/dodona/">Joe Stubenrauch - Dodona: Pathways to the Ancient World</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382317#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1293588/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4091081-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00002641">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14546868p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14546868p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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