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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetic diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_textile_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_textile_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industrial textile production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_textile_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dyeing_and_weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyeing_and_weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.1</span> <span>Dyeing and weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyeing_and_weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manila_rope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manila_rope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Manila rope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manila_rope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abacá</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="موز نسيجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موز نسيجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka" title="Abaka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abaka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যাবাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাবাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka" title="Abaka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abaka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Абака – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абака" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A0" title="Abacà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abacà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka_(lanot)" title="Abaka (lanot) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abaka (lanot)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C3%A1novn%C3%ADk_textiln%C3%AD" title="Banánovník textilní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banánovník textilní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstilbanan" title="Tekstilbanan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekstilbanan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanepbanaan" title="Kanepbanaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanepbanaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" title="Musa textilis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Musa textilis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstilmuzo" title="Tekstilmuzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekstilmuzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka" title="Abaka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abaka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7" title="آباچا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آباچا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaca" title="Abaca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abaca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%BC" title="마닐라삼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마닐라삼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Աբակա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբակա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%87ata_banana" title="Nićata banana – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nićata banana" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinska_konoplja" title="Filipinska konoplja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filipinska konoplja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_abaka" title="Pisang abaka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pisang abaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" title="Musa textilis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musa textilis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರಬಾಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಬಾಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka_(tanaman)" title="Abaka (tanaman) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abaka (tanaman)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სართავი ბანანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სართავი ბანანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluo%C5%A1tinis_bananas" title="Pluoštinis bananas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pluoštinis bananas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE" title="അബാക്കാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബാക്കാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89" title="موز نسيجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موز نسيجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaca_(plant)" title="Abaca (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abaca (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5" title="マニラアサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニラアサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan_manilski" title="Banan manilski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Banan manilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" title="Musa textilis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Musa textilis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaca" title="Abaca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abaca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Абака (растение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абака (растение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abacá" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cau_abaka" title="Cau abaka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cau abaka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahamppu" title="Manilahamppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manilahamppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" title="Musa textilis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musa textilis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka_(halaman)" title="Abaka (halaman) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abaka (halaman)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Җепселле банан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җепселле банан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaka_(bitki)" title="Abaka (bitki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abaka (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abacas" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Abacá<br /><i>Musa textilis</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg/220px-Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg/330px-Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg/440px-Musa_textilis_7zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Musa_sect._Callimusa" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)"><i>Musa</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musa_sect._Callimusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa sect. Callimusa"><i>Musa <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Callimusa</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>M. textilis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Musa textilis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Luis_N%C3%A9e" title="Luis Née">Née</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Musa abaca</i> <small><a href="/wiki/George_Samuel_Perrottet" title="George Samuel Perrottet">Perr.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Musa amboinensis</i> <small>Miquel</small></li> <li><i>Musa mindanaensis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Anton_Wilhelm_Miquel" title="Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel">Miquel</a></small></li> <li><i>Musa mindanensis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Georg_Eberhard_Rumphius" title="Georg Eberhard Rumphius">Rump.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey19472078_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey19472078-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Musa silvéstris</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Aloysius_Colla" title="Luigi Aloysius Colla">Colla</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Musa tikap</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(botanist)" title="Otto Warburg (botanist)">Warburg</a></small></li> <li><i>Musa troglodytàrum textòria</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_Blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Manuel Blanco">Blanco</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Abacá</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ah-bə-<span style="font-size:90%">KAH</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">abaka</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[ɐbɐˈka]</a></span>), also known as <b>Manila hemp</b>, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <i><b>Musa textilis</b></i>, endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant has great economic importance, being harvested for its <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> extracted from the leaf-stems.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lustrous fiber is traditionally hand-loomed into various indigenous textiles (<b>abaca cloth</b> or <b>medriñaque</b>) in the Philippines. They are still featured prominently as the traditional material of the <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a>, the national male attire of the Philippines, as well as in sheer lace-like fabrics called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nipis (page does not exist)">nipis</a></i> used in various clothing components. Native abaca textiles also survive into the modern era among various ethnic groups, like the <i><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">t'nalak</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/T%27boli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli people">T'boli people</a> and the <i>dagmay</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Bagobo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagobo people">Bagobo people</a>. Abaca is also used in traditional Philippine <a href="/wiki/Millinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Millinery">millinery</a>, as well as for bags, shawls, and other decorative items. The <a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">hatmaking</a> straw made from Manila hemp is called <i>tagal</i> or <i>tagal straw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fiber is also exceptionally strong, stronger than <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> and naturally salt-resistant, making it ideal for making twines and ropes (especially for maritime shipping). It became a major trade commodity in the colonial era for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-gdv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abaca industry declined sharply in the mid-20th century when abaca plantations were decimated by <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a> and plant diseases, as well as the invention of <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> in the 1930s. Today, abaca is mostly used in a variety of specialized paper products including <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">tea bags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">filter paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila envelope">Manila envelopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila paper</a> derive their name from this fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abaca is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_fiber" title="Leaf fiber">hard fiber</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henequin" class="mw-redirect" title="Henequin">henequin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>. Abaca is grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, Costa Rica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abacá plant is <a href="/wiki/Stoloniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoloniferous">stoloniferous</a>, meaning that the plant produces runners or shoots along the ground that then root at each segment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cutting and transplanting rooted runners is the primary technique for creating new plants, since seed growth is substantially slower.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abacá has a "false trunk" or pseudostem about 6–15 inches (15–38 cm) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaf stalks (<a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>) are expanded at the base to form <a href="/wiki/Leaf_sheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf sheath">sheaths</a> that are tightly wrapped together to form the pseudostem. There are from 12 to 25 leaves, dark green on the top and pale green on the underside, sometimes with large brown patches. They are oblong in shape with a deltoid base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grow in succession. The petioles grow to at least 1 foot (30 cm) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the plant is mature, the flower stalk grows up inside the pseudostem. The male flower has five petals, each about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaf sheaths contain the valuable fiber. After harvesting, the coarse fibers range in length from 6–12 feet (180–370 cm) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>. </p><p>The fruit, which is inedible<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is rarely seen as harvesting occurs before the plant fruits, grows to about 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) in length and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has black turbinate seeds that are 0.167 inches (0.42 cm) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics">Systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abacá plant belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>; it resembles the closely related wild seeded bananas, <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>. Its scientific name is <i>Musa textilis</i>. Within the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i>, it is placed in section <i>Callimusa</i> (now including the former section <i>Australimusa</i>), members of which have a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> number of 2n<i> </i>= 20.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_diversity">Genetic diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetic diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippines, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicol region">Bicol region</a> in Luzon, has the most abaca genotypes and cultivars. Genetic analysis using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers revealed that the Philippines' abaca germplasm is genetically diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abaca genotypes in Luzon had higher genetic diversity than Visayas and Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety-five (95) percent was attributed to molecular variance within the population, and only 5% of the molecular variance to variation among populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analysis by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) revealed several clusters irrespective of geographical origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm,_Costa_Rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/220px-Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/330px-Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/440px-Abaca_fiber_drying_in_Abaca_farm%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Abacá fiber drying in abaca farm, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before synthetic textiles came into use, <i>M. textilis</i> was a major source of high quality fiber: soft, silky and fine.<sup id="cite_ref-Ploe07_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ploe07-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancestors of the modern abacá are thought to have originated from the eastern Philippines, where there is significant rainfall throughout the year. Wild varieties of abacá can still be found in the interior forests of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">island province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a>, away from cultivated areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/220px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/330px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/440px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>The Banton Burial Cloth (c. 1200-1400 AD), the oldest existing example of warp <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>). The cloth was found in the sacred Ipot cave of <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>. It is made from abacá.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Catanduanes has many other modern kinds of abacá which are more competitive. For many years, breeders from various research institutions have made the cultivated varieties of Catanduanes even more competitive in local and international markets. This results in the optimum production of the island which had a consistent highest production throughout the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abaca_fiber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Abaca_fiber.jpg/220px-Abaca_fiber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Abaca_fiber.jpg/330px-Abaca_fiber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Abaca_fiber.jpg/440px-Abaca_fiber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Abacá Fiber in <a href="/wiki/Lagonoy,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagonoy, Camarines Sur">Lagonoy, Camarines Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Europeans first came into contact with Abacá fibre when <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> landed in the Philippines in 1521, as the natives were already cultivating it and utilizing it in bulk for textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521-1898)">Spanish colonial era</a>, it was referred to as "<i>medriñaque</i>" cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1906_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1906-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1897, the Philippines were exporting almost 100,000 tons of abacá,<sup id="cite_ref-wor_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was one of the three biggest cash crops, along with tobacco and sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-dolan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, from 1850 through the end of the 19th century, sugar or abacá alternated with each other as the biggest export crop of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-dolan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 19th-century trade was predominantly with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the making of ropes was done mainly in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, although in time rope-making shifted back to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-dolan_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1898 to 1946, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">United States colonized the Philippines</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish-American War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim</a> claims the "colonial government found ways to prevent Filipinos from profiting off of the abaca crops, instead favoring the businesses of American expats and Japanese immigrants, as well as ensuring that the bulk of the abaca harvests were exported to the United States" for use in military initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1900s, a train running from <a href="/wiki/Danao,_Cebu" title="Danao, Cebu">Danao</a> to <a href="/wiki/Argao" title="Argao">Argao</a> would transport Philippine abacá from the plantations to <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> for export.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway system was destroyed during World War II; the abaca continues to be transported to Cebu by road.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the Philippines, abacá was first cultivated on a large scale in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in 1925 under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>, who had observed its cultivation in the Philippines for <a href="/wiki/Cordage_(rope)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordage (rope)">cordage</a> since the nineteenth century, followed up by plantings in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> in 1929 sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also was transplanted into <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial planting began in 1930 in <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo">British North Borneo</a>; at the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the supply from the Philippines was eliminated by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> started production in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, abacá is produced primarily in the Philippines and Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines produces between 85%<sup id="cite_ref-NIMBB_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMBB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 95%<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's abacá, and the production employs 1.5 million people. Production has declined because of virus diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-NIMBB_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMBB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant is normally grown in well-drained <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> soil, using <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a> planted at the start of the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new plants can be started by seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-van_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growers harvest abacá fields every three to eight months after an initial growth period of 12–25 months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvesting is done by removing the leaf-stems after flowering but before the fruit appears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant loses productivity between 15 to 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947171_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947171-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slopes of volcanoes provide a preferred growing environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Colliers_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colliers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvesting generally includes several operations involving the leaf sheaths: </p> <ul><li>tuxying (separation of primary and secondary sheath)</li> <li>stripping (getting the fibers)</li> <li>drying (usually following the tradition of sun-drying).</li></ul><p> When the processing is complete, the bundles of fiber are pale and lustrous with a length of 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m).<sup id="cite_ref-van_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1. Abacá plants have several stalks which can be harvested annually and regenerate fully within a year.[28]"><img alt="1. Abacá plants have several stalks which can be harvested annually and regenerate fully within a year.[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-01-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-LEAVES-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5047" data-file-height="6770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1.</b> Abacá plants have several stalks which can be harvested annually and regenerate fully within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2. Abacá plants are harvested by "topping", cutting the leaves with a bamboo sickle, cutting or "tumbling" the stalks. The leaves are compost on the ground, creating a fertiliser."><img alt="2. Abacá plants are harvested by "topping", cutting the leaves with a bamboo sickle, cutting or "tumbling" the stalks. The leaves are compost on the ground, creating a fertiliser." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-06-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-HARVEST-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5095" data-file-height="6833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2.</b> Abacá plants are harvested by "topping", cutting the leaves with a bamboo sickle, cutting or "tumbling" the stalks. The leaves are compost on the ground, creating a fertiliser.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3. The tuxy, the outer layer of the leaf sheath contains primary fibres is separated from the inner layers."><img alt="3. The tuxy, the outer layer of the leaf sheath contains primary fibres is separated from the inner layers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-12-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="4350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>3.</b> The tuxy, the outer layer of the leaf sheath contains primary fibres is separated from the inner layers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4. The inner layers contain the secondary fibres and pulpy material."><img alt="4. The inner layers contain the secondary fibres and pulpy material." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-13-QWSTION-BANANATEX-TUXYING-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="4480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>4.</b> The inner layers contain the secondary fibres and pulpy material.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5.The tuxies are separated by hand using a stripping knife at the harvesting site."><img alt="5.The tuxies are separated by hand using a stripping knife at the harvesting site." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/402px-14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/604px-14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/805px-14-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="2193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>5.</b>The tuxies are separated by hand using a stripping knife at the harvesting site.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6. The fibres are then "combed" to separate them."><img alt="6. The fibres are then "combed" to separate them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg/224px-16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg/335px-16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg/447px-16-QWSTION-BANANATEX-STRIPPING-LAUSCHSICHT-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="5116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>6.</b> The fibres are then "combed" to separate them.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="7. The fibres are then air-dried and bundled together before being transported from forest to the trading warehouse of the farmers cooperative."><img alt="7. The fibres are then air-dried and bundled together before being transported from forest to the trading warehouse of the farmers cooperative." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/450px-20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/675px-20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/900px-20-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBERS-2-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5858" data-file-height="3906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>7.</b> The fibres are then air-dried and bundled together before being transported from forest to the trading warehouse of the farmers cooperative.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="8. There they are sorted by colour grades, with lighter coloured fibres being more expensive due to their rarity.[29]"><img alt="8. There they are sorted by colour grades, with lighter coloured fibres being more expensive due to their rarity.[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg/224px-23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg/335px-23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg/447px-23-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-GRADES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4999" data-file-height="6704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>8.</b> There they are sorted by colour grades, with lighter coloured fibres being more expensive due to their rarity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>In Costa Rica, more modern harvest and drying techniques are being developed to accommodate the very high yields obtained there. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Fiber_Industry_Development_Authority" title="Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority">Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority</a>, the Philippines provided 87.4% of the world's abacá in 2014, earning the Philippines US$111.33 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand is still greater than the supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder came from Ecuador (12.5%) and Costa Rica (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bicol_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicol region">Bicol region</a> in the Philippines produced 27,885 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> of abacá in 2014, the largest of any <a href="/wiki/Philippine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine region">Philippine region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Philippine Rural Development Program (PRDP) and the Department of Agriculture reported that in 2009–2013, Bicol Region had a 39% share of Philippine abacá production of which an overwhelming 92% came from <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes Island</a>. Eastern Visayas, the second largest producer had 24% and the Davao Region, the third largest producer had 11% of the total production. Around 42 percent of the total abacá fiber shipments from the Philippines went to the United Kingdom in 2014, making it the top importer.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany imported 37.1 percent abacá pulp from the Philippines, importing around 7,755 metric tons (MT).<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of abacá cordage surged 20 percent in 2014 to a total of 5,093<i> </i>MT from 4,240<i> </i>MT, with the United States holding around 68 percent of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya2015_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abacá is vulnerable to a number of pathogens, notably <a href="/wiki/Abaca_bunchy_top_virus" title="Abaca bunchy top virus">abaca bunchy top virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaca_bract_mosaic_virus" title="Abaca bract mosaic virus">abaca bract mosaic virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIMBB_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMBB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abaca_mosaic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca mosaic virus">abaca mosaic virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abaca-strain-EPPO-GD_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abaca-strain-EPPO-GD-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg/220px-Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg/330px-Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg/440px-Abac%C3%A1_Mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Mats made from woven abacá fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its strength, it is a sought after product and is the strongest of the natural fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used by the paper industry for such specialty uses such as <a href="/wiki/Tea_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea bags">tea bags</a>, banknotes<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decorative papers.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to make handcrafts such as hats,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bags, carpets, clothing and furniture. </p><p>Lupis is the finest quality of abacá.<sup id="cite_ref-bab1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bab1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinamay is woven chiefly from abacá.<sup id="cite_ref-bab2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bab2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong tagalog</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_(Philippines;_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation)_(40246611432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/220px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/330px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/440px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The traditional <i><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">t'nalak</a></i> cloth of the <a href="/wiki/T%27boli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli people">T'boli</a> dreamweavers are made from abacá fibers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu,_South_Cotabato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg/220px-T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg/330px-T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg/440px-T%27nalak_weaver_at_Lake_Sebu%2C_South_Cotabato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/T%27boli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli people">T'boli</a> dreamweaver using a traditional loom</figcaption></figure> <p>Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. Along with <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, they were the main source of textile fibers used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá cloth was often compared to <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">calico</a> in terms of texture and was a major trade commodity in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">pre-colonial maritime trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_era_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonial era of the Philippines">Spanish colonial era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ocampo_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocampo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are multiple traditional types and names of abaca cloth among the different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of the Philippines">ethnic groups of the Philippines</a>. Undyed plain abacá cloth, woven from fine fibers of abaca, is generally known as <i>sinamáy</i> in most of the islands. Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called <i>tinampipi</i>. While especially fine lace-like abacá cloth is called <i>nipis</i> or <i>lupis</i>. Fine abacá fibers may also be woven with <i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, or fine cotton to create a fabric called <i>jusi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional abacá textiles were often dyed in various colors from various <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a>. These include blue from <a href="/wiki/Indigo_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo plant">indigo</a> (<i>tarum</i>, <i>dagum</i>, <i>tayum</i>, etc.); black from <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_ferrea" title="Diospyros ferrea">ebony</a> (<i>knalum</i> or <i>batulinao</i>) leaves; red from <a href="/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia" title="Morinda citrifolia">noni</a> roots and <i><a href="/wiki/Biancaea_sappan" title="Biancaea sappan">sapang</a></i>; yellow from <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> (<i>kalawag</i>, <i>kuning</i>, etc.); and so on. They were often woven into specific patterns, and further ornamented with embroidery, beadwork, and other decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-Palasi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palasi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most clothing made from abacá took the form of the <i>baro</i> (also <i>barú</i> or <i>bayú</i>, literally "shirt" or "clothing"), a simple collar-less shirt or jacket with close-fitting long sleeves worn by both men and women in most ethnic groups in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (900–1521)">pre-colonial Philippines</a>. These were paired with wraparound sarong-like skirts (for both men and women), close-fitting pants, or loincloths (<i><a href="/wiki/Bahag_(garment)" title="Bahag (garment)">bahag</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coo_2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coo_2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramos_2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos_2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_era_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonial era of the Philippines">Spanish colonial era</a>, abacá cloth became known as <b>medriñaque</b> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (apparently derived from a native <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> name). They were exported to other Spanish colonies since the 16th century. A <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a> of a native <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> man in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> was recorded as being made of medriñaque as early as 1584. Abacá cloth also appear in English records, spelled variously as <b>medrinacks</b>, <b>medrianacks</b>, <b>medrianackes</b>, and <b>medrinacles</b>, among other names. They were used as <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> for sails and for stiffening clothing like skirts, collars, and <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">doublets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hendrickx_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Baker_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Baker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philippine indigenous tribes still weave abacá-based textiles like <i><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">t'nalak</a></i>, made by the <a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tiboli</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>, and <i>dagmay</i>, made by the <a href="/wiki/Bagobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagobo">Bagobo</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abacá cloth is found in museum collections around the world, like the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Textile Museum of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-acl_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acl-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner fibers are also used in the making of hats, including the "Manila hats", hammocks, matting, <a href="/wiki/Cordage_(rope)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordage (rope)">cordage</a>, ropes, coarse twines, and types of canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-acl_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acl-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_textile_production">Industrial textile production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industrial textile production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Processing">Processing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1. The raw fibres are tied with rope and shipped to a factory, where they are boiled and pressed into cardboard like sheets.[45]"><img alt="1. The raw fibres are tied with rope and shipped to Mindanao, Philippines, where they are boiled and pressed into cardboard like sheets which are then shipped to Taiwan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-30-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FIBER-PULP-SHEETS-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="4480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1.</b> The raw fibres are tied with rope and shipped to a factory, where they are boiled and pressed into cardboard like sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2. The abacá fibre sheets are then soaked in water."><img alt="2. The abacá fibre sheets are then soaked in water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg/224px-31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg/335px-31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg/447px-31-QWSTION-BANANATEX-PAPER-MAKING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="6727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2.</b> The abacá fibre sheets are then soaked in water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3. They are then made into paper which are then cut into strips."><img alt="3. They are then made into paper which are then cut into strips." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-32-QWSTION-BANANATEX-ABACA-PAPER-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>3.</b> They are then made into paper which are then cut into strips.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4. The paper strips are then spun into yarn."><img alt="4. The paper strips are then spun into yarn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg/224px-34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg/335px-34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg/447px-34-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-SPINNING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3809" data-file-height="5108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>4.</b> The paper strips are then spun into yarn.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dyeing_and_weaving">Dyeing and weaving</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dyeing and weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1. The natural white yarn is then coloured using the yarn dyeing method which is more sustainable than the roll dyeing alternative.[46]"><img alt="1. The natural white yarn is sent to Qwstion's dyeing and weaving partner in Tainan, Taiwan. They colour the yarn using the yarn dyeing method which is more sustainable than the roll dyeing alternative and certified OekoTex® Standard 100, the highest standard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg/224px-36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg/335px-36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg/447px-36-1-QWSTION-BANANATEX-YARN-DYEING-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="2654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1.</b> The natural white yarn is then coloured using the yarn dyeing method which is more sustainable than the roll dyeing alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2. The warp yarns are then prepared for weaving."><img alt="2. The warp yarns are then prepared for weaving." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-40-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WARPING-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="5927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2.</b> The warp yarns are then prepared for weaving.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3. The yarn is then woven at extra high density."><img alt="3. The yarn is then woven at extra high density." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-38-QWSTION-BANANATEX-WEAVING-3-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="4193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>3.</b> The yarn is then woven at extra high density.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weaving looms processing the fabric."><img alt="Weaving looms processing the fabric." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/224px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/447px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="4216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weaving looms processing the fabric.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4. The finished Manila hemp fabric, a natural beeswax coating is added to make the fabric waterproof. This particular fabric is manufactured by the Swiss company QWSTION."><img alt="4. The finished Manila hemp fabric, a natural beeswax coating is added to make the fabric waterproof. This particular fabric is manufactured by the Swiss company QWSTION." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/224px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/335px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/447px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>4.</b> The finished Manila hemp fabric, a natural beeswax coating is added to make the fabric waterproof. This particular fabric is manufactured by the Swiss company QWSTION.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manila_rope">Manila rope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Manila rope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fiber_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber rope">Fiber rope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects,_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard,_New_York,_1941_(26336043982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg/220px-Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg/330px-Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg/440px-Manila_rope_is_examined_for_defects%2C_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard%2C_New_York%2C_1941_%2826336043982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Manila hawser is examined for defects at Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, circa 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Manila rope is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> made from manila hemp. Manila rope is very durable, flexible, and resistant to <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">salt water</a> damage, allowing its use in rope, <a href="/wiki/Hawser" title="Hawser">hawsers</a>, ships' lines, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1 inch (2.5 cm) rope can require 4 metric tons (8,800 lb) to break.<sup id="cite_ref-Colliers_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colliers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manilla rope is still the only material specified for lifeboat falls (the ropes with which a ship's lifeboat is lowered) in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manila ropes shrink when they become wet. This effect can be advantageous under certain circumstances, but if it is not a wanted feature, it should be well taken into account. Since shrinkage is more pronounced the first time the rope becomes wet, new rope is usually immersed into water and put to dry before use so that the shrinkage is less than it would be if the rope had never been wet. A major disadvantage in this shrinkage is that many knots made with manila rope became harder and more difficult to untie when wet, thus becoming subject of increased stress. Manila rope will rot after a period of time when exposed to saltwater. </p><p>Manila hemp rope was previously the favoured variety of rope used for executions by hanging, both in the U.K. and USA. Usually 3/4 to 1 inch diameter, boiled prior to use to take out any overelasticity. It was also used in the 19th century as whaling line.<sup id="cite_ref-hm_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abacá fiber was once used primarily for rope, but this application is now of minor significance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Musa basjoo</a></i> (Japanese banana), banana species also used as a traditional source of fiber in Okinawa, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a>, similar traditional fiber from Okinawa, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">T'nalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong" title="Malong">Malong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_(Philippine_clothing)" title="Tapis (Philippine clothing)">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inabel" title="Inabel">Inabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A plant grown from a shoot takes three years to maturity; while a plant grown from a seed takes four years to maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-wor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1947-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1947_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1947">Bailey 1947</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey19472078-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey19472078_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1947">Bailey 1947</a>, p. 2078.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013">Anon 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH._T._EdwardsB._E._BrewerGeorge_E._NesomOtis_Warren_Barrett1904" class="citation journal cs1">H. T. Edwards; B. E. Brewer; George E. Nesom; <a href="/wiki/Otis_Warren_Barrett" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Warren Barrett">Otis Warren Barrett</a>; William Scrugham Lyon & Murad M. Saleeby (1904). "Abacá (manila hemp)". <i>Farmers' Bulletin</i>. Bureau of Agriculture. Republic of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Farmers%27+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Abac%C3%A1+%28manila+hemp%29&rft.date=1904&rft.au=H.+T.+Edwards&rft.au=B.+E.+Brewer&rft.au=George+E.+Nesom&rft.au=Otis+Warren+Barrett&rft.au=William+Scrugham+Lyon&rft.au=Murad+M.+Saleeby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24742">"<i>Musa textilis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATURAL+%26+SYNTHETIC+FIBRE+CORDAGE+FOR+LIFE+SAVING+APPLIANCES&rft.pub=Marine+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F5fbce3d58fa8f559e77576e0%2FMGN_106__M%2BF_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hm-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hm_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a>, 1851, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1906" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Emma (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7001/pg7001-images.html"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 15</i></a>. Arthur H. Clark Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1898+Vol.+15&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F7001%2Fpg7001-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24742">"<i>Musa textilis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Musa+textilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D24742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-255018">"<i>Musa textilis</i> Née"</a>. <i>The Plant List</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805231405/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-255018">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Molecular+Biology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=%28Research%29+Plant+Molecular+Biology+and+Plant+Virology&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimbb.upd.edu.ph%2F%3Fpage_id%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1947" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bailey, L. H., ed. (1947) [1900]. "Abacá". <i>The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture</i>. Vol. I: A-E. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abac%C3%A1&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Cyclopedia+of+Horticulture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Borneman, John A. Jr. (1997). "Abaca". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). <i>Collier's Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abaca&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=John+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidineConsidine1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D., eds. (1983). "Abaca". <i>Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I: A-H (6th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-25164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-25164-5"><bdi>0-442-25164-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abaca&rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%27s+Scientific+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-442-25164-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove1976" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1976). "Lupis". <i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. 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Merriam Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-101-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-101-5"><bdi>0-87779-101-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinamay&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+Merriam+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87779-101-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Sbaca". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1: A - ak Bayes (15th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banana+and+Plantain%3A+An+Overview+with+Emphasis+on+Pacific+Island+Cultivars&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.place=H%C5%8Dlualoa%2C+HI&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ploetz&rft.aufirst=Randy+C.&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Angela+Kay&rft.au=Daniells%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Scot+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagroforestry.net%2Ftti%2FBanana-plantain-overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekins1993" class="citation book cs1">Seekins, Donald M. (1993). Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippinescount00dola"><i>Philippines: A Country Study</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0748-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0748-8"><bdi>0-8444-0748-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8444-0748-8&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippinescount00dola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongKiewArgentSet2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Carol; Kiew, Ruth; Argent, George; Set, Ohn; Lee, Sing Kong & Gan, Yik Yuen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240415">"Assessment of the Validity of the Sections in <i>Musa</i> (Musaceae) using ALFP"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 231–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcf170">10.1093/aob/mcf170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240415">4240415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12197520">12197520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+the+Validity+of+the+Sections+in+Musa+%28Musaceae%29+using+ALFP&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-238&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4240415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12197520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcf170&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Kiew%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Argent%2C+George&rft.au=Set%2C+Ohn&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sing+Kong&rft.au=Gan%2C+Yik+Yuen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4240415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Frances A.; Roberts, George A. F. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). <i>The Cultural History of Plants</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92746-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92746-3"><bdi>0-415-92746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-92746-3&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+George+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorcester1899" class="citation book cs1">Worcester, Dean C. (1899) [1898]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippineislan00worcgoog"><i>The Philippine Islands and Their People</i></a>. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands+and+Their+People&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippineislan00worcgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yllano, O. B., Diaz, M. G. Q., Lalusin, A. G., Laurena, A. C., & Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. (2020). Genetic Analyses of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) Germplasm from its Primary Center of Origin, the Philippines, Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers. <i>Philippine Agricultural Scientist</i>, <i>103</i>(4).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Musa_textilis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Musa textilis">Musa textilis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abaca" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abaca">Abaca</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Musa textilis">Musa textilis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="World Book">World Book</a> encyclopedia set, 1988.</li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a> 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhusz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). "Typification of ornamental plants: <i>Musa textilis</i> (Musaceae)". <i><a href="/wiki/Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 53–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.2.1.10">10.11646/phytotaxa.2.1.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=Typification+of+ornamental+plants%3A+Musa+textilis+%28Musaceae%29&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.2.1.10&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=M.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212162352/http://filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKJ000000001&page=1&epage=15">abacá</a> A comprehensive pamphlet about Philippine abacá presented 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco. Online publication uploaded in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Textiles">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Musa textilis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161097" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q161097">Q161097</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Musa_textilis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Musa textilis">Musa textilis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=368799">368799</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/44NVZ">44NVZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1506">1506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1116051">1116051</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MUBTE">MUBTE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028244">200028244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028244">200028244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2762907">2762907</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24742">24742</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/425852">425852</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/797617-1">797617-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10212432">10212432</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506500">506500</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/158542150">158542150</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=228183">228183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=562615">562615</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-255018">kew-255018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/MUTE6">MUTE6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A797617-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797617-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/21500493">21500493</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000475111">wfo-0000475111</a></span></span></li></ul> 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