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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-立國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#立國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>立國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-立國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-入關" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入關"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>入關</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入關-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-滅亡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#滅亡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>滅亡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-滅亡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去政治細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-清朝皇帝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清朝皇帝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>清朝皇帝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清朝皇帝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-皇室姓氏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#皇室姓氏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>皇室姓氏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-皇室姓氏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷代皇帝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷代皇帝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>歷代皇帝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷代皇帝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-家譜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家譜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>家譜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家譜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清朝后妃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清朝后妃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>清朝后妃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清朝后妃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-年號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>年號</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-皇族嘅爵位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#皇族嘅爵位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>皇族嘅爵位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-皇族嘅爵位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-官制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#官制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>官制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-官制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-滿漢並用官制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#滿漢並用官制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>滿漢並用官制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-滿漢並用官制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兵制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兵制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>兵制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兵制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清朝行政區劃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清朝行政區劃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>清朝行政區劃</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-清朝行政區劃-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去清朝行政區劃細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-清朝行政區劃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-內地嘅行政區劃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內地嘅行政區劃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>內地嘅行政區劃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內地嘅行政區劃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行省" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行省"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>行省</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行省-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">大清</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有130種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dinastie" title="Qing-dinastie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Qing-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="Qing-Dynastie – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D2%A5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Улу Чиҥ каандык – 南阿爾泰文" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Улу Чиҥ каандык" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="南阿爾泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የጪንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጪንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qing" title="Dinastía Qing – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="किंग वंश – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="किंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qing" title="Dinastía Qing – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzin_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Tzin sülaləsi – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tzin sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چینق سولاله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چینق سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Цин империяһы – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cing_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Čing dinastėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čing dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qing" title="Dinastiyang Qing – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Qing" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Цын – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Цын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Цын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Цын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_(17_%E2%80%93_20_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Цин (17 – 20 век) – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цин (17 – 20 век)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ছিং সাম্রাজ্য – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছিং সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Qing" title="Tierniezh Qing – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Qing" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="Dinastija Qing – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Манжын гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Манжын гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%ADng-di%C3%A8u" title="Chĭng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chĭng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Цийн импери – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی چینگ – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی چینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%B1_s%C3%BCl%C3%A2lesi" title="Çiñ sülâlesi – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çiñ sülâlesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C4%8Cching" title="Říše Čching – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Čching" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Цин империйĕ – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цин империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qing" title="Brenhinllin Qing – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Qing" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastiet" title="Qing-dynastiet – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qing-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="Qing-Dynastie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Τσινγκ – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Τσινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Qing dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Qing" title="Dinastio Qing – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Qing" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qing" title="Dinastía Qing – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Qingi dünastia – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Qingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dinastia" title="Qing dinastia – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qing dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان چینگ – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان چینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastia" title="Qing-dynastia – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qing-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Qingi dünastia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Qingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Qing" title="Dynastie Qing – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Qing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Qing-Dünastii – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Qing-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="清" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qing" title="Dinastía Qing – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Qing ñemoñanga – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Qing ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AEn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Chhîn-chhèu – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhîn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת צ'ינג – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת צ'ינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चिंग राजवंश – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" title="Qing Dynasty – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Qing Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="Dinastija Qing – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csing-dinasztia" title="Csing-dinasztia – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csing-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ցին կայսրություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցին կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_a_Dinastia" title="Qing a Dinastia – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Qing a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Qing" title="Dinastio Qing – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Qing" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjingveldi%C3%B0" title="Tjingveldið – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="清" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Qing" title="Wangsa Qing – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Qing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცინგის დინასტია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცინგის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Цинь империясы – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цинь империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សឈីង – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សឈីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цин династия – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Цин династия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Qing" title="Xanedana Qing – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Qing" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Qing" title="Ternieth Qing – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Qing" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Цин империясы – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цин империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Cim" title="Familia Cim – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Cim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງຊິງ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງຊິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cing%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Čingų dinastija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjinu_dinastija" title="Cjinu dinastija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cjinu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Чјинг (династија) – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чјинг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ചിങ് രാജവംശം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Чин улс – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯤꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯤꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="छिंग राजवंश – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ရှင်းတိုင်းပြည် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်းတိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="چینگ سلسله – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-Dynastie" title="Qing-Dynastie – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Qing-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चिङ वंश – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चिङ्ग राजवंश – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastie" title="Qing-dynastie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qing-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing" title="Qing – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing-dynastiet" title="Qing-dynastiet – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qing-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਚਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Qing" title="Dynastia Qing – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="چنگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چنگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="د چینګ کورنۍ – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چینګ کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Цин – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Цин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цин династия – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Цин династия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qing" title="Dinastija Qing – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Qing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="චිං රාජවංශය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qing dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cching" title="Čching – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čching" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%8Cing" title="Dinastija Čing – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Čing" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%8B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Династија Ћинг – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Ћинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推薦文章"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Qing" title="Nasaba ya Qing – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Qing" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastyj%C5%8F_Qing" title="Dynastyjŏ Qing – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dynastyjŏ Qing" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சிங் அரசமரபு – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ชิง – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ชิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_nasil%C5%9Falygy" title="Sin nasilşalygy – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sin nasilşalygy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qing" title="Dinastiyang Qing – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Qing" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ing_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Çing Hanedanı – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çing Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Чиң династиясе – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чиң династиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Цин империязы – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Цин империязы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="چىڭ سۇلالىسى – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Цін – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Цін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="چنگ شاہی سلسلہ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چنگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(sulola)" title="Sin (sulola) – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sin (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Thanh" title="Nhà Thanh – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Qing" title="Dinastiya Qing – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Qing" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="清朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცინიშ დინასტია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טשינג דינאסטיע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingciuz" title="Cingciuz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cingciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="清朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng-kok" title="Chheng-kok – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8733#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&oldid=2182042" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&id=2182042&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%2585"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%2585"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8733" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-Mong" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252737">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian BT","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian"}</style></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:LemonChiffon; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">大中華史</div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:1500px; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1492.9245283019px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2200 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1475.2358490566px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1457.5471698113px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2100 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1439.858490566px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1422.1698113208px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1404.4811320755px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1386.7924528302px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1900 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1369.1037735849px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1351.4150943396px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1800 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1333.7264150943px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1316.0377358491px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1700 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1298.3490566038px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1280.6603773585px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1600 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1262.9716981132px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1245.2830188679px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1227.5943396226px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1209.9056603774px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1400 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1192.2169811321px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1174.5283018868px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1300 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1156.8396226415px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1139.1509433962px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1200 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1121.4622641509px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1103.7735849057px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1100 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1086.0849056604px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1068.3962264151px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1050.7075471698px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1033.0188679245px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-900 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1015.3301886792px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:997.64150943396px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-800 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:979.95283018868px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:962.2641509434px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-700 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:944.57547169811px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:926.88679245283px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-600 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:909.19811320755px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:891.50943396226px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:873.82075471698px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:856.1320754717px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-400 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:838.44339622642px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:820.75471698113px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-300 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:803.06603773585px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:785.37735849057px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-200 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:767.68867924528px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:750px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-100 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:732.31132075472px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:714.62264150943px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:696.93396226415px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:679.24528301887px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">100 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:661.55660377358px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:643.8679245283px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">200 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:626.17924528302px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:608.49056603774px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">300 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:590.80188679245px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:573.11320754717px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">400 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:555.42452830189px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:537.7358490566px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:520.04716981132px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:502.35849056604px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">600 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:484.66981132075px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:466.98113207547px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">700 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:449.29245283019px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:431.60377358491px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">800 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:413.91509433962px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:396.22641509434px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">900 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:378.53773584906px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:360.84905660377px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:343.16037735849px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:325.47169811321px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1100 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:307.78301886792px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:290.09433962264px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1200 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:272.40566037736px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:254.71698113208px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1300 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:237.02830188679px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:219.33962264151px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1400 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:201.65094339623px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:183.96226415094px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:166.27358490566px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:148.58490566038px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1600 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:130.89622641509px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:113.20754716981px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1700 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:95.518867924528px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:77.830188679245px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1800 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:60.141509433962px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:42.452830188679px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">1900 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:24.764150943396px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.0754716981132px;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">2000 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:1500px; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:1500px; padding:0px; float:left; width:17em; border:none; background-color:#bbeebb;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:Silver; border-width:0px; border-colour:White; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:792.80660377358px; height:707.19339622642px; margin-left:0em; width:1.275em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-353.59669811321px;"><div style="line-height: 1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a></div></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:LightYellow; border-width:1px; border-colour:White; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:636.79245283019px; height:154.0141509434px; margin-left:0em; width:1.275em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-78.007075471698px;"><div style="line-height: 1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%BC%A2" title="秦漢">秦漢</a></div></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:Silver; border-width:0px; border-colour:White; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:506.25px; height:130.54245283019px; margin-left:0em; width:1.275em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-65.271226415094px;"><div style="line-height: 1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晉南北朝">魏晉南北朝</a></div></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:LightYellow; border-width:1px; border-colour:White; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:368.27830188679px; height:135.97169811321px; margin-left:0em; width:1.275em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-68.985849056604px;"><div style="line-height: 1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90" title="隋唐">隋唐</a></div></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:Silver; border-width:0px; border-colour:White; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:64.033018867925px; height:304.24528301887px; margin-left:0em; width:1.275em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-152.12264150943px;"><div style="line-height: 1.1em"><a 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font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:787.5px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-8.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-8.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%A5%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西楚 (無呢版)">西楚</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:712.5px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-8.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-8.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0_(%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD)" title="新 (王莽)">新朝</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:706.4858490566px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E7%8E%84" title="劉玄">玄漢</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:470.51886792453px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-8.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-8.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8" title="武周">武周</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:230.66037735849px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-5.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-5.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83" title="北元">北元</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:142.92452830189px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-2.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-2.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91" title="後金">後金</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:59.787735849057px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-5.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-5.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; 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position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:750px;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:792.80660377358px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-2em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-2em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%A6%E6%BB%85%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秦滅六國 (無呢版)">秦滅六國</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:139.03301886792px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-9.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-9.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明末民變 (無呢版)">明末民變</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:541.27358490566px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.25em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.25em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%96" title="孝文漢化">孝文漢化</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:493.16037735849px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-2.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-2.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E9%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="玄武門之變">玄武門之變</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1082.9009433962px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%A3%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="三監之亂">三監之亂</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:611.67452830189px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-4.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-4.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 0.8rem"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="八王之亂">八王之亂</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:44.575471698113px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.103773584906px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-2em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-2em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 0.8rem"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.806603773585px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-10.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-10.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="義和團">義和拳之亂</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:219.69339622642px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E9%9B%A3%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="靖難之變">靖難之變</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:649.52830188679px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B7%BE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="黃巾之亂">黃巾之亂</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:604.59905660377px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.3em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.3em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 0.8rem"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="永嘉之亂">永嘉之亂</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:405.07075471698px;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-1.5em; float:left;"><span style="color:Black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.65em; left:-1.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:Black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國舊石器時代 (無呢版)">舊石器時代</a>　<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國中石器時代 (無呢版)">中石器時代</a>　<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國新石器時代 (無呢版)">新石器時代</a>　<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國青銅器時代 (無呢版)">青銅器時代</a><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;">此格： <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:大中華史"><span title="睇呢個模" style="">去睇</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:大中華史"><span title="討論呢個模" style="">討論</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit"><span title="編輯呢個模" style=";">編輯</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=history"><span title="睇呢個模嘅歷史" style=";">歷史</span></a></div></div></div> <p><b>大清</b><sup id="cite_ref-chingshiko_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chingshiko-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/大清/#yue"><span>daai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> cing<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87" title="滿文">滿文</a>：<span lang="mnc" title="滿洲話文字"><span lang="mnc-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; -ms-writing-mode:tb-lr; writing-mode:tb-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr; word-wrap:normal; vertical-align:text-top;"><b>ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</b></span>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滿文轉寫方案 (無呢版)">穆麟德</a>：<i>daicing gurun</i></span>），亦叫做<b>中華大清國</b>、<b>大清國</b>、<b>大清帝國</b>、<b>中國</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87" title="滿文">滿文</a>：<span lang="mnc" title="滿洲話文字"><span lang="mnc-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; -ms-writing-mode:tb-lr; writing-mode:tb-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr; word-wrap:normal; vertical-align:text-top;"><b>ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</b></span>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滿文轉寫方案 (無呢版)">穆麟德</a>：<i>dulimbai gurun</i></span>）等，或者係就咁叫<b>清</b>，因為皇室係滿洲人，又叫<b>滿清</b>（<span>mun<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> cing<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>），係個已滅亡政權，漢族歷史學説等視佢為中國史上最後一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%9C%9D" title="皇朝">皇朝</a>，叫<b>清朝</b>。大清由<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="滿人">滿人</a>統治，發源響今日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97" title="中國東北">中國東北</a>地方，皇帝姓<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅">愛新覺羅</a>。大清1616年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">努爾哈赤</a>創立，最初叫<b>金</b>，史稱<b>後金</b>。1636年先改國號做大清。1644年越<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" title="山海關">山海關</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>，滅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" title="大明">大明</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%86" title="大順">大順</a>，以及平定四周諸國，直至1912年<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" title="溥儀">溥儀</a>退位而亡，取而代之嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>。 </p><p>中國斷代史來講，清朝係入關開始計，接住<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a>，為中華民國所代，年份由1644年到1911年。 </p><p>外文原先多數叫大清做Ch'ing。響1958年，有漢語拼音系統之後，外文逐漸寫做Qing。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="國歌">國歌</a>係《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%8F%E9%87%91%E7%94%8C" title="鞏金甌">鞏金甌</a>》。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>1899年立嘅大清國旗，又叫黃龍旗</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史"><span id=".E5.8F.B2"></span>史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>滿人，原本係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="女真人">女真人</a>，一直住響<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>，即係今日叫嘅東北。大明皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>（洪武皇帝），為咗壓制<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="元朝">元朝</a>（北元）勢力，喺滿洲一帶設<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遠東指揮使司 (無呢版)">遠東指揮使司</a>，開始落手控制女真部各族。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女真建州 (無呢版)">女真建州</a>部<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猛哥帖木兒 (無呢版)">猛哥帖木兒</a>（努爾哈赤六世祖）嗰陣係大明<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E8%A1%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建州衛 (無呢版)">建州衛</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A6%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="左都督 (無呢版)">左都督</a>，北方有部族勢力強大，南下壓迫住建州女真。猛哥帖木兒被殺，建州部被迫南移，最後定居<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%9C%96%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫圖阿拉 (無呢版)">赫圖阿拉</a>（之後改稱為興京，喺今日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧省">遼寧省</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%B3%93%E7%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新賓縣 (無呢版)">新賓縣</a>境內）。 </p><p>南移後，建州女真部同大明交往密切，建州部社會生產力提高，經濟繁榮，開始有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>制。咁啱呢個時候，係努爾哈赤任大明建州部阿頭。1583年（大明萬曆十一年），努爾哈赤襲封為指揮使，以祖、父遺甲十三副，相繼兼併<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海西女真 (無呢版)">海西女真</a>部，征服<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東海女真 (無呢版)">東海女真</a>部，統一咗分散喺滿洲各地嘅女真各部。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="立國"><span id=".E7.AB.8B.E5.9C.8B"></span>立國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 立國"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1616年（大明萬曆四十四年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">努爾哈赤</a>喺赫圖阿拉稱汗，建立大金（史稱後金），改元<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a>，定都赫圖阿拉。1618年（天命三年，大明萬曆四十六年），努爾哈赤公告「七大恨」嘅討明檄文，起兵反明。1621年遷都<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E9%99%BD" title="遼陽">遼陽</a>，叫東京。1625年又遷都<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>，改名<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>。1626年，努爾哈赤響<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A7%E9%81%A0%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寧遠之戰 (無呢版)">寧遠之戰</a>一役中，畀明軍大炮打到重傷，無幾耐就死咗。 </p><p>1627年，努爾哈赤第八個仔<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>繼位。1636年（大明<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E" title="崇禎">崇禎</a>九年），<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>改國號做大清，改元號為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a>稱帝。1643年皇太極病死，第九個仔<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E7%A6%8F%E8%87%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅福臨">愛新覺羅福臨</a>（順治皇帝）繼位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="入關"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E9.97.9C"></span>入關</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 入關"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1644年（甲申年，大清順治元年，大明崇禎十七年，大順永昌元年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="李自成 (大順)">李自成</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="西安">西安</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%86" title="大順">大順</a>，之後重帶兵攻陷大明國都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a>，明思宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%AA%A2" title="朱由檢">朱由檢</a>吊頸自殺。李自成喺北京做齊儀式，準備做全中國皇帝。之但係佢仍然堅持喺北京推行軍法，結果好多人唔妥佢，所以穩定唔到民心。大清軍說服大明將軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82" title="吳三桂">吳三桂</a>投降，喺佢嘅帶領之下入關。李自成入城40日就急急退守到西安，隨後<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞</a>迎關外嘅清世祖愛新覺羅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E8%87%A8" title="福臨">福臨</a>入關，國都搬到北京。開始推行<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D" title="剃髮易服">剃髮易服</a>，有好多人反抗。 </p><p>呢個時候，中國境內，大清、大明同大順三國鼎立。大清入關企穩之後，就向大明同大順推進。大明官員迎福王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E5%B4%A7" title="朱由崧">朱由崧</a>做皇帝。大明想聯大清抗大順，大順不敵，最後敗亡。大清轉移向大明埋手，南下過程中，江南一帶受到血腥鎮壓，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5" title="揚州十日">揚州十日</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉定三屠 (無呢版)">嘉定三屠</a>。大清一直遇到好大反抗，但係大明朝廷同宗室唔團結，俾人逐個擊破，最後回天乏術，南方各省失守，最後大明皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A6%94" title="朱由榔">朱由榔</a>（永曆帝，桂王）要敗走<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>，始終落入大清手裏面。而比較大規模嘅反抗得返喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F" title="鄭成功">鄭成功</a>，不過1662年魯王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E4%BB%A5%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱以海 (無呢版)">朱以海</a>同鄭成功都病死，大明滅亡，1683年，連鄭成功後人<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%BD" title="鄭克塽">鄭克塽</a>都投降，清康熙帝<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E7%87%81" title="玄燁">玄燁</a>統一中國。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="滅亡"><span id=".E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1"></span>滅亡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 滅亡"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1911年（清宣統三年）<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a>之後，各省都逐一宣佈獨立。清帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" title="溥儀">溥儀</a>喺1912年退位，大清正式滅亡。滿清自從入關，皇帝總共有十二個，統治咗中國268年，成為中國最後一個君主政權。 </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" bgcolor="#ffccaa" style="color:#2222cc"> <p><b>清</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="首都">首都</a></td> <td>初建都於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%9C%96%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫圖阿拉 (無呢版)">赫圖阿拉</a>，後<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a><br />1644年遷都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-Qing.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="大清嘅地圖"><img alt="大清嘅地圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/800px-Qing.PNG/250px-800px-Qing.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/800px-Qing.PNG/375px-800px-Qing.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/800px-Qing.PNG/500px-800px-Qing.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>大清嘅地圖</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國君主一覽 (無呢版)">君主</a><br /> -開國君主<br />  -滅亡君主 </td> <td>共11位<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅皇太極">愛新覺羅皇太極</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅溥儀">愛新覺羅溥儀</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>建立</td> <td>1616年號金；1636年改號大清 </td></tr> <tr> <td>滅亡</td> <td>1912年 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 政治"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滿洲民族 (無呢版)">滿洲民族 § 清朝嘅中國統治</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="清朝皇帝"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>清朝皇帝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 清朝皇帝"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/300px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/450px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/600px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E6%9A%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%8E%8A" title="避暑山莊">避暑山莊</a>嘅麗正門。門頂嘅牌匾寫住清朝用嘅五種文字，代表清朝皇帝統治下嘅五個民族。由左到右係<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古文">蒙古文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="維吾爾語">維吾爾語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87" class="mw-disambig" title="漢文">漢文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87" title="滿文">滿文</a>。呢五種文字合埋叫做五體。</figcaption></figure> <p>清朝係一個由<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a>舊領土、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="西藏">西藏</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="東突厥斯坦">東突厥斯坦</a>呢五個地方組成嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E5%90%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同君聯邦 (無呢版)">同君聯邦</a>國家。 </p><p>對滿洲人嚟講，清朝皇帝係率領全體滿洲人，自己又係上三旗嘅旗王，即係八旗嘅盟主汗。對漢族嚟講，佢係繼承天命嘅明朝接班人，係儒教嘅天子。對蒙古人嚟講，佢係成吉思汗嘅繼承人，係蒙古各部族嘅大汗。對西藏人嚟講，佢係藏傳佛教嘅最高施主，係文殊菩薩嘅化身。對東突厥斯坦嘅維吾爾人嚟講，佢雖然唔係信伊斯蘭教，但都係伊斯蘭教嘅保護者。清朝唔會單獨重視儒教、佛教或者伊斯蘭教，而係會考慮統治區域各自嘅世界觀同秩序理論。 </p><p>就咁樣，清朝統治者一方面會搵出共通嘅價值觀，另一方面又會同各地嘅世界觀保持一定距離嚟進行統治，仲會嚴格限制唔同文化圈之間嘅接觸。特別係喺理藩部管轄嘅外蒙古，哈爾哈王室將皇位讓俾清朝皇帝，然後再由清朝皇帝授予爵位，由哈爾哈王室等蒙古貴族進行統治。另外清朝嘅所謂愚鈍皇帝都唔多。呢個係因為滿洲人原本冇喺生前指定繼承人或者長子繼承嘅習慣，而係由部族長會議選出最優秀嘅人做部族長（貝勒、昂邦）或者部族長嘅領袖即係汗。再加上佢哋認為政權係一族嘅共同財產，所以皇帝唔可以完全獨裁，仲要徹底對皇帝進行教育。雍正帝定立嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太子密建 (無呢版)">太子密建</a>制度令到皇子們要不斷努力爭取做皇太子，又可以防止臣下之間嘅派系鬥爭。就算皇帝冇秘密指定繼承人，都可以避免「皇帝突然死亡冇指定繼承人，或者皇帝年紀大預期命不久都會引發繼承人爭奪戰」呢啲弊端。 </p><p>康熙帝將二皇子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A4%E7%A4%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅胤礽 (無呢版)">胤礽</a>立為清朝第一個皇太子，但因為各個皇子為中心嘅派系不斷爭奪繼承權，令到胤礽精神出現問題，行為變得唔檢點，之後被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A2%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廢太子 (無呢版)">廢太子</a>兩次。經過各種糾葛之後，雍正帝成為康熙帝嘅繼任者，並且定立咗太子密建制度。不過呢個制度要先代皇帝預先指定繼承人先至有用，如果因為先代皇帝年紀細死咗或者被囚禁等原因冇指定繼承人嘅話，就會好似末代嘅同治帝、光緒帝、宣統帝咁，要再由旗王諸王開會決定。明朝時<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官">宦官</a>對國政影響好大，但喺清朝就冇咗呢個問題。因為宮廷事務同皇帝身邊嘅照顧都係由皇帝直屬嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>旗人中負責家政嘅包衣管轄嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內務府 (無呢版)">內務府</a>負責，而宦官嘅工作就局限喺照顧后妃。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="皇室姓氏"><span id=".E7.9A.87.E5.AE.A4.E5.A7.93.E6.B0.8F"></span>皇室姓氏</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 皇室姓氏"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>皇室嘅姓氏用滿語叫做愛新覺羅，呢個係將滿語音譯成漢語。愛新嘅意思係「金」，係由以前女真人建立嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="金朝">金朝</a>同努爾哈赤建立嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91" title="後金">後金</a>轉嚟嘅族名（穆昆）。覺羅係父祖出身地嘅地名，係姓氏（哈拉）。兩個合埋就係「金嘅覺羅一族」嘅意思。滿洲人喺清代唔會好似漢人咁將姓氏同名連埋一齊叫。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="歷代皇帝"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>歷代皇帝</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 歷代皇帝"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E8%99%9F" title="廟號">廟號</a> </th> <th style="width:10em;">皇帝名（漢文） </th> <th style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D" title="名">名</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="諱">諱</a>) </th> <th style="width:9em">在位時期 </th> <th style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F" title="年號">年號</a> </th> <th>備註 </th></tr> <tr> <td>太祖 </td> <td>天命帝 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">努爾哈赤</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1616%E5%B9%B4" title="1616年">1616年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1626%E5%B9%B4" title="1626年">1626年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91)" title="天命 (後金)">天命</a> </td> <td>清朝前身後金嘅開國者。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>太宗 </td> <td>崇德帝 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1627%E5%B9%B4" title="1627年">1627年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1643%E5%B9%B4" title="1643年">1643年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%B0" title="天聰">天聰</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a> </td> <td>努爾哈赤嘅第8個仔。將後金改名做清。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>世祖 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="順治帝">順治帝</a> </td> <td>福臨 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1644%E5%B9%B4" title="1644年">1644年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1661%E5%B9%B4" title="1661年">1661年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB" title="順治">順治</a> </td> <td>皇太極嘅第9個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>聖祖 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a> </td> <td>玄燁 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1662%E5%B9%B4" title="1662年">1662年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1722%E5%B9%B4" title="1722年">1722年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a> </td> <td>順治帝嘅第3個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>世宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a> </td> <td>胤禛 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1723%E5%B9%B4" title="1723年">1723年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1735%E5%B9%B4" title="1735年">1735年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a> </td> <td>康熙帝嘅第4個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>高宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a> </td> <td>弘曆 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1736%E5%B9%B4" title="1736年">1736年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1795%E5%B9%B4" title="1795年">1795年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a> </td> <td>雍正帝嘅第4個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>仁宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉慶帝">嘉慶帝</a> </td> <td>顒琰 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1796%E5%B9%B4" title="1796年">1796年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4" title="1820年">1820年</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6_(%E6%B8%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉慶 (清) (無呢版)">嘉慶</a> </td> <td>乾隆帝嘅第15個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="道光帝">道光帝</a> </td> <td>旻寧 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1821%E5%B9%B4" title="1821年">1821年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1850%E5%B9%B4" title="1850年">1850年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89" title="道光">道光</a> </td> <td>嘉慶帝嘅第2個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>文宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%90%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="咸豐帝">咸豐帝</a> </td> <td>奕詝 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1851%E5%B9%B4" title="1851年">1851年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年">1861年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%90" title="咸豐">咸豐</a> </td> <td>道光帝嘅第4個仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>穆宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="同治帝">同治帝</a> </td> <td>載淳 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1862%E5%B9%B4" title="1862年">1862年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1874%E5%B9%B4" title="1874年">1874年</a> </td> <td>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%BA%E7%A5%A5" title="祺祥">祺祥</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a> </td> <td>咸豐帝嘅長仔。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>德宗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a> </td> <td>載湉 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1875%E5%B9%B4" title="1875年">1875年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4" title="1908年">1908年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" title="光緒">光緒</a> </td> <td>醇親王奕譞嘅第2個仔。係道光帝嘅孫。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅溥儁 (無呢版)">保慶帝</a>） </td> <td>溥儁 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1899%E5%B9%B4" title="1899年">1899年</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E6%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保慶 (無呢版)">保慶</a> </td> <td>端郡王載漪嘅第2個仔。係道光帝嘅曾孫。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>恭宗<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅溥儀">宣統帝</a> </td> <td>溥儀 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1908%E5%B9%B4" title="1908年">1908年</a> - <a href="/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4" title="1912年">1912年</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1" title="宣統">宣統</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>醇親王載灃嘅長仔。係道光帝嘅曾孫。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="家譜"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E8.AD.9C"></span>家譜</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 家譜"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0;" title=""> <tbody><tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">1. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">太祖天命帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">2. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">太宗崇德帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">3. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="順治帝">順治帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">4. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">5. <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">6. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">7. <a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉慶帝">嘉慶帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">8. <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="道光帝">道光帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%AD%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅奕譞 (無呢版)">醇親王奕譞</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">9. <a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%90%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="咸豐帝">咸豐帝</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E8%BC%89%E7%81%83" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅載灃">醇親王載灃</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">11. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">10. <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="同治帝">同治帝</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; box-shadow: 0px 2px 7px #555; ;">12. <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅溥儀">宣統帝</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="清朝后妃"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.E5.90.8E.E5.A6.83"></span>清朝后妃</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 清朝后妃"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滿洲民族 (無呢版)">滿洲人</a>皇帝會將五個公主全部嫁俾<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古民族 (無呢版)">蒙古人</a>王族，保持同蒙古嘅密切關係<sup id="cite_ref-JBpress3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBpress3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。后妃嘅選擇同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%8D%E5%AB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="降嫁 (無呢版)">降嫁</a>呢啲婚姻除咗八旗之外，仲會同蒙古王侯進行，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝莊文皇后 (無呢版)">孝莊文皇后</a>就係代表。但係絕對唔會同平民<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" title="漢族">漢人</a>進行。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>排名 </th> <th>稱號 </th> <th>人數 </th> <th>代表性人物 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="皇后">皇后</a> </td> <td>1人 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="東太后">東太后</a>（咸豐帝嘅皇后）<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E8%A3%95%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆裕皇太后 (無呢版)">隆裕皇太后</a>（光緒帝嘅皇后） </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E8%B2%B4%E5%A6%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇貴妃 (無呢版)">皇貴妃</a> </td> <td>1人 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%A6%83" title="貴妃">貴妃</a> </td> <td>最多2人 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西太后 (無呢版)">西太后</a>（咸豐帝嘅貴妃） </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%83" class="mw-redirect" title="妃">妃</a> </td> <td>最多4人 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝莊文皇后 (無呢版)">孝莊文皇后</a>（皇太極嘅妃）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83" title="珍妃">珍妃</a>（光緒帝嘅妃） </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嬪 (無呢版)">嬪</a> </td> <td>最多6人 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%BA_(%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貴人 (後宮) (無呢版)">貴人</a> </td> <td>最多12人 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常在 (無呢版)">常在</a> </td> <td>最多20人 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%94%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="答應 (無呢版)">答應</a> </td> <td>最多28人 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="年號"><span id=".E5.B9.B4.E8.99.9F"></span>年號</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 年號"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：[[:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E8%99%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD%E8%A1%A8_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元號一覽表 (中國) (無呢版)">元號一覽表 (中國)#清（後金）</a>|<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E8%99%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD%E8%A1%A8_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)_%C2%A7_%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元號一覽表 (中國) § 清（後金） (無呢版)">元號一覽表 (中國) § 清（後金）</a>]]</div> <p>清朝由明朝繼承咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一世一元之制 (無呢版)">一世一元之制</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改元 (無呢版)">踰年改元制</a>，所以每個皇帝只有一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F" title="年號">年號</a>（喺位期間重新即位做大清皇帝改年號嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>除外）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="順治帝">順治帝</a>之後入關嘅各個皇帝唔會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E8%99%9F" title="廟號">廟號</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9A%E8%99%9F" title="謚號">謚號</a>嚟稱呼，而係慣例用呢個皇帝時代嘅年號加「帝」字嚟稱呼。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="皇族嘅爵位"><span id=".E7.9A.87.E6.97.8F.E5.98.85.E7.88.B5.E4.BD.8D"></span>皇族嘅爵位</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 皇族嘅爵位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>和碩親王（hošoi cin wang、和碩親王）</li> <li>世子（šidzi、世子、親王嘅嗣子）</li> <li>多羅郡王（doroi giyūn wang、多羅郡王）</li> <li>長子（jangdzi、長子、郡王嘅嗣子）</li> <li>多羅貝勒（doroi beile、多羅貝勒）</li> <li>固山貝子（gūsai beise、固山貝子）</li> <li>鎮國公（gurun be dalire gung、鎮國公）</li> <li>輔國公（gurun de aisilara gung、輔國公）</li> <li>不入八分鎮國公（jakūn ubu de dosimbuhakū gurun be dalire gung、唔入八分鎮國公）</li> <li>不入八分輔國公（jakūn ubu de dosimbuhakū gurun de aisilara gung、唔入八分輔國公）</li> <li>鎮國將軍（gurun be dalire janggin、鎮國將軍）</li> <li>輔國將軍（gurun de aisilara janggin、輔國將軍）</li> <li>奉國將軍（gurun be tuwakiyara janggin、奉國將軍）</li> <li>奉恩將軍（kesi be tuwakiyara janggin、奉恩將軍）</li></ul> <p>清朝皇族嘅爵位通常每一代都會降一級。如果冇特別功勳，親王嘅仔會做郡王，郡王嘅仔會做貝勒，咁樣一直降落去。但係，如果有特別大嘅功勳嘅皇族就會獲准世襲，爵位唔會降，呢啲人就叫做鐵帽子王。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AE%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禮親王 (無呢版)">禮親王</a>（doronggo cin wang）家 - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">努爾哈赤</a>嘅第2個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E5%96%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代善 (無呢版)">代善</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%BF%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="睿親王 (無呢版)">睿親王</a>（mergen cin wang）家 - 努爾哈赤嘅第14個仔<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AB%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豫親王 (無呢版)">豫親王</a>（erke cin wang）家 - 努爾哈赤嘅第15個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多鐸 (無呢版)">多鐸</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%85%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肅親王 (無呢版)">肅親王</a>（fafungga cin wang）家 - <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>嘅長仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AA%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豪格 (無呢版)">豪格</a>做祖。清末出咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E5%96%84%E8%80%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅善耆 (無呢版)">善耆</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%B6%E8%8A%B3%E5%AD%90" title="川島芳子">川島芳子</a>父女。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%BF%E6%BE%A4%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="承澤親王 (無呢版)">承澤親王</a>（kesingge cin wang）家 - 皇太極嘅第5個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%A9%E5%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碩塞 (無呢版)">碩塞</a>做祖。之後改名做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%8A%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莊親王 (無呢版)">莊親王</a>家。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%AD%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄭親王 (無呢版)">鄭親王</a>（ujen cin wang）家 - 努爾哈赤個細佬舒爾哈齊嘅仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%9F%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="濟爾哈朗 (無呢版)">濟爾哈朗</a>做祖。出過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西太后 (無呢版)">西太后</a>嘅政敵<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%85%E9%A0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肅順 (無呢版)">肅順</a>同鄭親王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E7%AB%AF%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅端華 (無呢版)">端華</a>兩兄弟。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%A4%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克勤郡王 (無呢版)">克勤郡王</a>（kicehe giyūn wang）家 - 代善嘅長仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%B3%E8%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岳託 (無呢版)">岳託</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E6%89%BF%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順承郡王 (無呢版)">順承郡王</a>（dahashūn giyūn wang）家 - 代善個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E7%92%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩哈璘 (無呢版)">薩哈璘</a>嘅第2個仔勒克德渾做祖。</li></ul> <p>呢8家喺建國時有特別大嘅功勳，所以比其他皇族更加高級，叫做八大王家。睿親王家因為多爾袞想篡位而被廢除，但係喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>年間多爾袞平反之後重新建立。多爾袞同母細佬多鐸都因為連坐而降做郡王，但係喺乾隆年間平反之後都返到親王家。 </p><p>到咗清中期同末期，以下4家因為有功而獲准世襲，最後世襲王家變成12家： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A1%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怡親王 (無呢版)">怡親王</a>（urgun cin wang）家 - <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a>嘅第13個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A4%E7%A5%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅胤祥 (無呢版)">胤祥</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%AD%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恭親王 (無呢版)">恭親王</a>（gungnecuke cin wang）家 - <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="道光帝">道光帝</a>嘅第6個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%A8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅奕訢 (無呢版)">奕訢</a>做祖。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%87%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醇親王 (無呢版)">醇親王</a>（hatan cin wang）家 - 道光帝嘅第7個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E8%AD%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅奕譞 (無呢版)">奕譞</a>做祖。奕譞個仔做咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>，孫仔做咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅溥儀">宣統帝</a>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慶親王 (無呢版)">慶親王</a>（fengšen cin wang）家 - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>嘅第17個仔永璘做祖。永璘個孫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%95%E5%8A%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛新覺羅奕劻 (無呢版)">奕劻</a>喺清末做過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍機大臣 (無呢版)">軍機大臣</a>，好出色，所以成為世襲王家。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="官制"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E5.88.B6"></span>官制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 官制"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清初期，到康熙帝嘅時代為止，仲保留住部族合議制嘅制度，皇帝唔係完全集權嘅。呢個制度嘅象徵就係議政王大臣會議。呢個會議由旗王（八旗嘅首領）、皇族、宗族嘅有力者等實力派選出嚟開會，決定政治方針。喺呢個會議入面，皇帝都只係旗王之一，唔可以用無限權力。 </p><p>同呢個會議並行嘅係由明朝繼承嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內閣大學士 (無呢版)">內閣</a>制度。喺皇太極時代叫做內三院（bithe i ilan yamun），只係行政機關之一，要聽議政王大臣會議嘅決定。但係鍾意漢文化嘅順治帝將佢改名做內閣（dorgi yamun），成為最高行政機關，而議政王大臣會議就負責管理軍事。 </p><p>之後，雍正帝因為唔鍾意俾議政王大臣會議限制權力，就創立咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%99%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍機處 (無呢版)">軍機處</a>（coohai nashūn i ba）。軍機處同時管理軍事同行政，係皇帝嘅諮詢機關，建立咗完全嘅皇帝獨裁體制。權力俾軍機處奪走咗嘅議政王大臣會議喺<a href="/wiki/1792%E5%B9%B4" title="1792年">1792年</a>廢除。 </p><p>中央除咗軍機處之外，仲有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8" title="三省六部">六部</a>（ninggun jurgan）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內務府 (無呢版)">內務府</a>（dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun，負責宮廷嘅事務）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗人府 (無呢版)">宗人府</a>（uksun be kadalara yamun，負責皇族同宗族嘅事務）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理藩院 (無呢版)">理藩院</a>（tulergi golo be dasara jurgan，統管藩部。藩部下面會講）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都察院 (無呢版)">都察院</a>（uheri be baicara yamun，監察官員）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通政使司 (無呢版)">通政使司</a>（dasan be hafumbure yamun，審查上奏文）、大理寺（beidere be tuwacihiyara yamun，最高法院）。 </p><p>地方分為直屬皇帝嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%81_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="省 (行政區劃) (無呢版)">省</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藩部 (無呢版)">藩部</a>同滿洲人嘅故地旗地（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>）。滿洲同北京周圍作為皇帝直轄地進行統治，所以呢個地方叫做<b>中國</b>（滿語：Dulimbai Gurun，杜林拜古倫）<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/300px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/450px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/600px-%E8%90%AC%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%92%E8%B3%9C%E5%AE%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>準噶爾蒙古嘅札薩克諾顏</figcaption></figure> <p>藩部（tulergi golo）係皇太極首先令到南蒙古嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE" title="察哈爾">察哈爾</a>部歸順嗰陣設立咗蒙古衙門（monggo jurgan，蒙古衙門）嚟統治蒙古而開始嘅。之後，蒙古衙門改名做理藩院（tulergi golo be dasara yamun），令到北蒙古、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆維吾爾自治區">新疆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="西藏">西藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="青海省">青海</a>歸順之後，就統稱為藩部。基本上藩部會維持當地人嘅舊制度，任命當地嘅實力者做行政官，搞半自治，然後由理藩院喺上面管轄。特別係蒙古，歸順嘅勢力會根據八旗制重新編制成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E6%97%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盟旗制度 (無呢版)">盟旗制度</a>，以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9%E6%B0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博爾濟吉特氏 (無呢版)">博爾濟吉特氏</a>等王侯做「札薩克」即係首領，授予親王等爵位，同旗王一樣高嘅地位，俾佢哋好優待，形成同清一齊共同統治嘅形式。 </p><p>清初期全部投降嘅明朝武將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孔有德 (無呢版)">孔有德</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耿仲明 (無呢版)">耿仲明</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尚可喜 (無呢版)">尚可喜</a>嘅集團都會重新編制成同八旗一樣嘅組織，成為叫做天佑兵、天助兵嘅獨立軍團歸順。佢哋叫做三順王，同旗王一樣嘅待遇。之後<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82" title="吳三桂">吳三桂</a>加入，孔有德又死咗脫藩，變成三藩。但係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="三藩之亂">三藩之亂</a>之後，呢啲漢人軍團俾解散咗編入八旗漢軍，三藩嘅領地變成皇帝直轄。 </p><p> 省就差唔多同而家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>一樣。直隸（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河北省">河北省</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="江蘇省">江蘇省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="山西省">山西省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="山東省">山東省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河南省">河南省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西省">陝西省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肅省">甘肅省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="浙江省">浙江省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="江西省">江西省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="湖北省">湖北省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南省">湖南省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="四川省">四川省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="福建省">福建省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東省">廣東省</a>、廣西省（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%A3%AF%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="廣西壯族自治區">廣西壯族自治區</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="雲南省">雲南省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貴州省">貴州省</a>呢18個省（即係所謂嘅「十八省」）。但係到咗清末就會多咗。省下面有府（fu）、州（jeo）、縣（hiyan）。府、州、縣嘅長官分別叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知府 (無呢版)">知府</a>（fu i saraci）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知州 (無呢版)">知州</a>（jeo i saraci）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E7%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知縣 (無呢版)">知縣</a>（hiyan i saraci）。省嘅長官叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巡撫 (無呢版)">巡撫</a>（giyarime dasara amban），另外仲有管理幾個省嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="總督">總督</a>（uheri kadalara amban），兩個都負責州嘅民政同軍事。</p><div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%88%91%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提刑按察使司按察使 (無呢版)">提刑按察使司按察使</a></div> <p>滿洲人嘅故地滿洲地方係旗地（八旗嘅土地），唔設省，由黑龍江將軍（sahaliyan ula i jiyanggiyūn）、吉林將軍（girin i jiyanggiyūn）、盛京將軍（mukden i jiyanggiyūn）等人進行軍政，以免滿洲人嘅軍事力量弱化。仲要禁止漢人移居呢度，以免滿洲人同化成漢人。但係<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>之後嘅<a href="/wiki/1907%E5%B9%B4" title="1907年">1907年</a>，黑龍江將軍改做<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" title="黑龍江省">黑龍江行省</a>，吉林將軍改做<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林省">吉林省</a>，盛京將軍改做<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="奉天省">奉天省</a>，仲新設咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東三省總督 (無呢版)">東三省總督</a>，甚至由華北大量搬漢人農民嚟。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="滿漢並用官制"><span id=".E6.BB.BF.E6.BC.A2.E4.B8.A6.E7.94.A8.E5.AE.98.E5.88.B6"></span>滿漢並用官制</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 滿漢並用官制"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清朝政治要好小心點樣用少數嘅滿洲人去統治絕大多數嘅漢人。呢個政策嘅重點就係叫做滿漢並用官制嘅制度。每個職位都要安排同樣數目嘅滿洲人同漢人。呢個制度仲有互相監視嘅意思。 </p><p>清朝嘅官員職位分別有滿官缺（只有滿洲人可以做。以下類似）、蒙官缺（蒙古人）、漢軍官缺（屬於八旗嘅漢人）、漢官缺（唔屬於八旗嘅漢人）。另一方面，地方嘅巡撫、總督係滿漢並用，下面嘅知府以下多數用漢人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兵制"><span id=".E5.85.B5.E5.88.B6"></span>兵制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 兵制"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E5%98%85%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清嘅兵制 (無呢版)">清嘅兵制</a></div> <p>兵制係滿洲嘅軍制，八旗制度（jakūn gūsa）就係嗰個。佢仲有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%91%E7%87%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緑營 (無呢版)">緑營</a>作為補充。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%91%E7%87%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緑營 (無呢版)">緑營</a>係明朝兵制解散之後重組嘅，分散咗喺各個地方。詳情可以參考<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>嘅條目。不過，自從<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>之後，因為長期和平，八旗開始堕落，根據比例，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>越嚟越多，但佢哋嘅役務就越嚟越少，仲要農工商業等副業都係禁嘅，無役嘅旗地根本生活唔到，經濟上好窘迫，變得冇用。為咗解決呢啲問題，佢哋鼓勵旗人學滿洲話同埋接受騎射訓練，即係「文武兩道」。喺乾隆帝嗰陣，曾經有部分漢軍八旗轉為民籍嘅「漢軍出旗」政策，仲有將滿洲旗人送返滿洲嘅政策，但都失敗咗。 </p><p>之後<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白蓮教之亂 (無呢版)">白蓮教之亂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F" title="苗族">苗族</a>之亂等國內叛亂頻繁出現，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%89%E5%8B%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄉勇 (無呢版)">鄉勇</a>呢啲義勇兵開始替代八旗出現。鎮壓叛亂之後，鄉勇俾人叫返鄉下，但有啲流民為咗搵飯食而做兵，呢啲兵或者編入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%91%E7%87%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緑營 (無呢版)">緑營</a>，或者變成賊。 </p><p>喺後來嘅太平天國之亂期間，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘軍 (無呢版)">湘軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a>等有實力嘅私兵集團出嚟鎮壓，軍閥化越嚟越嚴重。之後嘅政府，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%9C%8B%E8%97%A9" title="曾國藩">曾國藩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>等軍閥嘅老細開始掌握權力，中央官僚機構，包括軍機處嘅權限都變得名存實亡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清朝行政區劃"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8D.80.E5.8A.83"></span>清朝行政區劃</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 清朝行政區劃"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/300px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/450px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/600px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>清朝最大版圖（1820年）。濃金色嗰部分係舊<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="明">明</a>朝地盤同埋漢人住嘅省同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="直隸">直隸</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0" title="中國內地">中國內地</a>），淺黃色嗰部分係旗地（即係<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>)同<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="維吾爾">維吾爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="西藏">西藏</a>等同君聯合地區。呢啲都係清朝全部領土。橙色嗰部分係<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="冊封國">冊封國</a>，粉紅色嗰部分係根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">尼布楚條約</a>有外交爭議嘅地區，紅色虛線係而家中華人民共和國嘅領土，包括同其他國家有爭議嘅地方。另外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>成個島都劃咗入去，但其實兩個地方都冇全部控制到。</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/450px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg/600px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">嘉慶二十五年（1820年）嘅行政區劃</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/300px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/450px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg/600px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">光緒三十四年（1908年）嘅行政區劃</div></div></div></div></div> <p>清朝接受各地統治者臣服，搞成同君聯合嘅體制。佢哋嘅領土好大，各地區之間差異又大，仲要包括好多民族，佢哋之間嘅關係都唔係咁好。所以行政區劃唔係一刀切，而係要「因時順地、變通斟酌」咁嚟搞<sup id="cite_ref-一統志序_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-一統志序-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>滿洲人作為主要統治者，佢哋保留咗中亞嘅「姓長制」，即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗制</a>。每個旗人都要歸入皇帝嘅上三旗或者皇族各旗王分封嘅下五旗。北京內城就係旗人（北京八旗）嘅地盤，每個旗都有自己嘅區域，仲要按滿洲→蒙古→漢軍嘅次序由宮城向外排。重要地方仲要駐防八旗看守。1645年開始由西安、南京等主要城市慢慢佔領。總共喺各省設立咗18個「滿城」，到1700年已經有12個，最後全部「滿城」都好似北京咁搞咗旗人隔離居住。派去駐防嘅兵要帶埋全家去，住喺有城牆圍住嘅地方，同當地漢人分開。 </p><p>畿輔駐防又叫直隸駐防，乾隆帝後期喺良鄉、昌平、水平、保定等25個地方駐紮咗8000人。東三省駐防分盛京、吉林、黑龍江三個。盛京駐防由盛京將軍管，喺盛京、遼陽、開原等40個地方駐紮咗1萬6000人。吉林駐防由吉林將軍管，有9000兵。黑龍江駐防嘅八旗兵同索倫兵加埋7000人，由黑龍江將軍管。 </p><p>各省駐防喺山東、山西、河南、江蘇、浙江、四川、福建、廣東、湖北、陝西、甘肅等11個省嘅20個城市駐紮，乾隆帝後期總共有4萬5000人。每個省駐防由各城市嘅將軍或者副都統管，每個省駐防大約有300到3000個兵。 </p><p>新疆駐防又叫西域兵，係征服咗準噶爾部同維吾爾部之後設立嘅。有1萬5000個兵，由伊犁將軍統領。 </p><p>皇帝直轄嘅地方，即係以前明朝嘅地盤，大多係漢人住嘅地方。呢度就沿用明朝嘅制度，搞「省—府—縣」三級制<sup id="cite_ref-清史稿地理一_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-清史稿地理一-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舊明朝地盤入面唔係漢人嘅民族就搵啲有威望嘅人做土司嚟管治<sup id="cite_ref-清史稿東北_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-清史稿東北-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BB%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:仮リンク (無呢版)">Template:仮リンク</a>就要睇當地嘅情況，但又要加強中央集權。 </p><p>臣服咗嘅蒙古就搞<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E6%97%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盟旗制度 (無呢版)">旗盟制</a>，畀蒙古王侯做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎薩克 (無呢版)">扎薩克</a>（札薩克）統治遊牧地。受保護嘅西藏就由達賴喇嘛嘅甘丹頗章自治，以宗（相當於清代嘅營、民國嘅縣）作為地方行政單位，分大中小三個等級。再喺宗下面設置國家直屬、貴族領地同寺院領地三種嘅夏克（或者叫夏）。 </p><p>新疆就喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊犁將軍 (無呢版)">伊犁將軍</a>下面設三個參贊大臣駐紮喺伊犁、塔爾巴哈台同喀什噶爾。烏魯木齊就設烏魯木齊都統。呢啲下面仲有辦事大臣、領隊大臣等職位，分別管理各個綠洲城市。各地方嘅基層行政就交畀當地有威望嘅人負責。早啲歸順清朝嘅哈密同吐魯番嘅統治者就俾扎薩克制度管，仲畀咗爵位，同蒙古人貴族有一樣嘅特權。喺塔里木盆地嘅各個綠洲城市嘅統治者都畀咗清朝嘅官職，搞伯克官人制，等佢哋自治，保留埋當地原有嘅社會結構。 </p><p>全國分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="內地十八省">內地十八省</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BB%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:仮リンク (無呢版)">Template:仮リンク</a>嘅5個管區、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BB%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:仮リンク (無呢版)">Template:仮リンク</a>嘅2個管區，加埋25個行政區劃，仲有內蒙古等嘅旗、盟。呢啲地方之間嘅來往都受到嚴格限制。只有八旗官僚先可以監督同正式出入呢啲地方，科舉高中嘅除外，漢人科舉官員就淨係可以管理舊明朝地盤。滿洲話就用嚟俾派去各地嘅八旗官員同中央聯絡。 </p><p>到咗清朝末期，列強入侵同埋漢人湧入藩部嘅情況越嚟越嚴重，舊有嘅行政制度已經管唔掂。呢個時候，清朝由「滿蒙聯盟統治漢人，保護西藏同伊斯蘭教」嘅體制，轉變成皇族同漢人有威望嘅人或者知識分子組成嘅「滿漢聯合政權」。佢哋用漢族有威望嘅人嚟搞改革，所以喺光緒年間，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新疆省 (無呢版)">新疆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="奉天省">奉天</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林省">吉林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" title="黑龍江省">黑龍江</a>相繼設省，用同內地一樣嘅行政制度，加強中央集權。呢啲省嘅巡撫等主要官職都由漢人擔任。咁樣搞法令到外藩部慢慢唔再接受清朝統治。到咗光緒三十四年（1908年），清朝轄下有22個省，仲有西藏、外蒙古、內蒙古、青海等地方。原本仲有計劃將蒙古同西藏都改做省，但係蒙古就搞咗獨立，西藏就喺清朝派兵加強控制嗰陣爆發咗辛亥革命，清朝冧咗，所以呢個計劃就冇得做。中華民國成立之後，蒙古同西藏都唔承認中華民國嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗主權 (無呢版)">宗主權</a>，分別靠蘇聯同英國嚟保持實質上嘅獨立狀態。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="內地嘅行政區劃"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E5.9C.B0.E5.98.85.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8D.80.E5.8A.83"></span>內地嘅行政區劃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 內地嘅行政區劃"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="內地十八省">內地十八省</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中國本土">中國本土</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0" title="中國內地">中國內地</a></div> <p>清朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" title="山海關">山海關</a>「入面」，即係長城以南大多數漢人住嘅地方叫做「內地」、「關內」或者「漢地」，仲有承襲明代「兩直十三省」嘅叫法，叫做「直省」。內地嘅行政區劃沿用咗明代嘅「省―府（州）―縣」三級制。最高級嘅一級政區係省，俗稱「行省」。以前叫做布政使司，但係隨住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使 (無呢版)">布政使</a>變成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%A3%E6%92%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="督撫 (無呢版)">督撫</a>嘅屬官，「布政使司」呢個名就慢慢俾「省」取代咗。到咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6_(%E6%B8%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉慶 (清) (無呢版)">嘉慶</a>年間編纂《一統志》嘅時候，「省」已經正式成為一級政區嘅稱呼。省下面嘅二級政區有府同直隸州。（同直隸州唔同）府下面嘅三級政區州（散州、屬州）底下就冇縣。即係話，呢個係單式三級制。清朝初年原本係臨時官員嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巡撫 (無呢版)">巡撫</a>取代咗布政使做省嘅最高長官。喺啲民族雜居或者戰略要地，仲設立咗新嘅政區叫「廳」，有省直轄嘅直隸廳，同埋府下面嘅散廳。少數直隸廳底下仲有縣。 </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">省／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布政使司 (無呢版)">布政使司</a><br />（行省）</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道員 (無呢版)">道</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直隸州 (無呢版)">直隸州</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9C_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="府 (行政區劃) (無呢版)">府</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B3_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廳 (行政區劃) (無呢版)">直隸廳</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" title="縣">縣</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散州 (無呢版)">散州</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" title="縣">縣</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B3_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廳 (行政區劃) (無呢版)">散廳</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行省"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E7.9C.81"></span>行省</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 行省"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>講到設省嘅問題，清朝基本上係跟住明代兩京同十三布政使司嘅做法，設咗山東、山西、河南、陝西、浙江、福建、江西、廣東、廣西、湖廣、四川、雲南、貴州十三省。順治元年（1644年）定都北京，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>就做咗留都（舊都）<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第二年（1645年）將北直隸改做直隸省，南直隸改做江南省。康熙三年（1664年），將湖廣分做湖北同湖南兩省。康熙六年（1667年），正式將江南省分做江蘇同安徽兩省。康熙七年設立甘肅省，咁就形成咗所謂嘅「內地十八省」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直隸省 (無呢版)">直隸省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="江蘇省">江蘇省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="安徽省">安徽省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="山西省">山西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="山東省">山東省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河南省">河南省</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西省">陝西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肅省">甘肅省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="浙江省">浙江省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="江西省">江西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="湖北省">湖北省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南省">湖南省</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="四川省">四川省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="福建省">福建省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東省">廣東省</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣西省 (清) (無呢版)">廣西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="雲南省">雲南省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貴州省">貴州省</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註"><span id=".E8.A8.BB"></span>註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 註"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chingshiko-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chingshiko_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《清史稿》、卷三、本紀三、太宗本紀二。「崇德元年夏四月乙酉，祭告天地，行受尊號禮，定有天下之號曰大清……」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">黃興濤：《重塑中華：近代中國「中華民族」觀念研究》，香港三聯書店有限公司，2017年7月10日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBpress3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JBpress3_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>JBpress3</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=523223">尼布楚條約</a>：「凡山南一帶，流入黑龍江之溪河，盡屬中國（中國）。山北一帶之溪河，盡屬鄂羅斯（俄羅斯）...將流入黑龍江之額爾古納河為界，河之南岸屬於中國（中國），河之北岸屬於鄂羅斯（俄羅斯）...中國（中國）所有鄂羅斯之人（俄羅斯人），鄂羅斯（俄羅斯）所有中國之人（中國人），仍留不必遣還」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-一統志序-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-一統志序_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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.zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREF道光帝" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="道光帝">道光帝</a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《『御製大清一統志序』》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">『</span>御</span><span class="zit3">製大清一統志序</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">』</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E5%BE%A1%E8%A3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%BF%97%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8F&rft.au=%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-清史稿地理一-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-清史稿地理一_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《『清史稿』志二十九地理一》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">『</span>清</span><span class="zit3">史稿</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">』</span>志</span><span class="zit3">二十九地理一</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E3%80%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-清史稿東北-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-清史稿東北_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《『清史稿』志三十、三十一、三十二地理志二、三、四》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">『</span>清</span><span class="zit3">史稿</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">』</span>志</span><span class="zit3">三十、三十一、三十二地理志二、三、四</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%E3%80%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">『大清一統志』盛京</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">清史稿地理一</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤 <code><ref></code> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <code><references group="lower-alpha"/></code> tag was found</span> </p>    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