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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornography_throughout_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_throughout_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Pornography throughout history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pornography_throughout_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pornography throughout history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pornography_throughout_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pornography_from_ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_from_ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pornography from ancient times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography_from_ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pornography_from_the_Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_from_the_Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Pornography from the Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography_from_the_Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornography_from_early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_from_early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pornography from early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography_from_early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pornography_in_the_Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_in_the_Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Pornography in the Victorian era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography_in_the_Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Criminalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_English_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_English_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 The English act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_English_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_American_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 The American act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steps_towards_liberalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steps_towards_liberalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Steps towards liberalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steps_towards_liberalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invention_of_photography_and_filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_of_photography_and_filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Invention of photography and filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_of_photography_and_filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Legalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissions_and_their_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissions_and_their_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Commissions and their findings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissions_and_their_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_magazines_in_legalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_magazines_in_legalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Role of magazines in legalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_magazines_in_legalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern-day pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adult_content_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_content_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Adult content classifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_content_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainstream_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mainstream pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indie_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indie_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Indie pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indie_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Commercialism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercialism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virtual_reality_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_reality_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Virtual reality pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_reality_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Consumption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consumption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 By Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_education_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_education_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 By education level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_education_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 By region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legality and regulations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality_and_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legality and regulations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legality_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-What_is_not_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_not_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 What is not pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_is_not_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Copyright status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STIs_prevention_and_safer_sex_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STIs_prevention_and_safer_sex_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 STIs prevention and safer sex practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STIs_prevention_and_safer_sex_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Views on pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_outlook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_outlook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Feminist outlook </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_outlook-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feminist outlook subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_outlook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Overall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Critical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-porn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-porn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Anti-porn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-porn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-porn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-porn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Pro-porn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-porn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_feminist_porn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_feminist_porn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Rise of feminist porn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_feminist_porn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pay_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Pay rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Psychological perspective </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_perspective-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychological perspective subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychoanalyst_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalyst_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Psychoanalyst views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalyst_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Religious attitudes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Critical aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_Porn_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_Porn_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Decline of the Porn Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_Porn_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.2 Journals and magazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_and_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_and_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.3 News and websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_and_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pornography</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إباحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إباحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograf%C3%ADa" title="Pornografía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pornografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograf%C3%ADa" title="Pornografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pornografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornoqrafiya" title="Pornoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pornoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="পর্নোগ্রাফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্নোগ্রাফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Парнаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парнаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Парнаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парнаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="पोर्नोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोर्नोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograpiya" title="Pornograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pornograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཆགས་སློང་རྩོམ་རིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆགས་སློང་རྩོམ་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografiezh" title="Pornografiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pornografiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograpiya" title="Pornograpiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pornograpiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograffi" title="Pornograffi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pornograffi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograafia" title="Pornograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pornograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πορνογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πορνογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograf%C3%ADa" title="Pornografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pornografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografio" title="Pornografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pornografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="پورنوگرافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پورنوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographie" title="Pornographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pornographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografy" title="Pornografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pornografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Pornagrafaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pornagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograf%C3%ADa" title="Pornografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pornografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="色情 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="色情" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="포르노그래피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르노그래피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոռնոգրաֆիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոռնոգրաֆիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="रतिचित्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रतिचित्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografio" title="Pornografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pornografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Порнографи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Порнографи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izithombe_ezincolile_Zobulili" title="Izithombe ezincolile Zobulili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izithombe ezincolile Zobulili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1m" title="Klám – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klám" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורנוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורנוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორნოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორნოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponografia" title="Ponografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ponografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograf%C3%AE" title="Pornografî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pornografî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographia" title="Pornographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pornographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornogr%C4%81fija" title="Pornogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pornogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographie" title="Pornographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pornographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornogr%C3%A1fia" title="Pornográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pornográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Порнографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Порнографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="പോണോഗ്രഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോണോഗ്രഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="रतिचित्रण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रतिचित्रण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორნოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორნოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بورنوجرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بورنوجرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbitan_lucah" title="Terbitan lucah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terbitan lucah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8A%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ညစ်ညမ်းရုပ်ပုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ညစ်ညမ်းရုပ်ပုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अश्लील चित्रण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अश्लील चित्रण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="ポルノグラフィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルノグラフィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografiya" title="Pornografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pornografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਾਹਸ਼ ਰਚਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਹਸ਼ ਰਚਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%89%DA%9A%D8%AA_(%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A)" title="بربنډښت (پورنوګرافي) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بربنډښت (پورنوګرافي)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografie" title="Pornografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pornografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Порноґрафія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Порноґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pornography" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornugraf%C3%ACa" title="Pornugrafìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pornugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pornography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%AB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Блѫдопись – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Блѫдопись" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%95%D9%86" title="پۆڕن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڕن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Порнографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Порнографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografija" title="Pornografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pornografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografia" title="Pornografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pornografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograpiya" title="Pornograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pornograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாலுணர்வுக் கிளர்ச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலுணர்வுக் கிளர்ச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81" title="งานลามก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานลามก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Порнография – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Порнография" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pornografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguamans%C9%9Bm" title="Aguamansɛm – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aguamansɛm" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Порнографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порнографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B4_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فحش نگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فحش نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografii" title="Pornografii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pornografii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%AAu_d%C3%A2m" title="Khiêu dâm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khiêu dâm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograpiya" title="Pornograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pornograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="色情 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="色情" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%B9%E6%BF%95%E5%98%A2" title="鹹濕嘢 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹹濕嘢" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornografiye" title="Pornografiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pornografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornograp%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Pornograpėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pornograpėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="色情作品 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色情作品" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pornography" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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navigation-not-searchable">"Porn" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Porn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Porn (disambiguation)">Porn (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pornography_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pornography (disambiguation)">Pornography (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XXX_P_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Circular icon with the letters "xxx"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/XXX_P_icon.svg/220px-XXX_P_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/XXX_P_icon.svg/330px-XXX_P_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/XXX_P_icon.svg/440px-XXX_P_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="22" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">XXX</a>" rating indicates pornography</figcaption></figure> Pornography (colloquially called porn or porno) is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_suggestiveness" title="Sexual suggestiveness">sexually suggestive</a> material, such as a picture, video, text, or audio, intended for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[a]</a> Made for consumption by adults, pornographic depictions have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, some forty millennia ago, to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sex" title="Virtual reality sex">virtual reality</a> presentations. A general distinction of adults-only sexual content is made, classifying it as pornography or <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">erotica</a>. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> considered pornographic were discovered in Germany in 2008 and are dated to be at least 35,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-oldest-2">[b]</a> Human enchantment with sexual imagery representations has been a constant throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">history</a>. However, the reception of such imagery varied according to the historical, cultural, and national contexts. The Indian Sanskrit text <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a> (3rd century CE) contained prose, poetry, and illustrations regarding sexual behavior, and the book was celebrated; while the British English text <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a> (1748), considered "the first original English prose pornography," has been one of the most prosecuted and banned books. In the late 19th century, a film by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> that depicted a <a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">kiss</a> was denounced as obscene in the United States, whereas <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou" title="Eugène Pirou">Eugène Pirou</a>'s 1896 film <a href="/wiki/Le_Coucher_de_la_Mari%C3%A9e" title="Le Coucher de la Mariée">Bedtime for the Bride</a> was received very favorably in France. Starting from the mid-twentieth century on, societal attitudes towards sexuality became lenient in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> where legal definitions of obscenity were made limited. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> became the first film to depict <a href="/wiki/Unsimulated_sex" title="Unsimulated sex">unsimulated sex</a> that received a wide theatrical release in the United States. This was followed by the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a>" (1969–1984). The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in the late 20th century led to global growth in the pornography business. Beginning in the 21st century, greater access to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">Internet</a> and affordable <a href="/wiki/Mobile_porn" title="Mobile porn">smartphones</a> made pornography more mainstream. Pornography has been vouched to provision a safe outlet for sexual desires that may not be satisfied within relationships and be a facilitator of sexual fulfillment in people who do not have a partner. Pornography consumption is found to induce psychological moods and emotions similar to those evoked during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">casual sex</a>. Pornography usage is considered a widespread recreational activity in-line with other digitally mediated activities such as use of social media or video games.<a href="#cite_note-use-3">[c]</a> People who regard porn as <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> material were identified as more likely not to use condoms in their own <a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">sex life</a>, thereby assuming a higher risk of contracting <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs); performers working for <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_studios" title="List of pornographic film studios">pornographic studios</a> undergo regular testing for STIs unlike much of the general public. Comparative studies indicate higher tolerance and consumption of pornography among adults tends to be associated with their greater support for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies#Groupings" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">feminist groups</a>, some seek to abolish pornography believing it to be harmful, while others oppose censorship efforts insisting it is benign. A <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> ascertained that pornography use is not a predictive factor in <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ipviolence-4">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porn_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Porn Studies">Porn Studies</a>, started in 2014, is the first international <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> dedicated to the critical study of "products and services" deemed pornographic. Pornography is a major influencer of people's perception of sex in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>; numerous pornographic websites rank among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_websites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited websites">top 50 most visited websites</a> worldwide. Called an "erotic engine", pornography has been noted for its key role in the development of various communication and media processing technologies. For being an early adopter of innovations and a provider of <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a>, the pornography industry has been cited to be a contributing factor in the adoption and popularization of media related technologies. The exact economic size of the porn industry in the early twenty-first century is unknown. In 2023, estimates of the total market value stood at over US$172 billion. The legality of pornography varies across countries. From the mid-2010s, unscrupulous pornography such as <a href="/wiki/Deepfake_pornography" title="Deepfake pornography">deepfake pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a> have become issues of concern. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2></div> The word pornography is a conglomerate of two ancient Greek words: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πόρνος">πόρνος</a> (pórnos) "fornicators", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:γράφειν">γράφειν</a> (gráphein) "writing, recording, or description".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201320-5">[1]</a> In Greek language, the term pornography connotes depiction of sexual activity;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023-6">[2]</a> no date is known for the first use of the term pornography, the earliest attested, most related word found is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πορνογράφος">πορνογράφος</a> (pornographos) i.e. "someone writing about harlots" in the 3rd century CE work <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipnosophists">Deipnosophists</a> by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1940-7">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthenaeus1927-8">[4]</a> The oldest published reference to the word pornography as in 'new pornographie,' is dated back to 1638 and is credited to <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Butter" title="Nathaniel Butter">Nathaniel Butter</a> in a history of the Fleet newspaper industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201321-9">[5]</a> The modern word pornography entered the English language as the more familiar word in 1842 via French "pornographie," from Greek "pornographos".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEetymonline2022-10">[6]</a> The term porn is an abbreviation of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023-6">[2]</a> The related term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:πόρνη">πόρνη</a> (pórnē) "prostitute" in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, originally meant "bought, purchased" similar to pernanai "to sell", from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">proto-Indo-European</a> root per-, "to hand over" — alluding to act of selling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023-6">[2]</a> The word pornography was originally used by <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical scholars</a> as "a bookish, and therefore inoffensive term for writing about prostitutes",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalvacchia2010-11">[7]</a> but its meaning was quickly expanded to include all forms of "objectionable or obscene material in art and literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalvacchia2010-11">[7]</a> In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a> published "a licentious painting" as the meaning for pornography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalvacchia2010-11">[7]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>: "obscene painting" (1842), "description of obscene matters, obscene publication" (1977 or earlier).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989-12">[8]</a> Definitions for the term "pornography" are varied, with people from both pro- and anti-pornography groups defining it either favorably or unfavorably, thus making any definition very <a href="/wiki/Stipulative_definition" title="Stipulative definition">stipulative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeByronLitsouIngham2020-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2015-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikkola20192-12-15">[11]</a> Nevertheless, academic researchers have defined pornography as sexual subject material such as a picture, video, text, or audio that is primarily intended to assist <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a> in the consumer, and is created and commercialized with "the consent of all persons involved".<a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[a]</a> Arousal is considered the primary objective, the raison d'etre a material must fulfill for it to be treated as pornographic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201319-19">[15]</a> As some people can feel aroused by an image that is not meant for sexual arousal and conversely cannot feel aroused by material that is clearly intended for arousal, the material that can be considered as pornography becomes subjective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201319-19">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pornography_throughout_history">Pornography throughout history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pornography_from_ancient_times">Pornography from ancient times</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History of human sexuality</a></div> Pornography is viewed by historians as a complex cultural formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey202231-20">[16]</a> Depictions of a sexual nature existed since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times as seen in <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudgley2000184-200-21">[17]</a> People across various civilizations created works that depicted explicit sex; these include artifacts, music, poetry, and murals among other things that are often intertwined with religious and supernatural themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a> The oldest artifacts, including the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>, which is considered to be borderline pornographic, were discovered in 2008 CE at a cave near Stuttgart in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> suggests they are at least 35,000 years old, from the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-oldest-2">[b]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG/170px-Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG/255px-Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG/340px-Venus_vom_Hohle_Fels-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a> may be an ancient example of pornographic work. Standing at approximately six centimeters tall and carved from mammoth ivory, the artifact is estimated to be at least 35,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-oldest-2">[b]</a></figcaption></figure> Vast number of artifacts discovered in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> region had explicit depictions of heterosexual sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998137-25">[21]</a> Glyptic art from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a> frequently showed scenes of frontal sex in the missionary position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a> In Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Ex-voto" title="Ex-voto">votive plaques</a> from the early second millennium (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 – c. 1500 BCE), a man is usually <a href="/wiki/Doggy_style#History_and_etymology" title="Doggy style">shown</a> penetrating a woman from behind while she bends over drinking beer through a straw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Middle Assyrian</a> lead votive <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a> often <a href="/wiki/Missionary_position#History" title="Missionary position">portrayed</a> a man standing and penetrating a woman as she rests on an altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a> Scholars have traditionally interpreted all these depictions as scenes of <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a> (an ancient sacred marriage between a god and a goddess), but they are more likely to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the Mesopotamian goddess of sex and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a> Many sexually explicit images, including models of male and female sexual organs were found in the temple of Inanna at <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992150-152-24">[20]</a> Depictions of sexual intercourse were not part of the general repertory of ancient Egyptian formal art, but rudimentary sketches of heterosexual intercourse have been found on pottery fragments and in graffiti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins1993189-190-26">[22]</a> The final two thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Turin_Erotic_Papyrus" title="Turin Erotic Papyrus">Turin Erotic Papyrus</a> (Papyrus 55001), an Egyptian papyrus scroll discovered at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins1993189-190-26">[22]</a> consists of a series of twelve <a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">vignettes</a> showing men and women in various <a href="/wiki/Sexual_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual position">sexual positions</a>. The scroll was probably painted in the Ramesside period (1292–1075 BCE) and its high artistic quality indicates that it was produced for a wealthy audience. No other similar scrolls have yet been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins1993189-190-26">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittore_schuwalow,_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica,_attica_430_ac_ca.,_da_locri_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG/73px-Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="73" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG/110px-Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG/146px-Pittore_schuwalow%2C_brocca_da_vino_con_scena_erotica%2C_attica_430_ac_ca.%2C_da_locri_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_(Boston_MFA_1970.233).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg/126px-Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg/189px-Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg/252px-Red-figure_kylix_erotic_scene_%28Boston_MFA_1970.233%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3468" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg/161px-Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg/242px-Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg/322px-Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2040" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure pottery</a>, invented in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, often portrayed erotic imagery as part of art works (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 530 BCE).</div></div></div></div> Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Stampolidis" title="Nikolaos Stampolidis">Nikolaos Stampolidis</a> had noted that the society of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> held lenient attitudes towards sexual representation in the fields of art and literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009-27">[23]</a> The Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Aphrodite" title="Ode to Aphrodite">Ode to Aphrodite</a> (600 BCE) is considered an earliest example of lesbian poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure pottery</a> invented in Greece (530 BCE) often portrayed images that displayed <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">eroticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroyBursteinDonlanRoberts1999110-28">[24]</a> The fifth-century BC comic <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> elaborated 106 ways of describing the male genitalia and in 91 ways the female genitalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009-27">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a> (411 BCE) is a sex-war comedy play performed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge200289-29">[25]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/89px-2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/134px-2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/178px-2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall,_Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg/135px-Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg/203px-Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg/270px-Mithuna_Kama_Erotic_carving_on_a_pillar_in_the_Thousand-Pillared_Hall%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG/136px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG/204px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG/272px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Erotic_sculptures,_Konark_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg/95px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg/143px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg/190px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple,_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg/169px-Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg/254px-Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg/338px-Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_temple%2C_Bejjanki_Telangana_-_59.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg/95px-11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg/143px-11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg/190px-11th_century_Bhoramdeo_temple_kama_scene_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/95px-1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/143px-1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg/190px-1_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Khajur%C3%A2ho_India_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene,_temple_roof_ruin,_Panagal_Group_of_Temples,_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg/125px-Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg/188px-Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg/250px-Mithuna_kama_woman_woman_sex_scene%2C_temple_roof_ruin%2C_Panagal_Group_of_Temples%2C_Telangana_India_-_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Erotic_sculptures,_Konark_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg/140px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg/210px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg/280px-Erotic_sculptures%2C_Konark_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hindus consider sexuality and spirituality as two aspects of the same internal fire that sustains <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, as well as enable its <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)#Hinduism" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Templex-30">[e]</a> Above: sculptures with <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> motifs in Hindu temples located across India (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 – c. 1600 CE).</div></div></div></div> In India, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> embraced an inquisitive attitude towards sex as an art and a spiritual ideal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder19965-40-31">[26]</a> Some ancient Hindu temples incorporated various aspects of sexuality into their art work. The temples at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments#Arts_and_sculpture" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark</a> are particularly renowned for their sculptures, which had detailed representations of human sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199633-32">[27]</a> These depictions were viewed with a spiritual outlook as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a> is believed to indicate the embodying of the divine.<a href="#cite_note-Templex-30">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199636-36">[31]</a> <blockquote> "pornography is sometimes characterised as the symptom of a degenerate society, but anyone even noddingly familiar with Greek vases or statues on ancient Hindu temples will know that so-called unnatural sex acts, orgies and all manner of complex liaisons have for millennia past been represented in art for the pleasure and inspiration of the viewer everywhere. The desire to ponder images of love-making is clearly innate in the human – perhaps particularly the male – psyche." — <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201323-37">[32]</a> </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a>, the word used to connote sexual desire, was explored in Indian literary works such as the <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a>, which dealt with the practical as well as the psychological aspects of human courtship and sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastleman2013-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2015-39">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text Kama sutra was compiled by the sage <a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana">Vatsyayana</a> into its final form sometime during the second half of the third century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonigerKakar2002xi–xii-40">[35]</a> This text, which included prose, poetry, as well as illustrations regarding erotic love and sexual behavior,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a> is one of the most celebrated Indian erotic works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199628-41">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratirahasya" title="Ratirahasya">Koka shastra</a> is another <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval Indian</a> work that explored kama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199633-32">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pornography_from_the_Roman_era">Pornography from the Roman era</h4></div> When large-scale archaeological excavations were undertaken in the ancient Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> during the 18th century, much of the <a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a> came to light, shocking the authorities who endeavored to hide them away from the general public. In 1821, the moveable objects were locked away in the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Museum">Secret Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and what could not be removed was either covered or cordoned off from public view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegreto2011-42">[37]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg/92px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg/138px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg/184px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2787" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg/132px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg/198px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg/264px-Roman_oil_Lamp_with_erotic_motif_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1954" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg/116px-LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg/174px-LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg/232px-LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG/145px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG/218px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG/290px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_00_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4277" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Doryphoros._Naples,_National_Archaeological_Museum._(49059407566).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg/127px-Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg/191px-Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg/254px-Doryphoros._Naples%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum._%2849059407566%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:70px;max-width:70px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venere_di_Sinuessa,_da_Mondragone,_s.n.,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG/68px-Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG/102px-Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG/136px-Venere_di_Sinuessa%2C_da_Mondragone%2C_s.n.%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="3402" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa,_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei,_1-50_dc_ca,_27705.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG/94px-Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG/141px-Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG/188px-Satiro_che_abbraccia_una_ninfa%2C_da_casa_degli_epigrammi_a_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca%2C_27705.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1544" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Museum_43_(14972956878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg/250px-Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg/375px-Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg/500px-Naples_Museum_43_%2814972956878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1308" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a> is often assumed to be characterized as having an "unlimited sexual license".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199365-43">[38]</a> Above: <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> works housed in museums (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1 – c. 300 CE).</div></div></div></div> Other examples of early art and literature of sexual nature include: <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a> (Art of Love), a second-century CE <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on the art of seduction and sensuality by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> the artifacts of the <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture#Gallery" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> people in Peru (100 CE to 800 CE);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a>, a collection of short stories, some of which are sexual in nature by the 14th-century Italian author <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> and the fifteenth-century Arabic sex manual <a href="/wiki/The_Perfumed_Garden" title="The Perfumed Garden">The Perfumed Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pornography_from_early_modern_era">Pornography from early modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_(c.1770)_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_(Housed_in_the_British_Museum)_Print,_shunga_(BM_OA%2B,0.83)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Young_woman_dreaming_of_an_erotic_encounter_%28c.1770%29_in_the_style_of_Harunobu_Suzuki_%28Housed_in_the_British_Museum%29_Print%2C_shunga_%28BM_OA%2B%2C0.83%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Japanese erotic art form <a href="/wiki/Shunga" title="Shunga">Shunga</a>. Housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1770 CE)</figcaption></figure> A highly developed culture of visual erotica flourished in Japan during the early modern era. From at least the 17th century, erotic artworks became part of the mainstream social culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Depictions of sexual intercourse were often presented on pictures that were meant to provide sex education for medical professionals, courtesans, and married couples. Makura-e (pillow pictures) were made for entertainment as well as for the guidance of married couples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> The ninth-century Japanese art form "<a href="/wiki/Shunga" title="Shunga">Shunga</a>", which depicted sexual acts on woodblock prints and paintings became so popular by the 18th century that the Japanese government began to issue official edicts against them. Even so, Japanese erotica flourished with the works of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu" title="Suzuki Harunobu">Suzuki Harunobu</a> achieving worldwide fame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201611-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Japanese censorship laws enacted in 1870 made the production of erotic works difficult. The laws remained in effect until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in 1945; nevertheless, pornography flourished through the sale of "erotic, grotesque, nonsense" (ero-guro-nansensu) periodicals, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> (1912–1926).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019361-362-45">[40]</a> From the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">pink films</a>, which portrayed sexual themes became popular in Japan. In 1981 the first Japanese Adult video (AV) was released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019362-46">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Japanese pornography</a> industry peaked in the early 2000s when about 30,000 AVs were made a year. From the mid-2010s, increased availability of free porn on the Internet led to a decline in the production of AVs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019362-46">[41]</a> Other forms of adult entertainment such as <a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">hentai</a>, which refers to pornographic <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">erotic video games</a> have become popular in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019362-46">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg/220px-Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg/330px-Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg/440px-Anime_girl_at_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pornographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pornographic">Japanese pornographic</a> art forms such as <a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">hentai</a> have been noted for expanding the horizons of what porn can constitute. Their ability to transport the audience away from the stresses of life into imaginary spaces that provide <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">sexual stimulation</a> has made them highly appealing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019362-46">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> work from the 16th century - <a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a> (The Ways) also known as The Sixteen Pleasures became famous for its <a href="/wiki/Engravings" class="mw-redirect" title="Engravings">engravings</a> that explicitly depicted <a href="/wiki/Sex_positions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex positions">sex positions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2004-47">[42]</a> The publication of this book was considered the beginning of print pornography in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20151-48">[43]</a> The second edition of this book was published in 1527, titled Aretino Postures, which combined erotic images with text - a first in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20151-48">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> called for the complete destruction of all the copies of the book and imprisonment of its author <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20151-48">[43]</a> With the development of <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in Europe, the publication of written and visual material, which was essentially pornographic began. <a href="/wiki/Heptam%C3%A9ron" title="Heptaméron">Heptaméron</a> written in French by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a> and published posthumously in 1558 is one of the earliest examples of salacious texts from this era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and advances in printing technology, the production of erotic material became popular enough that an underground marketplace for such works developed in England with a separate publishing and bookselling business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Historians have identified the 18th century as an age of pornographic opulence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey202277-49">[44]</a> Written by anonymous authors, the titles: The Progress of Nature (1744); The History of the Human Heart: or, the Adventures of a Young Gentleman (1749), which had descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">female ejaculation</a>; and The Child of Nature (1774) have been noted as prominent pornographic fictional works from this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey202274-75,_89-50">[45]</a> The book <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a> (1748), is considered "the first original English <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxon196545-51">[46]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic literary</a> work by <a href="/wiki/John_Cleland" title="John Cleland">John Cleland</a>, Fanny Hill was first published in England as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleland20107-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane200011-53">[48]</a> The novel has been one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2001273-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1983-55">[50]</a> The author John Cleland was charged for "corrupting the King's subjects."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2017-56">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/220px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/330px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/440px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a> (1748), considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel," has been one of the most prosecuted and banned books. Above: an illustration of Fanny Hill by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril" title="Édouard-Henri Avril">Édouard-Henri Avril</a> (1887).</figcaption></figure> At around the same time, erotic graphic art that began to be extensively produced in Paris came to be known in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> as "French postcards".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Enlightenment-era France had been noted by historians as the center of origin for modern-era pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey20227-57">[52]</a> The works of French pornography, which often concentrated on the education of an <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">ingénue</a> into <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a>, dominated the sale of sexually explicit content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey20228-58">[53]</a> The French sought to interlace narratives of sexual pleasure with philosophical and anti-establishment basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey20228-58">[53]</a> Political pornography began with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–99).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20152-59">[54]</a> Apart from the sexual component, pornography became a popular medium for protest against the social and political norms of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Pornography during this period was used to explore the ideas of sexual freedom for women and men, the various methods of contraception, and to expose the offenses of powerful royals and elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> The working and lower classes in France produced pornographic material en masse with themes of impotency, incest, and orgies that ridiculed the authority of the Church-State, aristocrats, priests, monks, and other royalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20152-59">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_(orgy_with_a_monk_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg/220px-Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg/330px-Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg/440px-Justine_ou_les_Malheurs_de_la_vertu_%28orgy_with_a_monk_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of monks indulging in <a href="/wiki/Orgy" title="Orgy">orgy</a>. From the French novel <a href="/wiki/Justine_(de_Sade_novel)" title="Justine (de Sade novel)">Justine</a> (1791). Pornography during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> became a medium for protest against the authorities.</figcaption></figure> One of the most important authors of socially radical pornography was the French aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a> (1740–1814), whose name helped derive the words "sadism" and "sadist". He advocated <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> sexuality and published writings that were critical of authorities, many of which contained pornographic content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201612-13-60">[55]</a> His work <a href="/wiki/Justine_(de_Sade_novel)" title="Justine (de Sade novel)">Justine</a> (1791) interlaced orgiastic scenes along with extensive debates on the ills of property and traditional hierarchy in society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pornography_in_the_Victorian_era">Pornography in the Victorian era</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> (1837–1901), the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">rotary printing press</a> made publication of books easier, many works of lascivious nature were published during this period often under pen names or anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201613-14-61">[56]</a> In 1837, the <a href="/wiki/Holywell_Street,_London" title="Holywell Street, London">Holywell Street</a> (known as "Booksellers' Row") in London had more than 50 shops that sold pornographic material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Many of the works published in the Victorian era are considered bold and graphic even by today's lenient standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201613-62">[57]</a> The English novel The Adventures, Intrigues, and Amours, of a Lady's Maid! written by anonymous "Herself" (c. 1838) professed the notion that <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> acts are more pleasurable for women than <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a> which is linked to painful and uncomfortable experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022156-160-63">[58]</a> Some of the popular publications from this era include: <a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_(magazine)" title="The Pearl (magazine)">The Pearl</a> (magazine of erotic tales and poems published from 1879 to 1881); <a href="/wiki/Gamiani" title="Gamiani">Gamiani, or Two Nights of Excess</a> (1870) by Alfred de Musset; and <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_Furs" title="Venus in Furs">Venus in Furs</a> (1870) by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, from whose name the term "<a href="/wiki/Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Masochism">masochism</a>" was derived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201613-14-61">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sins_of_the_Cities_of_the_Plain" title="The Sins of the Cities of the Plain">The Sins of the Cities of the Plain</a> (1881) is one of the first sole male homosexual literary work published in English, this work is said to have inspired another gay literary work <a href="/wiki/Teleny,_or_The_Reverse_of_the_Medal" title="Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal">Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal</a> (1893), whose authorship has often been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201613-62">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_Lust" title="The Romance of Lust">The Romance of Lust</a>, written <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymously</a> and published in four volumes during 1873–1876, contained graphical descriptions of themes detailing incest, homosexuality, and orgies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201614-64">[59]</a> Other publications from the Victorian era that included fetish and taboo themes such as <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochism</a> and 'cross-generational sex' are: <a href="/wiki/My_Secret_Life_(memoir)" title="My Secret Life (memoir)">My Secret Life</a> (1888–1894) and Forbidden Fruit (1898). On accusations of obscenity many of these works had been outlawed until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201614-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminalization">Criminalization</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_English_act">The English act</h4></div> The world's first law that criminalized pornography was the English <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1857" title="Obscene Publications Act 1857">Obscene Publications Act 1857</a>, enacted at the urging of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="Society for the Suppression of Vice">Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2003470-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201614-64">[59]</a> The act passed by the British Parliament in 1857 applied to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</a>. The act made the sale of obscene material a statutory offense, and gave the authorities the power to seize and destroy any material which they considered as obscene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202118-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20153-67">[62]</a> For centuries before, sexually explicit material was considered a domain that is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20151-48">[43]</a> When pornographic material flourished in the Victorian-era England, the affluent classes believed they are sensible enough to deal with it, unlike the lower working classes whom they thought would get distracted by such material and cease to be productive. Beliefs that masturbation would make people ill, insane, or become blind also flourished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201614-64">[59]</a> The obscenity act gave government officials the power to interfere in the private lives of people unlike any other law before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202118-66">[61]</a> Some of the people suspected for masturbation were forced to wear chastity devices. "Cures" and "treatment" for masturbation involved such measures like giving electric shock and applying carbolic acid to the clitoris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201614-64">[59]</a> The law was criticized for being established on still yet unproven claims that sexual material is noxious for people or public health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202118-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_American_act">The American act</h4></div> In 1865, the US postal service was seen as a "vehicle" for the transmission of materials that were deemed obscene by the American lawmakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiesberg20171-68">[63]</a> An act relating to the postal services was passed, which made people pay a fine of $500 for knowingly mailing any "obscene book, pamphlet, picture print, or other publication".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiesberg20172-69">[64]</a> From 1865 to up until the first three months of 1872, a total number of nine people were held for various charges of obscenity, with one person sentenced to prison for a year; while in the next ten months fifteen people were arrested under this law. This was partly due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Comstock" title="Anthony Comstock">Anthony Comstock</a>, who became a major figure in 1872 and held great power to control sexual related activities of people including the choice of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiesberg20172-3-70">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Act">Comstock Act</a> of 1873 is the American equivalent of the English Obscene Act.<a href="#cite_note-Comstock-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEskridge2002392-72">[67]</a> The anti-obscenity bill, drafted by Anthony Comstock, was debated for less than an hour in the US Congress before being passed into law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202122-73">[68]</a> Apart from the power to seize and destroy any material alleged to be obscene, the law made it possible for the authorities to make arrests over any perceived act of obscenity, which included possession of contraceptives by married couples. Reportedly in the US, 15 tons of books and 4 million pictures were destroyed, and about 15 people were driven to suicide with 4,000 arrests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202122-73">[68]</a> At least 55 people whom Comstock identified as abortionists got indicted under the Comstock act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiesberg20173-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steps_towards_liberalization">Steps towards liberalization</h4></div> The laws regarding pornography have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde19641-26-75">[70]</a> The English Act did not apply to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> continued to apply. Before the English Act, publication of obscene material was treated as a common law misdemeanor,<a href="#cite_note-rvcurl-76">[71]</a> this made effectively prosecuting authors and publishers difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde196414-77">[72]</a> However, neither the English, nor the United States Act defined what constituted "obscene", leaving this for the courts to determine.<a href="#cite_note-rvcurl-76">[71]</a> For implementing the Comstock act, the US courts used the British <a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin test</a> to define obscenity, the definition of which was first proposed in 1868, ten years after the passing of the English obscene act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20153-67">[62]</a> The definition became cemented in 1896 and continued until the mid-twentieth century. Starting from 1957 to 1997, the US Supreme Court made numerous judgments that redefined obscenity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202122-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEfindlaw2016-78">[73]</a> The nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail and trafficking of certain writings and images that were deemed pornographic. Although laws ordered the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale, the private possession and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offense until the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde196414-77">[72]</a> Historians have explored the role of pornography in determining <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiesberg2017-79">[74]</a> The Victorian attitude that pornography was only for a select few is seen in the wording of the <a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin test</a>, stemming from a court case in 1868, where it asked: "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2003-80">[75]</a> Although officially prohibited, the sale of sexual material nevertheless continued through "under the counter" means. Magazines specialising in a genre called "saucy and spicy" became popular during this time (1896 to 1955), titles of few popular magazines include; Wink: A Whirl of Girls, Flirt: A FRESH Magazine, and Snappy. Cover stories in these magazines featured segments such as "perky pin-ups" and "high-heel cuties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201616-81">[76]</a> Some of the popular erotic literary works from the twentieth century include the novels: <a href="/wiki/Story_of_the_Eye" title="Story of the Eye">Story of the Eye</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer_(novel)" title="Tropic of Cancer (novel)">Tropic of Cancer</a> (1934), <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn_(novel)" title="Tropic of Capricorn (novel)">Tropic of Capricorn</a> (1938), the French Histoire d'O (<a href="/wiki/Story_of_O" title="Story of O">Story of O</a>) (1954); and the short stories: <a href="/wiki/Delta_of_Venus" title="Delta of Venus">Delta of Venus</a> (1977), and <a href="/wiki/Little_Birds_(short_story_collection)" title="Little Birds (short story collection)">Little Birds</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201618-82">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invention_of_photography_and_filmography">Invention of photography and filmography</h4></div> After the invention of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, the birth of <a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">erotic photography</a> followed. The oldest surviving image of a pornographic photo is dated back to about 1846, described as to depict "a rather solemn man gingerly inserting his penis into the vagina of an equally solemn and middle-aged woman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201616-81">[76]</a> At one point of time, it was more expensive to purchase an erotic photograph than to hire a prostitute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> The Parisian <a href="/wiki/Demimonde" title="Demimonde">demimonde</a> included <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Morny" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Morny">Charles de Morny</a>, an early patron who delighted in acquiring and displaying erotic photos at large gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell2003195-84">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic film</a> production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. A pioneer of the motion picture camera, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, released various films, including <a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">The Kiss</a> that were denounced as obscene in late 19th century America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukore2020-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeltzer2016-86">[81]</a> Two of the earliest pioneers of pornographic films were <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou" title="Eugène Pirou">Eugène Pirou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kirchner" title="Albert Kirchner">Albert Kirchner</a>. Kirchner directed the earliest <a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions#Moving_pictures" title="History of erotic depictions">surviving pornographic film</a> for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film, <a href="/wiki/Le_Coucher_de_la_Mari%C3%A9e" title="Le Coucher de la Mariée">Le Coucher de la Mariée</a>, showed Louise Willy performing a <a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">striptease</a>. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films that showed women disrobing, and other filmmakers realized profits could be made from such films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottomore1996a-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottomore1996b-88">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legalization">Legalization</h3></div> Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to be liable for prosecution. Such films were produced illicitly by amateurs, starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film was risky as was their distribution, which was strictly private.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorliss2005-89">[84]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, during the 1960s, social attitudes towards sex and pornography slowly changed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021141-90">[85]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> repealed the obscenity laws on literature; this led to a decline in the sale of pornographic and erotic literature. Hoping for a similar effect, in the summer of 1969, legislators in Denmark abolished censorship on picture pornography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021140-91">[86]</a> thereby effectively becoming, from July 1, 1969, the first country that legalized pornography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheLocal2019-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenmark2005-93">[88]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, which was later prohibited in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENygaard2023-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrøiborg2020-95">[90]</a> The 1969 legislation, instead of resulting in a decline in pornography production, led to an explosion of investment in, and commercial production of pornography in Denmark, which made the country's name synonymous with sex and pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021140-91">[86]</a> The total <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> turnover of <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Denmark" title="Pornography in Denmark">pornography in Denmark</a> for the year 1969 was estimated at $50 million. Much of the pornographic material produced in Denmark was smuggled into other countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021144-96">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg/220px-Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg/330px-Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg/440px-Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>A selection of smuggled pornographic literature confiscated by Finnish customs authorities in 1969, Finland</figcaption></figure> In the United States, pornography is protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> unless it constitutes <a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">obscenity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">child pornography</a> that is produced with real children. Nevertheless, in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a> (1969), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> upheld the right of an adult to possess obscene material in private.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Subsequently, however, the Supreme Court rejected the claim that under Stanley there is a constitutional right to provide obscene material for private use<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> or to acquire it for private use.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> The right to possess obscene material does not imply the right to provide or acquire it, because the right to possess it "reflects no more than ... the law's 'solicitude to protect the privacies of the life within [the home]'".<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> became the first feature film to depict explicit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> that received a wide public theatrical release in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanby1969a-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanby1969b-102">[97]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Blue Movie was real. But it wasn't done as pornography—it was done as an exercise, an experiment. But I really do think movies should arouse you, should get you excited about people, should be prurient. Prurience is part of the machine. It keeps you happy. It keeps you running." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockris2003326-327-103">[98]</a></cite></div> </div> Film scholar <a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Linda Williams</a> remarked that prurience "is a key term in any discussion of moving-image sex since the sixties. Often it is the "interest" to which no one wants to own up".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester201491-104">[99]</a> In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association">Motion Picture Association of America</a> created a new film ratings system in which any film that was not approved by the association was released with an "X" rating. When pornographers began to release their productions with the rating X, the association adopted <a href="/wiki/List_of_NC-17_rated_films" title="List of NC-17 rated films">NC-17 rating</a> for adults only films, leaving the X rating to pornography. Later the invented gimmick rating "XXX" became a standard for pornographic material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinko20133-105">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commissions_and_their_findings">Commissions and their findings</h4></div> In 1970, the United States <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Obscenity_and_Pornography" title="President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography">President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography</a>, set up to study the effects of pornography, reported that there was "no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths or adults".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatalovichDaynes1998-106">[101]</a> The report further recommended against placing any restriction on the access of pornography by adults and suggested that legislation "should not seek to interfere with the right of adults who wish to do so to read, obtain, or view explicit sexual materials".<a href="#cite_note-President-107">[102]</a> Regarding the notion that sexually explicit content is improper, the Commission found it "inappropriate to adjust the level of adult communication to that considered suitable for children". The Supreme Court supported this view.<a href="#cite_note-President-107">[102]</a> In 1971, Sweden removed its obscenity clause. Further relaxation of legislations during the early 1970s in the US, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and other countries led to rise in pornography production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021144-96">[91]</a> The 1970s had been described by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Linda Williams</a> as 'the "Classical" Era of Theatrically Exhibited Porn', a time period now called the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonThorsenChow2021144-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> In 1979, the British <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Obscenity_and_Film_Censorship" title="Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship">Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship</a> better known as the Williams Committee, formed to review the laws concerning obscenity reported that pornography could not be harmful and to think anything else is to see pornography "out of proportion". The committee declared that existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped and so long as it is prohibited from children, adults should be free to consume pornography as they see fit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes2003-110">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Meese_Report" title="Meese Report">Meese Report</a> in 1986 argued against loosening restrictions on pornography in the US. The report was criticized as biased, inaccurate, and not credible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1987-111">[106]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> ruled in the <a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a> case that "filming sexual activity for sale" does not amount to <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and shall be given protection under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">first amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-HartChitaleRiggGoldstein2012-112">[107]</a> This ruling effectively legalized the production of <a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X-rated</a> adult content in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles county</a>, which by 2005 had emerged as the largest center in the world for the production of pornographic films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-HartChitaleRiggGoldstein2012-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSteinbergAynalemKerndt2011-113">[108]</a> Pornographic films appeared throughout the twentieth century. First as <a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">stag films</a> (1900–1940s), then as porn loops or short films for <a href="/wiki/Peep_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Peep shows">peep shows</a> (1960s), followed by as <a href="/wiki/Feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature films">feature films</a> for theatrical release in <a href="/wiki/Adult_movie_theater" title="Adult movie theater">adult movie theaters</a> (1970s), and as <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home videos</a> (1980s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201617-22-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_magazines_in_legalization">Role of magazines in legalization</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_magazine" title="Pornographic magazine">Pornographic magazines</a> published during the mid-twentieth century have been noted for playing an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2015-115">[110]</a> and the liberalization of laws and attitudes towards sexual representation in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201619-116">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a>, in 1953 published the first US issue of the <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, a magazine which as Hefner described is a "handbook for the urban male". The magazine contained images of nude women along with articles and interviews covering politics and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201618-82">[77]</a> Twelve years later, in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a> in the UK started his publication <a href="/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)" title="Penthouse (magazine)">Penthouse</a>, and published its first American issue in 1969 as a direct competitor to Playboy. In its early days, the images of naked women published in Playboy did not show any pubic hair or genitals. Penthouse became the first magazine to show pubic hair in 1970. Playboy followed the lead and there ensued a competition between the two magazines over publication of more racy pictures, a contest that eventually got labeled as the "<a href="/wiki/Pubic_Wars" title="Pubic Wars">Pubic Wars</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201619-116">[111]</a> <blockquote> "We were the first to show full frontal nudity. The first to expose the clitoris completely. I think we made a very serious contribution to the liberalization of laws and attitudes. <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> would not have gone as far as it does if it was not for us breaking the barriers. Much that has happened now in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> with respect to sexual advances is directly due to steps that we took." — <a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a>, Penthouse founder in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201619-116">[111]</a> </blockquote> The tussle between Playboy and Penthouse paled into obscurity when <a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a> started <a href="/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)" title="Hustler (magazine)">Hustler</a>, which became the first magazine to publish <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labial</a> "pink shots" in 1974. Hustler projected itself as the magazine for the working classes as opposed to the urban centered Playboy and Penthouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201620-117">[112]</a> During the same time in 1972, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown" title="Helen Gurley Brown">Helen Gurley Brown</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a> magazine, published a <a href="/wiki/Centerfold" title="Centerfold">centerfold</a> that featured actor <a href="/wiki/Burt_Reynolds" title="Burt Reynolds">Burt Reynolds</a> in nude. His popular pose has been later emulated by many other famous people. The success of Cosmo led to the launch of <a href="/wiki/Playgirl" title="Playgirl">Playgirl</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201620-117">[112]</a> At their peak, Playboy sold close to six million copies a month in the US, while Penthouse nearly five million. In the 2010s, as the market for printed versions of pornographic magazines declined, with Playboy selling about a million and Penthouse about a hundred thousand, many magazines became online publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomaiya2015-118">[113]</a> As of 2005, the best-selling US adult magazines maintained greater reach compared to most other non-pornographic magazines, and often ranked among top-sellers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel2005123-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern-day_pornography">Modern-day pornography</h3></div> Modern-day pornography began to take shape from the mid-1980s when the <a href="/wiki/History_of_personal_computers#The_early_1980s_and_home_computers" title="History of personal computers">first desktop computers</a> and public computer networks were released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> Since the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has made pornography more accessible and culturally visible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201134-121">[116]</a> Before the 90s, <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet newsgroups</a> served as the base for what has been called the "amateur revolution" where non-professionals from the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the help of digital cameras and the Internet, created and distributed their own pornographic content independent of mainstream networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201172-73-122">[117]</a> The use of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> became popular with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape navigator">Netscape navigator</a> in 1994. This development led to newer methods of pornography distribution and consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201135-123">[118]</a> The Internet turned out to be a popular source for pornography and was called the "Triple A-Engine" for offering consumers "anonymity, affordability, and accessibility", while driving the business of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> The notion of Internet being a medium abound with porn became popular enough that in 1995 <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> published a cover story titled "CYBERPORN" with the face of a shocked child as the cover photo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201146-124">[119]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Reno_v._ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno v. ACLU">Reno v. ACLU</a> (1997) ruling, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> upheld the legality of pornography distribution and consumption by adults over the Internet. The Court noted that government may not reduce the communication between adults to "only what is fit for children".<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20153-67">[62]</a> With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband connections</a>, much of the distribution networks of pornography moved online giving consumers anonymous access to a wide range of pornographic material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201134-121">[116]</a> To have better control over their content on the Internet some professional pornographers maintain their own websites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> Danni's Hard Drive started in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Danni_Ashe" title="Danni Ashe">Danni Ashe</a> is considered one of the earliest online pornographic websites, <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">coded</a> by Ashe – a former stripper and nude model, the website was reported by CNN to had generated revenues of $6.5 million by 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2023-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201135-123">[118]</a> According to some leading pornography providers on the Internet, customer subscription rates for a website would be about one in a thousand people who visit the site for a monthly fees averaging around $20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> Ashe said in an interview that her website employs 45 people and she expects to earn $8 million in 2001 alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">[123]</a> The total number of pornographic websites in 2000 were estimated to be more than 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> The development of <a href="/wiki/Streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming">streaming</a> sites, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> (P2P) networks, and tube sites led to a subsequent decline in the sale of <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> and adult magazines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201134-121">[116]</a> Starting in the 21st century, greater access to the Internet and affordable <a href="/wiki/Mobile_porn" title="Mobile porn">smartphones</a> made pornography more accessible and culturally mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchleifer2018-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeByronLitsouIngham2020-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020-130">[125]</a> The total number of pornographic websites in 2012 was estimated to be around 25 million comprising 12% of all the websites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2023-126">[121]</a> About 75 percent of households in the US gained Internet access by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020548-131">[126]</a> Data from 2015 suggests an increase in pornography consumption over the past few decades which is attributed to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">Internet pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2015-132">[127]</a> Technological advancements such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, smartphones, and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> have democratized the production and consumption of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaasonen201172-73-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201625-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription-based</a> service providers such as <a href="/wiki/OnlyFans" title="OnlyFans">OnlyFans</a>, founded in 2016, are becoming popular as the platforms for pornography trade in the digital era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShane2021-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201624-136">[131]</a> Apart from the professional pornographers, content creators on such platforms include others like;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShane2021-135">[130]</a> a physics teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGivernCosic2022-137">[132]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Renee_Gracie" title="Renee Gracie">race car driver</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2020-138">[133]</a> a woman undergoing cancer treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2023-139">[134]</a> In 2022, the total pornographic content accessible online was estimated to be over 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Terabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabytes">terabytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/AVN_(magazine)" title="AVN (magazine)">AVN</a> and <a href="/wiki/XBIZ" title="XBIZ">XBIZ</a> are the industry-specific organizations based in the US that provide information about the adult entertainment business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201633-141">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/XBIZ_Awards" title="XBIZ Awards">XBIZ Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/AVN_Awards" title="AVN Awards">AVN Awards</a>, analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_globes" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden globes">Golden globes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscars" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscars">Oscars</a>, are the two prominent award shows of the adult entertainment industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoga2010-143">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Free Speech Coalition">Free Speech Coalition</a> (FSC) is a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adult_Performer_Advocacy_Committee" title="Adult Performer Advocacy Committee">Adult Performer Advocacy Committee</a> (APAC) is a <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor union</a> for the adult entertainment industry based in the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201634-144">[139]</a> The scholarly study of pornography notably in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> is limited. <a href="/wiki/Porn_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Porn Studies">Porn Studies</a>, which began in 2014, is the first international <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> that is exclusively dedicated to the critical study of the "products and services" identified to constitute pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugdale2013-145">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_content_classifications">Adult content classifications</h3></div> Adult content is generally classified as either pornography or <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">erotica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeltzer2011-146">[141]</a> Considerations of distinctness between pornography and erotica is mostly subjective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Pornographic content is categorized as softcore or hardcore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a> contains depictions of <a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">nudity</a> but without explicit depiction of sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a> includes explicit depiction of sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20152-147">[142]</a> Hardcore porn is more regulated than softcore porn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20152-147">[142]</a> Softcore porn was popular between the 1970s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2021-148">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainstream_pornography">Mainstream pornography</h4></div> Pornography productions cater to consumers of various <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647-149">[144]</a> Nonetheless, pornography featuring heterosexual acts made for heterosexual consumers, comprise the bulk of what is called the "mainstream porn", marking the industry more or less as "<a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011-150">[145]</a> Mainstream pornography involves professional <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">performers</a> who work for various corporate <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_studios" title="List of pornographic film studios">film studios</a> in their respective productions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201631-151">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg/220px-Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg/330px-Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg/440px-Digital_Playground_Girls_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Mainstream pornography performers for the studio <a href="/wiki/Digital_Playground" title="Digital Playground">Digital Playground</a>. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Riley_Steele" title="Riley Steele">Riley Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoya" title="Stoya">Stoya</a>, BiBi Jones, <a href="/wiki/Kayden_Kross" title="Kayden Kross">Kayden Kross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jane" title="Jesse Jane">Jesse Jane</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo" title="AVN Adult Entertainment Expo">AVN Adult Entertainment Expo</a> (2012)</figcaption></figure> Mainstream pornography productions are usually classified as feature or gonzo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmis2001-152">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Features</a> involve storylines, characterizations, scripted dialog, elegant costumes, detailed sets, and soundtracks, which make the productions look similar to mainstream Hollywood productions but with the depictions of explicit sexual activity included.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmis2001-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201632-153">[148]</a> Features contain both original narratives as well as <a href="/wiki/Porn_parody" class="mw-redirect" title="Porn parody">parodies</a> that <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> mainstream feature films, TV shows, celebrities, video games or literary works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutter2009-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGQ2010-156">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gonzo_pornography" title="Gonzo pornography">Gonzo</a> is a form of content creation that attempts to put the viewer into the scene, this is commonly achieved by close-up camera work or performers talking to the audience; also called "wall-to-wall", gonzo involves some aspects of "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">breaking the fourth wall</a>" between the audience and performers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmis2001-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a> The term "gonzo" is often misused as a genre to identify demeaning depictions, however gonzo is a film-making style and not a genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a> Gonzo style is variably incorporated in the creation of all types or genres of adult content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a> Gonzos do not involve the expensive sets or the costly production values of features, which makes their production relatively inexpensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201632-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a> From the mid-2010s about 95 percent of porn productions are gonzo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indie_pornography">Indie pornography</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Porn_2.0" title="Porn 2.0">Porn 2.0</a></div> Pornography productions that are independent of mainstream <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_studios" title="List of pornographic film studios">pornographic studios</a> are classified as indie (or) independent pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201629-157">[152]</a> These productions cater to more specific audience, and often feature different scenarios and sexual activity compared to the mainstream porn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201629-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011-150">[145]</a> The performers in indie porn include real-life couples and regular people, who sometimes work in partnership with other performers. Apart from content creation the performers do the background work such as <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videography</a>, editing, <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> themselves, and distribute under their own brand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201629-157">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paysite" title="Paysite">Paysites</a> like Clips4Sale.com, MakeLoveNotPorn.tv, and PinkLabel.tv provide a platform to the web-based content of independent pornographers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201630-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarinaGlassman-hughesKibbe2023-159">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3></div> Pornography encompasses a wide variety of genres providing for an enormous range of consumer tastes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151–4-160">[155]</a> Most of the genres or types are named according to the depiction of sexual activity, these include: <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">creampie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cum_shot" title="Cum shot">cum shot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_penetration" title="Double penetration">double penetration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">fisting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threesome" title="Threesome">threesome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4-161">[156]</a> Categorizations based on the age of the performers include: teens, <a href="/wiki/MILF_pornography" title="MILF pornography">milf</a>, mature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4-161">[156]</a> Other categorizations based on gender and sexual identity include: <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erotica#Pornography" title="Lesbian erotica">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">transsexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shemale" title="Shemale">shemale</a>; while those based on race include: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">ethnic</a>, interracial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4-161">[156]</a> Others include: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormon2014-162">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">zombie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGlottenVangundy2013-163">[158]</a> Pornography also features numerous fetishes like: "'fat' porn, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">amateur porn</a>, disabled porn, <a href="/wiki/Porn_for_women" title="Porn for women">porn produced by women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer_pornography" title="Queer pornography">queer porn</a>, <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a>."<a href="#cite_note-164">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialism">Commercialism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></div> Pornography is commercialized mainly through the sale of <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">pornographic films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> Many adult films had theatrical releases during the 1970s corresponding with the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> A 1970 federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than $5 million to $10 million.<a href="#cite_note-President-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> The release of the <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a> for the mass market in 1975 marked the shift of people from watching porn in <a href="/wiki/Adult_movie_theater" title="Adult movie theater">adult movie theaters</a>, to the confines of their houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> brought down the production quality through the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> Starting in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">Internet</a> eased the access to pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> model enabled people to buy adult content directly from cable and satellite TV service providers. According to <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> Television network report, in 1999 adult pay-per-view services made $367 million, which was six times more than the $54 million earned in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> Although this development resulted in a decline in rentals, the revenues generated over the Internet, provided much financial gains for pornography producers and credit card companies among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> By the mid-1990s, the adult film industry had agents for performers, production teams, distributors, advertisers, industry magazines, and trade associations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in the late twentieth century led to global growth in the pornography business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoopersmith2006-165">[159]</a> Performers got multi-film contracts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester Research</a> reported that online "adult content" industry's estimated annual revenue is at $750 million to $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckman2001-166">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg/182px-AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg/273px-AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg/364px-AmsterdamLasseBraun1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2433" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sexkino_Odense.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sexkino_Odense.JPG/182px-Sexkino_Odense.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sexkino_Odense.JPG/273px-Sexkino_Odense.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sexkino_Odense.JPG/364px-Sexkino_Odense.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2224" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Sexshop,_Groningen_(2018)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg/76px-Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg/114px-Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg/152px-Delta_Sexshop%2C_Groningen_%282018%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="4160" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg/102px-Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg/153px-Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg/204px-Shinjuku_sex_shop_dsc04912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara,_Tokio_2002_(516938442).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg/181px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg/272px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg/362px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A5%AD_Akihabara%2C_Tokio_2002_%28516938442%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg/112px-Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg/168px-Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg/224px-Trump_dildo_in_Amsterdam_sex_shop_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex_shops,_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy,_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg/252px-Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg/378px-Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg/504px-Sex_shops%2C_49_Boulevard_de_Clichy%2C_Paris_24_August_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sex_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex shops">Sex shops</a> engaged in the sale of adult entertainment products helped in the overall commercialization of pornography.</div></div></div></div> Retail stores or <a href="/wiki/Sex_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex shops">sex shops</a> engaged in the sale of adult entertainment material ranging from videos, magazines, <a href="/wiki/Sex_toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex toys">sex toys</a> and other products, significantly contributed to the overall commercialization of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> Sex shops sell their products on both <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> and on specialized websites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Commercialization of pornography </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid purple;">Pornography </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_magazine" title="Pornographic magazine">magazines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_art" title="Erotic art">artwork</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">photography</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/ASMR#Etymology" title="ASMR">audio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">internet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">film/videos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Adult_movie_theater" title="Adult movie theater">adult movie theaters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan#Anime" title="Pornography in Japan">animation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">sex shops</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1.5px solid purple;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1.5px solid purple;border-bottom:1.5px solid purple;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">video games</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;">(commercialized via) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 2000, the total annual revenue from the sales and rentals of pornographic material in the US was estimated to be over $4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> industry through the sale of adult movies to their customers as part of room service, over pay-per-view channels, had generated an annual income of about $180-$190 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a> Some of the major companies and hotel chains that were involved in the sale of adult films over pay-per-view platforms include; <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> from <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Media" title="Liberty Media">Liberty Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriott_International" title="Marriott International">Marriott International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westin_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Westin Hotels & Resorts">Westin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide" title="Hilton Worldwide">Hilton Worldwide</a>. The companies said their services are in response to a growing American market that wanted pornography delivered at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">[123]</a> Studies in 2001 had put the total US annual revenue (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckman2001-166">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> The production and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribution</a> of pornography are economic activities of some importance. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> is regarded as the industry center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge1996-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZook2005-168">[162]</a> Other pornography production centers in the world are located in Florida (US), Brazil, Czech Republic, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSteinbergAynalemKerndt2011-113">[108]</a> In the United States, the pornography industry employs about 20,000 people including 2,000 to 3,000 performers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201649-169">[163]</a> and is centered in the <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> of Los Angeles. By 2005, it became the largest pornography production center in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-HartChitaleRiggGoldstein2012-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSteinbergAynalemKerndt2011-113">[108]</a> Apart from regular media coverage, the industry in the US receives considerable attention from private organizations, government agencies, and political organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN15_July_1999-170">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg/240px-Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg/360px-Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg/480px-Porn_DVD_and_books_vending_machines_in_a_Japanese_backwoods_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> in Japan selling adult entertainment products. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">pornography in Japan</a> was estimated to be worth over $20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrusiewicz2018-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019361-172">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2011, pornography was becoming one of the biggest businesses in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Orlando2011-173">[167]</a> In 2014, the porn industry was believed to bring in at least $13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzymanskiStewart-Richardson2014-174">[168]</a> Through the 2010s, many pornography production companies and top pornographic websites such as <a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>, <a href="/wiki/RedTube" title="RedTube">RedTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouPorn" title="YouPorn">YouPorn</a> have been acquired by <a href="/wiki/MindGeek" class="mw-redirect" title="MindGeek">MindGeek</a>, a company that has been described as "a monopoly" in the pornography business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach2014-175">[169]</a> This development was identified as a problem. According to Marina Adshade, a professor from the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_School_of_Economics" title="Vancouver School of Economics">Vancouver School of Economics</a> and the author of Dollars and Sex: How economics influences sex and love, having a monopoly in the pornography business has forced the producers to reduce their charges, and radically changed the work of performers "who are now under greater pressure to perform acts that they would have been able to refuse in the past", all at a lower price without profits for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> Online pornography is available both for a fee and free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> The availability of free porn on the Internet has led to a decline in the business of mainstream pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp202011-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> Piracy is estimated to result in losses of some $2 billion a year for the porn industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> Budgets of many studios reduced considerably and contracts for performers became less common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> Reportedly, applications by established <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornography_companies" title="List of pornography companies">pornography companies</a> for porn-shoot permits in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a> fell by 95 percent during the period 2012 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp202011-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> According to Mark Spiegler, an adult talent agent, in the early 2000s female performers made about $100,000 a year. By 2017, the amount is about $50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> The technological era led to decline of the studio and "the rise of the pornography worker herself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022215-177">[171]</a> Newer ways of monetization have opened for the pornography workers who are taking the path of entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022215-177">[171]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Jameson" title="Jenna Jameson">Jenna Jameson</a> signed her first contract with the porn studio <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Pictures" title="Wicked Pictures">Wicked Pictures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> After building a brand image for herself she started her own company <a href="/wiki/ClubJenna" class="mw-redirect" title="ClubJenna">ClubJenna</a>, which by 2005 was reportedly earning an annual revenue of $30-$35 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> "Performers are hustlers now," said <a href="/wiki/Chanel_Preston" title="Chanel Preston">Chanel Preston</a> (a performer who was also chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Adult_Performer_Advocacy_Committee" title="Adult Performer Advocacy Committee">Adult Performer Advocacy Committee</a>), while noting that performers have to be creative to sustain their income and reach audience, both of which, she said are mainly achieved through "feature dancing, selling merchandise, webcamming", among other activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> "Custom" pornography made according to the requests of customer clients has emerged as one new business niche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> The average career for the new age performer lasts about four to six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> Before moving on to the business side, adult performers use studio works to advertise and build a brand image for themselves. They acquire an audience who would later pay at personal website or <a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">webcam performances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022215-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">[129]</a> Commercial webcamming, which emerged in the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023195-178">[172]</a> as a niche sector in the adult entertainment industry, grew to become a multibillion-dollar business by the mid-2020s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer202314-179">[173]</a> The exact economic size of the porn industry in the early-twenty-first century is unknown to anyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2023-126">[121]</a> Kassia Wosick, a sociologist from New Mexico State University, estimated the global porn market value at $97 billion in 2015, with the US revenue estimated at $10 and $12 billion. IBISWorld, a leading researcher of various markets and industries, calculated total US revenue to reach $3.3 billion by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2023-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENBCnews20_January_2015-180">[174]</a> On the basis of a research report by a market analysis firm, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> published that the estimated worth of the adult entertainment industry market in 2023 is over $172 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2024-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> Pornographers have taken advantage of each major technological advancement for the production and distribution of their services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20103-182">[176]</a> Pornography has been called an "erotic engine" and a driving force in the development of various media related technologies from the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, through photography (still and motion), to <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">Home video</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20101,10-183">[177]</a> One of the world's leading anti-pornography campaigners, <a href="/wiki/Gail_Dines" title="Gail Dines">Gail Dines</a>, has stated that "the demand for porn has driven the development of core cross-platform technologies for <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micro-payments</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201323-37">[32]</a> Many of the technological developments that had been led by pornography have benefited other fields of human activity too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201323-37">[32]</a> In the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Pictures" title="Wicked Pictures">Wicked Pictures</a> pushed for the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> file format ahead of others, this later became the most commonly used format across high-speed Internet connections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011210-184">[178]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Visual" title="Pink Visual">Pink Visual</a> became one of the first companies to license and produce content with a software introduced by a small Toronto-based company called "Spatial view", which later made it possible to view <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D content</a> on <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak201114-185">[179]</a> As an early adopter of innovations, the pornography industry has been cited to be a crucial factor in the development and popularization of various media processing and communication technologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak201114-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201310-186">[180]</a> From innovative smaller film cameras, to the <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCRs</a>, and the Internet, the porn industry has employed newer technologies much ahead than other commercial industries, this early adoption provided the developers their early <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a>, which aided in the further development of these technologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak20114-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20102-188">[182]</a> The success of innovative technologies is predicted by their greater use in the porn industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN11_March_2014-189">[183]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The way you know if your technology is good and solid is if it's doing well in the porn world. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Susan Struble, spokesperson of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011198-190">[184]</a></cite></div> </div> Pornographic content accounted for most <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> sales during the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> The pornography industry has been considered an influential factor in deciding the <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">format wars</a> in media, including being a factor in the <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> format war (the <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">videotape format war</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMearian2006-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2007-192">[186]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> format war (the <a href="/wiki/High_definition_optical_disc_format_war" class="mw-redirect" title="High definition optical disc format war">high-def format war</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMearian2006-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2007-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner2007-193">[187]</a> Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution of material, is of great concern to the porn industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHymes2009-194">[188]</a> The industry has been the subject of many litigations and formalized anti-piracy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernes2014a-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN13_May_2014-196">[190]</a> Many of the innovative data rendering procedures, enhanced payment systems, customer service models, and security methods developed by pornography companies have been co-opted by other mainstream businesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011210-211-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20101-198">[192]</a> Pornography companies served as the basis for a large number of innovations in <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a>. Much of the <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT work</a> in porn companies is done by people who are referred to as a "porn webmaster", often paid well in what are small businesses, they have more freedom to test innovations compared to other IT employees in larger organizations who tend to be risk-averse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011212-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virtual_reality_pornography">Virtual reality pornography</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sex" title="Virtual reality sex">Virtual reality sex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg/220px-Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg/330px-Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg/440px-Venus_Berlin_2018_237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Attendees viewing <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> pornography at the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Berlin" title="Venus Berlin">Venus Berlin</a> adult entertainment convention, 2018</figcaption></figure> Some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated</a> pornography was conceived very early as one of the obvious areas of application for computer graphics. Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment as the modeling and animation software matured, and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. Further advances in technology allowed increasingly photorealistic 3D figures to be used in interactive pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019b-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrueger2017-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2017-202">[196]</a> The first pornographic film to be shot in 3D was <a href="/wiki/3D_Sex_and_Zen:_Extreme_Ecstasy" title="3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy">3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy</a>, released on 14 April 2011, in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent10_August_2010-203">[197]</a> The various mediums for pornography depictions have evolved throughout the course of history, starting from prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a>, about forty millennia ago, to futuristic <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sex" title="Virtual reality sex">virtual reality</a> renditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2020-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2021-205">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20101-198">[192]</a> Experts in the pornography business predict more people in the future would consume porn through <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">virtual reality headsets</a>, which are expected to give consumers better personal experiences than they can have in the real world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2017-202">[196]</a> Speculations are rife about an increased presence of <a href="/wiki/Sex_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex robots">sex robots</a> in the future pornography productions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarford2019-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2></div> Pornography is a product made by adults-for the consumption by adults,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2016-206">[200]</a> the consumption of which has become more common among people due to the expansive use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">[201]</a> About 90% of pornography is consumed on the Internet with consumers preferring content that is in tune with their <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdeM2009-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012-209">[203]</a> Pornography has been found to be a significant influencer of people's ideas about sex in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020-130">[125]</a> Pornographic websites rank among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_websites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited websites">top 50 most visited websites</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBőtheTóth-KirályZsilaGriffiths2017-210">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/XVideos" title="XVideos">XVideos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a> are the two most visited pornographic websites worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMalicFuPaul2022-211">[205]</a> Pornography consumption in people is found to induce "psychological moods and emotions" similar to those evoked during actual <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">casual sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurtăverdeJonasonGiosanEne2021-212">[206]</a> Researchers identified four broad motivating factors for pornography consumption: an innate sexual drive or desire, to learn about sex and improve ones own sexual performance, peer pressure or social groups, lack of sexual relationship or absence of partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurtăverdeJonasonGiosanEne2021-212">[206]</a> Majority of pornography consumers tend to be male, unmarried, with higher levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring2009-120">[115]</a> Younger people are more frequent consumers of porn than older people. There's been a gradual increase in the consumption rates across different age groups with the increased availability of free porn over the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20237-213">[207]</a> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> ascertained that on viewing pornographic content, men reached their maximum <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">arousal</a> in about 11 minutes and women in about 12 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue2009-214">[208]</a> An average visit to a pornographic website lasts for 11.6 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2009212-215">[209]</a> Both marriage and divorce are found to be associated with lower subscription rates for adult entertainment websites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2009217-216">[210]</a> Subscriptions are more widespread in regions that have higher measures of <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2009218-217">[211]</a> Pornographic websites are most often visited during office hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontopoli2010-218">[212]</a> As per a recent CNBC report, seventy per cent of online-porn access in the US happens between nine-to-five hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2016-108">[103]</a> Sexual arousal and sexual enhancement tend to be the primary motivations among the self-reported reasons by users for their pornography consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">[201]</a> Studies had found that greater levels of psychological distress leads to higher rates of pornography consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">[201]</a> Pornography may provide a temporary relief from <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>. A need to assuage <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a> is also found to result in higher consumption of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erotikk-sjokk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Erotikk-sjokk.jpg/220px-Erotikk-sjokk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Erotikk-sjokk.jpg/330px-Erotikk-sjokk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Erotikk-sjokk.jpg/440px-Erotikk-sjokk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Pornography use is considered a widespread recreational activity among people in-line with other digitally mediated activities such as use of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-use-3">[c]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Gender">By Gender</h3></div> A study of Austrian adults found that men consume pornography more frequently than women. The intent for consumption may vary, with men being more likely to use pornography as a stimulant for sexual arousal during solitary sexual activity, while women are more likely to use pornography as a source of information or entertainment, and rather prefer using it together with a partner to enhance <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">sexual stimulation</a> during partnered sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_function" title="Sexual function">sexual functioning</a> defined as "a person's ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure" is greater in women who consume pornography frequently than in women who do not. No such association was noticed in men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Women who consume pornography are more likely to know about their own sexual interests and desires, and in turn be willing and able to communicate them during partnered sexual activity, it has been reported that in women the ability to communicate their sexual preferences is associated with greater sexual satisfaction for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Pornographic material is found to expand the sexual repertoire in women by making them learn new rewarding sexual behaviors such as <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoral</a> stimulation and enhance their overall "sexual flexibility".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Women who consume pornography frequently are more easily aroused during partnered sex and are more likely to engage in <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> compared to the women who do not view pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Women users of pornography had reported (almost 50%) to have had engaged in <a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">cunnilingus</a>, which research suggests is related to <a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality#Orgasm" title="Human female sexuality">female orgasm</a>, and to have had experienced orgasms more frequently than women who do not use pornography (87% vs. 64%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMalicFuPaul2022-211">[205]</a> Most people, probably do not consider pornography use by a partner as indulging in infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith2014-220">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_education_level">By education level</h3></div> A two year long survey (2018–2020) conducted to assess the role of pornography in the lives of highly educated medical university students, with median age of 24, in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> found that pornography served as an inspiration for many students in their <a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">sex life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">[135]</a> Pornography use among students was higher in males than in females, among the male students those who did not cheat on their partner or contracted an <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STI</a> were found to be more frequent consumers of pornography. Although pornography use was more common among men, associations between pornography use and sexuality were more apparent in women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">[135]</a> Among the female students, those who reported to be satisfied with their physical appearance have consumed three times as much pornography than the female students who had reported to be dissatisfied with their body. A feeling of physical inadequacy was found to be a restraining factor in the consumption of pornography. Female students who consume pornography more often had reported to have had multiple sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">[135]</a> Both female and male students who enjoyed the experience of <a href="/wiki/Anal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intercourse">anal intercourse</a> in their life were reported to be frequent consumers of pornography. Sexual content depicting bondage, domination, or violence was consumed by only a minority of 10%. More sexual openness and less sexual anxiety was observed in students who regularly consumed pornography. No association was noticed between regular pornography use and experience of sexual dissatisfaction in either female or male students. This finding was in concurrence with another finding from a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a>, which demonstrated most pornography consumers differentiate pornographic sex from real partnered sex and do not experience diminishing satisfaction with their sex life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3></div> A vast majority of men and considerable number of women in the US use porn.<a href="#cite_note-222">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubbsPerryGrant_WeinandyKraus2021-223">[216]</a> A study in 2008 found that among University students aged 18 to 26 located in six college sites across the United States, 67% of young men and 49% of young women approved pornography viewing, with nearly 9 out of 10 men (87%) and 31% women reportedly using pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollPadilla-WalkerNelsonOlson2008-224">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> reported in 2013 that porn websites registered higher number of visitors than Netflix, Amazon, and Twitter combined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinman2013-225">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThousand2011-226">[219]</a> A 2014 poll, which asked Americans when they had "last intentionally looked at pornography", elicited a result that 46% of men and 16% of women in the age group of 18–39 did so in the past week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20237-213">[207]</a> A 2016 study reported that about 70% of men and 34% of women in romantic relationships use pornography annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawlessKarantzasKnox2023-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll surveys conducted over the years 2011 to 2018 noted a gradual increase in the acceptance rates of pornography among the general American public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugan2018-227">[220]</a> Since the late 1960s, attitudes towards pornography have become more positive in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>; in Sweden and Finland the consumption of pornography has increased over the years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETræenToril_SørheimHein2006-228">[221]</a> A 2006 study of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> adults found that over 80% of the respondents used pornography at some point in their lives, a difference of 20% was observed between men and women in their respective use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20236–7-229">[222]</a> A 2015 study in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> noted that 75% of the 30-40-y.o. women and above 90% of the 30-40-y.o. men found porn "very exciting". Of those who had watched porn during the latest year, 71% of the 18-24-y.o. women, almost 60% of the 18-49-y.o. women, and a tenth of 65+ women did so; among men, the numbers were above 90% of the men under 50-y.o., 3/4 of the 18-64-y.o. and most of the 65+ y.o.; the numbers were quickly increasing, particularly for women, partially due to increased masturbation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontula2017-230">[223]</a> In 2012 and 2013, interviews with large number of Australians revealed that in the past year 63% of men and 20% of women had viewed pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20236–7-229">[222]</a> A 2020 Egyptian study surveying 15,027 individuals in <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> noted a prevalence of pornography use "nearly similar to Danish, German, and American ones".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEljawadSe’edaGhozyEl-Qushayri2021-231">[224]</a> In 2021, it was estimated that in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">modern countries</a>, 46–74% of men and 16–41% of women are regular users of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">[201]</a> In 2022, a national survey in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, of men and women aged 20 to 69 revealed that 76% of men and 29% of women had used pornography as part of their sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYushunDaisuke2022-232">[225]</a> A 2023 study reported that in <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, young men who watched porn in the previous six months ranged between 65% (13–15-y.o.) to 96% (22–24-y.o.), and among young women between 22% (13–15-y.o.) to 75% (22–24-y.o.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenhofKraanBeekKuipers2024166-233">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_and_regulations">Legality and regulations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Pornography laws by region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding child pornography">Laws regarding child pornography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Workers' rights</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Prostitutes%27_Rights" title="World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights">World Charter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Specific offences (varies by jurisdiction)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery_laws" title="Adultery laws">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_touching" title="Forcible touching">Forcible touching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">U.S. law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond201194-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_BehunOwens2019102-235">[228]</a> Regulating <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornography</a> is more common than regulating <a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">softcore pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaliski2007271-236">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> is illegal in almost all countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011458-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClingbine201692-238">[231]</a> and some countries have restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">rape pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia#Pornography" title="Zoophilia">zoophilic pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClingbine201692-238">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a> is legal provided it does not depict minors, and is not obscene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20237-213">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Community_standards" title="Community standards">community standards</a>, as indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California#Supreme_Court_decision" title="Miller v. California">Supreme Court decision</a>, of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a> case determine what constitutes as "obscene".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20237-213">[207]</a> The US courts do not have jurisdiction over content produced in other countries, but anyone distributing it in the US is liable to prosecution under the same community standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20237-213">[207]</a> As the courts consider community standards foremost in deciding any obscenity charge, the changing nature of community standards over the course of time and place makes instances of prosecution limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">[123]</a> In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail that he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a <a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Order" title="Prohibitory Order">Prohibitory Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWileyRiveraWadlow2004152-239">[232]</a> Many online sites require the user to tell the website they are a certain age and no other age verification is required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2013148-240">[233]</a> A total of 16 states and the Republican Party have passed resolutions declaring pornography a "public health" threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023376-241">[234]</a> These resolutions are symbolic and do not put any restrictions but are made to sway the public opinion on pornography. The notion of pornography as a threat to public health is not supported by any international health organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023376-241">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adult_film_industry_regulations" title="Adult film industry regulations">adult film industry regulations</a> in California requires that all performers in pornographic films use condoms. However, the use of condoms in pornography is rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR2022-242">[235]</a> As porn does better financially when actors are without condoms many companies film in other states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetflix2015-243">[236]</a> Twitter is the popular <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platform used by the performers in porn industry as it does not censor content unlike Instagram and Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetflix2015-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp20209-244">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Canada" title="Pornography in Canada">Pornography in Canada</a>, as in the US, criminalizes the "production, distribution, or possession" of materials that are deemed obscene. Obscenity, in the Canadian context, is defined as "the undue exploitation of sex" provided it is connected to images of "crime, horror, cruelty, or violence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20238-245">[238]</a> As to what is considered "undue" is decided by the courts, which assess the community standards in deciding whether exposure to the given material may result in any harm, with harm defined as "predisposing people to act in an anti-social manner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20238-245">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Rose_sex_shop,_Camden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg/200px-Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg/300px-Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg/400px-Blue_Rose_sex_shop%2C_Camden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>In May 2000, the sale of hardcore pornographic videos was legalized in licensed sex shops across the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2000-246">[239]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pornography in the United Kingdom">Pornography in the United Kingdom</a> does not have the concept of community standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20238-245">[238]</a> Following the highly publicized murder of <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jane_Longhurst" title="Murder of Jane Longhurst">Jane Longhurst</a>, the UK government in 2009 criminalized the possession of what it terms as "<a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">extreme pornography</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMOJ2008-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackman2012-248">[241]</a> The courts decide whether any material is legally extreme or not, conviction for penalty include fines or incarceration up to three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20238-245">[238]</a> Content banned includes representations that are considered "grossly offensive, disgusting, or otherwise of an obscene character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer20238-245">[238]</a> While there are no restrictions on depiction of male ejaculation, any depiction of <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">female ejaculation</a> in pornography is completely banned in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaul2014-249">[242]</a> as well as in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFae2010-250">[243]</a> In most of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the production, distribution, and/or possession of pornography is illegal and outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023376-241">[234]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region#Russia" title="Pornography laws by region">Russia</a> and Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">webcam modeling</a> is allowed provided it contains no explicit performances; in other parts of the world commercial webcamming is banned as a form of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023376-241">[234]</a> Disseminating pornography to a minor is generally illegal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClingbine201692-238">[231]</a> There are various measures to restrict minors' any access to pornography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClingbine201692-238">[231]</a> including protocols for pornographic stores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClingbine201692-238">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg/200px-Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg/300px-Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg/400px-Adult_area_entrance_in_video_rental_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Entry into pornographic stores is usually allowed for only adults.</figcaption></figure> Pornography can infringe into basic human rights of those involved, especially when <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> was not obtained. <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a> is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity of their partners, usually on the Internet, without authorization or consent of the individuals involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECitronFranks2014-251">[244]</a> In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy, or image rights, or circulation of prurient material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevendowski2014-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2021-253">[246]</a> As a result, some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against "revenge porn".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC3_December_2014-254">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_is_not_pornography">What is not pornography</h3></div> In the US, a July 2014 criminal case decision in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> — Commonwealth v. Rex, 469 Mass. 36 (2014),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpina2014-255">[248]</a> made a legal determination as to what was not to be considered "pornography" and in this particular case "child pornography".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernes2014b-256">[249]</a> It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> magazine, a sociology textbook, and a <a href="/wiki/Nudist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudist">nudist</a> catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and (at the time) incarcerated <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernes2014b-256">[249]</a> Drawing the line depends on time, place and context. Occidental mainstream culture has been increasingly getting "<a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">pornified</a>" (i.e. influenced by pornographic themes, with mainstream films often including <a href="/wiki/Unsimulated_sex" title="Unsimulated sex">unsimulated sexual</a> acts).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAucoin2006-257">[250]</a> Since the very definition of pornography is subjective, material that is considered erotic or even religious in one society may be denounced as pornography in another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> When European travellers visited India in the 19th century, they were dismayed at the religious representation of sexuality on the Hindu temples and deemed them as pornographic. Similarly many films and television programs that are unobjectionable in contemporary Western societies are labeled as "pornography" in Muslim societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> Thus, assessing a material as pornography is very much personalized; to rehash a cliché, "pornography is very much in the eye of the beholder".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2023-44">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_status">Copyright status</h3></div> In the United States, some courts have applied US <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection to pornographic materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoussé2012-258">[251]</a> Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works, whether they are obscene or not,<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> but not all courts have ruled the same way.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoussé2012-258">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="STIs_prevention_and_safer_sex_practices">STIs prevention and safer sex practices</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry</a></div> Performers working for <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_studios" title="List of pornographic film studios">pornographic film studios</a> undergo regular testing for <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs) every two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant2016133-261">[254]</a> They have to test negative for: <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">trichomoniasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a> before showing up on a set and are then inspected for sores on their mouths, hands, and genitals before commencing work. The industry believes this method of testing to be a viable practice for safer sex as its medical consultants claim that since 2004, about 350,000 pornographic scenes have been filmed without <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a> and HIV has not been transmitted even once because of performance on <a href="/wiki/Set_(film_and_TV_scenery)" title="Set (film and TV scenery)">set</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil_Jr.2012-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2019-263">[256]</a> However, some studies suggest that adult film performers have high rates of chlamydia and/or gonorrhea infection, and many of these cases may be missed by industry screening because these bacteria can colonize many sites on the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-HartChitaleRiggGoldstein2012-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSteinbergAynalemKerndt2011-113">[108]</a> In the initial years, studios assessed performers suitability on the results from their blood and urine tests. According to a 2019 study by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a>, swab tests offer better insight than urine samples for detecting bacterial STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVille2023-264">[257]</a> Performers such as Cherie DeVille have emphasized swab tests for safer sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVille2023-264">[257]</a> According to performer <a href="/wiki/Angela_White" title="Angela White">Angela White</a>, studios will not allow them to work unless they are completely clean, insisting on performers testing regularly, she said "So for me, because I work so much, I’m testing every 12 days – and that is a full sweep of STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV and trichomoniasis. We’re doing throat swabs, vaginal swabs and anal swabs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoposki2024-265">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ronald" title="Allan Ronald">Allan Ronald</a>, a Canadian doctor and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> specialist who did groundbreaking studies on the transmission of STIs among prostitutes in Africa, said there's no doubt about the efficiency of the testing method, but he felt a little uncomfortable: "because it's giving the wrong message — that you can have multiple sex partners without condoms — but I can't say it doesn't work."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil_Jr.2012-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2019-263">[256]</a> Relatedly, it has been found that individuals who received little <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and/or perceive pornography as a source of information about sex, are less apt to use condoms in their own <a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">sex life</a>, making themselves more susceptible to contract STIs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightHerbenickPaul2020-266">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightSunSteffen2018-267">[260]</a> In 2020—the US National Sex Education Standards—released recommendations to incorporate "porn literacy" to students from grade 6 to 12 as part of <a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">sex education in the US</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman2021231-268">[261]</a> Veteran performer and former nurse <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a>, who has a degree in <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, stated that the amount of time involved in shooting a scene can be very long, and with condoms in place it becomes a painful proposition as their usage is uncomfortable despite the use of <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lube</a>, causes <a href="/wiki/Friction_burn" title="Friction burn">friction burn</a>, and opens up <a href="/wiki/Skin_condition#Lesions" title="Skin condition">lesions</a> in the genital mucosa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil_Jr.2012-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber2021-269">[262]</a> Advocating the testing method for performers, Hartley said, "Testing works for us, and condoms work for outsiders."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber2021-269">[262]</a> <blockquote> "We're tested every fourteen days. That is literally twenty-three more times than the average American. If that person makes it to their yearly physical. I have met tons of people that haven't been to the doctor in years. That scares me because they have no idea what their status is.... I don't hook up with people outside of the porn industry because I'm terrified. And I'm not the only one. There's many performers that know: if you go out into the wild, you will come back with something." — Ash Hollywood (Porn actress).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber2021-269">[262]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg/220px-Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg/330px-Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg/440px-Hygiene_products_porn_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hygiene products at a porn film set in Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></figcaption></figure> Emphasizing that performers in the industry take necessary precautions like <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">PrEP</a> and are at lower risk to contract HIV than most sexually active persons outside the industry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2019-263">[256]</a> many prominent female performers have vehemently opposed regulatory measures like <a href="/wiki/Measure_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure B">Measure B</a> that sought to make the use of condoms mandatory in pornographic films. Professional female performers have called the use of condoms on a daily basis at work an occupational hazard as they cause micro-tears, friction burn, swelling, and yeast infections, which altogether, they say, makes them more susceptible to contract STIs.<a href="#cite_note-272">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_pornography">Views on pornography</h2></div> Pornography has been vouched to provide a safe outlet for sexual desires that may not be satisfied within relationships and be a facilitator of sexual fulfillment in people who cannot or do not want to have real-life partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201310-186">[180]</a> Pornography is viewed by people in general for various reasons; varying from a need to enrich their sexual arousal, to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, as an aid for <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, learn about sexual techniques, reduce stress, alleviate boredom, enjoy themselves, see representation of people like themselves, know their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, improve their romantic relationships, or simply because their partner wants them to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMalicFuPaul2022-211">[205]</a> Pornography is noted for engrossing people "on more than masturbatory levels".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022214-273">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">Aesthetic</a> philosophers argue whether pornographic representations can be considered as expressions of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaesLevinson20122-12-274">[266]</a> Pornography has been equated with journalism as both offer a view into the unknown or the hidden aspects. French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> remarked that, "it is in pornography that we find information about the hidden, the forbidden and the taboo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201316-275">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg/220px-Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg/330px-Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg/440px-Salman-Rushdie-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> opined that pornography presence in society is "a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterBrooks2004-276">[268]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Linda Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Christine_Nash" title="Jennifer Christine Nash">Jennifer Nash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dean" title="Tim Dean">Tim Dean</a> believe pornography "is a form of thinking", comprised with ideas that are way more reflective about sexuality and gender than what the creators or consumers of pornography intend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022214-273">[265]</a> Pornography has been referred by people as a means to explore their sexuality. People have reported porn being helpful in learning about <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Studies recommend clinical practitioners to use pornography as an instruction aid to show their clients new and alternative sexual behaviors as part of <a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_disorder" title="Psychosexual disorder">psychosexual therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> British psychologist, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_James_(psychologist)" title="Oliver James (psychologist)">Oliver James</a>, known for his work on 'happiness', stated that "a high proportion of men use porn as a distraction or to reduce stress ... It serves an <a href="/wiki/Anti-depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-depressant">anti-depressant</a> purpose for the unhappy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair2013123-277">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_outlook">Feminist outlook</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Feminist views on pornography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall">Overall</h3></div> Feminist movements in the late 1970s and 1980s dealt with the issues of pornography and sexuality in debates that are referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">sex wars</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester201419-278">[270]</a> While some <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies#Groupings" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">feminist groups</a> seek to abolish pornography believing it to be harmful, other feminist groups oppose censorship efforts insisting it is benign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeedMacDonaldParksDoucette2021-17">[13]</a> A large scale study of data from the <a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a> (2010–2018) refuted the argument that pornography is inherently anti-woman or anti-feminist and that it drives <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>. The study did not find a relationship between "pornography viewing" and "pornography tolerance" with higher sexism—a posit that was held by some feminists; it instead found higher pornography consumption and pornography tolerance among men to be associated with their greater support for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. The study concluded that "pornography is more likely to be about the sex rather than the sexism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeedMacDonaldParksDoucette2021-17">[13]</a> People who supported regulated pornography expressed lesser attitudes of sexism than people who sought to abolish pornography. Notably, non-feminists are found more likely to support a ban on pornography than feminists. Many feminists, both male and female, have reflected that the effects of pornography on society are neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeedMacDonaldParksDoucette2021-17">[13]</a> Adult users of pornography were found more egalitarian than nonusers, they are more likely to hold favorable attitudes towards women in positions of power and in workplaces outside home than the nonusers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohutBaerWatts2016-279">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical">Critical</h3></div> A 2016 study authored by <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminists</a> criticized the American adult entertainment industry for alleged omission and exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">Black women</a> in pornographic representations, particularly in the interracial genres. As pornography becomes a kind of manual on how bodies in pleasure can look, and is "one of the few places where we see our bodies--and other people's bodies," it becomes imperative on pornography to represent "variety of forms", stated the feminist scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChude-SokeiCruzMusserNash201657-280">[272]</a> Anti-pornography feminists argue that aesthetics of pornography demote Black women with undertones of racism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202163-281">[273]</a> Gender studies scholars <a href="/wiki/Mireille_Miller-Young" title="Mireille Miller-Young">Mireille Miller-Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Christine_Nash" title="Jennifer Christine Nash">Jennifer Christine Nash</a>, in their writings on <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> of race and pornography, noted that Black people have been depicted as being <a href="/wiki/Hypersexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersexual">hypersexual</a> and Black women—more objectified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202164-282">[274]</a> The scholars also noted major discrepancies in pay rates of the performers, White women have historically made 75 percent more per scene and sometimes still make 50 percent more compared to Black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2020-283">[275]</a> Feminist resentment about pornography tend to focus on two concerns: that pornography depicts violence and aggression, and that pornography objectifies women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202164-282">[274]</a> Multiple analyses of pornographic videos found that Women have been overwhelmingly at the receiving end of aggression from male performers; with the reaction of Women being either positive or neutral towards aggression, which is at odds considering a report that found only 14.2% of US adult women find pain during sex as appealing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202164-282">[274]</a> Two studies in the 1990s found that Black women were the targets of aggression and faced more violence from both Black and White men than did White women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202163-281">[273]</a> However, more recent research from 2018 found that Black women were the least likely group of women to suffer nonconsensual aggression and are more likely to receive affection from their male partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorGolriz201910-284">[276]</a> While Black men engaged in fewer intimate behaviors than White men; White women were found more likely to experience violence during sexual activity with White men than with Black men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202163-281">[273]</a> Concerning Asian women, a 2016 study based on a sample of 3053 videos from Xvideos.com, found that in the 170 videos of the Asian women category, there was much less aggression, less objectification, but also the women had less agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202163-281">[273]</a> However, another study found that in a sample of 172 videos from Pornhub, the 25+ videos of the Asian/Japanese category had considerably more aggression than those of other categories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorGolriz201911-285">[277]</a> A 2002 study of "internet rape sites" found that among the 56 clear pictures they found, 34 had Asian women, and nearly half the sites had either an image or a text reference to an Asian woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossettByrne2002703-286">[278]</a> Findings on depictions of Asian women in pornography aren't consistent in scientific literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerMcBain2022-287">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman202163-281">[273]</a> The prevalence of aggression in pornography appears to be changing. A 2018 study of popular videos on Pornhub found that segments of aggression towards women are fewer now, and they have reduced gradually over the past decade with viewers preferring content where women genuinely experience pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorSeida201916–28-288">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-porn">Anti-porn</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_pornography" title="Opposition to pornography">Opposition to pornography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg/220px-La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg/330px-La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg/440px-La_grande_Epidemie_de_PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> on "The great epidemic of pornography". French illustration (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880 – c. 1900 CE).</figcaption></figure> Prominent anti-pornography feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> argue that all pornography is demeaning to women, or that it contributes to <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>–both in its production and in its consumption. The production of pornography, they argue, entails the physical, psychological, or economic coercion of the women who perform in it. They charged that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, while reinforcing sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrage2004-289">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1989a195-214-290">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS1995-291">[283]</a> Other sex work exclusionary feminists have insisted that pornography presents a severely distorted image of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a>, and it reinforces sexual myths like: women are readily available–and desire to engage in sex at any time–with any man–on men's terms–and always respond positively to men's advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2006-292">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-porn">Pro-porn</h3></div> In contrast to the objections, other feminist scholars "ranging from <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Kaminer" title="Wendy Kaminer">Wendy Kaminer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Kincaid" title="Jamaica Kincaid">Jamaica Kincaid</a>" have supported the right to consume pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarol1995-293">[285]</a> The anti-porn feminist stranglehold began to loose when <a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-positive feminists">sex-positive feminists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Susie_Bright" title="Susie Bright">Susie Bright</a>, performers <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candida_Royalle" title="Candida Royalle">Candida Royalle</a> affirmed the rights of women to consume and produce porn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelHudsonJonesGlaser2018-294">[286]</a> The works of <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> established that westerners have been "<a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan celebrants</a>" for long and pornography has been an inseparable part of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelHudsonJonesGlaser2018-294">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a> has noted that both feminism and pornography are mutually related, with both thriving in environments of tolerance, and both repressed anytime regulations are placed on sexual expression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElroy199536-295">[287]</a> Societies where pornography and sexual expression is prohibited are more likely to be the places where women are often subjected to violence and sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201389-296">[288]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Women's rights are far stronger in societies with liberal attitudes to sex – think of conservative countries such as Afghanistan, Yemen or China, and the place of women there. And yet, anti-porn campaigners neglect such issues entirely. A recent study by the US department of justice compared the four states that had highest broadband access and found there was a 27 per cent decrease in rape and attempted rape, and the four with the lowest had a 53 per cent increase over the same period. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Anna_Span" title="Anna Span">Anna Span</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201389-296">[288]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_feminist_porn">Rise of feminist porn</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">lesbian feminist</a> movement of the 1980s is considered a seminal moment for the women in porn industry as more women entered into the developmental side, allowing women to gear porn more towards women as they knew what women wanted, both from the perspective of actresses as well as the female audience. This involved making <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pornography" title="Lesbian pornography">lesbian pornography</a> that is not merely geared towards heterosexual males—a change considered good, as for a long time the porn industry had been directed by men for men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiv2014-297">[289]</a> Furthermore, the advent of the <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">Home video</a>, and affordable <a href="/wiki/Video_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Video cameras">Video cameras</a> allowed for the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">feminist pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComellaErickson201379-96-298">[290]</a> Feminist porn directors are interested in challenging representations of men and women, as well as in providing sexually-empowering imagery that features many kinds of bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComellaErickson2013320-328-299">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_White" title="Angela White">Angela White</a> started her own production company, AWG Entertainment, in which she has complete creative control over the content—from her partners, to the location, costumes, and the "vibe" of the video, "I am a feminist, so what I create is feminist, and I produce ethical porn, which is when everything is consensual", she said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopsfield2022-300">[292]</a> Women are more likely to consume porn that is "female-centered" and feature acts such as <a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">cunnilingus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020554-301">[293]</a> a study of pornographic videos found that when men spend more time performing cunnilingus they have higher volumes of <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculate</a>, an increase in sexual arousal resulting from exposure to the vaginal secretion '<a href="/wiki/Pheromone#Vaginal_aliphatic_acids" title="Pheromone">copulins</a>' during cunnilingus is reasoned to be the cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhamJefferySelaLynn2016-302">[294]</a> Female-centric porn is mostly made by women, in these works the initiation of sexual activity is done by the female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020554-301">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porn_for_women" title="Porn for women">Porn for women</a> is identified by factors like greater attention on "sensual surroundings" and "soft focus camerawork", rather than on explicit depiction of sexual activity, making the productions more warm and humane compared to the traditional porn made for hetrosexual men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201318-303">[295]</a> <blockquote> "If feminists define pornography, per se, as the enemy, the result will be to make a lot of women ashamed of their sexual feelings and afraid to be honest about them. And the last thing women need is more sexual shame, guilt, and hypocrisy—this time served up by feminism" — <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Willis" title="Ellen Willis">Ellen Willis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester201424-304">[296]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pay_rates">Pay rates</h3></div> Porn industry has been noted for being one of the few industries where women enjoy a power advantage in the workplace. "Actresses have the power," Alec Metro, one of the men in line, ruefully noticed of the X-rated industry. A former firefighter who claimed to have lost a bid for a job to <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, Metro was already divining that porn might not be the ideal career choice for escaping the forces of what he called "reverse discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaludi199565-66-305">[297]</a> Female performers can often dictate which male actors they will and will not work with. Porn—at least, porn produced for a heterosexual audience—is one of the few contemporary occupations where the <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">pay gap</a> operates in the favor of women. The average actress makes fifty to a hundred per cent more money than her male counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaludi199565-66-305">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2016-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopsfield2022-300">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_perspective">Psychological perspective</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologists</a> consider pornography to be of particular relevance in the study of <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">intimate relationships</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">adolescent sexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubbsKraus2021-307">[299]</a> Mainstream <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> is mostly concerned with the study of <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_pornography" title="Effects of pornography">effects of pornography</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">critical psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">applied psychology</a> is engaged in more nuanced and academic study of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2014-308">[300]</a> Problematic pornography use is assessed in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubbsKraus2021-307">[299]</a> A 2013 study refuted the notion that porn actresses have higher rates of psychological problems than regular women. The study compared 177 porn actresses with regular women of similar age, ethnicity, and marital status, and found that the porn actresses had "higher levels of self-esteem, positive feelings, social support, sexual satisfaction, and spirituality" compared to the regular women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithMitchellHartAdams2013621–632-309">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalyst_views">Psychoanalyst views</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>, human sexual instincts and <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">religious-spiritual</a> instincts are considered tightly associated with each other, with both sharing a common instinctual objective, which, as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> acknowledged, is the striving of the <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a> for "wholeness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201861-310">[302]</a> The psyche of a person is understood to be differentiated, as being made-up of psychological <a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">traits</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201868-311">[303]</a> According to Jung, this differentiation allowed the formation of opposite polarities, which made "<a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> possible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettis201462-312">[304]</a> According to psychologist and author Giorgio Tricarico, as an individual moves through various life experiences, their psyche approaches wholeness or the state of "<a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-differentiated</a>"—a realm of unified, impersonal consciousness—considered belonging to the sacred or divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201857–78-313">[305]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology#Creation_and_structure" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmological</a> view, the universe is weaved from the two coexisting generative principles: feminine and masculine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden20141778-314">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199636-36">[31]</a> Men and women, in whatever form they appear, are considered microcosmic representatives, or mirrors of the macrocosmic energies of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamphausen1999225-315">[307]</a> The Goddess or Shakti (spirit, feminine principle) is the "pure consciousness", the animating energy or power underlying existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiernacki2006202–205-316">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone2014546-317">[309]</a> Shakti, embraced by Shiva (matter, masculine principle), both together in "perpetual union" form the nondual "<a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201414–15Leeming20141646–1647Sarbacker201134,_38-318">[310]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_Himachal_Pradesh,_Mandi,_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-220px-India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-330px-India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-440px-India%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_Mandi%2C_19th_century_-_Kali_on_Shiva_-_2014.650_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6804" data-file-height="5013" /></a><figcaption>Painting showing goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> (a personification of feminine Shakti) in union with masculine Shiva—together it forms the <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">self-existent</a> nondual Absolute—placed upon a human corpse. 19th century portrait, housed in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> Shiva and Shakti in a state of "copulation" represent the flow of "erotic energy" in an individual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201414–15-319">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> called the feminine Shakti "<a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> that cannot be simply repressed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey20141669-320">[312]</a> Self-realization or becoming aware of the " 'deep' femininity" entails dealing with the powerful sexual energy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlancke2020-321">[313]</a> Schools of religious thought such as the <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, which involve using the sexual energy for purpose of self-realization had been developed in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey20141669–1670-322">[314]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> had been studied in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> for long, where the conclusion was arrived that the human <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">self</a>, an emanation from the nondual Absolute—is <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>, and is encased in human bodies, which themselves are androgyne in the sense that every body is a compound of the feminine (spirit) and the masculine (matter) principles. Sexuality is considered a creative function of nature to align the two principles with the nondual Absolute.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> The masculine and the feminine principles of the self have been identified to the deities Shiva and Shakti, who make-up the two <a href="/wiki/Sexual_polarity" title="Sexual polarity">sexual polarities</a>; by establishing a connection between the two, for the flow of erotic energy (as in the case of an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current#Conventions" title="Electric current">electric circuit</a> between positive and negative terminals for the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>), in one's own being—by the means of sexual stimulation—through "erotic visualization" or "ritual copulation", the self would "divest" from its body identity and realign into the "<a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">bipolar being</a>", which, then represents a unit microcosm mirroring the nondual macrocosm; thus an individual in <a href="/wiki/Brahman#Advaita_Vedanta" title="Brahman">being one</a> with the absolute experiences bliss-considered as the power of the goddess (Shakti) in a tangible form.<a href="#cite_note-shivshakti-326">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Hindu_tantra" title="Tantra">Hindu tantric</a> idea of the feminine and masculine principles arriving at unity in the "divine feminine" or the "unified divine consciousness" is analogous to the Analytical psychology idea of "<a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites#Coincidentia_oppositorum" title="Unity of opposites">coincidentia oppositorum</a>", wherein the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology#Anima_and_animus" title="Analytical psychology">Anima/animus</a> of an individual unite with the "spirit" to become one or whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden20141778–1779-328">[319]</a> In the Hindu tantric view, the women who participate in union rituals, thereby enabling men to attain self-realization are regarded as shakti or the goddess, as they are believed to embody her.<a href="#cite_note-Tantra-331">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamphausen1999205-332">[322]</a> Recognition of the deity in an objective woman is centered upon a man's acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Subject_and_object_(philosophy)" title="Subject and object (philosophy)">subjective</a> feminine and the primacy of her desires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiernacki2006200-333">[323]</a> Tricarico professed that modern-day pornography in its essence is a "desacralised, technological, and consumerist" equivalent of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a> – a custom that involved honoring of the sacred feminine and worship of the prostitutes as <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201870-71-334">[324]</a> The feminine is believed to embody particular qualities of the sacred or divine more broadly and deeply than the masculine, consequently in women, the ability to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">nondualistic</a> awareness is assumed to be higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201868-311">[303]</a> Tricarico argued that women in porn, through their performances of many sexual acts, would inadvertently approach the non-differentiated state, an effect which he called the "intimation of <a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">hierophany</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201868-311">[303]</a> "Porn actresses may embody the medium to enter what used to be the realm of the sacred", he said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201877-335">[325]</a> The actresses have been likened to the "descendants of the lost goddesses" who are now offering the gift of the "<a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a>" to all through their performances, but are unacknowledged or devalued for their contributions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201877-335">[325]</a> The use of epithets like "bitch", "whore", "slut" for sexually active women has been attributed to the denial of the subjective feminine by men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201875-336">[326]</a> The subdued acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female sexuality</a>, as a value in its own right, is manifested when a man's admiration for the "bitch" gets subtended if she happens to be his wife or girlfriend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201875-336">[326]</a> Along with showing "admiration, lust, gratitude, and desire", men show brazen hate and disgust towards women, this behavioral dichotomy had been ascribed to the "patriarchal hypocrisy" embedded in men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201875-336">[326]</a> The unconscious perception by men of the greater ability in women to reach the undifferentiated state of psyche is reasoned to be a cause for their intentional humiliation, wilful devaluation, and deliberate belittlement of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201868-311">[303]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a> scholar, the psychological rejection and fear of the mother figure in males is the root cause for their behaviors that seek to subjugate women. Men in their infancy live in a state of "undifferentiated physical and psychic fusion" with the mother, experiencing "emotional exhilaration and <a href="/wiki/Jouissance" title="Jouissance">jouissance</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh20141090–1091-337">[327]</a> However, as they mature, sensing their separateness from the mother, they seek to become independent subjects and take recourse to paternal images and patriarchal behaviors with the hope of eliminating any possible further "undifferentiated/psychotic fusion" with the mother as they feel threatened by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh20141090–1091-337">[327]</a> According to psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a>, the rejection and fear of the maternal image, in females, leads them to reject their own femininity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1948478,_491-338">[328]</a> Tricarico hoped that porn becomes a place where men discard patriarchal antics, women embrace the sacred aspects, and audience incorporate porn as a joyful experience for the body – a genuine form of play that helps them approach the non-differentiated state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETricarico201878-339">[329]</a> In being with <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">other</a>, we differentiate ourselves, and experience jouissance whilst becoming a unit being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden20141780-340">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_attitudes">Religious attitudes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">Religious views on pornography</a></div> Many <a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">religions</a> have long and vehemently opposed a wide range of sexual behaviors, as a result religious people are found highly susceptible to experience great distress in their use of pornography. Religious people who use pornography tend to feel sexually <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">ashamed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a> Sexual shame—which arises from a person's perception of their self in other peoples mind, and a negative assessment of their own sexuality—is considered a powerful factor that over time governs an individual's behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2018105-123-342">[332]</a> As sexuality is interwoven into one's personal <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, sexual shame or sexual embarrassment are found to attack the person's very sense of self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a> When a sexual shaming event occurs, the person attributes causation to oneself, resulting in self condemnation, and experience feelings of sadness, loneliness, anger, unworthiness, and rejection, along with a perceived judgment of their self by others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a> In this mental landscape, a fear arises that ones sexual self needs to be hiden. This psychological process initiates and fuels further shame and lowers one's self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a> Sexual shame constricts the "psychic space for free play with one's sexuality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2014-343">[333]</a> Sexual shame in people begets more <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>, and leads to a cycle of powerlessness culminating in deepening negative emotions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkThomasSosinJacob2016244–259-341">[331]</a> Those who tend to feel shame easily are found to be at greater risk for <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">anxiety disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKämmerer2019-344">[334]</a> According to clinical psychologist Gershen Kaufman, all <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual disorders</a> are majorly "disorders of shame".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2004-345">[335]</a> The cause of attributing shame to sexuality is traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> interpretation of nakedness being shameful.<a href="#cite_note-346">[k]</a> Much of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a> presented sexuality as an obstacle to be surmounted in the way of salvation. The major <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">abrahamic religions</a> condemn and consider all forms of nonmarital and nonreproductive sexual pleasure as unacceptable. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, bhoga (sexual pleasure) is celebrated as a value in itself and is considered one of the two ways to <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, the other being the more demanding yoga.<a href="#cite_note-348">[l]</a> A central concept in Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Purushartha" class="mw-redirect" title="Purushartha">purushartha</a>, advocates pursuit of the four main goals for happiness: <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (virtue), <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a> (riches), <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> (pleasure), and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (freedom).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617-349">[337]</a> The pursuit of Kama was elaborated by the sage Vatsyayana in his treatise <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a>, which states that sexual pleasure and food are essential for the well-being of the body, and on both of them depend virtue and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatsyayana1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailsthe-complete-kama-sutra-the-first-unabridged-modern-translation-of-the-classic-ipage42mode1upviewtheater_42]-350">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo1985-351">[339]</a> Food, despite causing indigestion sometimes, would still be consumed regularly, and so it must be with pleasure, which must be pursued with caution while eliminating unwanted or harmful effects. As no one abstains from cooking food worrying about beggars who ask for it, or restrain from sowing wheat fearing animals that destroy the crop, similarly, instructs <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vatsyayana</a>, that men and women acquire knowledge of Kama by the time they reach youth and pursue it even though dangers exist; and those who become accomplished in Dharma, Artha, and Kama would attain highest happiness in this world and hereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatsyayana1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailsthe-complete-kama-sutra-the-first-unabridged-modern-translation-of-the-classic-ipage43mode1upviewtheater_42-43]-352">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo1985-351">[339]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>, happiness is of two types: one derived from "domestic life" and the other from "monastic life", and between the two, monastic kind is "superior".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200968-353">[341]</a> As a result of the Buddha's effective advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, in Buddhist communities, marriage and divorce remained civil matters and never acquired sacremental significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200969-354">[342]</a> Counsel over <a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">sex life</a> for householders was minimal, while for the monks it was extensive as in <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> since all sexual behaviors were meant to be suppressed for the sake of <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200968-353">[341]</a> The early Buddhist texts castigated women as detrimental beings. The Buddha himself said often that a woman's body is "a vessel of impurity, full of stinking filth. It is like a rotten pit ... like a toilet, with nine holes pouring all sorts of filth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRvO0vO575owCpgPA56_56]-355">[343]</a> Once when it came to his notice that a monk, Suddina, transgressed celibacy with his wife for the sake of progeny, the Buddha chided him saying, "It were better for you, foolish man, that your male organ should enter the mouth of a terrible and poisonous snake, than that it should enter a woman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangenberg2015278-356">[344]</a> Per the Buddha, all sexual desires are incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangenberg2015278-356">[344]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, people who even derive pleasure from watching others engage in sexual activity were relegated as <a href="/wiki/Pandaka" title="Pandaka">pandaka</a> (pusillanimous).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200970-357">[345]</a> The Buddha said sexuality is a <a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">fetter</a> that must be evaded completely and men who engage with it are "<a href="/wiki/Purity_in_Buddhism" title="Purity in Buddhism">impure</a>" and will not be freed from "old age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200967-358">[346]</a> After <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> died in old age,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins1996-359">[347]</a> subsequent generations of Buddhists resolved their problematic attitudes towards sex by accommodating different views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangenberg2015278-356">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumrich200968-353">[341]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png/216px-Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png/324px-Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png/432px-Ambigram_holy_man_porn_way.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">ambigram</a> of holy man / porn way. Mirror symmetry (horizontal axis). Reversible drawing with a positive version, side up, displaying a man with open arms, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">djellaba</a>, and a negative version, side down, showing an arrow pointing towards a <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to Indonesia's foremost Islamic preacher, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Gymnastiar" title="Abdullah Gymnastiar">Abdullah Gymnastiar</a>, shame is a noble emotion commanded in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and was held high by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, who had been quoted as saying "Faith is compiled of seventy branches... and shame is one of them." To cultivate shame in Muslims, their sexual gaze needs to be checked, as unchecked gaze is believed to be the door through which <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> enters and soils the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoesterey2016-360">[348]</a> In 2006, when anti-pornography protests erupted in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the world's most populous <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim-majority country</a>, over the publication of the inaugural Indonesian edition of <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> – Abdullah called for a legislation to ban pornography and embarked on a mission to shroud the state with a sense of shame, giving the slogan "the more shameful, the more faithful". During these protests, Indonesia's foremost Islamic newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Republika_(Indonesian_newspaper)" title="Republika (Indonesian newspaper)">Republika</a>, published daily front-page editorials which featured a logo of the word pornografi crossed out with a red X. The Jakarta office of <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Indonesia" title="Playboy Indonesia">Playboy Indonesia</a> was ransacked by the members of Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam or FPI), and bookstore owners were threatened not to sell any issue of the magazine. Consequently, in December 2008, Indonesian lawmakers signed an <a href="/wiki/Pornography_Law_(Indonesia)" title="Pornography Law (Indonesia)">anti-pornography bill</a> into law with overwhelming political support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoesterey2016-360">[348]</a> Highly religious people are more likely to support policies against pornography such as censorship than less religious people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroubayButtersShafer2021-361">[349]</a> Ironically, regions with highly religious and conservative people were found to search for more pornography on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz2014-362">[350]</a> Religious people are prone to having obsessive thoughts regarding <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and punishment by God over their pornography use causing them to feel ashamed, and perceive themselves to have <a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">pornography addiction</a> while also suffering from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_obsessions#Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" title="Sexual obsessions">OCD</a> related symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_JongCook2021-363">[351]</a> A study of sexually active religious people found that those who are highly spiritually matured have less shame, while those who are not spiritually matured have high shame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerMollenRosen2015-364">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_aspects">Critical aspects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_pornography" title="Effects of pornography">Effects of pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_pornography_on_young_people" title="Effects of pornography on young people">Effects of pornography on young people</a></div> As per evaluation by medical professionals, pornography can neither be good nor bad as it does not endorse or advocate a single set of <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> regarding sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillinesLitner2020-365">[353]</a> As such, individuals may introspect their own values with regards to sex while evaluating pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillinesLitner2020-365">[353]</a> The relationship between pornography and its audience is found to be complex. While many users reported their use to have had positive effects, others especially women were found to be troubled with <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">body image</a> issues, the cause of which is attributed to the unrealistic image of "beauty" that pornography portrays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillinesLitner2020-365">[353]</a> The increasing prevalence of alleged beauty enhancing procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Breast_augmentation" title="Breast augmentation">breast augmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labiaplasty" title="Labiaplasty">labiaplasty</a> among the common populace has been attributed to the popularity of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant2016136-366">[354]</a> Data from pornographic websites regarding the viewing habits of people is studied by academics to analyze the sexual preferences and mating choices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020550-551-367">[355]</a> More often men look for women who have larger chest and hips, with a smaller <a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">Waist–hip ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020552-368">[356]</a> Women are found to prefer men who are taller, stronger, appear highly masculine, and are in roles that can provide resources while being protective (CEO, doctor, athlete, lawmen).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020553-369">[357]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything!,_Amsterdam_(2021)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/220px-If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/330px-If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/440px-If_people_start_thinking_freely_about_sex..._They_start_thinking_freely_about_everything%21%2C_Amsterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sex_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex positive">sex positive</a> poster in Amsterdam (2021)</figcaption></figure> Studies on harmful effects of pornography include finding any potential influence of pornography on rape, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, difficulties with sexual relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2017-370">[358]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> had ascertained that pornography use cannot be a perpetrating factor in <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ipviolence-4">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchEsplinAaronDowdle2020-371">[359]</a> A 2020 study that analyzed depictions in video-pornography found that normative sexual behaviors (e.g., vaginal intercourse, fellatio) were the most commonly depicted, while depictions of extreme acts of violence and rape were very rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrotteDavisLim2020-372">[360]</a> There is no clear evidence to assume that pornography is a cause of rape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowitt2022166-373">[361]</a> Several studies conclude that liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rates of rape and sexual violence, while others have suggested no effect, or are inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutchinsky1992-374">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Amato2006-375">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond1999-376">[364]</a> No correlation has been found between pornography use and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> or lack thereof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeLitsouByronIngham202246-377">[365]</a> Mental health experts are divided over the issue of pornography use being a problem for people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeLitsouByronIngham2022102-378">[366]</a> While some <a href="/wiki/Literature_reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature reviews">literature reviews</a> suggest pornography use can be addictive, insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrausVoonPotenza2016-379">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKühnGallinat2016-380">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandYoungLaierWölfling2016-381">[369]</a> According to clinical psychologist and certified sex therapist <a href="/wiki/David_J._Ley" title="David J. Ley">David Ley</a>, calling pornography an "addiction" has been "an area of substantial, protracted controversy and debate". Ley explained pornography doesn't effect an adult brain or body in the way alcohol or drugs do, he said "An alcoholic going <a href="/wiki/Cold_turkey" title="Cold turkey">cold turkey</a> can have <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and die because their brain has become physiologically dependent on the alcohol, but no one has ever had seizures or died from not getting to watch porn when they want to."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2024-181">[175]</a> Scholars have stated that pornography use has no implication on public health as it does not meet the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Public_health#Definitions_and_purposes" title="Public health">public health crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMalicFuPaul2022-211">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> has noted that minds of the young are in developmental stages and exposure to emotionally charged material such as pornography would likely have an impact on them unlike on adults, and has suggested caution while enabling potential access to such material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2014-382">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_pornography" title="Opposition to pornography">Opposition to pornography</a> use has been associated to many issues with sexual satisfaction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightBridgesSunEzzell2018-383">[371]</a> gender violence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimCarrotteHellard2016-384">[372]</a> and marital quality (wives watching pornography more frequently scored much better than the rest).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2017-385">[373]</a> Some issues of <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a> had been linked to a few pornography websites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019a-386">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2020-387">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroster2019-388">[376]</a> Since the mid-2010s <a href="/wiki/Deepfake_pornography" title="Deepfake pornography">deepfake pornography</a> has become an issue of concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVice2019-389">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_Porn_Industry">Decline of the Porn Industry</h3></div> The porn industry has undergone significant changes in recent years. While adult content consumption has increased due to the internet, many aspects of the industry have experienced decline, disruption, and financial struggles. The emergence of free tube sites like <a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>, <a href="/wiki/XVideos" title="XVideos">Xvideos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XHamster" title="XHamster">XHamster</a> has dramatically reshaped the industry. These platforms offer millions of free videos, often uploaded without proper licensing or performer compensation. As a result, traditional studios that once relied on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> sales have seen their revenues plummet. <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a> remains a significant issue, making it difficult for producers and performers to sustain income from professionally produced content. Major porn studios that thrived in the 1990s and early 2000s, such as <a href="/wiki/Vivid_Entertainment" title="Vivid Entertainment">Vivid Entertainment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Pictures" title="Wicked Pictures">Wicked Pictures</a>, have struggled to adapt to the new digital landscape. The decline of DVD sales, the rise of free streaming, and the shift to amateur and independent content have reduced the demand for high-budget productions. Studios now face increased competition from lower-cost content creators who can produce and distribute content with minimal overhead.<a href="#cite_note-390">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[379]</a> One of the biggest hurdles facing the porn industry today is financial regulation. Credit card companies like <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a> have implemented restrictions on processing payments for adult content due to concerns over illegal material and ethical issues. Additionally, government regulations have tightened in various countries, making it harder for adult websites to operate freely. Age verification laws, content moderation policies, and banking restrictions have further strained the industry’s profitability.<a href="#cite_note-392">[380]</a> With the decline of traditional studios, many performers have turned to subscription-based platforms like <a href="/wiki/OnlyFans" title="OnlyFans">OnlyFans</a>, Fansly, and <a href="/wiki/ManyVids" title="ManyVids">ManyVids</a>. These platforms empower performers to create and distribute content directly to their audiences, bypassing traditional production companies. While this shift has provided financial independence for some, it has also increased market saturation, making it harder for new creators to establish themselves. Additionally, dependence on third-party platforms leaves creators vulnerable to policy changes and financial restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-393">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> has introduced a new challenge to the adult industry. <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">AI-generated</a> adult content, including <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfake</a> pornography, poses ethical and legal dilemmas. These technologies allow users to create explicit content without real actors, potentially harming real performers by decreasing the demand for traditional adult content. The proliferation of AI-generated porn also raises concerns about consent, as deepfake technology can be misused to create non-consensual content featuring real individuals.<a href="#cite_note-394">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_pornography" title="Cartoon pornography">Cartoon pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornotopia" title="Pornotopia">Pornotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornocracy">Pornocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-1">b</a> Pornography can be defined as "material [e.g., pictures, films, videos or text] deemed sexual, given the context, that has the primary intention of sexually arousing the consumer, and is produced and distributed with the consent of all persons involved" (McDonald & Kirkman, 2019, p. 163). Central in the definition of pornography is the consent of all persons involved. Therefore, materials that were produced or distributed without the consent of at least one person involved (e.g., "revenge porn", "child pornography") were excluded from this definition (McDonald & Kirkman, 2019).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomlenacHochleitner2022-16">[12]</a> Pornography is best defined as a medium, such as a picture, video, or text, that is intended to be treated as sexually arousing (Rea, [41]). [...] pornography is framed as an aid for sexual arousal (Parvez, [32]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeedMacDonaldParksDoucette2021-17">[13]</a> Using pornography means to intentionally look at, watch, read, or listen to sexually arousing material (pictures, videos, films, written text or audio) which depicts nudity and/or explicit sexual behavior. This does not include participating in interactive sexual experiences in person or online, such as a “lap-dance” in a strip club or a live sex chat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawlessKarantzasKnox2023-18">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_2-2">c</a> Anthropologist Paul Mellars of Stony Brook University in New York state says the focus on exaggerated sexual features fits with other artifacts found from the period, including phalluses carved out of bison horn and vulva inscribed on rocks. "It's sexually exaggerated to the point of being pornographic", Mellars says. "There's all this sexual symbolism bubbling up in that period. They were sex-mad." Conard used radiocarbon dates from bones and other artifacts found nearby to date the figurine. "It's at least 35,000 calendar years old, but I think it's much older than that", Conard says.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScience13_May_2009-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-use-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-use_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-use_3-1">b</a> Representative studies indicate that pornography use is a common recreational activity—equivalent with other digitally mediated behaviors (e.g., video games, social media)—with a majority of men and a sizable plurality of women reporting regular use of pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubbsFloydKraus2023-219">[213]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipviolence-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipviolence_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipviolence_4-1">b</a> Using a large longitudinal sample of university students (N = 892) over a three-month time lag with two waves and a cross-lagged panel design, we found that pornography use does not prospectively predict the perpetration of intimate partner violence, and that the perpetration of intimate partner violence does not prospectively predict pornography use. Further, gender does not moderate these relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchEsplinAaronDowdle2020-371">[359]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Templex-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Templex_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Templex_30-1">b</a> Perhaps no culture has cultivated sexual pleasure as a spiritual ideal to the extent of the ancient Hindus of India. From the fifth century ce onward, temples show sculptures of gods, nymphs, and ordinary people in erotic poses. Hindu sexual practices were codified in a sex manual, the Kama Sutra, which illustrates sexual positions, some of which would challenge a contortionist. It also holds recipes for alleged aphrodisiacs. This manual is believed to have been written sometime between the third and fifth centuries ce, when Christianity was ascending in the West. In its graphic representations of sexual positions and practices, the Kama Sutra reflected the Hindu belief that sex was a religious duty, not a source of shame or guilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathusNevidFichner-Rathus201813-33">[28]</a> Spiritual liberation is said to be a great bliss (ananda) that is the result of the internalization and transcendence of the very same sexual fire that is experienced in limited amounts through sexual engagement. Ultimately, for Hindus, sexuality is not one thing and spirituality another. They are, rather, two aspects of the very same fire, a fire that both gives rise to life and makes possible its transcendence. Or, one might say that they are but two names for a single internal river, which, has the capacity to flow in two directions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidke2003110-34">[29]</a> Bhartrihari is a true representative of Indian culture in his extreme views on sex and renunciation. In his Sringarasataka {verse 19} he says: "In the worthless and changeable world, learned men should either pass their days in drinking the nectar of spiritual knowledge or devote themselves to the pleasant enjoyment of women, whose breasts and buttocks are both hard and thick set and whose hips and loins are fully developed and extended." ... The poet considers the sensual pleasures as the ultimate end of heaven which is reserved for the fortunate few [verse 57].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai1975187–188-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> The pornographic genre is immense, and includes an enormous variety of styles catering to an equally vast range of tastes and fetishes. Certainly, mainstream heteroporn makes up the main bulk of the genre, and is most easily accessible. As stated above, this style of porn includes highly formulaic displays of paired or group sex, enacted by bodies exhibiting a conventional gendered aesthetic, moving through various sexual positions and penetrations. Nonetheless, some forms of porn are more normative than others, and indeed not all forms of heteroporn are normative, such as 'rimming', girl-on-boy strap-on anal sex, and hard-core BDSM. Pornography also includes an endless array of different kinds of fetish, 'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM and body modification. The list of non-mainstream porn is endless and displays bodies, gender scenarios and sexual activity differently to heteronormative formulations of mainstream heteroporn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011-150">[145]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> If estimates generated from the RIA or NFSS are more valid, then pornography use is—or perhaps has become—a common and frequent experience among men, with just under half of all men using pornography in an average week. It is also not an uncommon or infrequent occurrence for women, with nearly one in five reporting pornography use in the past week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegnerusGordonPrice2015-221">[215]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> She didn't know that the dangers of it, like if the condom breaks, and that we could get more STI's with the micro-tears, and just the condoms in general: Swelling, yeast infections, things of that nature—she just had no idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernes2014c-270">[263]</a> After hours of sex with no breaks, attempting to endure the friction of the condom in your vagina or anus is...impossible. And to do this daily amounts to an occupational work hazard. Of course, due to the lack of respect towards the adult business and blatant disregard from society regarding the sexual comfort or even opinions of female performers, none of this mattered. No one asked us.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReign2013-271">[264]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-shivshakti-326"><a href="#cite_ref-shivshakti_326-0">^</a> The picture of human gender that emerges in the classical age of Hinduism (ca. 300 C.E.) is one in which a bi-gendered soul reincarnates into both female and male bodies, which are themselves bi-gendered in the sense that all bodies always contains both a female principle, and a male principle. In a theological sense, all beings are spiritual androgynes. Human beings are sexually inclined because sexuality is God's creative energy, and a function of Its inclination to reunite the two poles of Its bipolar being. This thematic is worked out in numerous ways in the Hindu scriptures in such a way that a serious student of Hinduism can find a paradigm for nearly all possible sexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidke2003125-324">[316]</a> The copulation of Shiva and Shakti represent the nondual nature of reality itself, and it is erotic energy, sometimes believed to be located in the concentrated substance of sexual fluids, that is imagined as flowing from the bottom of the spine to the top of the spine, where the erotic union between Shakti and Shiva occurs. This is especially the case in some tantric traditions, where techniques of erotic visualization or ritual copulation are used for the sake of stimulating and then sublimating energy toward higher states of knowledge, culminating in the realization of nonduality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201414–15-319">[311]</a> [I]n the tantric sexual ritual of maithuna, the sensation of bliss (ānanda) at the heart of the sexual act is seen as the power of the goddess (Śakti) in a tangible form, and the discernment of that reality differentiates maithuna from the mundane expression of intercourse, and activates the inner transformation of the sādhaka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarbacker201138-325">[317]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tantra-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Tantra_331-0">^</a> Tantra is not easy to define but the word was applied to scriptures, of which there were many varieties, and it was perhaps derived from a root meaning a 'thread', suggesting the male and female principles of which the universe is woven. It has been said that Tantra was the rediscovery of the mystery of woman, for every woman became an incarnation of the Shakti, the divine woman and mother. In rituals the female yogi, the yogini, was naked and aroused the feeling of terrifying emotion before the cosmic mystery of creation. Every naked woman incarnated Prakriti, Nature, and in ritual she became the goddess, the Shakti. ... For Tantra the greatest energy was sexual and the sexual organs represented cosmic powers, as symbolized in the linga of Shiva. Some yogis worshipped their own linga, with full ritual, and sexual arousal indicated the coming of the divine presence. The snake was naturally a symbol of sexual power, in the kundalini and other concepts. Similarly the female yoni was worshipped, and many sculptures depicted not only the female body but its prominent genitals. Sexual intercourse (maithuna) of any kind was treated in a ritual fashion, between husband and wife, or different partners, or with a temple girl. Sexual union was transformed into a ceremonial through which the human couple became a divine pair. ... Sexual union thus provided a complete model of the union of God and the soul. Since it was so profoundly Indian, Tantra not only flourished in theistic Hinduism but also in pantheistic, it developed in ascetic Buddhism, and some of its methods were adopted by even more ascetic Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder199636–38-329">[320]</a> In tantrism, an orgasmic sexual union is equated to the achievement of a high state of spirituality (Skora 2007; Lousada and Angel 2011), while these sex rites are also said to have elevated women’s identity (Shaw 1994; Biernacki 2006).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamad2021-330">[321]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> In the bible, nakedness is a source of shame. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 2:25 says of Adam and Eve, "And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed." That changed when they rebelled against God's commandment and ate of the tree of knowledge. From then on, they felt ashamed in each other's presence: "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons." This biblical interpretation of nakedness as shameful still deeply informs the social norms and conventions that determine how we deal with human physicality and sexuality. Although our notions of whether, how, where and in the presence of whom a person may be undressed have changed over the centuries, the shame we feel when we transgress the norms has remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKämmerer2019-344">[334]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> In much of Christian mythology, sex is a barrier to be overcome. Mortality is transcended and salvation achieved by redemption and ascetic denial of the senses, especially one's sexual impulses. Christian views have generally been very uncomfortable with any form of sensual pleasure, especially erotic and sexual pleasures. In the West, sexual pleasure is disruptive and dangerous to both the individual and society. It is a monster in the groin, which, if unleashed, could drive men to uncontrollable indulgence and destroy society. Work, not play, is redemptive. Sexual pleasure is moral when it leads men and women to undertake the burdens and responsibilities of raising children. In this view, sexual relations are immoral and sinful whenever they are indulged in outside marriage or without an openness to procreation. Thus orthodox Judaism, official Catholicism, and Protestant fundamentalists condemn masturbation and all forms of nonmarital, nonreproductive sex. Also unacceptable are alternate sexual behaviors and relationships—playful/recreational sex, gay unions, pre- and co-marital sex, and intimate friendships. In contrast, Hinduism celebrates sexual pleasure as a value in its own right, to be enjoyed for what it brings the participants. Kama, "the pursuit of love of pleasure, both sensual and aesthetic", represents one of the four goals of life in the Hindu tradition. In Hindu philosophy, Bhoga (sexual pleasure) is viewed as one of two paths leading to nirvana, the Buddha, and final deliverance. Yoga, spiritual exercise, is the alternate, and more demanding, path to liberation and the merging of the individual with the universal. In the Tantric yoga tradition, a man or woman can even practice channeling his or her sexual energies from the lowest chakra to the highest and achieve cosmic awareness and transcendence in solo sex or masturbation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancoeur2014516-347">[336]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201320-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNair201320_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNair2013">McNair 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEetymonline2023_6-1">b</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFLane2000">Lane 2000</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2001273-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne2001273_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne2001">Browne 2001</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1983-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland1983_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutherland1983">Sutherland 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2017-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2017_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutherland2017">Sutherland 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey20227-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey20227_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubey2022">Lubey 2022</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey20228-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey20228_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey20228_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubey2022">Lubey 2022</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20152-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuzgyte20152_59-0">a</a> <a 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ACLU">Reno v. ACLU</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_521" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 521">521</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/521/844/">844</a> (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2023-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2023_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2023_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2023_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2023_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2023">Rosen 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2000-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2000_127-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFEgan2000">Egan 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRONTLINE2002_128-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFRONTLINE2002">FRONTLINE 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchleifer2018-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrySchleifer2018_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrySchleifer2018">Perry & Schleifer 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020">Ashton, McDonald & Kirkman 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020548-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmonFisherBurch2020548_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmonFisherBurch2020">Salmon, Fisher & Burch 2020</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2015-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2015_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2015">Jacobs 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201625-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201625_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillen2017_134-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacmillen2017">Macmillen 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShane2021-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShane2021_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShane2021_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShane2021">Shane 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201624-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201624_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGivernCosic2022-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGivernCosic2022_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGivernCosic2022">McGivern & Cosic 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2020-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2020_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2020">Goodwin 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2023-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2023_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2023">Dunn 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022_140-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahnenZengKronMeissner2022_140-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahnenZengKronMeissner2022">Jahnen et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201633-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201633_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoga2010-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoga2010_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoga2010">Koga 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201634-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201634_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugdale2013-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDugdale2013_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDugdale2013">Dugdale 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeltzer2011-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeltzer2011_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeltzer2011">Seltzer 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20152-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20152_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20152_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngraham2015">Ingraham 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2021-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2021_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2021">Bonner 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2008647_149-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhisnant2008">Whisnant 2008</a>, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland2011_150-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulholland2011">Mulholland 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201631-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201631_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmis2001-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmis2001_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmis2001_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmis2001_152-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmis2001">Amis 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201632-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201632_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201632_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbals2014-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbals2014_154-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTibbals2014">Tibbals 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutter2009-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutter2009_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutter2009">Rutter 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGQ2010-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGQ2010_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGQ2010">GQ 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201629-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201629_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201629_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201629_157-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201630-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201630_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarinaGlassman-hughesKibbe2023-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarinaGlassman-hughesKibbe2023_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarinaGlassman-hughesKibbe2023">Varina, Glassman-hughes & Kibbe 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151–4-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151–4_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngraham2015">Ingraham 2015</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraham20151-4_161-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngraham2015">Ingraham 2015</a>, p. 1-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormon2014-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMormon2014_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMormon2014">Mormon 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGlottenVangundy2013-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGlottenVangundy2013_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGlottenVangundy2013">McGlotten & Vangundy 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoopersmith2006-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoopersmith2006_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoopersmith2006">Coopersmith 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckman2001-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckman2001_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckman2001_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckman2001">Ackman 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge1996-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridge1996_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBridge1996">Bridge 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZook2005-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZook2005_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZook2005">Zook 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant201649-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant201649_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarrant2016">Tarrant 2016</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN15_July_1999-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVN15_July_1999_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAVN15_July_1999">AVN & 15 July 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrusiewicz2018-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrusiewicz2018_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrusiewicz2018">Strusiewicz 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019361-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambleton2019361_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHambleton2019">Hambleton 2019</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Orlando2011-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Orlando2011_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Orlando2011">D'Orlando 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzymanskiStewart-Richardson2014-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzymanskiStewart-Richardson2014_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzymanskiStewart-Richardson2014">Szymanski & Stewart-Richardson 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach2014-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach2014_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuerbach2014">Auerbach 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp202011-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopp202011_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopp202011_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopp2020">Kopp 2020</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubey2022215-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey2022215_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey2022215_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubey2022215_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubey2022">Lubey 2022</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023195-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzer2023195_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeitzer2023">Weitzer 2023</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzer202314-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzer202314_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeitzer2023">Weitzer 2023</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENBCnews20_January_2015-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBCnews20_January_2015_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNBCnews20_January_2015">NBCnews & 20 January 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2024-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin2024_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin2024_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAustin2024">Austin 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20103-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarss20103_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarss2010">Barss 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20101,10-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarss20101,10_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarss2010">Barss 2010</a>, p. 1,10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011210-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2011210_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak201114-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak201114_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak201114_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair201310-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNair201310_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNair201310_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNair2013">McNair 2013</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak20114-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak20114_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20102-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarss20102_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarss2010">Barss 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN11_March_2014-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVN11_March_2014_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAVN11_March_2014">AVN & 11 March 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011198-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2011198_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMearian2006-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMearian2006_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMearian2006_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMearian2006">Mearian 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2007-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2007_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2007_192-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2007">Lynch 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner2007-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner2007_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardiner2007">Gardiner 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHymes2009-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHymes2009_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHymes2009">Hymes 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernes2014a-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKernes2014a_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKernes2014a">Kernes 2014a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVN13_May_2014-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVN13_May_2014_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAVN13_May_2014">AVN & 13 May 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011210-211-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2011210-211_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 210-211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarss20101-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarss20101_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarss20101_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarss2010">Barss 2010</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2011212-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2011212_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2011">Nowak 2011</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019b-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019b_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeMaiberg2019b">Cole & Maiberg 2019b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrueger2017-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrueger2017_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrueger2017">Krueger 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2017-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2017_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2017_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2017">Griffin 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent10_August_2010-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent10_August_2010_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Independent10_August_2010">The Independent & 10 August 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2020-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiss2020_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiss2020">Weiss 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2021-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay2021_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHay2021">Hay 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2016-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2016_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlein2016">Klein 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021_207-3">d</a> <a 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Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater, 604 F.2d 852 (5th Cir.1979) and Jartech v. Clancy, 666 F.2d 403 (9th Cir.1982) held that obscenity could not be a defense to copyright claims. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Devils Films, Inc. v. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandYoungLaierWölfling2016_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandYoungLaierWölfling2016">Brand et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2014-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal2014_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2014">Segal 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightBridgesSunEzzell2018-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightBridgesSunEzzell2018_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrightBridgesSunEzzell2018">Wright et al. 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELimCarrotteHellard2016-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimCarrotteHellard2016_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLimCarrotteHellard2016">Lim, Carrotte & Hellard 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2017-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2017_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2017">Perry 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019a-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeMaiberg2019a_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeMaiberg2019a">Cole & Maiberg 2019a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2020-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2020_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCole2020">Cole 2020</a>. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCole2020 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroster2019-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroster2019_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroster2019">Broster 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVice2019-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVice2019_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVice2019">Vice 2019</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVice2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHayes2014" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Mark (15 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20265332.html">"Why porn is finally going down the tube"</a>. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Why+porn+is+finally+going+down+the+tube&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Flifestyle%2Farid-20265332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-19916324">"Tube sites are 'changing porn', says UK regulator"</a>. BBC News. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tube+sites+are+%27changing+porn%27%2C+says+UK+regulator&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-19916324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2020" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Samantha (11 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/sex-workers-what-visa-and-mastercard-dropping-pornhub-means-to-performers/">"'War Against Sex Workers:' What Visa and Mastercard Dropping Pornhub Means to Performers"</a>. VICE. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VICE&rft.atitle=%27War+Against+Sex+Workers%3A%27+What+Visa+and+Mastercard+Dropping+Pornhub+Means+to+Performers&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsex-workers-what-visa-and-mastercard-dropping-pornhub-means-to-performers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/the-pornography-empire-continues-its-collapse-onlyfans-has-fallen/">"The Pornography Empire Continues Its Collapse: OnlyFans Has Fallen - The American Spectator | USA News and PoliticsThe American Spectator | USA News and Politics"</a>. The American Spectator | USA News and Politics. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator+%7C+USA+News+and+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Pornography+Empire+Continues+Its+Collapse%3A+OnlyFans+Has+Fallen+-+The+American+Spectator+%7C+USA+News+and+PoliticsThe+American+Spectator+%7C+USA+News+and+Politics&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Fthe-pornography-empire-continues-its-collapse-onlyfans-has-fallen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubéLapointe2024" class="citation web cs1">Dubé, Simon; Lapointe, Valerie A. (9 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/ai-generated-pornography-will-disrupt-the-adult-content-industry-and-raise-new-ethical-concerns-226683">"AI-generated pornography will disrupt the adult content industry and raise new ethical concerns"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=AI-generated+pornography+will+disrupt+the+adult+content+industry+and+raise+new+ethical+concerns&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft.aulast=Dub%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Lapointe%2C+Valerie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fai-generated-pornography-will-disrupt-the-adult-content-industry-and-raise-new-ethical-concerns-226683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthenaeus1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Athenaeus (1927) [3rd CE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206063327/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405%3Acasaubonpage%3D567b">"Book 13.567b"</a>. The Deipnosophists (in Greek). Translated by Gulick, Charles Burton. Harvard University Press, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674993617" title="Special:BookSources/9780674993617"><bdi>9780674993617</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405%3Acasaubonpage%3D567b">the original</a> on 6 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+13.567b&rft.btitle=The+Deipnosophists&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2C+London&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=9780674993617&rft.au=Athenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0405%253Acasaubonpage%253D567b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2014" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2014). "Durga". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Durga&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Loyola+Marymount+University%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</a>. The British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6"><bdi>0-7141-1705-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010626/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7141-1705-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2001" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Pat (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC">The Guide to United States Popular Culture</a>. Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3"><bdi>0-87972-821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+United+States+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87972-821-3&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3rJxPYT32MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarss2010" class="citation book cs1">Barss, Patchen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TP4AAAAQBAJ">The Erotic Engine: How Pornography has Powered Mass Communication, from Gutenberg to Google</a>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307375995" title="Special:BookSources/9780307375995"><bdi>9780307375995</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TP4AAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erotic+Engine%3A+How+Pornography+has+Powered+Mass+Communication%2C+from+Gutenberg+to+Google&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307375995&rft.aulast=Barss&rft.aufirst=Patchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TP4AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockris2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bockris" title="Victor Bockris">Bockris, Victor</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRmjRcSYXlgC&q=%22andy+warhol%22+%22blue+movie%22&pg=PA326">Warhol: the Biography</a>. New York City: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786730285" title="Special:BookSources/9780786730285"><bdi>9780786730285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warhol%3A+the+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780786730285&rft.aulast=Bockris&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRmjRcSYXlgC%26q%3D%2522andy%2Bwarhol%2522%2B%2522blue%2Bmovie%2522%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2014" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Lee W. (2014). "Shiva". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). Ithaca College, USA: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shiva&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Ithaca+College%2C+USA&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Lee+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleland2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cleland" title="John Cleland">Cleland, John</a> (2010) [1986]. Wagner, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8PzitcyG2wsC">Fanny Hill: Or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140432497" title="Special:BookSources/9780140432497"><bdi>9780140432497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fanny+Hill%3A+Or%2C+Memoirs+of+a+Woman+of+Pleasure&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780140432497&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8PzitcyG2wsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClingbine2016" class="citation book cs1">Clingbine, Graham (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLzWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">What You Need to Know About Human Sex</a>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785893735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785893735"><bdi>978-1785893735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+Human+Sex&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1785893735&rft.aulast=Clingbine&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLzWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComellaErickson2013" class="citation book cs1">Comella, Lynn; Erickson, Loree (2013). "'From text to context.' 'Out of line: the sexy femmegimp politics of flaunting it!'". In Taormino, Tristan; Parreñas Shimizu, Celine; Penley, Constance; Miller-Young, Mireille (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2pgAwAAQBAJ">The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure</a>. New York City: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558618183" title="Special:BookSources/9781558618183"><bdi>9781558618183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27From+text+to+context.%27+%27Out+of+line%3A+the+sexy+femmegimp+politics+of+flaunting+it%21%27&rft.btitle=The+feminist+porn+book%3A+the+politics+of+producing+pleasure&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Feminist+Press+at+the+City+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781558618183&rft.aulast=Comella&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Loree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2pgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, Paul</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-I4gcBlTqcC">The Greeks A Portrait of Self and Others</a>. 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Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892817191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892817191"><bdi>978-0892817191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+sacred+sexuality+%3A+from+aphrodisiacs+and+ecstasy+to+yoni+worship+and+zap-lam+yoga&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0892817191&rft.aulast=Camphausen&rft.aufirst=Rufus+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2F9780892817191%2FEncyclopedia-Sacred-Sexuality-Aphrodisiacs-Exstasy-0892817194%2Fplp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drake, Miriam A (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7J5LGp42XwC">Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 1. London: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2077-3"><bdi>978-0-8247-2077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2077-3&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Miriam+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7J5LGp42XwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukore2020" class="citation book cs1">Dukore, Bernard F. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030521868" title="Special:BookSources/9783030521868"><bdi>9783030521868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernard+Shaw+and+the+Censors%3A+Fights+and+Failures%2C+Stage+and+Screen&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030521868&rft.aulast=Dukore&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYoBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLe%2BCoucher%2Bde%2Bla%2BMari%25C3%25A9e%2Bpopular%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2011" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Kathleen K. 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Oxford World's Classics. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283982-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283982-9"><bdi>0-19-283982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamasutra&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-283982-9&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Kakar%2C+Sudhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkamasutra00vats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Diamond" title="Milton Diamond">Diamond, Milton</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206211030/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm">"The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective"</a>. In Elias, James; Bullough, Vern L.; Elias, Veronica Diehl; Brewer, Gwen; Douglas, Jeffrey J.; Jarvis, Will (eds.). Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-750-5"><bdi>978-1-57392-750-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm">the original</a> on 6 February 2007. 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Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070963849" title="Special:BookSources/9780070963849"><bdi>9780070963849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erotic+Sculpture+of+India%3A+A+Socio-cultural+Study&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780070963849&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Devangana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmdQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskridge2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Eskridge" title="William Eskridge">Eskridge, William N.</a> (2002). Gaylaw: challenging the apartheid of the closet. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674008045" title="Special:BookSources/9780674008045"><bdi>9780674008045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaylaw%3A+challenging+the+apartheid+of+the+closet&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674008045&rft.aulast=Eskridge&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Edwards_(historian)" title="Catharine Edwards (historian)">Edwards, Catharine</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-of-immorality-in-ancient-rome/C44A21822086D3C51939E3AAAF5D08DC">The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511518553" title="Special:BookSources/9780511518553"><bdi>9780511518553</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501091118/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-of-immorality-in-ancient-rome/C44A21822086D3C51939E3AAAF5D08DC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461467410" title="Special:BookSources/9781461467410"><bdi>9781461467410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolescents%2C+Crime%2C+and+the+Media%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781461467410&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWX1DAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoeur2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Francoeur" title="Robert T. Francoeur">Francoeur, Robert T.</a> (2014). "RELIGION AND SEXUALITY". In <a href="/wiki/Vern_Bullough" title="Vern Bullough">Bullough, Vern</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bullough" title="Bonnie Bullough">Bullough, Bonnie</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cqlAgAAQBAJ">Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 685 of Garland reference library of social science. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135825027" title="Special:BookSources/9781135825027"><bdi>9781135825027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RELIGION+AND+SEXUALITY&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135825027&rft.aulast=Francoeur&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cqlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Faure" title="Bernard Faure">Faure, Bernard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvO0vO575owC">The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691091716" title="Special:BookSources/9780691091716"><bdi>9780691091716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Denial%3A+Buddhism%2C+Purity%2C+and+Gender&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780691091716&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvO0vO575owC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeltzer2016" class="citation book cs1">Geltzer, Jeremy (2016). Dirty Words and Filthy Pictures: Film and the First Amendment. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477307434" title="Special:BookSources/9781477307434"><bdi>9781477307434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Words+and+Filthy+Pictures%3A+Film+and+the+First+Amendment&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781477307434&rft.aulast=Geltzer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Giesberg, Judith Ann (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsYSDgAAQBAJ">Sex and the Civil War: Soldiers, Pornography, and the Making of American Morality</a>. United States: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469631288" title="Special:BookSources/9781469631288"><bdi>9781469631288</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsYSDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+the+Civil+War%3A+Soldiers%2C+Pornography%2C+and+the+Making+of+American+Morality&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781469631288&rft.aulast=Giesberg&rft.aufirst=Judith+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsYSDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, H. Montgomery</a> (1964). A History of Pornography. London: New English Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331692">1331692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pornography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331692&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHester2014" class="citation book cs1">Hester, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs6mAgAAQBAJ">Beyond Explicit: Pornography and the Displacement of Sex</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438449623" title="Special:BookSources/9781438449623"><bdi>9781438449623</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs6mAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Explicit%3A+Pornography+and+the+Displacement+of+Sex&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438449623&rft.aulast=Hester&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs6mAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambleton2019" class="citation book cs1">Hambleton, Alexandra (2019). "Gendered desires". In Coates, Jennifer; Fraser, Lucy; Pendleton, Mark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315179582">The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 361–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315179582">10.4324/9781315179582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138895201" title="Special:BookSources/9781138895201"><bdi>9781138895201</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203303010">203303010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gendered+desires&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Gender+and+Japanese+Culture&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203303010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315179582&rft.isbn=9781138895201&rft.aulast=Hambleton&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehandbooks.com%2Fdoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315179582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowitt2022" class="citation book cs1">Howitt, Dennis (2022). "9. Sexual offenders 1: rapists". Introduction to Forensic and Criminal Psychology (7 ed.). United States: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-29580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-29580-0"><bdi>978-1-292-29580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Sexual+offenders+1%3A+rapists&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Forensic+and+Criminal+Psychology&rft.place=United+States&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-292-29580-0&rft.aulast=Howitt&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraham2015" class="citation book cs1">Ingraham, Natalie (20 April 2015). "Pornography, genres of". The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Wiley Online Library. pp. 861–1042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs366">10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118896877" title="Special:BookSources/9781118896877"><bdi>9781118896877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography%2C+genres+of&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E1042&rft.pub=Wiley+Online+Library&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs366&rft.isbn=9781118896877&rft.aulast=Ingraham&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_BehunOwens2019" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Behun, Richard; Owens, Eric W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1frADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102">Youth and Internet Pornography: The impact and influence on adolescent development</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429751097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429751097"><bdi>978-0429751097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+and+Internet+Pornography%3A+The+impact+and+influence+on+adolescent+development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0429751097&rft.aulast=Joseph+Behun&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Owens%2C+Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1frADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2014" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Andrea (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2u6BAAAQBAJ">Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199390250" title="Special:BookSources/9780199390250"><bdi>9780199390250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga%3A+From+Counterculture+to+Pop+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199390250&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2u6BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1948" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187888">Papers On Psycho-Analysis</a> (Fifth ed.). London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780950164762" title="Special:BookSources/9780950164762"><bdi>9780950164762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+On+Psycho-Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Bailliere%2C+Tindall+and+Cox&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780950164762&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.187888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Karabell, Zachary</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/195">Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5"><bdi>0-375-40883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+desert%3A+the+creation+of+the+Suez+Canal&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-40883-5&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingdesertcre00kara%2Fpage%2F195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaliski2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaliski, Burton S. (2007). Encyclopedia of Business and Finance: A-I. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028660622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028660622"><bdi>978-0028660622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Business+and+Finance%3A+A-I&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0028660622&rft.aulast=Kaliski&rft.aufirst=Burton+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopp2020" class="citation book cs1">Kopp, David M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-37659-8">Human Resource Management in the Pornography Industry</a> (1 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-37659-8">10.1007/978-3-030-37659-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-37658-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-37658-1"><bdi>978-3-030-37658-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243258192">243258192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224080418/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-37659-8">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Management+in+the+Pornography+Industry&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243258192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-37659-8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-37658-1&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-37659-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1mM0m37AHkC">The Gender of Desire: Essays on Male Sexuality</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791463376" title="Special:BookSources/9780791463376"><bdi>9780791463376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gender+of+Desire%3A+Essays+on+Male+Sexuality&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780791463376&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1mM0m37AHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühnGallinat2016" class="citation book cs1">Kühn, S; Gallinat, J (2016). Neurobiological Basis of Hypersexuality. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 129. pp. 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2016.04.002">10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128039144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0128039144"><bdi>978-0128039144</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27503448">27503448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurobiological+Basis+of+Hypersexuality&rft.series=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27503448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2016.04.002&rft.isbn=978-0128039144&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChn&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gallinat%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutchinsky1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berl_Kutchinsky" title="Berl Kutchinsky">Kutchinsky, Berl</a> (1992). "Pornography, sex crime and public policy". In Gerull, Sally-Anne; Halstead, Boronia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007152049/http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=203812">Sex industry and public policy: proceedings of a conference held 6–8 May 1991</a>. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology. pp. 41–55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=203812">the original</a> on 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography%2C+sex+crime+and+public+policy&rft.btitle=Sex+industry+and+public+policy%3A+proceedings+of+a+conference+held+6%E2%80%938+May+1991&rft.place=Canberra%2C+ACT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Criminology&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kutchinsky&rft.aufirst=Berl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsearch.aic.gov.au%2FfirstaicPublic%2FfullRecord.jsp%3Frecno%3D203812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780642182913" title="Special:BookSources/9780642182913">9780642182913</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/14/kutchinsky.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126070715/http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/14/kutchinsky.pdf">Archived</a> 26 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Gershen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZFEzl4SuU4C">The Psychology of Shame: Theory and Treatment of Shame-Based Syndromes</a> (second ed.). Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826166739" title="Special:BookSources/9780826166739"><bdi>9780826166739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Shame%3A+Theory+and+Treatment+of+Shame-Based+Syndromes&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826166739&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Gershen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZFEzl4SuU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pornogra/fos">A Greek–English Lexicon</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864226-8"><bdi>978-0-19-864226-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212025828/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pornogra/fos">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864226-8&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpornogra%2Ffos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2000" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Frederick S (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qQnlc2RFZYC">Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415920964" title="Special:BookSources/9780415920964"><bdi>9780415920964</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qQnlc2RFZYC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obscene+Profits%3A+The+Entrepreneurs+of+Pornography+in+the+Cyber+Age&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415920964&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qQnlc2RFZYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubey2022" class="citation book cs1">Lubey, Kathleen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31053">What pornography knows : sex and social protest since the eighteenth century</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503611665" title="Special:BookSources/9781503611665"><bdi>9781503611665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+pornography+knows+%3A+sex+and+social+protest+since+the+eighteenth+century&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781503611665&rft.aulast=Lubey&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D31053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidke2003" class="citation book cs1">Lidke, Jeffrey S (2003). "A Union of Fire and Water: Sexuality and Spirituality in Hinduism". In Machacek, David W; Wilcox, Melissa M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tronAAAAYAAJ">Sexuality and the World's Religions</a>. University of Virginia: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576073599" title="Special:BookSources/9781576073599"><bdi>9781576073599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Union+of+Fire+and+Water%3A+Sexuality+and+Spirituality+in+Hinduism&rft.btitle=Sexuality+and+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.place=University+of+Virginia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576073599&rft.aulast=Lidke&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtronAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). Lochtefeld, James G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism...">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a> (illustrated ed.). New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823922871" title="Special:BookSources/9780823922871"><bdi>9780823922871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780823922871&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2014" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David A. (2014). "Shakti". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). University of Connecticut, USA: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shakti&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=University+of+Connecticut%2C+USA&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1989a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">MacKinnon, Catharine A.</a> (1989a). "Pornography: on morality and politics". In <a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">MacKinnon, Catharine A.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State">Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 195–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674896468" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674896468"><bdi>978-0674896468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography%3A+on+morality+and+politics&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Feminist+Theory+of+the+State&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0674896468&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Catharine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkola2019" class="citation book cs1">Mikkola, Mari (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpSBDwAAQBAJ">Pornography: A Philosophical Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190640088" title="Special:BookSources/9780190640088"><bdi>9780190640088</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpSBDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pornography%3A+A+Philosophical+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190640088&rft.aulast=Mikkola&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpSBDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeLitsouByronIngham2022" class="citation book cs1">McKee, Alan; Litsou, Katerina; Byron, Paul; Ingham, Roger (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/What-Do-We-Know-About-the-Effects-of-Pornography-After-Fifty-Years-of-Academic/Mckee-Litsou-Byron-Ingham/p/book/9781032140315">What Do We Know About the Effects of Pornography After Fifty Years of Academic Research</a> (1 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032140315" title="Special:BookSources/9781032140315"><bdi>9781032140315</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224080418/https://www.routledge.com/What-Do-We-Know-About-the-Effects-of-Pornography-After-Fifty-Years-of-Academic/Mckee-Litsou-Byron-Ingham/p/book/9781032140315">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Do+We+Know+About+the+Effects+of+Pornography+After+Fifty+Years+of+Academic+Research&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032140315&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Litsou%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Byron%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ingham%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FWhat-Do-We-Know-About-the-Effects-of-Pornography-After-Fifty-Years-of-Academic%2FMckee-Litsou-Byron-Ingham%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032140315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy1995" class="citation book cs1">McElroy, Wendy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629182137/http://www.zetetics.com/mac/xxx/">XXX: A Woman's Right to Pornography</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312136260" title="Special:BookSources/9780312136260"><bdi>9780312136260</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NburQgAACAAJ">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XXX%3A+A+Woman%27s+Right+to+Pornography&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780312136260&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNburQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNair2013" class="citation book cs1">McNair, Brian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f47qOw2w5Q0C">Porno? Chic!: How Pornography Changed the World and Made it a Better Place</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415572903" title="Special:BookSources/9780415572903"><bdi>9780415572903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porno%3F+Chic%21%3A+How+Pornography+Changed+the+World+and+Made+it+a+Better+Place&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415572903&rft.aulast=McNair&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df47qOw2w5Q0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaesLevinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Maes, Hans; Levinson, Jerrold, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m29oAgAAQBAJ">Art and Pornography: Philosophical Essays</a>. UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191655371" title="Special:BookSources/9780191655371"><bdi>9780191655371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Pornography%3A+Philosophical+Essays&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191655371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm29oAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinko2013" class="citation book cs1">Martinko, Jason S (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WAsAAAAQBAJ">The XXX Filmography, 1968-1988</a>. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786441846" title="Special:BookSources/9780786441846"><bdi>9780786441846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+XXX+Filmography%2C+1968-1988&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780786441846&rft.aulast=Martinko&rft.aufirst=Jason+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WAsAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2014" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Kathryn (2014). "Tantrism". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). National Institute for the Psychotherapies, New York, US: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantrism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=National+Institute+for+the+Psychotherapies%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation book cs1">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/137">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313294976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313294976"><bdi>978-0313294976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0313294976&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2011" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVWNBAAAQBAJ">Sex, Bombs, and Burgers: How War, Pornography, and Fast Food Have Shaped Modern Technology</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762776108" title="Special:BookSources/9780762776108"><bdi>9780762776108</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209134103/https://books.google.com/books?id=OVWNBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Bombs%2C+and+Burgers%3A+How+War%2C+Pornography%2C+and+Fast+Food+Have+Shaped+Modern+Technology&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780762776108&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVWNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2008" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, Vasudha (2008). <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LexraSEgRfIC">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126516292" title="Special:BookSources/9788126516292"><bdi>9788126516292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788126516292&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLexraSEgRfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenhofKraanBeekKuipers2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oldenhof, Anne; Kraan, Yolin; Beek, Titia; Kuipers, Laurian (2024). Graaf, Hanneke de; Vermey, Koenraad (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rutgers.nl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/onderzoek-seks-onder-je-25e-2023.pdf">Seks onder je 25e. Seksuele gezondheid van jongeren in Nederland anno 2023</a> [Sex under the age of 25. Sexual health of youth in the Netherlands 2023 AD] (PDF) (in Dutch). Eburon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463014984" title="Special:BookSources/9789463014984"><bdi>9789463014984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seks+onder+je+25e.+Seksuele+gezondheid+van+jongeren+in+Nederland+anno+2023&rft.pub=Eburon&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789463014984&rft.aulast=Oldenhof&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Kraan%2C+Yolin&rft.au=Beek%2C+Titia&rft.au=Kuipers%2C+Laurian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frutgers.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F01%2Fonderzoek-seks-onder-je-25e-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LsnAAAAYAAJ">Sexual Morality in the World's Religions</a>. Oneworld Publications, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851681082" title="Special:BookSources/9781851681082"><bdi>9781851681082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Morality+in+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781851681082&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LsnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaasonen2011" class="citation book cs1">Paasonen, Susanna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wqbC17l5iUC">Carnal Resonance: Affect and Online Pornography</a> (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262016315" title="Special:BookSources/9780262016315"><bdi>9780262016315</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171302/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wqbC17l5iUC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnal+Resonance%3A+Affect+and+Online+Pornography&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780262016315&rft.aulast=Paasonen&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wqbC17l5iUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroyBursteinDonlanRoberts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Burstein" title="Stanley M. Burstein">Burstein, Stanley M.</a>; Donlan, Walter; Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu0ITwAf7IAC">Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195097436" title="Special:BookSources/9780195097436"><bdi>9780195097436</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171302/https://books.google.com/books?id=xu0ITwAf7IAC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195097436&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rft.au=Burstein%2C+Stanley+M.&rft.au=Donlan%2C+Walter&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Jennifer+Tolbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu0ITwAf7IAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettis2014" class="citation book cs1">Pettis, Jeffrey B. (2014). "Androgyny". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). Fordham University, New York, US: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Androgyny&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Fordham+University%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Pettis&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudgley2000" class="citation book cs1">Rudgley, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhSHn-B89A0C&pg=PA195">"Venus Figurines: Sex Objects or Symbols?"</a>. The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86270-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86270-5"><bdi>978-0-684-86270-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venus+Figurines%3A+Sex+Objects+or+Symbols%3F&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Civilizations+of+the+Stone+Age&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86270-5&rft.aulast=Rudgley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhSHn-B89A0C%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins1993" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Gay (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninancienteg00robi">Women in Ancient Egypt</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-95469-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-95469-6"><bdi>0-674-95469-6</bdi></a>. <q>Turin erotic papyrus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-674-95469-6&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninancienteg00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathusNevidFichner-Rathus2018" class="citation book cs1">Rathus, Spencer A; Nevid, Jeffrey S.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/Rathus-Human-Sexuality-in-a-Changing-World-Books-a-la-Carte-Edition-10th-Edition/P200000003031/9780137533527">Human Sexuality in a Changing World</a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-134-52506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-134-52506-8"><bdi>978-0-134-52506-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-134-52506-8&rft.aulast=Rathus&rft.aufirst=Spencer+A&rft.au=Nevid%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Fichner-Rathus%2C+Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearson.com%2Fen-us%2Fsubject-catalog%2Fp%2FRathus-Human-Sexuality-in-a-Changing-World-Books-a-la-Carte-Edition-10th-Edition%2FP200000003031%2F9780137533527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2011" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N70GiNB8aQ4C&pg=PA458">Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression [2 volumes]: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851097883" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851097883"><bdi>978-1851097883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Modern+World%3A+A+History+of+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Economic+Oppression+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+History+of+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Economic+Oppression&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1851097883&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN70GiNB8aQ4C%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2021" class="citation book cs1">Rothman, Emily F. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M30_EAAAQBAJ">Pornography and Public Health</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190075491" title="Special:BookSources/9780190075491"><bdi>9780190075491</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164505/https://books.google.com/books?id=M30_EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pornography+and+Public+Health&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190075491&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Emily+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM30_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzgyte2015" class="citation book cs1">Ruzgyte, Edita (20 April 2015). "Pornography, history of". The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Wiley Online Library. pp. 861–1042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs367">10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118896877" title="Special:BookSources/9781118896877"><bdi>9781118896877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography%2C+history+of&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E1042&rft.pub=Wiley+Online+Library&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs367&rft.isbn=9781118896877&rft.aulast=Ruzgyte&rft.aufirst=Edita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sutherland_(author)" title="John Sutherland (author)">Sutherland, John</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udkN4xWi2r0C">Offensive Literature: Decensorship in Britain, 1960-1982</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3"><bdi>0-87972-821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offensive+Literature%3A+Decensorship+in+Britain%2C+1960-1982&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87972-821-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudkN4xWi2r0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonFisherBurch2020" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Catherine; Fisher, Maryanne L.; Burch, Rebecca L. (2020). "The Internet Is for Porn: Evolutionary Perspectives on Online Pornography". In Workman, Lance; Reader, Will; Barkow, Jerome H. (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108131797.046">10.1017/9781108131797.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108131797" title="Special:BookSources/9781108131797"><bdi>9781108131797</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216452122">216452122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Is+for+Porn%3A+Evolutionary+Perspectives+on+Online+Pornography&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Perspectives+on+Human+Behavior&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Handbooks+in+Psychology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E548-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216452122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108131797.046&rft.isbn=9781108131797&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Maryanne+L.&rft.au=Burch%2C+Rebecca+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrage2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Shrage" title="Laurie Shrage">Shrage, Laurie</a> (18 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327214739/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/">"Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/">the original</a> on 27 March 2023. 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Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815380214" title="Special:BookSources/9780815380214"><bdi>9780815380214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Bhoga+and+Ardhanariswara%3A+Individuality%2C+Wellbeing+and+Gender+in+Tantra&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780815380214&rft.aulast=Saran&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopjFswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarbacker2011" class="citation book cs1">Sarbacker, Stuart Ray (2011). "Indo-Tibetan Tantrism as Spirit Marriage". In Cattoi, Thomas; McDaniel, June (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fhdAQAAQBAJ">Perceiving the Divine through the Human Body: Mystical Sensuality</a>. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29834-1"><bdi>978-1-349-29834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Tibetan+Tantrism+as+Spirit+Marriage&rft.btitle=Perceiving+the+Divine+through+the+Human+Body%3A+Mystical+Sensuality&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-349-29834-1&rft.aulast=Sarbacker&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fhdAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalvacchia2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bette_Talvacchia" title="Bette Talvacchia">Talvacchia, Bette</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=devil+poseidon+pan&pg=PA264">"Pornography"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, Mass. and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+and+London&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Talvacchia&rft.aufirst=Bette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26q%3Ddevil%2Bposeidon%2Bpan%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonThorsenChow2021" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, C. Claire; Thorsen, Isak; Chow, Pei-Sze, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAw6zQEACAAJ">A History Of Danish Cinema</a> (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474461122" title="Special:BookSources/9781474461122"><bdi>9781474461122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Danish+Cinema&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781474461122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAw6zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shira_Tarrant" title="Shira Tarrant">Tarrant, Shira</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSp2CwAAQBAJ">The pornography industry : what everyone needs to know</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190205126" title="Special:BookSources/9780190205126"><bdi>9780190205126</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221621/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSp2CwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563249936" title="Special:BookSources/1563249936"><bdi>1563249936</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221822/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2MkAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+controversies+in+American+politics%3A+cases+in+social+regulatory+policy.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1563249936&rft.aulast=Tatalovich&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Daynes%2C+Byron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2MkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTricarico2018" class="citation book cs1">Tricarico, Giorgio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZTDwAAQBAJ">Lost Goddesses: A Kaleidoscope on Porn</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429915857" title="Special:BookSources/9780429915857"><bdi>9780429915857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Goddesses%3A+A+Kaleidoscope+on+Porn&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429915857&rft.aulast=Tricarico&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTCZTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayana1994" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana (1994) [3rd CE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-complete-kama-sutra-the-first-unabridged-modern-translation-of-the-classic-i/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater">The Complete Kama Sutra</a>. 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Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-492-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-492-6"><bdi>0-89281-492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Kama+Sutra&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89281-492-6&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-complete-kama-sutra-the-first-unabridged-modern-translation-of-the-classic-i%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzer2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Weitzer" title="Ronald Weitzer">Weitzer, Ronald</a>, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Sex-For-Sale-Prostitution-Pornography-and-Erotic-Dancing/Weitzer/p/book/9781032133157">Sex For Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and Erotic Dancing</a> (third ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032133157" title="Special:BookSources/9781032133157"><bdi>9781032133157</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181127/https://www.routledge.com/Sex-For-Sale-Prostitution-Pornography-and-Erotic-Dancing/Weitzer/p/book/9781032133157">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+For+Sale%3A+Prostitution%2C+Pornography%2C+and+Erotic+Dancing&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781032133157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FSex-For-Sale-Prostitution-Pornography-and-Erotic-Dancing%2FWeitzer%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032133157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWileyRiveraWadlow2004" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Richard; Rivera, Henry; Wadlow, R Clark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Annual-Institute-Telecommunications-Policy-Regulation/dp/B08VRBX6Z3">Annual Institute on Telecommunications Policy and Regulation, Volume 22</a>. Practising Law Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221141055/https://www.amazon.com/Annual-Institute-Telecommunications-Policy-Regulation/dp/B08VRBX6Z3">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Institute+on+Telecommunications+Policy+and+Regulation%2C+Volume+22&rft.pub=Practising+Law+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Rivera%2C+Henry&rft.au=Wadlow%2C+R+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FAnnual-Institute-Telecommunications-Policy-Regulation%2Fdp%2FB08VRBX6Z3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhisnant2008" class="citation book cs1">Whisnant, Rebecca (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/rebecca-whisnant/7/">"Pornography, Contemporary-Mainstream"</a>. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Vol. 2. California: Sage Publications. pp. 646–649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412909167" title="Special:BookSources/9781412909167"><bdi>9781412909167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pornography%2C+Contemporary-Mainstream&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Society&rft.place=California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E646-%3C%2Fspan%3E649&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9781412909167&rft.aulast=Whisnant&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Frebecca-whisnant%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams, Bernard</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=roC5CgAAQBAJ">Obscenity and Film Censorship: An Abridgement of the Williams Report</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316432464" title="Special:BookSources/9781316432464"><bdi>9781316432464</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004629/https://books.google.com/books?id=roC5CgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obscenity+and+Film+Censorship%3A+An+Abridgement+of+the+Williams+Report&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781316432464&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroC5CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2014" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Elizabeth (2014). "Matriarchy". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (second ed.). Fuller Graduate School of Psychology, USA: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6085-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-6085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matriarchy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Fuller+Graduate+School+of+Psychology%2C+USA&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOctopus1975" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lond">Encyclopedia of World Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Zen, Hinduism, Prehistoric & Primitive Religions</a>. London, UK: Octopus Publishing Group. 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126516292" title="Special:BookSources/9788126516292"><bdi>9788126516292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+Buddhism%2C+Zen%2C+Hinduism%2C+Prehistoric+%26+Primitive+Religions&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Octopus+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9788126516292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo00lond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals_and_magazines">Journals and magazines</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelHudsonJonesGlaser2018" class="citation journal cs1">Angel, Katherine; Hudson, Roscoe; Jones, Adam; Glaser, Rebecca Shaw; Walsh, Joanna; Smith, Clarissa (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/44168/1/Postscript%20to%20Special%20Section%20Final%20CS.pdf">"Special section: writing on pornography"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Porn_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Porn Studies">Porn Studies</a>. 5 (1): 44–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23268743.2018.1436260">10.1080/23268743.2018.1436260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-8743">2326-8743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Porn+Studies&rft.atitle=Special+section%3A+writing+on+pornography&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23268743.2018.1436260&rft.issn=2326-8743&rft.aulast=Angel&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Roscoe&rft.au=Jones%2C+Adam&rft.au=Glaser%2C+Rebecca+Shaw&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Smith%2C+Clarissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrl.northumbria.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F44168%2F1%2FPostscript%2520to%2520Special%2520Section%2520Final%2520CS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ashton, Sarah; McDonald, Karalyn; Kirkman, Maggie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/pornography-and-sexual-relationships-discursive-challenges-for-yo">"Pornography and sexual relationships: Discursive challenges for young women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feminism_%26_Psychology" title="Feminism & Psychology">Feminism & Psychology</a>. 30 (4): 489–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353520918164">10.1177/0959353520918164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminism+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=Pornography+and+sexual+relationships%3A+Discursive+challenges+for+young+women&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959353520918164&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Karalyn&rft.au=Kirkman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.monash.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fpornography-and-sexual-relationships-discursive-challenges-for-yo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2003" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Marianna (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906164445/http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/archive/europorn07.html">"The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections"</a>. Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/archive/europorn07.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Western+Pornography%3A+Victorian+Obsessions+and+Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle+Predilections&rft.pub=Libido%2C+The+Journal+of+Sex+and+Sensibility&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Marianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libidomag.com%2Fnakedbrunch%2Farchive%2Feuroporn07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandYoungLaierWölfling2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brand, Matthias; Young, Kimberly; Laier, Christian; Wölfling, Klaus; Potenza, Marc N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2016.08.033">"Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_%26_Biobehavioral_Reviews" title="Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews">Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</a>. 71: 252–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2016.08.033">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27590829">27590829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+%26+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Integrating+psychological+and+neurobiological+considerations+regarding+the+development+and+maintenance+of+specific+Internet-use+disorders%3A+An+Interaction+of+Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution+%28I-PACE%29+model&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2016.08.033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27590829&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Young%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Laier%2C+Christian&rft.au=W%C3%B6lfling%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Potenza%2C+Marc+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neubiorev.2016.08.033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBőtheTóth-KirályZsilaGriffiths2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bőthe, Beáta; Tóth-Király, István; Zsila, Ágnes; Griffiths, Mark D.; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Orosz, Gábor (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/30387/1/PubSub8168_Griffiths.pdf">"The Development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Sex_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Sex Research">The Journal of Sex Research</a>. 55 (3): 395–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2017.1291798">10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276929">28276929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24837743">24837743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Problematic+Pornography+Consumption+Scale+%28PPCS%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24837743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28276929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224499.2017.1291798&rft.aulast=B%C5%91the&rft.aufirst=Be%C3%A1ta&rft.au=T%C3%B3th-Kir%C3%A1ly%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Zsila%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Demetrovics%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=Orosz%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firep.ntu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F30387%2F1%2FPubSub8168_Griffiths.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Bonner, Mehera (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/g15881538/best-softcore-porn-movies/">"The 21 Best Softcore Porn Movies Ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Claire" title="Marie Claire">marie claire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428135203/https://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/g15881538/best-softcore-porn-movies/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=marie+claire&rft.atitle=The+21+Best+Softcore+Porn+Movies+Ever&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Mehera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marieclaire.com%2Fsex-love%2Fg15881538%2Fbest-softcore-porn-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroster2019" class="citation web cs1">Broster, Alice (27 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/notyourporn-is-the-campaign-fighting-to-get-non-consensual-content-removed-from-uk-porn-sites-18669297">"#NotYourPorn Is The Campaign Fighting To Get Non-Consensual Content Removed From UK Porn Sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)" title="Bustle (magazine)">Bustle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914024318/https://www.bustle.com/p/notyourporn-is-the-campaign-fighting-to-get-non-consensual-content-removed-from-uk-porn-sites-18669297">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019. 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"Girl meets boy: cross-gender queer and the promise of pornography". <a href="/wiki/Sexualities_(journal)" title="Sexualities (journal)">Sexualities</a>. 17 (7): 885–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460714532937">10.1177/1363460714532937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145460606">145460606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexualities&rft.atitle=Girl+meets+boy%3A+cross-gender+queer+and+the+promise+of+pornography&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E885-%3C%2Fspan%3E905&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1363460714532937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145460606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ziv&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zattoni, F; Gül, M; Soligo, M; Morlacco, A; Motterle, G; Collavino, J; Barneschi, A.C.; Moschini, M; Moro, F.D. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7699018">"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pornography habits: a global analysis of Google Trends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Impotence_Research" title="International Journal of Impotence Research">International Journal of Impotence Research</a>. 33 (8): 824–831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41443-020-00380-w">10.1038/s41443-020-00380-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7699018">7699018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249423">33249423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Impotence+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+COVID-19+pandemic+on+pornography+habits%3A+a+global+analysis+of+Google+Trends&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E824-%3C%2Fspan%3E831&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7699018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33249423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41443-020-00380-w&rft.aulast=Zattoni&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=G%C3%BCl%2C+M&rft.au=Soligo%2C+M&rft.au=Morlacco%2C+A&rft.au=Motterle%2C+G&rft.au=Collavino%2C+J&rft.au=Barneschi%2C+A.C.&rft.au=Moschini%2C+M&rft.au=Moro%2C+F.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7699018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_and_websites">News and websites</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach2014" class="citation web cs1">Auerbach, David (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219160919/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/10/mindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.html">"Vampire Porn"</a>. Slate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/10/mindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Vampire+Porn&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2F10%2Fmindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmis2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis, Martin</a> (17 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4153718,00.html">"A rough trade"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/17/society.martinamis1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+rough+trade&rft.date=2001-03-17&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4153718%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckman2001" class="citation web cs1">Ackman, Dan (25 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010609221146/http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html">"How Big Is Porn?"</a>. Forbes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2001. Retrieved 8 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+Big+Is+Porn%3F&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Ackman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2001%2F05%2F25%2F0524porn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2012" class="citation news cs1">Anthony, Sebastian (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/computing/123929-just-how-big-are-porn-sites">"Just how big are porn sites?"</a>. ExtremeTech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122332/https://www.extremetech.com/computing/123929-just-how-big-are-porn-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ExtremeTech&rft.atitle=Just+how+big+are+porn+sites%3F&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F123929-just-how-big-are-porn-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAucoin2006" class="citation web cs1">Aucoin, Don (24 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120126/http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/01/24/the_pornification_of_america/">"The pornification of America"</a>. The Boston Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/01/24/the_pornification_of_america/">the original</a> on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+pornification+of+America&rft.date=2006-01-24&rft.aulast=Aucoin&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fyourlife%2Farticles%2F2006%2F01%2F24%2Fthe_pornification_of_america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2024" class="citation web cs1">Austin, Daryl (2 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/11/02/how-to-stop-porn-addiction/75876700007/">"The adult industry is booming. Here's what you need to know about porn and addiction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125082244/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/11/02/how-to-stop-porn-addiction/75876700007/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+adult+industry+is+booming.+Here%27s+what+you+need+to+know+about+porn+and+addiction.&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2024-11-02&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fhealth-wellness%2F2024%2F11%2F02%2Fhow-to-stop-porn-addiction%2F75876700007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore1996a" class="citation web cs1">Bottomore, Stephen (1996a). Stephen Herbert; Luke McKernan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lear.htm">"Léar (Albert Kirchner)"</a>. Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010111821/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lear.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Victorian+Cinema&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9ar+%28Albert+Kirchner%29&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bottomore&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Flear.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore1996b" class="citation web cs1">Bottomore, Stephen (1996b). Stephen Herbert; Luke McKernan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/pirou.htm">"Eugène Pirou"</a>. Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502070425/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/pirou.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Victorian+Cinema&rft.atitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Pirou&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bottomore&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fpirou.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2015" class="citation news cs1">Barford, Vanessa (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208113813/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34471653">"Why America loved Playboy"</a>. BBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34471653">the original</a> on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+America+loved+Playboy&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-34471653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge1996" class="citation news cs1">Bridge, Adrian (20 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014063946/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sex-trade-moguls-thrive-by-the-blue-danube-1329695.html">"Sex trade moguls thrive by the Blue Danube"</a>. The Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sex-trade-moguls-thrive-by-the-blue-danube-1329695.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sex+trade+moguls+thrive+by+the+Blue+Danube&rft.date=1996-07-20&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsex-trade-moguls-thrive-by-the-blue-danube-1329695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue2009" class="citation web cs1">Blue, Violet (24 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnn.com/2009/LIVING/personal/07/24/o.women.watching.porn/">"Are more women OK with watching porn?"</a>. CNN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204112558/https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/personal/07/24/o.women.watching.porn/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Are+more+women+OK+with+watching+porn%3F&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Violet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnn.com%2F2009%2FLIVING%2Fpersonal%2F07%2F24%2Fo.women.watching.porn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterBrooks2004" class="citation news cs1">Baxter, Sarah; Brooks, Richard (8 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012201204/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece">"Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece">the original</a> on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Porn+is+vital+to+freedom%2C+says+Rushdie&rft.date=2004-08-08&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle466971.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Jessica (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170926-is-porn-harmful-the-evidence-the-myths-and-the-unknowns">"Is porn harmful?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717230538/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170926-is-porn-harmful-the-evidence-the-myths-and-the-unknowns">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019. 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Retrieved 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nbcnews.com&rft.atitle=Things+Are+Looking+Up+in+America%27s+Porn+Industry&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fthings-are-looking-americas-porn-industry-n289431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APornography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pornography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pornography">Pornography</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pornography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pornography">pornography</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> Articles related to pornography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pornography543" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FBAED2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pornography" title="Template:Pornography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pornography" title="Template talk:Pornography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pornography543" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pornography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">Pornography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:right;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_pornography" title="Cartoon pornography">Cartoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_erotica" title="Child erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake_pornography" title="Deepfake pornography">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_porn" title="Mobile porn">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:right;;width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_porn" title="Alt porn">Alt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_pornography" title="Bondage pornography">Bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clop_(erotic_fan_art)" title="Clop (erotic fan art)">Clopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_pornography" title="Convent pornography">Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang bang pornography">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_pornography" title="Gonzo pornography">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_pornography" title="Incest pornography">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MILF_pornography" title="MILF pornography">MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_pornography" title="Reality pornography">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sissy_hypno" title="Sissy hypno">Sissy hypno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle</a></li> <li>LGBTQ: <ul><li>Lesbian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erotica" title="Lesbian erotica">erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pornography" title="Lesbian pornography">pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_pornography" title="Bisexual pornography">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_pornography" title="Queer pornography">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porn_for_women" title="Porn for women">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiff" title="Yiff">Yiffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilic_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilic pornography">Zoophilic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:right;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:right;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Film_Association_of_America" title="Adult Film Association of America">Adult Film Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critics_Adult_Film_Association" title="Critics Adult Film Association">Critics Adult Film Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fans_of_X-Rated_Entertainment" title="Fans of X-Rated Entertainment">Fans of X-Rated Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Free Speech Coalition">Free Speech Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Rated_Critics_Organization" title="X-Rated Critics Organization">X-Rated Critics Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornography_companies" title="List of pornography companies">List of pornography companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_studios" title="List of pornographic film studios">List of pornographic film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuck_for_Forest" title="Fuck for Forest">Fuck for Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_pornography" title="Opposition to pornography">Opposition to pornography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United States">Anti-pornography movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipornography_Civil_Rights_Ordinance" title="Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance">Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchmen%27s_Committee_for_Decent_Publications" title="Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications">Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminists_Fighting_Pornography" title="Feminists Fighting Pornography">Feminists Fighting Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_the_New_Drug" title="Fight the New Drug">Fight the New Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_Vow" title="The Marriage Vow">The Marriage Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Page_3" title="No More Page 3">No More Page 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Bild_Sexism" title="Stop Bild Sexism">Stop Bild Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Child_Trafficking_Now" title="Stop Child Trafficking Now">Stop Child Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Porn_Culture" title="Stop Porn Culture">Stop Porn Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Pornography" title="Women Against Pornography">Women Against Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Violence_in_Pornography_and_Media" title="Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media">Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXchurch.com" title="XXXchurch.com">XXXchurch.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Overuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability_software" title="Accountability software">Accountability software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring_software" title="Employee monitoring software">Employee monitoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_filter" title="Internet filter">Internet filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoFap" title="NoFap">NoFap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_controls" title="Parental controls">Parental controls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_porn" title="Audio porn">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_pornography" title="Cartoon pornography">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_parody_film" title="Pornographic parody film">Parody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_AI_pornography" title="Generative AI pornography">Generative AI pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_magazine" title="Pornographic magazine">Magazines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_magazines" title="List of pornographic magazines">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_3" title="Page 3">Page 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_pornography" title="Effects of pornography">Possible effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">STDs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_performers_by_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pornographic performers by decade">Performers by decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_pornographic_actors" title="List of British pornographic actors">British performers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_in_gay_pornographic_films" title="List of actors in gay pornographic films">Gay male performers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_actors_who_appeared_in_mainstream_films" title="List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films">Pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mainstream_actors_who_have_appeared_in_pornographic_films" title="List of mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films">Mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_film_directors" title="List of pornographic film directors">Film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hentai_creators" title="List of hentai creators">List of hentai creators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultcon" title="Adultcon">Adultcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo" title="AVN Adult Entertainment Expo">AVN Adult Entertainment Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_International_Erotic_Film_Festival" title="Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival">Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Festival_of_Eroticism" title="Brussels International Festival of Eroticism">Brussels International Festival of Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_Erotic_Ball" title="Exotic Erotic Ball">Exotic Erotic Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exxxotica_Expo" title="Exxxotica Expo">Exxxotica Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUMP!" title="HUMP!">HUMP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porn_Sunday" title="Porn Sunday">Porn Sunday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_movie_theater" title="Adult movie theater">Adult movie theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_safe_for_work" title="Not safe for work">Not safe for work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">Pornification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornotopia" title="Pornotopia">Pornotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R18_(British_Board_of_Film_Classification)" title="R18 (British Board of Film Classification)">R18 certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_34" title="Rule 34">Rule 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">Sexualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_art" title="Erotic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_erotica" title="Women's erotica">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwatch_and_pornography" title="Overwatch and pornography">Overwatch and pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_and_pornography" title="Pokémon and pornography">Pokémon and pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Ribaldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content" title="Sexual content">Sexual content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities" title="Imagery of nude celebrities">Imagery of nude celebrities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_sex_tape" title="Celebrity sex tape">sex tape</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FBAED2;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pornography" title="Category:Pornography">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Erotica_and_pornography" title="Portal:Erotica and pornography">Erotica and pornography portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pornography_legality238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pornography_legality" title="Template:Pornography legality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pornography_legality" title="Template talk:Pornography legality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography_legality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography legality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pornography_legality238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legality_and_regulations">Pornography legality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_film_industry_regulations" title="Adult film industry regulations">Adult film industry regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_objections_to_pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Legal objections to pornography in the United States">Legal objections to pornography in the United States</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Nigeria" title="Motion picture content rating system">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Films_and_Publications_Act,_1996" title="Films and Publications Act, 1996">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_advisory_rating_system" title="Brazilian advisory rating system">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Chile" title="Motion picture content rating system">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity#Canada" title="Obscenity">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Colombia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Jamaica" title="Motion picture content rating system">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Mexico" title="Motion picture content rating system">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipornography_Civil_Rights_Ordinance" title="Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance">Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protection_and_Obscenity_Enforcement_Act" title="Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act">Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_Records" title="Custodian of Records">Custodian of Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protection_Restoration_and_Penalties_Enhancement_Act_of_1990" title="Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990">Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_Victims_Compensation_Act" title="Pornography Victims Compensation Act">Pornography Victims Compensation Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_Law_(Indonesia)" title="Pornography Law (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_motion_picture_rating_system#Legal_requirements" title="Hong Kong motion picture rating system">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Kazakhstan" title="Motion picture content rating system">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirin" title="Eirin">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Censorship_Board_of_Malaysia" title="Film Censorship Board of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Maldives" title="Motion picture content rating system">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Censors" title="Central Board of Film Censors">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information#Statutory_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Media_Rating_Board" title="Korea Media Rating Board">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Information_Office" title="Government Information Office">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2007 constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Turkey#Legal_status" title="Pornography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#United_Arab_Emirates" title="Motion picture content rating system">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Bulgaria" title="Motion picture content rating system">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Demark" title="Motion picture content rating system">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Estonia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Finland" title="Motion picture content rating system">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Greece" title="Motion picture content rating system">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Film_Classification_Office" title="Irish Film Classification Office">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Latvia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Malta" title="Motion picture content rating system">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_the_Classification_of_Audiovisual_Media" title="Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Media_Authority" title="Norwegian Media Authority">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Poland" title="Motion picture content rating system">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Portugal" title="Motion picture content rating system">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Spain" title="Motion picture content rating system">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Sweden" title="Motion picture content rating system">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiovisual_Media_Services_Regulations_2014" title="Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Obscenity_and_Film_Censorship" title="Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship">Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Possession of Extreme Pornographic Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_2010" title="Video Recordings Act 2010">Video Recordings Act 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board#Organizations" title="Australian Classification Board">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers v. Hudnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">California v. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Butler" title="R v Butler">R v Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Glad_Day_Bookshops_Inc" title="R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc">R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Peacock" title="R v Peacock">R v Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Extreme_Associates,_Inc." title="United States v. Extreme Associates, Inc.">United States v. Extreme Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meese_Report" title="Meese Report">Meese Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Obscenity_and_Pornography" title="President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography">President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Child pornography laws</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Australia" title="Child pornography laws in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Canada" title="Child pornography laws in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Act,_2000" title="Information Technology Act, 2000">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Japan" title="Child pornography laws in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_Netherlands" title="Child pornography laws in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_in_the_Philippines" title="Child pornography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Portugal" title="Child pornography laws in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child pornography laws in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Pornography_Prevention_Act_of_1996" title="Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996">Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROTECT_Act_of_2003" title="PROTECT Act of 2003">PROTECT Act of 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COPINE_scale" title="COPINE scale">COPINE scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Debate regarding child pornography laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_test" title="Dost test">Dost test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Sale_of_Children,_Child_Prostitution_and_Child_Pornography" title="Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography">Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Sale_of_Children,_Child_Prostitution_and_Child_Pornography" title="Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography">Child Prostitution and Child Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a> (2001 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_sexuality_and_sexology177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_sexuality" title="Template talk:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_sexuality_and_sexology177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">Sexual relationship</a> phenomena</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement" title="Abortion-rights movement">Abortion-rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogging_(sexual_slang)" title="Dogging (sexual slang)">Dogging (sexual slang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porn_for_women" title="Porn for women">Porn for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sex" title="Public sex">Public sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker_movements" title="Sex worker movements">Sex worker movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_erotica" title="Women's erotica">Women's erotica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pornproject_logo.svg/32px-Pornproject_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pornproject_logo.svg/42px-Pornproject_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="79" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Erotica_and_pornography" title="Portal:Erotica and pornography">Erotica and pornography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/19px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/29px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/19px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/29px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55c98588c7-nvltr","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.308","walltime":"4.614","ppvisitednodes":{"value":53041,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1074506,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":163455,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":59,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":970550,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3772.654 1 -total"," 35.36% 1333.988 604 Template:Sfn"," 10.99% 414.505 84 Template:Cite_book"," 10.44% 393.781 74 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.09% 380.632 63 Template:Cite_web"," 6.33% 238.689 2 Template:Reflist"," 4.69% 176.755 40 Template:Cite_news"," 3.09% 116.751 627 Template:Main_other"," 2.73% 102.927 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.63% 99.140 12 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.748","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23543945,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAVN11_March_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAVN13_May_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAVN15_July_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAckman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmazzone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngelHudsonJonesGlaser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshtonMcDonaldKirkman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthenaeus1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAucoin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuerbach2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC3_December_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarford2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxterBrooks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiernacki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBockris2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBottomore1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBottomore1996b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandYoungLaierWölfling2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridge1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroster2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurtăverdeJonasonGiosanEne2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBőtheTóth-KirályZsilaGriffiths2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamphausen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanby1969a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanby1969b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarol1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollPadilla-WalkerNelsonOlson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrotteDavisLim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChude-SokeiCruzMusserNash2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitronFranks2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClingbine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFColeMaiberg2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeMaiberg2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComellaErickson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoopersmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorliss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousins1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Amato2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Orlando2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDIR2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVille2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_JongCook2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenmark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmond2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonigerKakar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDroubayButtersShafer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubéLapointe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugdale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukore2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöring2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEljawadSe’edaGhozyEl-Qushayri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskridge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFRONTLINE2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFae2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaludi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaure2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrester2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxon1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancoeur2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzMalicFuPaul2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGQ2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeltzer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiesberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinSteinbergAynalemKerndt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGossettByrne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoussé2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithMitchellHartAdams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubbsFloydKraus2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubbsKraus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubbsPerryGrant_WeinandyKraus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambleton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatchEsplinAaronDowdle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHester2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoesterey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowitt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyde1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahnenZengKronMeissner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_BehunOwens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaliski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarabell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellerMollenRosen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernes2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernes2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernes2014c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoga2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohutBaerWatts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomlenacHochleitner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKontula2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopp2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrausVoonPotenza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrueger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutchinsky1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKämmerer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKühnGallinat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangenberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawlessKarantzasKnox2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeming2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevendowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimCarrotteHellard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudo1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMOJ2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon1989a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaesLevinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinko2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElroy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGivernCosic2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlottenVangundy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeeByronLitsouIngham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeeLitsouByronIngham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNair2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil_Jr.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMearian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkola2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerMcBain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontopoli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMormon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulholland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNBCnews20_January_2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetflix2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumrich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNygaard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOctopus1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenhofKraanBeekKuipers2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaasonen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrinder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrySchleifer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhamJefferySelaLynn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlancke2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroyBursteinDonlanRoberts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoposki2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathusNevidFichner-Rathus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegnerusGordonPrice2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReign2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez-HartChitaleRiggGoldstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudgley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzgyte2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmonFisherBurch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarbacker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScience13_May_2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegreto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeltzer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShane2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorGolriz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorSeida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrage2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShultz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomaiya2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeedMacDonaldParksDoucette2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStemmet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrusiewicz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzymanskiStewart-Richardson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalvacchia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarrant2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatalovichDaynes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheLocal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Independent10_August_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonThorsenChow2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThousand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibbals2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopsfield2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTricarico2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTræenToril_SørheimHein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrøiborg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdeM2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarinaGlassman-hughesKibbe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatsyayana1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillinesLitner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkThomasSosinJacob2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebber2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitzer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhisnant2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWileyRiveraWadlow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightBridgesSunEzzell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightHerbenickPaul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightSunSteffen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYushunDaisuke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZattoniGülSoligoMorlacco2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiv2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFetymonline2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFetymonline2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFfindlaw2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Clade\"] = 2,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Human sexuality\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Photography\"] = 1,\n [\"Porn\"] = 1,\n [\"Pornography legality\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sex\"] = 1,\n [\"Sex and the Law\"] = 1,\n [\"Sexual revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 604,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 26,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"USStat\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\nmultiple targets (2×): CITEREFCole2020\nno target: CITEREFVice2019\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","19.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","400","14.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","8.8"],["?","220","8.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","200","7.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.4"],["type","100","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.9"],["[others]","600","21.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-68885df69c-w2pxn","timestamp":"20250217210326","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pornography","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pornography","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q291","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q291","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-13T20:58:53Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T17:28:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/XXX_P_icon.svg","headline":"explicit portrayal of sexual acts and intercourse in media"}</script> </body> </html>