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<ul id="toc-Legal_rights_and_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_economy_and_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_economy_and_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in the economy and the military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_economy_and_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Women's health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women's_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women's health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria's_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria's_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact of the conflict on Syria's women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria's_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of the conflict on Syria's women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria's_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Yezidi_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Yezidi_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Impact of the conflict on Yezidi women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Yezidi_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Crime against women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crime_against_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crime against women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crime_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honor_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Honor killings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_and_child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_and_child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Forced and child marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_and_child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Domestic violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_of_Northern_Syria_-_Rojava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_of_Northern_Syria_-_Rojava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_of_Northern_Syria_-_Rojava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Women in art and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women_in_art_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women in art and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women_in_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syria's_Radical_Dabka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria's_Radical_Dabka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Syria's Radical Dabka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria's_Radical_Dabka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_artistic_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_artistic_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Women in artistic movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_artistic_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_murals_in_Idlib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_murals_in_Idlib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Street murals in Idlib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_murals_in_Idlib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المرأة في سوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرأة في سوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dones_a_S%C3%ADria" title="Dones a Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dones a Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γυναίκες στη Συρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυναίκες στη Συρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="زنان در سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="सीरियातील महिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सीरियातील महिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_ayollari" title="Suriya ayollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suriya ayollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شام وچ خواتین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شام وچ خواتین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulheres_na_S%C3%ADria" title="Mulheres na Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mulheres na Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரியாவில் பெண்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரியாவில் பெண்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سوریہ میں خواتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوریہ میں خواتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15983799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in Syria</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg/220px-Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg/330px-Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg/440px-Syrian_woman_on_Ellis_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Syrian woman on <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> in 1926. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Wickes Hine</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a><span class="nowrap"> (per 100,000)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">13% (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women over 25 with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">40% (2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women in labour force</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">18.9% (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.477 (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">119th out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.568 (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">152nd out of 156</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Women in Syria</b> are active participants in social, economic and political factions of Syrian society. They constitute 49.9% of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>'s population. According to World Bank data from 2021, there are around 10.6 million women in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Syrian women and girls still experience challenges, especially since the outbreak of the civil war in 2011. They suffer from discrimination, lack of access to suitable healthcare and challenges precipitated by wartime violence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an agreement amongst scholars that the earlier, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> era of women were afforded greater personal liberties prior to the rise of the Akkid Empire in the areas of northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the years following this that the status of women evolved into a more subordinated class against their male counterparts. </p><p>In the 20th century, a movement for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> developed in Syria, made up largely of upper-class, educated women.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Naziq_al-Abid" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziq al-Abid">Naziq al-Abid</a> founded Noor al-Fayha (Light of Damascus), the city's first women's organization, alongside an affiliated publication of the same name. She was made an honorary general of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> after fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysaloun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maysaloun">Battle of Maysaloun</a>, and in 1922, she founded the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Red_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Red Crescent">Syrian Red Crescent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Lebanese-Syrian feminist <a href="/wiki/Nazira_Zain_al-Din" title="Nazira Zain al-Din">Nazira Zain al-Din</a>, one of the first people to critically reinterpret the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> from a feminist perspective, published a book condemning the practice of veiling or <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> requires women to be treated equally with men.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the <a href="/wiki/First_Eastern_Women%27s_Congress" title="First Eastern Women's Congress">First Eastern Women's Congress</a> was hosted in Damascus by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian-Lebanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union">Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union</a>. </p><p>In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> took power in Syria, and pledged full equality between women and men as well as full workforce participation for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Tohidi_1998_103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tohidi_1998_103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 2011 marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, which saw many civilians fall victim to attacks targeting hospitals, schools, and infrastructure. Extremist rebel groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>, have enforced strict policies restricting the freedoms of women in territories they control.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_and_female_rights_movements">Feminist and female rights movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Feminist and female rights movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Syrian feminist movement essentially began towards the end of the 1800s, during the time period in which modern Lebanon and Syria were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It was during the time of Arabic <i>Nahba</i>, or awakening, in which what some women began to pioneer movements in the interests of their rights and liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-globalvoices.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalvoices.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women like <a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a> in the 1870s called for the liberation of women in public forums like newspapers, as well as contributing to journals with her articles and poems. </p><p>The movement continued into the years up to the Syrian coup d'état in 1963. Regimes like Assad's, Jadid's and Bashar's sought to either ban or contain the feminist movements, which arguably slowed their progression.<sup id="cite_ref-globalvoices.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalvoices.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Syrian women formed a quasi-governmental organization called the <a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a> (GUSW), a coalition of women's welfare societies, educational associations, and voluntary councils intended to achieve equal opportunity for women in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Tohidi_1998_103_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tohidi_1998_103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the outbreak of civil war, some Syrian women have joined all-female brigade units in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking on roles such as snipers, frontline units, or police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_rights_and_engagement">Legal rights and engagement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal rights and engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Syria has developed some fairly secular features during independence in the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Personal_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal status">personal status</a> law is still based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sharia1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharia1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and applied by Sharia Courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharia2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharia2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria has a dual legal system which includes both secular and religious courts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">Marriage contracts</a> are between the groom and the bride's father, and Syrian law does not recognize the concept of <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syria_Capabilities_Approach_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syria_Capabilities_Approach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When discussing the acquisition and signification of citizenship in Syria, the obtaining of Syrian citizenship did not automatically enable women to gain full access to every right, one of the most notable ones being within the realm of family law.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wilpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/The-human-rights-of-women-in-Syria-single-pages.pdf">[1]</a> Syrian family law thus has a large impact on the legal rights of women. <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a> states that all Syrian citizens are equal. However, family law has judicial primacy in defining women's personal status. In certain cases, family law can invalidate <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were efforts to secularize the legal system of most Arab states in the 1920s, family law is still heavily influenced by religion and has an impact on the private domain in cases such as marriage, divorce, and child custody.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, Syria signed the <a href="/wiki/CEDAW" class="mw-redirect" title="CEDAW">CEDAW</a> but set <a href="/wiki/Reservation_(law)" title="Reservation (law)">reservations</a> related to family law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most impactful developments in personal and family law in regards to the inheritance of wealth and land as a Syrian woman manifested in the set of decrees and laws issued between 2012 and 2018: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/decree-66-and-the-impact-of-its-national-expansion/">Decree Number 66</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/29/qa-syrias-new-property-law#:~:text=63%20of%202012%20empowered%20the,ownership%20to%20the%20Syrian%20government.">Decree Number 63</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timep.org/2019/01/07/timep-brief-law-no-19-of-2012-counter-terrorism-law/">Decree Number 19</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timep.org/2018/12/10/timep-brief-law-no-10-of-2018-housing-land-and-property/">Law Number 10</a>.</li></ul> <p>Many of these overlapped with the Assad regimes agenda to combat dissent against the regime, and to institutionalise conformity. They provided a legal cover for the exploitation of private citizen property, and made it incredibly difficult for widows, divorcées or wives and family members of the kidnapped to claim ownership over property and inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement">Engagement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, Women made up 30% of the judicial corps in Syria, which is an increase of almost double from before the revolution, in which only 15% of the judicial corps were women.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the conflict, and a subsequent loss of male figures to the conflict, women have, in some cases, stepped into positions of authority. As of February 2021, the third and most recent cohort studying at the <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/09695950802439718" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/09695950802439718">Higher Institute of Judicial Studies</a> was mostly women, with 28 out of 49 trainees.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1970 and the late 1990s, the number of girls in the education system dramatically increased due to the Ba’ath Parties initiative to combat illiteracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophersen_2015_4–7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophersen_2015_4–7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change was evident in primary schools, high schools and universities. Nevertheless, there are still ninety five women to every one hundred men. The dropout rate for women is much higher than for men. Prior to the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria's education system</a> was far more developed. After reaching the fifth year of the conflict, an estimated 50% of all school-age children were no longer attending school.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophersen_2015_4–7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophersen_2015_4–7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 46.8% of girls and 39.8% of boys complete lower secondary school in the Syrian Arab Republic as of 2022. The gap in completion rate is larger than the gap of the Middle East and North Africa aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, reports show at least 650 cases of educational facilities being attacked or exploited for military purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literacy rate for women is 74.2 percent and 91 percent for men. The rate of females over 25 with secondary education is 29.0 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-gii_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Syria, women were first allowed to vote and received universal suffrage in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Thuraya_Al-Hafez" title="Thuraya Al-Hafez">Thuraya Al-Hafez</a> ran for <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a>, but was not elected. By 1971, women held four out of the 173 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, there are cases of women contributing to societal and political change within Syria. During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab spring</a>, for example, women protested for change and in spite of arrests continued to take action, despite being socially oppressed by their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the height of the conflict period, women's rights and liberties became increasingly difficult to protect, and it became a goal of peace negotiations to establish a legal framework that would contribute to the protection of the rights of women.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2000, the passage of <a href="/wiki/UNSCR_1325" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCR 1325">U.N. SCR 1325</a> was passed, and became a turning point for the issue of Women, Peace and Security.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted after the Security Council issued a presidential statement on <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> in March, it was acknowledged that there was a strong relationship between gender equality and peace building enterprises. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/sg2002.htm">2002 report on Women, Peace and Security</a> also recommended implementing greater measures in including women in the process of peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women have not overtly engaged with direct governmental contact and influence, but instead interact more with the informal negotiation process through non-governmental organisations and intergovernmental institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CFR Women's Power Index states that since 1946, there have been 0 female heads of state, and that Syria's political parity score is ranked as 177th in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president of Syria is a male. There are also two vice presidents (including female vice president <a href="/wiki/Najah_al-Attar" title="Najah al-Attar">Najah al-Attar</a> since 2006), a prime minister and a cabinet. As of 2012, in the national parliament men held 88% of the seats while women held 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrian_Arab_Republic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Arab_Republic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Syrian Parliament</a> was previously led by female <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a>, the first woman to have held that position.<sup id="cite_ref-SANA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Assad's political and media adviser is <a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a>. Shaaban served as the first <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Expatriates_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Expatriates (Syria)">Minister of Expatriates</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>, between 2003 and 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she has been described as the Syrian government's face to the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the civil society representatives among the 150 members of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a>, which was assembled in 2019 by the Syria Envoy of the United Nations, Syrian women account for around 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several renowned Syrian women, such as academic <a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a>, Sabah Hallak of the Syrian Women's League, the law professor Amal Yazji or the judge <a href="/wiki/Iman_Shahoud" title="Iman Shahoud">Iman Shahoud</a>, sit on the committee's influential 'Small' or Drafting Body.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_economy_and_the_military">Role in the economy and the military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in the economy and the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the French occupation in 1946, Syria gained independence after two decades of revolutions and independence movements, in which women played an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the institution of the Ba’ath party in the 1963, universal socio-political policies were adopted which saw significant improvements in the country's development indices like health and education, but also in public sanitation, water, energy and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 the Syrian government passed a law requiring factories and public institutions to provide on-site childcare.<sup id="cite_ref-Tohidi_1998_103_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tohidi_1998_103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, women's involvement in the workforce is low; according to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, in the Syrian Arab Republic, the labor force participation rate among females is 14.1%, and among males its 63.6% as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This being said, they play an important role in the public sector when it comes to health and education roles.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, vulnerable employment for females has improved since 1991, according to the World Bank. Workers in vulnerable employment are reportedly less likely to engage in formal working arrangements, and are more susceptible to the consequences of economic shock. Amongst women, vulnerable employment is 8.3%, and 40.4% amongst men as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women, this average is lower than the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women are not conscripted in the military, but may serve voluntarily. The female militias of Syria are trained to fight for the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad. A video was found dating back to the 1980s with female soldiers showing their pride and protectiveness toward Assad's father.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Because women are rarely involved in the armed side of the revolution, they are much less likely to get stopped, searched, or hassled at government checkpoints. This has proved crucial in distributing humanitarian aid throughout Syria."<sup id="cite_ref-foreignaffairs.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the case of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> is often used as tool of political and social repression, geared to intimidate and manipulate communities. There are cases of forced recruitment into militias, kidnapping, rape, torture, forced detention and the denial of fair trials that put women at great risk of exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_health"><span id="Women.27s_health"></span>Women's health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women's health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the World Bank estimated the <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of Syrian women as 76 years, in comparison to 69 years for men. This number has increased significantly since the mid-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_Open_Data_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Open_Data-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of women that survive to the age of 65 has also increased: from 73% in 2014 to 84% in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_Open_Data_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Open_Data-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adolescent fertility rate has decreased since 2015. 39 in every 1000 girls between the ages of 15 and 20 gave birth in 2020. This was lower than previous years and lower than the average rate in the same income group.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_(11174124425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg/234px-Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg/351px-Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg/468px-Two_Syrian_women_wait_to_collect_a_prescription_at_a_health_clinic_in_Lebanons_Bekaa_Valley_%2811174124425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5372" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>Two Syrian women wait to collect a prescription at a health clinic in <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Lebanons Bekaa Valley</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the improvement of these numbers, there is still a high need for action to lessen the suffering of women and girls as a result of the ongoing crisis in Syria. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> stated in 2022 that 7.3 million women and girls need life-saving sexual and reproductive health care due to hostile circumstances, drought, economic collapse, and displacement. An example is maternal care, because the number of women that die during pregnancy and childbirth is on the rise and higher in Syria than in neighboring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that an estimated 450,000 women do not have access to sexual and reproductive healthcare as of June 2024.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01035-3">[2]</a> Data from the World Bank offers the figures that 39 of every 1,000 girls ages 15–19 gave birth in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to low access to healthcare services, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a> regulations saw staff and patients alike being mistreated and underfuned, and women reported about severe financial limitations and acute concerns about financial and supply insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_women">Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the outbreak of acute conflict in Syria, cases of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)</a> in women in the Syrian community, both within the country and in refugee populations, have resulted in correspondence to violence and health insecurity that they faced. War and displacement act as significant catalysts for PTSD, as well as the crimes committed against women such as rape, torture and imprisonment. Women are particularly vulnerable to the psychological consequences of war and can often find themselves deprioritized and undersupported, especially when there is limited healthcare access and funding.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria's_women"><span id="Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Syria.27s_women"></span>Impact of the conflict on Syria's women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact of the conflict on Syria's women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the conflict erupted in 2011, women in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, namely in conflict zones, have been facing <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a>, detention, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> and other violations of their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCHR reported in June 2023 that female headed households are twice as likely to report a complete inability to meet basic needs in comparison to male-headed households.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/coisyria/policypapersieges29aywar/2023-06-12-Gendered-impact-women-girls-%20Syria.pdf">[3]</a> Furthermore, discriminatory legal practices that existed before the conflict have been exacerbated. Access to housing and property has become even more complex, especially for those widowed or whose husbands have been kidapped or gone missing. </p><p>During the years of conflict, insecurity and the economic collapse significantly increased the vulnerability of women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many girls were left without schooling or access to healthcare services.<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ourworld.unu.edu_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ourworld.unu.edu-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> gathered evidence of systematic sexual assault of women and girls by combatants in Syria, and this was escalated by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State (ISIL)</a> and other terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-ourworld.unu.edu_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ourworld.unu.edu-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> has been recognized as the dominant form of violence experienced by women and girls in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">conflict</a>. This often occurred within their own homes or in detention, alongside other forms of assault such as torture, abduction and at times even murder. This was frequently carried out in the presence of a male relative.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_conflict_on_Yezidi_women">Impact of the conflict on Yezidi women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact of the conflict on Yezidi women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian conflict</a> has had a devastating impact on Syria's <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yezidi</a> people. The Yezidi community, a religious minority group, has faced brutality and persecution at the hands of the extremist group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>, which considers them as 'unbelievers'. Since the groups occupation of the region inhabited by the Yezidis in Northern Syria, thousands of Yezidis have been kidnapped, killed and raped. As a result, many surviving Yezidis fled Syria, leaving behind a divided and heavily traumatized community.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their occupation of the areas inhabited by the Yezidis, Yezidi men were executed on the spot and thousands of women and girls were captured and kidnapped and detained in ISIL holding sites in Syria. Some of these girls were just 6 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were forced to live in abhorrent conditions and subjected to severe forms of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.unhcr.org/turkiye/social-economic-and-civil-matters/sexual-and-gender-based-violence/">SGBV</a>, like rape, forced marriages, trafficking, body inspections and forced sexual slavery. Yazidi women and girls were sold at slave markets to ISIL fighters and their families and forced to work as sex slaves, subjected to daily torture, beating and rape. There were also cases of forced marriage between fighters and Yazidi girls, who would also become sex slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a few women were able to escape their kidnappers and reunite with their families, numerous others remain missing, leaving their families uncertain about their fate and whether they are still alive. ISIS's operations of mass kidnapping and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> resulted in an estimated 7000 women being victimized and over 3000 women are still missing.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another assault on <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yezidi custom</a> manifested through these rapes, in that Yazidi women and men cannot marry someone who does no belong to their group, and the child resulting from any Yezidi union must have two Yazidi parents. Women who bore children as a result of rape and sex-slavery could not easily integrate those children into their community.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notably high number of Yezidi refugees also reportedly suffer from PTSD, with a higher porportion of these sufferers being women.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime_against_women">Crime against women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crime against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honor_killings">Honor killings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honor killings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">Honor killings</a> take place in Syria in situations in which the woman is deemed to have lost her innocence by bringing shame to her family, affecting the family's 'reputation' in the community. Some estimates suggest that more than 200 honor killings occur every year in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common motivation of the honour killings was due to the number of girls and women getting sexually abused, following the increased rate of <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war molestation</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syria_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria civil war">civil unrest</a>. </p><p>These killings are carried out as a means of restoring the family's honor. The concept of these honor killings is deeply rooted in traditional and <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> norms. These norms include the assertion that men, as heads of the family unit, have an ownership over the women in their households. This ownership translates into the monopoly men have over material and social resources, and the subsequent responsibility they have over financial security. This is expected to be returned by the woman in the form of fidelity and domestic service. The principle of honor in a woman can extend beyond her sexual behaviour to loud speech, extroverted or outgoing behaviour, appearing in public places and even single or divorced family status.<sup id="cite_ref-Dayan_NP10393–NP10410_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayan_NP10393–NP10410-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Should a female family member betray such tenants, a retaliation like honor killing is sometimes seen to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Dayan_NP10393–NP10410_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayan_NP10393–NP10410-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These killings can take shape in different forms including murder, severe psychological and physical abuse and <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>. Usually these killings or punishments are committed by male family members. It is believed that they have the authority to reinstall the family's honor. Reports have revealed that women in Syria who come from low-income households are more likely to be exposed to honor killings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually the victims of these honor killings include women who engage in <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a> (or relationships), seek a divorce or refuse a forced marriage. Sometimes it also happens to women who have become victims of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men can also become victims of honor killings, but this is less prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2019 until November 2022, there have been over 14 reported deaths in areas controlled by the Syrian government under this banner of honor.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the article on 'honour crimes' has been abolished, there are still articles granting men mitigating circumstances such as 'honour motives' under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/Syria.Summary.19.Eng.pdf">Article 192 of the penal code</a>. In addition to this, Syrian law and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> deal with the <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a> as a "measure of crime seriousness."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_and_child_marriage">Forced and child marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forced and child marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conflict in Syria has led to an increase in child marriages. The harsh living conditions, the insecurity, and the fear of rape, have led families to force their daughters into early marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of early marriage, many girls in Syria are forbidden from completing their studies because when a girl is married she is only expected to be a good wife and a good mother as well. </p><p>Data from <a href="/wiki/Girls_Not_Brides" title="Girls Not Brides">Girls not Brides</a> offers the figures that 13% of Syrian girls are married before the age of 18, and 2% are married before their 15th birthday. Furthermore, the most recent available data shows that child marriage was most prevalent in Daraa (where 26% of women aged 20–49 were married before the age of 18), rural Damascus (25%) and Quneitra (23%).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls not Brides also states that in 2020, a Patterned Women Committee official, under the Sara Organization for Combatting Violence against Women found that in al-Hasaka province there were 36 reported cases of child marriage in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Child marriage can influence physical and mental health badly. Physical damage can be related to child bearing specially for women under 18 years old and the possibility for not being able to give birth later in life, and in extreme cases it can lead to death. Psychological factors can be defined as difficulties in interacting with the husband or not having enough awareness about marriage life and its responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_violence">Domestic violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study covering the low-income women in Aleppo, an area where domestic abuse is more likely due to the tribal nature of the area, shows that physical abuse (battering at least 3 times in the last year) was found in 23% of the investigated women in 2003, 26% amongst married women. Regular abuse (battering at least once weekly) was found in 3.3% of married women, with no regular abused reported by non-married women. The prevalence of physical abuse amongst country residents was 44.3% compared to 18.8% amongst city residents. In most cases (87.4%) the abuse was inflicted by the husband, and in 9.5% of cases, the abuse was inflicted by more than one person. Correlates of physical abuse were women's education, religion, age, marital status, economic status, mental distress, smoking and residence.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federation_of_Northern_Syria_-_Rojava">Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kongreya_Star" title="Kongreya Star">Kongreya Star</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the Kurdish populated area in Northern Syria has gained de facto autonomy as the <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava</a>, with the leading political actor being the progressive <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD). Kurdish women have several armed and non-armed organizations in Rojava, and enhancing women's rights is a major focus of the political and societal agenda. Kurdish female fighters in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ) played a key role during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kobani" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kobani">Siege of Kobani</a> and in rescuing <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> trapped on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinjar">Mount Sinjar</a>, and their achievements have attracted international attention as a rare example of strong female achievement in a region in which women are heavily repressed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civil laws of Syria are valid in Rojava, as far as they do not conflict with the Constitution of Rojava. One notable example for amendment is personal status law, in Syria still Sharia-based,<sup id="cite_ref-Sharia1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharia1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharia2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharia2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Rojava introduced civil law and proclaims absolute equality of women under the law and a ban on <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-jolie_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jolie-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while underage marriage was outlawed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-underage_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underage-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in Syrian history, <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> is being allowed and promoted, a significant move towards a secular open society and intermarriage between people of different religious backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-marriage_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal efforts to reduce cases of underage marriage, polygamy and <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a> are underpinned by comprehensive public awareness campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In every town and village, a women's house is established. These are community centers run by women, providing services to survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault and other forms of harm. These services include counseling, family mediation, legal support, and coordinating safe houses for women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-gender_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gender-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classes on economic independence and social empowerment programs are also held at women's houses.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All administrative organs in Rojava are required to have male and female co-chairs, and forty percent of the members of any governing body in Rojava must be female.<sup id="cite_ref-rojavamodel_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rojavamodel-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 25 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Syria)">Asayish</a> police force of the Rojava cantons are women, and joining the Asayish is described in international media as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PYD's political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society.<sup id="cite_ref-underage_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underage-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_art_and_culture">Women in art and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Women in art and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria's_Radical_Dabka"><span id="Syria.27s_Radical_Dabka"></span>Syria's Radical Dabka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syria's Radical Dabka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dabka has long been tied to the political visions of Syrian state. It is a highly stylized dance practiced throughout Syria and areas of Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. Whilst its provenance is difficult to trace, many associate it with pre-Islamic village life circular line dancing. </p><p>The myth is that villagers would prepare for weddings by making mud bricks for the roofs of new households, and the process by which this was achieved was through dozens of people tramping on the soil and thick mid, accompanied by sung poetry, a <i><a href="/wiki/Mijwiz" title="Mijwiz">mijwiz</a></i> reed instrument and <i>tabl</i> drum. The transformation of this dance into a political agent took place during the mass demonstrations of 2011–12, against the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a>, in which people were similarly energized by the music and dance. Through musical and visual elements of the <a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabka</a>, protesters appealed to the cultural identity of the people with anti-war ballads from contemporary artists. An important part of this dance was maintained in the sense of unity and joy that it provided.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of women here is identified in what the woman represents within the nation of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from a gendered persepctive. When depicted on stage dancing she became a symbol of joy and prosperity, fostering an idea of <a href="/wiki/National_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="National unity">national unity</a> within the Syrian homeland as a symbol of the union between modernity and tradition, new life and old.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_artistic_movements">Women in artistic movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women in artistic movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Syrian art is peppered with feminist influences and female voices, starting as early as the late 17th century during which the work of Armenian artists in Aleppo like Hilda Kassis Ajamian, Maral Haira Bidian and Anahid Shahinian went on to contribute to the artistic movements in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's visual enterprises appeared more acutely in the 1940s, with the first installation exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> on the 15th of August 1947, including works from Catherine Massarra, Ramzia Zanbarki and Muti'a Shura, who displayed oil works.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female photography and sculpting was also considered an important social event following the exhibitions of the 1950s and 60s. Artist Leila Nseir, who graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Cairo in 1963 said to interviewer Monzer Masri that she "refused the labels a 'male artist' and a 'female artist'."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an uptick in women empowering themselves through art and visual mediums, and redefining the traditional definition of femininity within public discourse. </p><p>At the beginning of the 1980s, the number of Syrian female artists increased, many of which emigrated or moved abroad, especially following the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama Massacre of 1982</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars denounce the classification of some female work as "feminist", arguing instead that these works have been essentialised as such following later movements from other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This considered, the path women took to achieve a voice in the realm of artistic production and distribution was undeniably a symbol of female power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_murals_in_Idlib">Street murals in Idlib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Street murals in Idlib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syrian female artists in Syria's northwestern <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a> have been creating <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> on the blank walls within their communities, using them as a way to communicate messages or images since before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">civil war in 2011</a>. Artist Yafa Diab said she had been painting birds, roses and nature until the outbreak of the war, after which she began to paint the concerns of the conflict, as did many other artists. Her painting, the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriadirect.org/for-idlibs-women-artists-art-the-gentlest-and-most-powerful-tool/">Eye of the Revolution</a>,</i> became an example of the revolutionary stories of war, loss and perseverance that began to be displayed all across the province.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global language of art, as female artist Al-Hamedh told <a href="/wiki/Syria_Direct" title="Syria Direct">Syria Direct</a>, became "a weapon and a tool [she] used to express [her] emotion."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_women">Notable women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a>, Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">People's Council of Syria</a> (since 2016).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asya_Abdullah" title="Asya Abdullah">Asya Abdullah</a> is the co-chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD), the leading political party in <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma al-Assad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of Syria and the wife of the current President Assad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_al-Attar" title="Najah al-Attar">Najah al-Attar</a>, Vice President of Syria (since 2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Astana_Platform" title="Astana Platform">The Astana Platform of the Syrian opposition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a>, Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">opposition government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samar_Al_Dayyoub" title="Samar Al Dayyoub">Samar Al Dayyoub</a>, literary critic and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawla_Dunia" title="Khawla Dunia">Khawla Dunia</a>, opposition activist and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Îlham Ehmed</a> is co-chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%AAv%C3%AE_%C3%8Ebrah%C3%AEm" title="Hêvî Îbrahîm">Hêvî Îbrahîm</a> is the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Canton" title="Afrin Canton">Afrin Canton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samira_Khalil" title="Samira Khalil">Samira Khalil</a>, dissident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfat_Idilbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulfat Idilbi">Ulfat Idilbi</a>, best-selling Arabic-language novelist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assala_Nasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Assala Nasri">Assala Nasri</a> is a musical artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souad_Nawfal" title="Souad Nawfal">Souad Nawfal</a>, opposition activist and schoolteacher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasha_Omran" title="Rasha Omran">Rasha Omran</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a>, Bashar al-Assad's political adviser and previous <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Expatriates_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Expatriates (Syria)">Minister of Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a>, poet, writer and pioneer of female rights during the <i>Nahba.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_Wassef" title="Muna Wassef">Muna Wassef</a>, theater, television, and film actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hediya_Yousef" title="Hediya Yousef">Hediya Yousef</a> is an ex-guerilla and co-chairwoman of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a>, human rights lawyer and activist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genderdata.worldbank.org/countries/syrian-arab-republic/">"Syrian Arab Republic - World Bank Gender Data Portal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+Republic+-+World+Bank+Gender+Data+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenderdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountries%2Fsyrian-arab-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/WMN-e/classif.htm">"Women in Parliaments: World Classification"</a>. <i>archive.ipu.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=Women+in+Parliaments%3A+World+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2FWMN-e%2Fclassif.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=SY">"World Bank Open Data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS%3Flocations%3DSY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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November 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gulf+states+back+Syria+opposition&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20295857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Syria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_of_Syria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women of Syria">Women of Syria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%AF.html">Survey: Discrimination against Women in Syrian Society (I/II). Awareness of Women Rights and Freedoms, The Day After Association, August 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602100301/http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%AF.html">Archived</a> 2018-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/discrimination-against-women-in-syrian-society-perception-of-domestic-violence.html">Survey: Discrimination Against Women in Syrian Society (II/II): Perception of Domestic Violence, The Day After Association, August 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505093314/http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/discrimination-against-women-in-syrian-society-perception-of-domestic-violence.html">Archived</a> 2018-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Abkhazia" title="Women in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Ossetia" title="Women in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Women in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Macau" title="Women in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div 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