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We’ll discuss the function of each organ."/><meta name="keywords" content="female reproductive organs"/><meta name="k1" content="generalanatomy"/><meta name="k2" content="anatomy"/><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="generalanatomy,anatomy"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-06-02T15:55:00.000Z"/><meta name="article:author" content="Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D."/><meta property="og:title" content="Female Reproductive Organs: Anatomy and Function"/><meta property="og:description" content="The female reproductive organs are responsible for many functions in the body. 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She was previously a project setup manager for clinical trials and specializes in microbiology and infectious disease, having written her dissertation on influenza virus morphology. Dr. Seladi-Schulman has publications in peer-reviewed journals. She also has had her work featured on the cover of the Journal of Virology.</p>\n<p><strong>Education</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emory University, PhD</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Georgia Institute of Technology, BS</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><em>This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and information reflected above are only associated with other freelance roles the individual may currently hold.</em></p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jill-Seladi-Schulman-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":413,"name":{"display":"Carolyn Kay, M.D.","first":"Carolyn","last":"Kay, MD"},"userLogin":"carolskay","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/carolyn-kay-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"162306","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. 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class="css-2dofw9"></div></div></div></div><div class="css-ifmqwy"></div></div><div class="css-16wahxh"><aside class="css-1wm8u43" data-testid="header-leaderboard" data-sticky="true"><div data-empty="true" class="css-1j2d96m"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="dlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-16m9poz"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-blwnmv"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>Everything to Know About Female Reproductive Organs</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-jy1umg"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carolyn-Kay-New-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Carolyn Kay, M.D.</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on June 2, 2020</span></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-7u7i0a"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#organs" class="css-1r1p1p8">Organs</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#function" class="css-1r1p1p8">Function</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#role-of-the-uterus" class="css-1r1p1p8">Role of the uterus</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#conditions" class="css-1r1p1p8">Conditions</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#when-to-see-a-doctor" class="css-1r1p1p8">When to see a doctor</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#takeaway" class="css-1r1p1p8">Takeaway</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><figure class="css-yhe8zq"><span class="css-rwmw5v"><span class="css-mjp0j9"><picture class="css-16pk1is"><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 1190px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 990px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1845 879w" media="(min-width: 768px)"/><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1155&h=1528" alt="woman holding paper uterus" class="css-1jytyml"/></picture></span><hl-share-overlay class="css-18moxll"><a class="icon-hl-pinterest css-q12qfg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-event="Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked" data-element-event="OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhealth%2Fwomens-health%2Ffemale-reproductive-organs&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.healthline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FFemale-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg&description=Female%20Reproductive%20Organs%3A%20Anatomy%20and%20Function" title="Share on Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-share-url="https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg"><span class="css-8yl26h">Share on Pinterest</span></a></hl-share-overlay></span></figure></div></div><div><p>The <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-reproductive-system#1" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">female reproductive system</a> consists of both internal and external parts. It has several important functions, including: </p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><ul><li>releasing eggs, which can potentially be fertilized by sperm</li><li>producing female sex hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen</li><li>providing an environment for a fertilized egg to develop during pregnancy</li><li>facilitating labor and childbirth</li></ul></div><div><p>But what are the individual parts of the female reproductive system, and what do they do? Continue reading as we discuss these questions and more below.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="organs">Female reproductive organs</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Let’s explore each part of the female reproductive system in a little more detail.</p></div><div><h3>Vulva</h3></div><div><p>The vulva is the name that’s given to the external parts of the female reproductive system. The vulva actually includes many different structures, such as the:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Mons pubis:</strong> The <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mons-pubis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">mons pubis</a> is a mound of tissue located on top of the pubic bones. It’s typically covered in <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/purpose-of-pubic-hair" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pubic hair</a>.</li><li><strong>Labia majora:</strong> The labia majora are folds of skin that are found below the mons pubis. They cover many other parts of the vulva.</li><li><strong>Labia minora:</strong> These are smaller folds of skin covering the vestibule of the vulva.</li><li><strong>Vestibule:</strong> This is the area that’s located between the labia minora. It contains the opening to the vagina and the urethra.</li><li><strong>Clitoris:</strong> Located at the top of the labia minora, the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/clitoris-like-an-iceberg-for-pleasure#1" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">clitoris</a> is very sensitive to stimulation.</li><li><strong>Bartholin’s glands:</strong> These are two small glands that are located on either side of the opening of the vagina.</li><li><strong>Skene’s glands:</strong> These glands are located in the vagina near the urethra. They may be part of the G-spot, and play a role in sexual arousal. </li></ul></div><div><h3>Vagina</h3></div><div><p>The opening of the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/vagina" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vagina</a> is found in the vestibule of the vulva. The vagina itself is a muscular tube that extends from this opening to the lower part of the uterus (cervix). </p></div><div><p>The opening of the vagina may be partially covered by a thin piece of tissue called the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-it-hurt-when-your-hymen-breaks" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hymen</a>. The hymen can be broken through things like sex, inserting a tampon, or physical activities like riding a bike.</p></div><div><h3>Uterus</h3></div><div><p>The uterus is a muscular, pear-shaped organ that’s found in the pelvis. It’s made up of two major parts:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Cervix:</strong> The <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/cervix-uteri" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cervix</a> is the lower portion of the uterus. It connects the main body of the uterus with the vagina.</li><li><strong>Corpus (body):</strong> This is the larger, main portion of the uterus.</li></ul></div><div><h3>Fallopian tubes</h3></div><div><p>The <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/fallopian-tubes#1" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">fallopian tubes</a> connect the uterus to the ovaries. One fallopian tube is associated with each ovary.</p></div><div><h3>Ovaries</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ovary" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">These</a> are two oval-shaped organs that are located in your pelvis, on either side of your uterus. The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes, which in turn connect them to the uterus.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="function">Function of each</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Now let’s examine the function of each of the different parts of the female reproductive system.</p></div><div><h3>Vulva</h3></div><div><p>The main functions of the vulva are to:</p></div><div><ul><li>protect the internal parts of the female reproductive system (labia majora and minora)</li><li>play a role in sexual arousal and stimulation (<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/clitoris" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">clitoris</a>)</li><li>facilitate sex, such as through providing <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/vaginal-wetness" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">lubrication</a> (Bartholin’s glands) and cushioning (mons pubis)</li></ul></div><div><p>Additionally, the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-urethra" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">female urethra</a> is also located in the vulva. This is the opening through which urine is released.</p></div><div><h3>Vagina</h3></div><div><p>The vagina has several functions, which can include:</p></div><div><ul><li>receiving a toy or erect <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-penises" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">penis</a> during sex</li><li>serving as the birth canal during <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/intrapartum-care-vaginal-delivery" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">childbirth</a></li><li>allowing <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/how-much-blood-do-you-lose-on-your-period" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menstrual blood</a> to pass out of your body during your period</li></ul></div><div><h3>Uterus</h3></div><div><p>The uterus is the female reproductive organ that receives the fertilized egg and supports its development during <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pregnancy</a>. We’ll discuss the uterus in more detail below.</p></div><div><h3>Fallopian tubes</h3></div><div><p>The fallopian tubes work to transport an egg from the ovaries to the uterus. Smooth muscle contractions and the rhythmic beating of small hair-like structures called cilia help to keep the egg moving toward the uterus. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/where-does-fertilization-occur" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Fertilization</a> often occurs in the fallopian tube.</p></div><div><h3>Ovaries</h3></div><div><p>The main function of the ovaries is to release eggs. When you’re born, your ovaries contain <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/how-many-eggs-does-a-woman-have" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">all the eggs</a> you’ll release throughout your lifetime. Once a month, a mature egg is released from the ovaries in a process called <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/what-is-ovulation" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">ovulation</a>. </p></div><div><p>The ovaries also produce a variety of female sex hormones, which are important for regulating a woman’s <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stages-of-menstrual-cycle" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cycle</a> and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pregnancy</a>. These include <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/progesterone-function" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">progesterone</a> and estrogen. </p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="role-of-the-uterus">The role of the uterus</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The uterus is one of the predominant organs of the female reproductive system. It serves important functions during pregnancy and childbirth.</p></div><div><p>The interior membrane that lines the uterus is called the endometrium. The thickness of this lining can vary depending on the levels of various hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. </p></div><div><p>For example, during a woman’s cycle, increases in the hormones estrogen and progesterone cause the lining of the uterus to thicken. This helps to prepare the uterus to receive and nurture a fertilized egg during pregnancy.</p></div><div><p>If no fertilization occurs, the egg begins to break down. Levels of estrogen and progesterone also decrease. The egg passes from the body, along with the endometrium, during <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-statistics-menstruation" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">your period</a>.</p></div><div><p>If <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/sperm-myth-and-facts" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">sperm</a> fertilizes an egg, the egg <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/implantation-signs" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">implants</a> into the uterine lining and begins developing. During pregnancy, the uterus enlarges to many times its normal size. It’s estimated that the uterus can increase by <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">up to 1 centimeter</a></hl-trusted-source> (about 0.4 inches) per week.</p></div><div><p>During childbirth, the uterus <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/what-do-contractions-feel-like" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">contracts</a>. These contractions help to dilate the cervix and help with delivery of the baby.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="conditions">Conditions that can arise</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Many different conditions can affect the female reproductive organs. We’ll explore some of the more common ones below.</p></div><div><h3>Infections</h3></div><div><p>A variety of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</a> can affect the female reproductive organs, including: </p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/gonorrhea" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">gonorrhea</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">chlamydia</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/std/syphilis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">syphilis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">human papillomavirus (HPV)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/herpes-simplex" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">herpes simplex virus (HSV)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">HIV</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomonas-infection" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">trichomoniasis</a></li></ul></div><div><p>These infections may not have any symptoms. However, in some cases, swelling, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge may be present. Some infections, such as HPV and HSV, can cause lesions to occur on the genitals.</p></div><div><p>Many STIs can have potentially serious complications. These can include things like <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</a>, the development of cancer, or passing the infection to a child during childbirth.</p></div><div><h3>Uterine fibroids</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/uterine-fibroids" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Uterine fibroids</a> happen when benign (noncancerous) growths occur on or in the uterus. These growths can vary in size. A woman may have only a single fibroid or may have several fibroids.</p></div><div><p>Fibroids don’t always cause symptoms. When they do, you may experience things like heavy bleeding during your period, pelvic pain, and frequent urination.</p></div><div><p>Most of the time, fibroids aren’t dangerous. However, sometimes they can cause complications such as <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">anemia</a> or infertility.</p></div><div><h3>Endometriosis</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/endometriosis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Endometriosis</a> is when endometrium grows in places other than the inside of your uterus. It can affect the outside of the uterus, the ovaries and fallopian tubes, or other tissues in the pelvis.</p></div><div><p>The most common symptom of endometriosis is <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/endometriosis-pain" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pelvic pain</a>. This pain may be chronic or it can occur during sex, during your period, or while going to the bathroom. Another common symptom is bleeding between periods.</p></div><div><p>Endometriosis <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/getting-pregnant-with-endometriosis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">is associated with</a> infertility. It may also be linked to other conditions like <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/is-endometriosis-cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">certain cancers</a> and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thyroid-and-endometriosis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">autoimmune conditions</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/polycystic-ovary-disease" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">PCOS</a> is a condition that affects your ovaries. It’s caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. Because of this, eggs may not develop properly or may not be released from the ovary.</p></div><div><p>Some potential symptoms of PCOS are irregular periods, acne, and weight gain. The complications of PCOS can include infertility, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/pcos" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">problems during pregnancy</a>, and development of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/are-pcos-and-diabetes-connected" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Ovarian cysts and uterine polyps</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cysts" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Ovarian cysts</a> are fluid-filled bumps that can develop on the ovaries and typically don’t cause symptoms unless they rupture or block blood flow to the ovaries. They will typically go away in a few months without treatment.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/uterine-polyp-removal" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Uterine polyps</a> are typically noncancerous lesions that can develop in the inner lining of the uterus. They often don’t cause symptoms, but you may experience:</p></div><div><ul><li>irregular bleeding</li><li>heavy bleeding</li><li>postmenopausal bleeding</li><li>prolapse, where the polyp protrudes out of the uterus through the cervix</li></ul></div><div><h3>Cancers</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Cancer</a> can affect almost every part of the female reproductive tract and can include:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-vulva" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vulvar cancer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vaginal cancer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cervical-cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cervical cancer</a></li><li>uterine cancer</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">ovarian cancer</a></li><li>fallopian tube cancer</li></ul></div><div><p>The symptoms of each type of cancer can vary by the specific type of cancer. However, some signs to look out for can include abnormal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain or pressure, and changes in the skin of the vulva.</p></div><div><p>Some factors can increase the risk of reproductive cancer, such as <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/hpv-types" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">HPV</a>, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-body#1" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">smoking</a>, or having a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/family-health-history-day" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">family history</a> of reproductive cancer.</p></div><div><h3>Infertility</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Infertility</a> is defined as being unable to get pregnant after a year of trying. It’s important to note that both <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/signs-of-infertility" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">male and female</a> factors can contribute to infertility.</p></div><div><p>In women, the following things can cause infertility:</p></div><div><ul><li>conditions affecting ovulation, such as PCOS or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)</a></li><li>damage to the fallopian tubes due to STIs or scarring from a previous surgery</li><li>uterine problems, such as fibroids or an abnormally shaped uterus</li></ul></div><div><p>Some other factors can increase a woman’s risk of infertility. Examples include <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/best-age-to-get-pregnant" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">increasing age</a>, smoking, and extreme emotional or physical <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/long-term-stress-decreases-fertility-032414#1" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">stress</a>.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline11__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline11__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="when-to-see-a-doctor">When to see a doctor</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>It’s a good rule of thumb to make an appointment with your doctor to discuss any questions or concerns you may have involving your reproductive health or fertility. </p></div><div><p>Additionally, some signs that it may be a good idea to call your doctor include:</p></div><div><ul><li>being under 35 and unable to get pregnant after a year of trying</li><li>being 35 or older and being unable to get pregnant after 6 months of trying</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/painful-menstrual-periods" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">painful periods</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pain during sex</a></li><li>abnormal vaginal bleeding, including <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/why-is-my-period-heavy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">heavy bleeding during your period</a>, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-bleeding-between-periods" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">bleeding between periods</a>, or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">bleeding after menopause</a></li><li>unusual <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-discharge" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vaginal discharge</a>, particularly if it has an abnormal color or smell</li><li>redness, swelling, or discomfort of the vulva or vagina</li><li>unexplained sores, lesions, or lumps around your vulva or vagina</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pain or pressure in your pelvis</a> that feels different from your normal menstrual cramps</li><li>symptoms of a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">urinary tract infection</a>, such as frequent urination or a burning sensation when you urinate</li></ul></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="takeaway">The bottom line </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The female reproductive system is made up of many parts. These parts function together to do many things, such as producing eggs and hormones, maintaining a pregnancy, and facilitating childbirth.</p></div><div><p>There are a variety of conditions that can affect the female reproductive organs, some of which can cause potentially serious complications. If you’re experiencing symptoms like pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, or unexplained lesions, make an appointment with your doctor.</p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div><div class="css-8q0s1n css-10dx3t"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-vrhe66"><button type="button" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button><button type="button" open="" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path fill="currentColor" d="M3.181 9.732c.43 0 .793-.003 1.157 0 .66.007 1.023.613.696 1.19a221.037 221.037 0 0 1-1.774 3.072c-.329.557-1.038.553-1.366-.007-.6-1.02-1.191-2.043-1.774-3.072-.325-.575.043-1.177.708-1.183h.808c.055-.447.088-.882.165-1.309.557-3.104 2.187-5.489 4.913-7.056 3.679-2.114 8.05-1.75 11.352.913 2.062 1.664 3.29 3.84 3.625 6.473.678 5.323-3.012 10.254-8.308 11.103-3.215.515-6.044-.356-8.476-2.515-.297-.259-.373-.598-.233-.92.14-.323.454-.52.805-.454.187.04.361.13.504.26a8.618 8.618 0 0 0 4.383 2.108c3.72.63 7.513-1.394 9.084-4.846a8.521 8.521 0 0 0-6.047-11.911C8.763.618 4.201 3.71 3.353 8.4c-.078.427-.112.863-.172 1.331Z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.12 7.212V3.711a.778.778 0 0 1 1.535-.171c.017.104.024.21.02.314v6.25a.412.412 0 0 0 .168.368c1.125.89 2.241 1.791 3.362 2.686.26.208.405.466.342.803-.11.583-.76.829-1.244.459-.485-.37-.952-.756-1.427-1.135-.79-.633-1.578-1.27-2.373-1.898a.933.933 0 0 1-.385-.793c.008-1.125.003-2.252.003-3.382Z"></path></svg></span><span>History</span></div></button></div><div class="css-1ndif92"><div class="css-1ubyuqj"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-1c2ok3c" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Ask the expert: A female prostate? (2013)</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.berkeleywellness.com/self-care/sexual-health/article/female-prostate">https://www.berkeleywellness.com/self-care/sexual-health/article/female-prostate</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Endometriosis. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis">https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Female reproductive cancers. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hhs.gov/opa/reproductive-health/fact-sheets/cancers/female-reproductive-cancers/index.html">https://www.hhs.gov/opa/reproductive-health/fact-sheets/cancers/female-reproductive-cancers/index.html</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Female reproductive system. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/">https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Female reproductive system. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Hoare BS, et al. (2020). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, female internal genitals.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554601/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554601/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Infertility FAQs. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Uterine fibroids.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Naidu K, et al. (2019). Gestational age assessment.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Nguyen J, et al. (2019). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, female external genitalia.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Overview: Ovarian cyst. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/">https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Polycystic ovary syndrome. (2019).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome">https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Recognizing gynecological symptoms. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/recognizing-gynecological-symptoms">https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/recognizing-gynecological-symptoms</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Rosner J, et al. (2019). Physiology, female reproduction.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537132/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537132/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Uterine polyps. (2018).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div open="" class="css-1ndif92"></div></div><div class="css-k1nhka" data-testid="share-tools"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-j5n0jw print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-j5n0jw email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-j5n0jw facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" 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class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-488q2e"></div></div><div class="css-h9jo37" data-dynamic-ads="true"><object type="text/html" data="about:blank" aria-label="advertisement" class="css-7vynax"></object></div></section></div></div></div><aside></aside><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div id="read-next" class=" css-10ib5jr"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2"><h3 class="css-1g3kp27">Read this next</h3></div><section class="css-82r5pg"></section></div></div><ul class="css-1l95nvm"><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/4606-woman_facing_pelvic_pain-742x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/4606-woman_facing_pelvic_pain-742x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Dr.-Janet-Brito.jpg"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Janet Brito, Ph.D., LCSW, CST-S</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">There are many possible causes for pelvic pain in women. We explain this symptom and the possible reasons for your discomfort.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/female-sex-hormones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/female-sex-hormones?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/portrait_woman-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/portrait_woman-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/female-sex-hormones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/female-sex-hormones?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Valinda-Riggins-Nwadike-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/female-sex-hormones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/female-sex-hormones?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">The two main female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Although testosterone is considered a male hormone, females also produce and use a…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/female-sex-hormones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/female-sex-hormones?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/androgens;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/androgens?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/group-of-friends-laughing-dancing-having-fun-night-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/group-of-friends-laughing-dancing-having-fun-night-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/androgens;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/androgens?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/androgens;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/androgens?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">While androgens are typically labeled as "male" hormones, they're important to body functions for all humans. </a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/androgens;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/androgens?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/newborn-infant-baby-umbilical-cord-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/newborn-infant-baby-umbilical-cord-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Cynthia-Chavoustie-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">The umbilical cord provides the pathway for nutrition your baby needs in the womb. After delivery, the cord stump needs to stay dry until it falls off.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is the Umbilical Cord and Why Is It Important?|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/umbilical-cord?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/what-is-hemoglobin;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hemoglobin?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/arm-blood-test-732-549-feature-thumb-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/arm-blood-test-732-549-feature-thumb-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/what-is-hemoglobin;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hemoglobin?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/what-is-hemoglobin;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hemoglobin?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Hemoglobin is a vital component of your blood. Learn why doctors test your hemoglobin levels during routine blood work and what abnormal results may…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/what-is-hemoglobin;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hemoglobin?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Your Guide to Brain Plasticity|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Your Guide to Brain Plasticity" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/One-light-bulb-in-shape-of-brain-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/One-light-bulb-in-shape-of-brain-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Your Guide to Brain Plasticity|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Your Guide to Brain Plasticity</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jeffrey-Ditzell-New-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Jeffrey Ditzell, DO</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Your Guide to Brain Plasticity|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">The latest research shows that your brain is capable of an astounding amount of growth and recovery after an injury. It also plays a role in how you…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Your Guide to Brain Plasticity|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-plasticity-and-behavior?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pheromones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Pheromones|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pheromones?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Everything You Need to Know About Pheromones" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/female-couple-hammock-732-549-feature-thumb-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/female-couple-hammock-732-549-feature-thumb-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pheromones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Pheromones|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pheromones?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Everything You Need to Know About Pheromones</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Dr.-Janet-Brito.jpg"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Janet Brito, Ph.D., LCSW, CST-S</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pheromones;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Everything You Need to Know About Pheromones|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pheromones?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Pheromones are a fascinating series of chemicals produced by a whole variety of animals and plants. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the prenatal vitamins that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"probiotics":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"probiotic supplements evaluated","count":"55"},{"description":"probiotic brands evaluated","count":"35"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate probiotics","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the probiotics that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"vitamin-d":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"vitamin D supplements evaluated","count":"40+"},{"description":"vitamin D brands evaluated","count":"25+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate vitamin D supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the vitamin D supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"creatine":{"metrics":[{"description":"creatine supplements evaluated by our medical standards team","count":"35"},{"description":"creatine supplements met our criteria","count":"28"},{"description":"creatine supplements personally tested by our team","count":"9"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate creatine supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the creatine supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"mattresses":{"metrics":[{"description":"mattresses evaluated","count":"250+"},{"description":"mattress brands evaluated","count":"80+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate mattresses","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the mattresses that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/healthline-scores-how-we-rate-mattresses\"\u003escored each mattress\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"pillows":{"metrics":[{"description":"pillows evaluated","count":"210"},{"description":"pillow brands evaluated","count":"140+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate pillows","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the pillows that passed our vetting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},"ed-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online ED treatment providers evaluated","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online ED services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the ED treatment services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-scores-how-we-evaluate-mens-telehealth-platforms\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"birth-control-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online birth control providers evaluated","count":"14"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online birth control services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the birth control services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-review-birth-control\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"hemp":{"metrics":[{"description":"hemp brands evaluated","count":"230+"},{"description":"hemp brands met our criteria","count":"57"},{"description":"hemp brands we've personally tested","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate hemp products","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline. The brand we feature in this article has passed our strict vetting process and has been thoroughly tested by our reviewers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eRead more about how we vet brands and products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cfigure class=\"css-yhe8zq\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-rwmw5v\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-mjp0j9\"\u003e\u003cpicture class=\"css-16pk1is\"\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 1190px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 990px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1845 879w\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\"/\u003e\u003cimg src=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg?w=1155\u0026h=1528\" alt=\"woman holding paper uterus\" class=\"css-1jytyml\"/\u003e\u003c/picture\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003chl-share-overlay class=\"css-18moxll\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"icon-hl-pinterest css-q12qfg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-event=\"Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked\" data-element-event=\"OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|\" href=\"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhealth%2Fwomens-health%2Ffemale-reproductive-organs\u0026media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.healthline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FFemale-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg\u0026description=Female%20Reproductive%20Organs%3A%20Anatomy%20and%20Function\" title=\"Share on Pinterest\" data-pin-custom=\"true\" data-share-url=\"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-8yl26h\"\u003eShare on Pinterest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-share-overlay\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-reproductive-system#1\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003efemale reproductive system\u003c/a\u003e consists of both internal and external parts. It has several important functions, including: "},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ereleasing eggs, which can potentially be fertilized by sperm\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eproducing female sex hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eproviding an environment for a fertilized egg to develop during pregnancy\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efacilitating labor and childbirth\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"But what are the individual parts of the female reproductive system, and what do they do? Continue reading as we discuss these questions and more below."}]},{"id":"organs","title":"Organs","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Female reproductive organs"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Let’s explore each part of the female reproductive system in a little more detail."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Vulva"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The vulva is the name that’s given to the external parts of the female reproductive system. The vulva actually includes many different structures, such as the:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMons pubis:\u003c/strong\u003e The \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mons-pubis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emons pubis\u003c/a\u003e is a mound of tissue located on top of the pubic bones. It’s typically covered in \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/purpose-of-pubic-hair\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epubic hair\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabia majora:\u003c/strong\u003e The labia majora are folds of skin that are found below the mons pubis. They cover many other parts of the vulva.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabia minora:\u003c/strong\u003e These are smaller folds of skin covering the vestibule of the vulva.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVestibule:\u003c/strong\u003e This is the area that’s located between the labia minora. It contains the opening to the vagina and the urethra.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClitoris:\u003c/strong\u003e Located at the top of the labia minora, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/clitoris-like-an-iceberg-for-pleasure#1\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eclitoris\u003c/a\u003e is very sensitive to stimulation.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBartholin’s glands:\u003c/strong\u003e These are two small glands that are located on either side of the opening of the vagina.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkene’s glands:\u003c/strong\u003e These glands are located in the vagina near the urethra. They may be part of the G-spot, and play a role in sexual arousal. \u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Vagina"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The opening of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/vagina\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evagina\u003c/a\u003e is found in the vestibule of the vulva. The vagina itself is a muscular tube that extends from this opening to the lower part of the uterus (cervix). "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The opening of the vagina may be partially covered by a thin piece of tissue called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-it-hurt-when-your-hymen-breaks\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehymen\u003c/a\u003e. The hymen can be broken through things like sex, inserting a tampon, or physical activities like riding a bike."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Uterus"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The uterus is a muscular, pear-shaped organ that’s found in the pelvis. It’s made up of two major parts:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCervix:\u003c/strong\u003e The \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/cervix-uteri\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecervix\u003c/a\u003e is the lower portion of the uterus. It connects the main body of the uterus with the vagina.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorpus (body):\u003c/strong\u003e This is the larger, main portion of the uterus.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Fallopian tubes"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/fallopian-tubes#1\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003efallopian tubes\u003c/a\u003e connect the uterus to the ovaries. One fallopian tube is associated with each ovary."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Ovaries"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ovary\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eThese\u003c/a\u003e are two oval-shaped organs that are located in your pelvis, on either side of your uterus. The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes, which in turn connect them to the uterus."}]},{"id":"function","title":"Function","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Function of each"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Now let’s examine the function of each of the different parts of the female reproductive system."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Vulva"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The main functions of the vulva are to:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eprotect the internal parts of the female reproductive system (labia majora and minora)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eplay a role in sexual arousal and stimulation (\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/clitoris\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eclitoris\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efacilitate sex, such as through providing \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/vaginal-wetness\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003elubrication\u003c/a\u003e (Bartholin’s glands) and cushioning (mons pubis)\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Additionally, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-urethra\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003efemale urethra\u003c/a\u003e is also located in the vulva. This is the opening through which urine is released."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Vagina"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The vagina has several functions, which can include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ereceiving a toy or erect \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-penises\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epenis\u003c/a\u003e during sex\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eserving as the birth canal during \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/intrapartum-care-vaginal-delivery\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003echildbirth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eallowing \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-much-blood-do-you-lose-on-your-period\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenstrual blood\u003c/a\u003e to pass out of your body during your period\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Uterus"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The uterus is the female reproductive organ that receives the fertilized egg and supports its development during \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epregnancy\u003c/a\u003e. We’ll discuss the uterus in more detail below."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Fallopian tubes"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The fallopian tubes work to transport an egg from the ovaries to the uterus. Smooth muscle contractions and the rhythmic beating of small hair-like structures called cilia help to keep the egg moving toward the uterus. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/where-does-fertilization-occur\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eFertilization\u003c/a\u003e often occurs in the fallopian tube."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Ovaries"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The main function of the ovaries is to release eggs. When you’re born, your ovaries contain \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/how-many-eggs-does-a-woman-have\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eall the eggs\u003c/a\u003e you’ll release throughout your lifetime. Once a month, a mature egg is released from the ovaries in a process called \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/what-is-ovulation\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eovulation\u003c/a\u003e. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The ovaries also produce a variety of female sex hormones, which are important for regulating a woman’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stages-of-menstrual-cycle\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecycle\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epregnancy\u003c/a\u003e. These include \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/progesterone-function\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eprogesterone\u003c/a\u003e and estrogen. "}]},{"id":"role-of-the-uterus","title":"Role of the uterus","isCollapsable":false,"header":["The role of the uterus"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The uterus is one of the predominant organs of the female reproductive system. It serves important functions during pregnancy and childbirth."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The interior membrane that lines the uterus is called the endometrium. The thickness of this lining can vary depending on the levels of various hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"For example, during a woman’s cycle, increases in the hormones estrogen and progesterone cause the lining of the uterus to thicken. This helps to prepare the uterus to receive and nurture a fertilized egg during pregnancy."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If no fertilization occurs, the egg begins to break down. Levels of estrogen and progesterone also decrease. The egg passes from the body, along with the endometrium, during \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-statistics-menstruation\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eyour period\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/sperm-myth-and-facts\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esperm\u003c/a\u003e fertilizes an egg, the egg \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/implantation-signs\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eimplants\u003c/a\u003e into the uterine lining and begins developing. During pregnancy, the uterus enlarges to many times its normal size. It’s estimated that the uterus can increase by \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eup to 1 centimeter\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e (about 0.4 inches) per week."},{"tagName":"p","source":"During childbirth, the uterus \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/what-do-contractions-feel-like\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003econtracts\u003c/a\u003e. These contractions help to dilate the cervix and help with delivery of the baby."}]},{"id":"conditions","title":"Conditions","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Conditions that can arise"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Many different conditions can affect the female reproductive organs. We’ll explore some of the more common ones below."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Infections"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A variety of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esexually transmitted infections (STIs)\u003c/a\u003e can affect the female reproductive organs, including: "},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/gonorrhea\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003egonorrhea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003echlamydia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/std/syphilis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esyphilis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehuman papillomavirus (HPV)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/herpes-simplex\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eherpes simplex virus (HSV)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eHIV\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomonas-infection\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003etrichomoniasis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"These infections may not have any symptoms. However, in some cases, swelling, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge may be present. Some infections, such as HPV and HSV, can cause lesions to occur on the genitals."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Many STIs can have potentially serious complications. These can include things like \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epelvic inflammatory disease (PID)\u003c/a\u003e, the development of cancer, or passing the infection to a child during childbirth."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Uterine fibroids"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/uterine-fibroids\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eUterine fibroids\u003c/a\u003e happen when benign (noncancerous) growths occur on or in the uterus. These growths can vary in size. A woman may have only a single fibroid or may have several fibroids."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Fibroids don’t always cause symptoms. When they do, you may experience things like heavy bleeding during your period, pelvic pain, and frequent urination."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Most of the time, fibroids aren’t dangerous. However, sometimes they can cause complications such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eanemia\u003c/a\u003e or infertility."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Endometriosis"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/endometriosis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eEndometriosis\u003c/a\u003e is when endometrium grows in places other than the inside of your uterus. It can affect the outside of the uterus, the ovaries and fallopian tubes, or other tissues in the pelvis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The most common symptom of endometriosis is \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/endometriosis-pain\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epelvic pain\u003c/a\u003e. This pain may be chronic or it can occur during sex, during your period, or while going to the bathroom. Another common symptom is bleeding between periods."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Endometriosis \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/getting-pregnant-with-endometriosis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eis associated with\u003c/a\u003e infertility. It may also be linked to other conditions like \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/is-endometriosis-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecertain cancers\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/thyroid-and-endometriosis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eautoimmune conditions\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/polycystic-ovary-disease\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ePCOS\u003c/a\u003e is a condition that affects your ovaries. It’s caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. Because of this, eggs may not develop properly or may not be released from the ovary."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some potential symptoms of PCOS are irregular periods, acne, and weight gain. The complications of PCOS can include infertility, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/pcos\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eproblems during pregnancy\u003c/a\u003e, and development of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/are-pcos-and-diabetes-connected\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ediabetes\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Ovarian cysts and uterine polyps"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cysts\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eOvarian cysts\u003c/a\u003e are fluid-filled bumps that can develop on the ovaries and typically don’t cause symptoms unless they rupture or block blood flow to the ovaries. They will typically go away in a few months without treatment."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/uterine-polyp-removal\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eUterine polyps\u003c/a\u003e are typically noncancerous lesions that can develop in the inner lining of the uterus. They often don’t cause symptoms, but you may experience:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eirregular bleeding\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eheavy bleeding\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epostmenopausal bleeding\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprolapse, where the polyp protrudes out of the uterus through the cervix\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Cancers"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eCancer\u003c/a\u003e can affect almost every part of the female reproductive tract and can include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-vulva\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evulvar cancer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evaginal cancer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/cervical-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecervical cancer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003euterine cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eovarian cancer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efallopian tube cancer\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The symptoms of each type of cancer can vary by the specific type of cancer. However, some signs to look out for can include abnormal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain or pressure, and changes in the skin of the vulva."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some factors can increase the risk of reproductive cancer, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/hpv-types\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eHPV\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-body#1\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esmoking\u003c/a\u003e, or having a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/family-health-history-day\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003efamily history\u003c/a\u003e of reproductive cancer."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Infertility"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eInfertility\u003c/a\u003e is defined as being unable to get pregnant after a year of trying. It’s important to note that both \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/signs-of-infertility\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emale and female\u003c/a\u003e factors can contribute to infertility."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In women, the following things can cause infertility:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003econditions affecting ovulation, such as PCOS or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epremature ovarian insufficiency (POI)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edamage to the fallopian tubes due to STIs or scarring from a previous surgery\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003euterine problems, such as fibroids or an abnormally shaped uterus\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some other factors can increase a woman’s risk of infertility. Examples include \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/best-age-to-get-pregnant\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eincreasing age\u003c/a\u003e, smoking, and extreme emotional or physical \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health-news/long-term-stress-decreases-fertility-032414#1\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003estress\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"when-to-see-a-doctor","title":"When to see a doctor","isCollapsable":false,"header":["When to see a doctor"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"It’s a good rule of thumb to make an appointment with your doctor to discuss any questions or concerns you may have involving your reproductive health or fertility. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Additionally, some signs that it may be a good idea to call your doctor include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ebeing under 35 and unable to get pregnant after a year of trying\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing 35 or older and being unable to get pregnant after 6 months of trying\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/painful-menstrual-periods\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epainful periods\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epain during sex\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eabnormal vaginal bleeding, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/why-is-my-period-heavy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eheavy bleeding during your period\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-bleeding-between-periods\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ebleeding between periods\u003c/a\u003e, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ebleeding after menopause\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eunusual \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-discharge\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evaginal discharge\u003c/a\u003e, particularly if it has an abnormal color or smell\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eredness, swelling, or discomfort of the vulva or vagina\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eunexplained sores, lesions, or lumps around your vulva or vagina\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epain or pressure in your pelvis\u003c/a\u003e that feels different from your normal menstrual cramps\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esymptoms of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eurinary tract infection\u003c/a\u003e, such as frequent urination or a burning sensation when you urinate\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"takeaway","title":"Takeaway","isCollapsable":false,"header":["The bottom line "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The female reproductive system is made up of many parts. These parts function together to do many things, such as producing eggs and hormones, maintaining a pregnancy, and facilitating childbirth."},{"tagName":"p","source":"There are a variety of conditions that can affect the female reproductive organs, some of which can cause potentially serious complications. If you’re experiencing symptoms like pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, or unexplained lesions, make an appointment with your doctor."}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"berkeleywellness.com/self-care/sexual-health/article/female-prostate","link":"https://www.berkeleywellness.com/self-care/sexual-health/article/female-prostate","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Ask the expert: A female prostate? (2013)"}},{"displayLink":"womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis","link":"https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Endometriosis. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"hhs.gov/opa/reproductive-health/fact-sheets/cancers/female-reproductive-cancers/index.html","link":"https://www.hhs.gov/opa/reproductive-health/fact-sheets/cancers/female-reproductive-cancers/index.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Female reproductive cancers. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/","link":"https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Female reproductive system. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system","link":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Female reproductive system. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554601/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554601/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Hoare BS, et al. (2020). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, female internal genitals."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Infertility FAQs. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288","link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Uterine fibroids."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526000/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Naidu K, et al. (2019). Gestational age assessment."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Nguyen J, et al. (2019). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, female external genitalia."}},{"displayLink":"nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/","link":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Overview: Ovarian cyst. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome","link":"https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Polycystic ovary syndrome. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/recognizing-gynecological-symptoms","link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/recognizing-gynecological-symptoms","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Recognizing gynecological symptoms. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537132/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537132/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Rosner J, et al. (2019). Physiology, female reproduction."}},{"displayLink":"mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709","link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Uterine polyps. (2018)."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":137,"name":{"display":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","first":"Jill","last":"Seladi-Schulman, PhD"},"link":"/authors/jill-seladi-schulman","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122525","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eDr. Jill Seladi-Schulman is a freelance medical writer and fact checker. She was previously a project setup manager for clinical trials and specializes in microbiology and infectious disease, having written her dissertation on influenza virus morphology. Dr. Seladi-Schulman has publications in peer-reviewed journals. She also has had her work featured on the cover of the Journal of Virology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEmory University, PhD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, BS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and information reflected above are only associated with other freelance roles the individual may currently hold.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jill-Seladi-Schulman-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":413,"name":{"display":"Carolyn Kay, M.D.","first":"Carolyn","last":"Kay, MD"},"userLogin":"carolskay","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/carolyn-kay-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"162306","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Carolyn Kay is an obstetrics and gynecology physician with special interests in reproductive health and family planning.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBryn Mawr College, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eState University of New York at Upstate Medical University, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.aagl.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthystartepic.org/resources/mch-organizations/association-of-reproductive-health-professionals-arhp-2/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociation of Reproductive Health Professionals (ARHP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carolyn-Kay-New-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"wp-392264","updateReason":[],"editor":"Allison Tsai","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2020-06-02":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD","editor":"Allison Tsai","copyEditor":"Anne Arntson","medicallyReviewedBy":"Carolyn Kay, MD"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1591113300,"display":"June 2, 2020"},"published":{"date":1591113300,"display":"June 2, 2020"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1591113300,"display":"June 2, 2020"},"modified":{"date":1733290169,"display":"December 4, 2024"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Healthline Media","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Healthline-Black-Logo.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"Everything to Know About Female Reproductive Organs","description":"The female reproductive organs are responsible for many functions in the body. We’ll discuss the function of each organ.","keywords":"female reproductive organs","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D."},"lastReviewed":"2020-06-02T15:55:00Z","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/female-reproductive-organs","datePublished":"2020-06-02T15:55:00Z","dateModified":"2020-06-02T15:55:00Z","articleSection":"Uncategorized","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2020-06-02"},"reviewedBy":"Carolyn Kay, M.D.","primaryImageOfPage":["https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-1296x728-header.jpg"],"thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Female-Reproductive-Organs-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"]},"hero":{}}},"ampLibs":{},"scrollArticles":[{"title":["What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?"],"text":["There are many possible causes for pelvic pain in women. We explain this symptom and the possible reasons for your discomfort."],"link":"/health/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women","imageAlt":"What Causes Pelvic Pain in Women?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/4606-woman_facing_pelvic_pain-742x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Janet Brito, Ph.D., LCSW, CST-S","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Dr.-Janet-Brito.jpg","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""},"specialties":[]},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":81,"name":{"display":"Corey Whelan","first":"Corey","last":"Whelan"},"userLogin":"coreykaganwhelan","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"coreygale","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/corey-whelan","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eCorey Whelan is a freelance writer and reproductive health professional who specializes in health and wellness content. She’s a science nerd, but her heroes span the gamut from Temple Grandin to her mom. Corey’s work is featured in multiple media outlets, including CBS Local, Cinch, Care.com, and Reader’s Digest. She shares her life in Brooklyn, NY, with two all-grown-up, fantastic children and a couple of wacky shelter dogs.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/200x200_Corey_Whelan.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?"],"text":["The two main female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Although testosterone is considered a male hormone, females also produce and use a…"],"link":"/health/female-sex-hormones","imageAlt":"How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/portrait_woman-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Valinda-Riggins-Nwadike-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""},"specialties":[]},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":24,"name":{"display":"Ann Pietrangelo","first":"Ann","last":"Pietrangelo"},"userLogin":"apietrangelo","links":{"website":"http://www.annpietrangelo.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/annpietrangelo/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/ann-pietrangelo","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"159189","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eAnn Pietrangelo is freelance writer and health reporter with bylines on a variety of consumer health publications and leading health information websites. Through her books \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0055EGYOW/\"\u003eNo More Secs! Living, Laughing \u0026amp; Loving Despite Multiple Sclerosis\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00H4OBDTC/\"\u003eCatch That Look: Living, Laughing \u0026amp; Loving Despite Triple-Negative Breast Cancer\u003c/a\u003e, she shares her experiences in the hope that others will feel less alone in their health struggles. Learn more at her \u003ca href=\"http://www.annpietrangelo.com\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1601,"height":1605,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_5019.jpg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body"],"text":["While androgens are typically labeled as \"male\" hormones, they're important to body functions for all humans. "],"link":"/health/androgens","imageAlt":"What to Know About Androgens and How They Affect Your Body","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/group-of-friends-laughing-dancing-having-fun-night-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":1410,"name":{"display":"Alysa Hullett","first":"Alysa","last":"Hullett"},"userLogin":"ahullet","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/alysa-hullett","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eAlysa Hullett is a writer with work in outlets like Healthline, Greatist and the Seattle Times. 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