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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Commons category|Apex (Vietnamese diacritic)}} The Vietnamese '''tilde''' or '''apex''' was a curved diacritic used in the 17th century to mark final [[nasalization]] in the early [[Vietnamese alphabet]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics |first=Roland |last=Jacques |location=Bangkok |publisher=Orchid Press |year=2002 |page=91 |quote=The accent mark written by the amanuensis on the first word can be read as the ''apex'' (or ''tilde''), an abbreviation sign used in 17th and 18th century {{lang|vi|Quốc Ngữ}} to represent the rounded nasal finals: '{{lang|vi|-aõ}}' (spelt today '{{lang|vi|-ong}}'); '{{lang|vi|-oũ}}' (= '{{lang|vi|-ông}}'), and '{{lang|vi|-ũ}}' (= '{{lang|vi|-ung}}'). Thus '{{lang|vi|chã}}' would stand for the word presently spelt '{{lang|vi|chẳng}}.'}} Note that de Rhodes called the tilde a "[[circumflex]]".</ref> It was an adoption of the Portuguese [[tilde]], and should not be confused with the [[Vietnamese_alphabet#Tone_marks|tone mark ''ngã'']], which is mistakenly encoded as a tilde in Unicode but is actually an adoption of the Greek [[perispomeni]]. ''Apex'' is the name used in contemporary Latin texts. In his 1651 ''{{lang|la|[[Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum]]}}'', [[Alexandre de Rhodes]] describes the diacritic:<ref>{{cite book|title=Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt của Đắc Lộ 1651|trans-title=De Rhodes's Vietnamese grammar of 1651 |author=Nguyễn Khắc Xuyên |location=[[Garden Grove, California]] |publisher=Thời điểm |year=1993 |oclc=32129692 |url=http://vantuyen.net/index.php?view=story&subjectid=22131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112002450/http://vantuyen.net/index.php?view=story&subjectid=22131 |archive-date=November 12, 2011 |language=vi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Về các dấu và dấu hiệu khác trên nguyên âm |title=Từ điển Annam-Lusitan-Latinh (Thường gọi Từ điển Việt-Bồ-La) |first=Alexandre |last=de Rhodes |editor1=Hồ Lê |editor2=Cao Xuân Hạo |editor3=Hồ Tuyết Mai |translator=Thanh Lãnh |translator2=Hoàng Xuân Việt |translator3=Đỗ Quang Chính |location=Ho Chi Minh City |publisher=[[Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences|Social Science Publishing House]] |year=1991 |orig-year=1651 |page=11 |url=http://www.songhuong.com.vn/fullsize.php?id=53&page=11.jpg |language=vi }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |title=Sự biến đổi các hình thức chữ quốc ngữ từ 1620 đến 1877 |trans-title=Changes in the Vietnamese alphabet's form from 1629 to 1877 |type=<abbr title="Phó tiến sĩ khoa học">PTSKH</abbr> |author=Nguyễn Thị Bạch Nhạn |location=Hà Nội |publisher=[[Hanoi National University of Education]] |year=1994 |url=http://www.vns.edu.vn/vns/images/stories/Bai_NCKH/5_LeKhacCuong/7_lekhaccuong.pdf |language=vi |access-date=2014-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309004127/http://www.vns.edu.vn/vns/images/stories/Bai_NCKH/5_LeKhacCuong/7_lekhaccuong.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Quotation|The third sign, finally, is the apex, which in this language is entirely necessary because of a difference in the ending [i.e. of a word], which the apex makes entirely distinct from the ending that ''m'' or ''n'' makes, with a meaning entirely diverse in words in which it is employed. However, this sign, namely the apex, only affects ''o᷄'' and ''u᷄'', at the end of a word, as ''{{lang|vi|ao᷄}}'' "bee", ''{{lang|vi|ou᷄}}'' "grandfather" or "lord". It is pronounced, however, such that neither the lips touch together nor the tongue touches the palate.|''{{lang|la|Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum}}''<ref>{{cite book |chapter=De Accentibus & aliis signis in vocalibus. |title=Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanum, et latinum |first=Alexandre |last=de Rhodes |location=Rome |publisher=[[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] |year=1651 |page=10 |url={{fullurl:File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=500}} |language=la }}</ref>}} The apex appears atop {{angle bracket|o}}, {{angle bracket|u}}, and less commonly {{angle bracket|ơ}}. As with other accent marks, a tone mark can appear atop the apex.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cou᷒̀ la|work=Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanum, et latinum |first=Alexandre |last=de Rhodes |location=Rome |publisher=[[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] |year=1651 |page=135 |url={{fullurl:File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=71}} |language=la }}</ref> According to canon law historian Roland Jacques, the apex indicated a final [[labial-velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ͡m]}}, an allophone of {{IPA|/ŋ/}} that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. The apex apparently fell out of use during the mid-18th century, being unified with {{angle bracket|-ng}} (representing {{IPA|/ŋ/}}), in a major simplification of the orthography, though the Vietnamese [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] {{lang|vi|[[Philipphê Bỉnh]]}} ({{lang|pt|Philiphê do Rosario}}) continued to use the old orthography into the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Le Portugal et la romanisation de la langue vietnamienne. Faut-il réécrire l'histoire&thinsp;? |trans-title=Portugal and the romanization of the Vietnamese language. Should we rewrite history? |first=Roland |last=Jacques |journal=Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer |publisher=Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer |volume=85 |issue=318 |year=1998 |page=52 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/outre_0300-9513_1998_num_85_318_3600 |language=fr |doi=10.3406/outre.1998.3600 }}</ref> In [[Pierre Pigneau de Behaine]] and [[Jean-Louis Taberd]]'s 1838 ''{{lang|la|Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum}}'',<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Litterarum anamiticarum ex ordine disposita series |title=Dictionarium anamitico-latinum |first=Pierre Joseph |last=Pigneaux |editor-first=Jean-Louis |editor-last=Taberd |publisher=[[Joshua Marshman|Joshua C. Marshman]] |year=1838 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CylHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 |language=la }}</ref> the words ''{{lang|vi|ao᷄}}'' and ''{{lang|vi|ou᷄}}'' became ''{{lang|vi|ong}}'' and ''{{lang|vi|ông}}'', respectively. The Middle Vietnamese apex is known as ''{{lang|vi|dấu sóng}}'' or ''{{lang|vi|dấu lưỡi câu}}'' in modern Vietnamese. The apex is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing, such as in [[Phạm Thế Ngũ]]'s ''{{lang|vi|Việt Nam văn học sử}}''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Việt Nam Văn Học Sử: Giản Ước Tân Biên|trans-title=History of Vietnamese Literature: New Survey|author=Phạm Thế Ngũ|location=Saigon|publisher=Quốc Học Tùng Thư|date=1961|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvNHAAAAMAAJ|language=vi|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Việt-Nam khảo-cổ tập-san: Bulletin de l'Institut de recherches historiques|publisher=Vietnam Historical Research Institute|date=1961|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFNQAQAAMAAJ|language=vi|via=Google Books|title=Bulletin de l'Institut de recherches archéologiques}}</ref> == Examples == Obtained from [[Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum]], a trilingual Vietnamese, Portuguese and Latin dictionary by Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes. <gallery> File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, breve acute apex.png|The entry for ''{{lang|vi|dĕóu᷄}}'' shows distinct breves (ĕ), acutes (ó), and apices (u᷄). File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, u-apex-acute.png|The entry for ''{{lang|vi|blu᷄́}}'' shows that a vowel with an apex can take on an additional tone mark, in this case an acute. File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, o-horn-apex.png|The entry for ''{{lang|vi|bao giơ᷄ đến}}'' illustrates the difference between a horn and an apex. </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}}{{Navbox diacritical marks}} [[Category:Vietnamese language]] [[Category:Diacritics]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angle_bracket" title="Template:Angle bracket">Template:Angle bracket</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angle_bracket&action=edit" title="Template:Angle bracket">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote" title="Template:Blockquote">Template:Blockquote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&action=edit" 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