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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_M._Sniderman&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul M. Sniderman">Paul M. Sniderman</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political scientist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Sniderman</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Political scientist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org">Stanford University</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Michael Sniderman</b> (born 1941) is an American <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a>, and the Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Professor of Public Policy at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sniderman was born in 1941. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, and he earned a PhD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sniderman started his academic career as Assistant Professor at Stanford University from 1969 to 1971, and at the University of Toronto from 1971-72. Back as Stanford he was Associate Professor for 1975 to 1981, where in 1981 he was appointed Professor of Public Policy. In 1987 he was also appointed Professor of Criminology at the University of Toronto. Since 1987 he is also associated with the University of California as Research Political Scientist, and since 1990 also as Research Psychologist. At Stanford University he chaired the Department of Political Science from 2001 to 2004 and is senior fellow at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sniderman has received many awards. Among them a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1975" title="List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1975">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>, 1975–76. He has been a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> since 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sniderman is noted for developing instruments capable of probing attitudes towards sensitive issued like racial or ethnic prejudice that enable researchers to discover the true attitudes of subjects in populations predisposed to give the socially acceptable response rather than express their true feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sniderman authored and co-authored numerous publications.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A selection: </p> <ul><li>Paul M. Sniderman 1975. Personality and Democratic Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman 1981. A Question of Loyalty. Berkeley: University of California Press</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman and Michael Gray Hagan. 1985. Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody, and Philip E. Tetlock 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman, Philip E. Tetlock, and Edward G. Carmines 1993. (eds.) Prejudice, Politics and the American Dilemma, Stanford: Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman and Thomas Piazza 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mutz" title="Diana Mutz">Diana Mutz</a>, Paul M. Sniderman, and Richard A. Brody 1996. (eds.). Political Persuasion. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman, Joseph F. Fletcher, Peter Russell, and Philip E. Tetlock 1996. The Clash of Rights: Liberty, Equality, and Legitimacy in Pluralist Democracies. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines. 1997. Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman, Pierangelo Peri, Rui de Figuerido, and Thomas Piazza. 2000. The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04839-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04839-8">0-691-04839-8</a></li> <li>Paul M. Sniderman and Thomas Piazza, 2002. Black Pride and Black Prejudice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Gerard Grunberg, <a href="/wiki/Nonna_Mayer" title="Nonna Mayer">Mayer, Nonna</a>, et Paul M. Sniderman (eds.), 2002. La démocratie à l'épreuve. Une nouvelle approche de l'opinion des Français. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7246-0875-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-7246-0875-5">2-7246-0875-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saris,_Willem_E." class="mw-redirect" title="Saris, Willem E.">Saris, Willem E.</a>, and Paul M. Sniderman, eds. 2004. Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement Error, and Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/faculty/sniderman.html">Staff page at Stanford University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312095710/http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/faculty/sniderman.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalscience.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/staff_cv/CV_Sniderman_July_2013.pdf">VITA Paul M. Sniderman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002170343/https://politicalscience.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/staff_cv/CV_Sniderman_July_2013.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CV July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/1998/janfeb/lsjournal/dialogue.html">"DIALOGUE: PAUL SNIDERMAN. What Whites Think. Using innovative opinion surveys, a professor of political science unearths hidden attitudes on race and affirmative action"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i>. January–February 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Magazine&rft.atitle=DIALOGUE%3A+PAUL+SNIDERMAN.+What+Whites+Think.+Using+innovative+opinion+surveys%2C+a+professor+of+political+science+unearths+hidden+attitudes+on+race+and+affirmative+action.&rft.date=1998-01%2F1998-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordalumni.org%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F1998%2Fjanfeb%2Flsjournal%2Fdialogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Sniderman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrace2007" class="citation news cs1">Crace, John (July 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/profile/story/0,,2116731,00.html">"Interview - Paul Sniderman: Identity crisis. Multiculturalism may seem a liberal policy, but it reinforces prejudices, a visiting expert tells John Crace"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview+-+Paul+Sniderman%3A+Identity+crisis.+Multiculturalism+may+seem+a+liberal+policy%2C+but+it+reinforces+prejudices%2C+a+visiting+expert+tells+John+Crace&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.aulast=Crace&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Fprofile%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2116731%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Sniderman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorin1997" class="citation news cs1">Morin, Richard (September 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa092197.htm">"The Hidden Truth About Liberals and Affirmative Action"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. p. C05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Truth+About+Liberals+and+Affirmative+Action&rft.pages=C05&rft.date=1997-09-21&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fspecial%2Faffirm%2Fstories%2Faa092197.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Sniderman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sniderman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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