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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ja.wikipedia.org&uselang=ja" class="">寄付</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90&returnto=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox" title="アカウントを作成してログインすることをお勧めしますが、必須ではありません" class="">アカウント作成</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&returnto=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox" title="ログインすることを推奨します。ただし、必須ではありません。 [o]" accesskey="o" class="">ログイン</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D" aria-label="編集の詳細">もっと詳しく</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集の一覧 [y]" accesskey="y">投稿記録</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集についての議論 [n]" accesskey="n">トーク</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特徴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 特徴 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 分類 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 分類サブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ヤマアラシ亜目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ヤマアラシ亜目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 ヤマアラシ亜目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ヤマアラシ亜目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ネズミ亜目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ネズミ亜目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 ネズミ亜目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ネズミ亜目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-リス亜目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#リス亜目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 リス亜目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-リス亜目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ネズミ目でないもの" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ネズミ目でないもの"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 ネズミ目でないもの </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ネズミ目でないもの-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 脚注 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布と生息地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布と生息地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 分布と生息地 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布と生息地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 生態 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生態-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 生態サブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-食性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 食性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Social behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-嗅覚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#嗅覚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 嗅覚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-嗅覚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聴覚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聴覚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 聴覚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聴覚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-視覚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#視覚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 視覚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-視覚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-触覚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#触覚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 触覚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-触覚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁殖戦略" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁殖戦略"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 繁殖戦略 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-繁殖戦略-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Birth and parenting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Cognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Classification and evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Classification and evolutionサブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Evolutionary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Standard classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Interaction with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Interaction with humansサブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests_and_disease_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests_and_disease_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 As pests and disease vectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests_and_disease_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 目次の表示・非表示を切り替え </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">利用者:Ekotoba/sandbox</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="この記事はこの言語にのみ存在します。他の言語のための記事を追加" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > 言語を追加 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-user" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox" title="利用者ページを表示 [c]" accesskey="c">利用者ページ</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E2%80%90%E4%BC%9A%E8%A9%B1:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="「本文ページについての議論」 (存在しないページ) [t]" accesskey="t">ノート</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >日本語 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="表示"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">閲覧</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e">編集</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h">履歴表示</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >ツール </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">閲覧</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e">編集</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=history">履歴表示</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j">リンク元</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k">関連ページの更新状況</a></li><li id="t-contributions" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2/Ekotoba" title="この利用者による投稿の一覧">利用者の投稿記録</a></li><li id="t-log" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0/Ekotoba">記録</a></li><li id="t-userrights" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E6%A8%A9%E9%99%90/Ekotoba">利用者グループの表示</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ファイルをアップロードする [u]" accesskey="u">ファイルをアップロード</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="特別ページの一覧 [q]" accesskey="q">特別ページ</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&oldid=56845120" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク">この版への固定リンク</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報">ページ情報</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2588%25A9%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%2580%2585%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox">短縮URLを取得する</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2588%25A9%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%2580%2585%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox">QRコードをダウンロード</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox">ブックの新規作成</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%3AEkotoba%2Fsandbox&action=show-download-screen">PDF 形式でダウンロード</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ [p]" accesskey="p">印刷用バージョン</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint"></div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba" title="利用者:Ekotoba">利用者:Ekotoba</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346494">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/50px-Essay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/75px-Essay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/100px-Essay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="42" /></td><td class="mbox-text"><div> ここは<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba" title="利用者:Ekotoba">Ekotoba</a>さんの<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="Help:利用者サンドボックス">利用者サンドボックス</a>です。<a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%97%A9%E8%A6%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="Help:早見表">編集を試したり</a>下書きを置いておいたりするための<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8#サブページでできること" title="Wikipedia:利用者ページ">場所</a>であり、<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93#標準" title="Help:名前空間">百科事典の記事</a>ではありません。ただし、公開の場ですので、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%A7%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8#文章を丸写しすること" title="Wikipedia:ウィキペディアでやってはいけないこと">許諾されていない文章の転載はご遠慮ください</a>。<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85#登録利用者" title="Wikipedia:利用者">登録利用者</a>は自分用の利用者サンドボックスを作成できます（<a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:MyPage/sandbox&action=edit&preload=Template:User_sandbox/preload">サンドボックスを作成する</a>、<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="Help:利用者サンドボックス">解説</a>）。その他のサンドボックス: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="Wikipedia:サンドボックス">共用サンドボックス</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="モジュール:サンドボックス">モジュールサンドボックス</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E3%82%92%E5%9F%B7%E7%AD%86%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:記事を執筆する">記事がある程度できあがったら</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:編集方針">編集方針</a>を確認して、<a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%8F%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90" title="Help:新規ページの作成">新規ページを作成</a>しましょう。 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> > <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox/%E4%B8%8B%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D1" title="利用者:Ekotoba/sandbox/下書き1">下書き1</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox/%E4%B8%8B%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D2" title="利用者:Ekotoba/sandbox/下書き2">下書き2</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101304250">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-出典の明記 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-出典の明記" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">この記事は<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%BC%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7" title="Wikipedia:検証可能性">検証可能</a>な<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%A1%E9%A0%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源">参考文献や出典</a>が全く示されていないか、不十分です。 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する">出典を追加</a>して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98/doc" title="Template:出典の明記/doc">このテンプレートの使い方</a>） 出典検索<a href="/wiki/Template:Find_sources_mainspace" title="Template:Find sources mainspace">?</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22sandbox%22&num=50">"sandbox"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&q=%22sandbox%22&tbm=nws">ニュース</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&tbs=bks:1&q=%22sandbox%22">書籍</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?num=100&hl=ja&q=%22sandbox%22">スカラー</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/opensearch/search?lang=ja&q=%22sandbox%22&range=2&count=200&sortorder=1&type=0">CiNii</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey=%22sandbox%22">J-STAGE</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/api/openurl?any=%22sandbox%22">NDL</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.jp/?q=%22sandbox%22">dlib.jp</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpsearch.go.jp/csearch/jps-cross?csid=jps-cross&keyword=%22sandbox%22">ジャパンサーチ</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/">TWL</a> (2011年7月)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox bordered" style="width:18em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:110%;background:transparent;background:rgb(211,211,164);text-align:center;">ネズミ目（齧歯目） Rodentia </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:transparent;background:rgb(211,211,164);text-align:center;"><div style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;">生息年代: <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%81%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="暁新世">暁新世</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%96" title="現世">現世</a>, 56–0 Ma <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bolder; white-space:nowrap;"> <div id="PreЄ_marker" style="z-index:1000; white-space:nowrap; position:absolute; left:5px; overflow:visible; width:0; height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="先カンブリア時代">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.05; filter:alpha(opacity=5); width:1px; left:0px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.1; filter:alpha(opacity=10); width:1px; left:1px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.15; filter:alpha(opacity=15); width:1px; left:2px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.2; filter:alpha(opacity=20); width:1px; left:3px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.25; filter:alpha(opacity=25); width:1px; left:4px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.3; filter:alpha(opacity=30); width:1px; left:5px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.35; filter:alpha(opacity=30); width:1px; left:6px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.4; filter:alpha(opacity=40); width:1px; left:7px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.45; filter:alpha(opacity=45); width:1px; left:8px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.5; filter:alpha(opacity=50); width:1px; left:9px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.55; filter:alpha(opacity=55); width:1px; left:10px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.6; filter:alpha(opacity=60); width:1px; left:11px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.65; filter:alpha(opacity=65); width:1px; left:12px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.7; filter:alpha(opacity=70); width:1px; left:13px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.75; filter:alpha(opacity=75); width:1px; left:14px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.8; filter:alpha(opacity=80); width:1px; left:15px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.85; filter:alpha(opacity=85); width:1px; left:16px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.9; filter:alpha(opacity=90); width:1px; left:17px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.95; filter:alpha(opacity=95); width:1px; left:18px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); left:19px; width:14.230769230769px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:33.538461538462px; width:17.107692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B4%80" title="カンブリア紀">Є</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:50.646153846154px; width:12.8px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E7%B4%80" title="オルドビス紀">O</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:63.446153846154px; width:7.5692307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E7%B4%80" title="シルル紀">S</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:71.015384615385px; width:18.553846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E7%B4%80" title="デボン紀">D</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:89.569230769231px; width:18.461538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%80" title="石炭紀">C</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:108.03076923077px; width:14.460923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E7%B4%80" title="ペルム紀">P</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:122.49169230769px; width:15.569846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%B3%E7%B4%80" title="三畳紀">T</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:138.06153846154px; width:17.323076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E7%B4%80" title="ジュラ紀">J</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:155.38461538462px; width:24.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%80" title="白亜紀">K</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:179.69230769231px; width:13.221538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%80" title="古第三紀">Pg</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:192.91384615385px; width:6.2923076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%80" title="新第三紀">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:199px"></div></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:180.8px; width:19.2px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:182.76923076923px; width:17.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:183.76923076923px; width:15.230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Rodent_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rodent_collage.jpg/300px-Rodent_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rodent_collage.jpg/450px-Rodent_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rodent_collage.jpg/600px-Rodent_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div>左上から時計回りに: <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9" title="カピバラ">カピバラ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AE" title="トビウサギ">トビウサギ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="キンイロジリス">キンイロジリス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%84%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ハツカネズミ">ハツカネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="ビーバー">ビーバー</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent;background:rgb(211,211,164);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="生物の分類">分類</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="borderless" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="ドメイン (分類学)">ドメイン</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Eukaryote" class="extiw" title="w:en:Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学)">界</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物界</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" class="extiw" title="w:Animalia">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="門 (分類学)">門</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊索動物">脊索動物門</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" class="extiw" title="w:Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="門 (分類学)">亜門</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物亜門</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="w:Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B1_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="綱 (分類学)">綱</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="哺乳類">哺乳綱</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="w:Mammalia">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="目 (分類学)">上目</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BD%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%AE" title="真主齧上目">真主齧上目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires" class="extiw" title="w:Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="目 (分類学)">大目</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%AE" title="グリレス大目">グリレス大目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glires" class="extiw" title="w:Glires">Glires</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="目 (分類学)">目</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;">ネズミ目(齧歯目) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" class="extiw" title="w:Rodentia">Rodentia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent;background:rgb(211,211,164);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" title="学名">学名</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td lang="la" style="text-align:center">Rodentia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Bowdich" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Edward Bowdich">Bowdich</a>, <a href="/wiki/1821%E5%B9%B4" title="1821年">1821</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent;background:rgb(211,211,164);text-align:center;">亜目 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="ヤマアラシ亜目">ヤマアラシ亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ネズミ亜目">ネズミ亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="リス亜目">リス亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuromorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Rodent_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/300px-Rodent_range.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/450px-Rodent_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/600px-Rodent_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a><div>ネズミ目の生息地（移入された個体群は含まない）</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> ネズミ目 (ネズミもく、Rodentia) は<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9C%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎動物亜門">脊椎動物亜門</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳綱">哺乳綱</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="目 (分類学)">目</a>の1つ。齧歯目（げっしもく）、齧歯類（げっしるい）ともいう。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リス">リス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ネズミ">ネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7" title="ヤマアラシ">ヤマアラシ</a>などが含まれる。現在の哺乳類で最も繁栄しているグループであり、現生哺乳類5,416種の41パーセントにあたる2,277種を占める<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>。生息域は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="南極大陸">南極大陸</a>を除く全<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="大陸">大陸</a>、およびほとんどすべての島。樹上生活をするもの、地中に穴を掘って暮らすもの、半水棲生活をするものなど、さまざまな環境に適応した多様な種が存在する。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徴">特徴</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 特徴">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gnagarnas_tandsystem,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>典型的なネズミ目の歯。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AD%AF" title="切歯">門歯</a>の表面は硬い<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E8%B3%AA" title="エナメル質">エナメル質</a>に覆われ、裏面は柔らかい<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E8%B3%AA" title="象牙質">象牙質</a>である。The act of chewing wears down the dentine leaving a sharp, chisel-like edge.</figcaption></figure> ネズミ目は、概して小さいものが多く、体重は100グラムまたはそれ以下である<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1986-2">[2]</a>。なかでも<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アフリカンドワーフマウス」 (存在しないページ)">アフリカンドワーフマウス</a>は体長6センチメートル、体重7グラム程度しかない。一方、大きいものでは、現生種最大の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9" title="カピバラ">カピバラ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris" class="extiw" title="w:Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris">Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris</a> は66キログラムになる<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1986-2">[2]</a>。化石種としては、<a href="/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4" title="1999年">1999年</a>に<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="南アメリカ">南米</a><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9" title="ベネズエラ">ベネズエラ</a>で全身化石が発見された<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%80" title="第三紀">第三紀</a>後期の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%99%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「フォベロミス・パッテルソニ」 (存在しないページ)">フォベロミス・パッテルソニ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoberomys_pattersoni" class="extiw" title="w:Phoberomys pattersoni">Phoberomys pattersoni</a> が最大で、体高 1.3 m（尾まで含めた体長は3 m）、体重 700 kg程度あったと考えられている<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-Villagra_etal2003-3">[3]</a>。 ネズミ目の動物は、上顎、下顎の両方に伸び続ける2つの<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AD%AF" title="切歯">門歯</a>をもつ。この門歯は物をかじることで次第に削れてゆき、長さを保っている。漢語名齧歯目、および学名「Rodentia」は<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ラテン語">ラテン語</a>で「かじる（齧る）」という意味の rodere からきている。歯は、食べ物をかじったり、巣穴を掘ったり、身を守ったりするために使われる。ネズミ目の動物の多くは、種子などの植物質を食料とするが、昆虫を食べることもあり、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="オオミズネズミ">オオミズネズミ</a>のように魚を主食とする種も含まれる<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1986-2">[2]</a>。なお他のほ乳類とは異なり、ネズミ目では<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%94%E5%90%90" title="嘔吐">嘔吐反射</a>がみられない<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>。 They tend to be social animals and many species live in societies with complex ways of communicating with each other. Mating among rodents can vary from <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A9%A6%E5%88%B6" title="一夫一婦制">一夫一婦制</a>, to <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" title="一夫多妻制">一夫多妻制</a>, to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promiscuity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Promiscuity」 (存在しないページ)">promiscuity</a>. Many have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter_(animal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Litter (animal)」 (存在しないページ)">litters</a> of underdeveloped, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altricial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Altricial」 (存在しないページ)">altricial</a> young, while others have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precocial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Precocial」 (存在しないページ)">precocial</a> young that are relatively well developed at birth. The rodent <a href="/wiki/Fossil" class="mw-disambig" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> on the supercontinent of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Laurasia」 (存在しないページ)">Laurasia</a>. They greatly diversified in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, as they spread across continents, sometimes even finding means to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_dispersal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oceanic dispersal」 (存在しないページ)">cross oceans</a>. Rodents reached both South America and Madagascar from Africa, and were the only terrestrial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Placenta」 (存在しないページ)">placental</a> mammals to reach and colonize Australia. Rodents have been used as food, for clothing, as pets and as laboratory animals in research. Some species, in particular the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brown rat」 (存在しないページ)">brown rat</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Black rat」 (存在しないページ)">black rat</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「House mouse」 (存在しないページ)">house mouse</a> are serious <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pest (organism)」 (存在しないページ)">pests</a>, eating and spoiling food stored by humans, and spreading diseases. Accidentally <a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduced_species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Introduced species」 (存在しないページ)">introduced species</a> of rodents are often considered to be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasive_species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Invasive species」 (存在しないページ)">invasive</a>, as they sometimes threaten the survival of native species, such as island birds, previously isolated from land-based predators. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="系統">系統</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 系統">編集</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r89142105">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BD%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%AE" title="真主齧上目">真主齧上目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires" class="extiw" title="w:Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%AE" title="グリレス大目">グリレス大目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glires" class="extiw" title="w:Glires">Glires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アナガレ目」 (存在しないページ)">アナガレ目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagalida" class="extiw" title="w:Anagalida">Anagalida</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E6%BB%85" title="絶滅">†</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E6%AD%AF%E9%A1%9E" title="単歯類">単歯類</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicidentata" class="extiw" title="w:Simplicidentata">Simplicidentata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E6%AD%AF%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「混歯目」 (存在しないページ)">混歯目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixodontia" class="extiw" title="w:Mixodontia">Mixodontia</a> †（側系統?） </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> ネズミ目 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" class="extiw" title="w:Rodentia">Rodentia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%AD%AF%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="重歯類">重歯類</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicidentata" class="extiw" title="w:Duplicidentata">Duplicidentata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ミモトナ目」 (存在しないページ)">ミモトナ目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimotonida" class="extiw" title="w:Mimotonida">Mimotonida</a>† </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AE%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ウサギ目">ウサギ目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%8D%A3%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%AE" title="真主獣大目">真主獣大目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchonta" class="extiw" title="w:Euarchonta">Euarchonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ツパイ目">ツパイ目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandentia" class="extiw" title="w:Scandentia">Scandentia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AB%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ヒヨケザル目">ヒヨケザル目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermoptera" class="extiw" title="w:Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%94%E3%82%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="プレシアダピス目">プレシアダピス目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiadapiformes" class="extiw" title="w:Plesiadapiformes">Plesiadapiformes</a> † </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="サル目">サル目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates" class="extiw" title="w:Primates">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類">分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: 分類">編集</a>]</div> ネズミ目は系統的には<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="ヤマアラシ亜目">ヤマアラシ亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a> (Ctenohystrica)、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ネズミ亜目">ネズミ亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="リス亜目">リス亜目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuromorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a> (Sciurognathi) の3亜目に分かれる<a href="#cite_note-Blanga-Kanfi_etal2009-5">[5]</a>。ただし、古い分類では、同じ3目に分けていても内容が微妙に異なることがある。 ネズミ亜目の3下目をそれぞれ亜目に引き上げ5亜目とする分類もある<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>が、本質的には同じである。 顎骨の形態から<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%8E%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="リス顎亜目">リス顎亜目</a>（リス亜目） Sciurognathi と<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ヤマアラシ下目」 (存在しないページ)">ヤマアラシ顎亜目</a>（ヤマアラシ亜目） Hystricognathi に分ける分類もあるが、リス顎亜目はネズミ亜目・リス亜目・ヤマアラシ亜目の一部（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E7%A7%91" title="グンディ科">グンディ科</a>）にわたって分布する<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="側系統">側系統</a>と思われる。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ヤマアラシ亜目">ヤマアラシ亜目</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: ヤマアラシ亜目">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/170px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/255px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/340px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Caviomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Caviomorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7" title="ヤマアラシ">カナダヤマアラシ</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/220px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/330px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/440px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ホリネズミ">セイブホリネズミ</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pedetes_surdaster,_Amboseli_NP,_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/330px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/440px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AE" title="トビウサギ">トビウサギ</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/220px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/330px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/440px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ゴールデンハムスター">ゴールデンハムスター</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/220px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/330px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/440px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E7%A7%91" title="ヤマネ科">アフリカヤマネ</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg/220px-Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg/330px-Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg/440px-Japanese_Squirrel_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ニホンリス">ニホンリス</a></figcaption></figure> ヤマアラシ下目の2つの小目をそれぞれ下目とすることもある。 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ヤマアラシ下目」 (存在しないページ)">ヤマアラシ下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricognathi" class="extiw" title="w:Hystricognathi">Hystricognathi</a> - 古い分類のヤマアラシ顎亜目に当たる。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E5%B0%8F%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="テンジクネズミ小目">テンジクネズミ小目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%87%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「デグー上科」 (存在しないページ)">デグー上科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octodontoidea" class="extiw" title="w:Octodontoidea">Octodontoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ヌートリア科">ヌートリア科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocastoridae" class="extiw" title="w:Myocastoridae">Myocastoridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ヌートリア">ヌートリア</a>。フチア科に含めることも。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="フチア科">フチア科</a>（カプロミス科） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capromyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Capromyidae">Capromyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2" title="フチア">フチア</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E7%A7%91" title="デグー科">デグー科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octodontidae" class="extiw" title="w:Octodontidae">Octodontidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC" title="デグー">デグー</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「コルロネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">コルロネズミ</a>など</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ツコツコ科">ツコツコ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Ctenomyidae">Ctenomyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3" title="ツコツコ">ツコツコ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="アメリカトゲネズミ科">アメリカトゲネズミ科</a>（アメリカトビネズミ科） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echimyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Echimyidae">Echimyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="アメリカトゲネズミ">アメリカトゲネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="チンチラネズミ科">チンチラネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrocomidae" class="extiw" title="w:Abrocomidae">Abrocomidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="チンチラネズミ">チンチラネズミ</a>。分子系統ではチンチラ上科から移される。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「チンチラ上科」 (存在しないページ)">チンチラ上科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilloidea" class="extiw" title="w:Chinchilloidea">Chinchilloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E7%A7%91" title="チンチラ科">チンチラ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchillidae" class="extiw" title="w:Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9" title="チンチラ">チンチラ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ビスカーチャ">ビスカーチャ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%91%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8A%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「パカラナ科」 (存在しないページ)">パカラナ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8A" title="パカラナ">パカラナ</a>。分子系統ではテンジクネズミ上科から移される。</li></ul></li> <li>アメリカヤマアラシ上科 Erethizontoidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E7%A7%91" title="アメリカヤマアラシ科">アメリカヤマアラシ科</a>（キノボリヤマアラシ科） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erethizontidae" class="extiw" title="w:Erethizontidae">Erethizontidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7" title="カナダヤマアラシ">カナダヤマアラシ</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「キノボリヤマアラシ」 (存在しないページ)">キノボリヤマアラシ</a>など</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="テンジクネズミ上科">テンジクネズミ上科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavioidea" class="extiw" title="w:Cavioidea">Cavioidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AB" title="パカ">パカ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuniculidae" class="extiw" title="w:Cuniculidae">Cuniculidae</a> (Agoutidae) - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AB" title="パカ">パカ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="テンジクネズミ科">テンジクネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviidae" class="extiw" title="w:Caviidae">Caviidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="モルモット">モルモット</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_(%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9)" title="マーラ (動物)">マーラ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="クイ">クイ</a>、モコ</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「カピバラ科」 (存在しないページ)">カピバラ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochoeridae" class="extiw" title="w:Hydrochoeridae">Hydrochoeridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9" title="カピバラ">カピバラ</a>。テンジクネズミ科に含めることも。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E7%A7%91" title="アグーチ科">アグーチ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyproctidae" class="extiw" title="w:Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="アグーチ">アグーチ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="チンチラネズミ科">チンチラネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrocomidae" class="extiw" title="w:Abrocomidae">Abrocomidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="チンチラネズミ">チンチラネズミ</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E5%B0%8F%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「フィオミス小目」 (存在しないページ)">フィオミス小目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Phiomorpha">Phiomorpha</a> - 側系統の可能性がある <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ヨシネズミ科」 (存在しないページ)">ヨシネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thryonomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Thryonomyidae">Thryonomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アフリカイワネズミ科」 (存在しないページ)">アフリカイワネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Petromyidae">Petromyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%90%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="デバネズミ科">デバネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyergidae" class="extiw" title="w:Bathyergidae">Bathyergidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%80%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%90%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ハダカデバネズミ">ハダカデバネズミ</a>など</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7" title="ヤマアラシ">ヤマアラシ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricidae" class="extiw" title="w:Hystricidae">Hystricidae</a> - フィオミス小目から外すことも。</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="グンディ">グンディ下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenodactyloidea" class="extiw" title="w:Ctenodactyloidea">Ctenodactylomorphi</a> （グンディ上科 Ctenodactyloidea） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E7%A7%91" title="グンディ科">グンディ科</a>（ツコツコ科） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenodactylidae" class="extiw" title="w:Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="グンディ">グンディ</a>。従来はリス亜目とされることが多かった。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ディアトミス科」 (存在しないページ)">ディアトミス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ラオスイワネズミ">ラオスイワネズミ</a>。2005年に初めて現生種が発見された。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ネズミ亜目">ネズミ亜目</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=5" title="節を編集: ネズミ亜目">編集</a>]</div> 3つの下目をそれぞれ亜目とすることもある。 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ビーバー下目」 (存在しないページ)">ビーバー下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castoriomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Castoriomorpha">Castoriomorpha</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ホリネズミ上科」 (存在しないページ)">ホリネズミ上科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomyoidea" class="extiw" title="w:Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ホリネズミ科">ホリネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Geomyidae">Geomyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ホリネズミ">ホリネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91" title="ポケットマウス科">ポケットマウス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteromyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae</a></li></ul></li> <li>ビーバー上科 Castoroidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E7%A7%91" title="ビーバー科">ビーバー科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castoridae" class="extiw" title="w:Castoridae">Castoridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="ビーバー">ビーバー</a>など</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ウロコオリス下目」 (存在しないページ)">ウロコオリス下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91" title="ウロコオリス科">ウロコオリス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaluridae" class="extiw" title="w:Anomaluridae">Anomaluridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ウロコオリス">ウロコオリス</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AE%E7%A7%91" title="トビウサギ科">トビウサギ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedetidae" class="extiw" title="w:Pedetidae">Pedetidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AE" title="トビウサギ">トビウサギ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="ネズミ下目">ネズミ下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myodonta" class="extiw" title="w:Myodonta">Myodonta</a> - 亜目に格上げするときは <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomorpha" class="extiw" title="w:Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a> となる。 <ul><li>トビネズミ上科 Dipodidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="トビネズミ科">トビネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipodidae" class="extiw" title="w:Dipodidae">Dipodidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="トビネズミ">トビネズミ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%91" title="ネズミ上科">ネズミ上科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroidea" class="extiw" title="w:Muroidea">Muroidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="メクラネズミ科">メクラネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalacidae" class="extiw" title="w:Spalacidae">Spalacidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="メクラネズミ">メクラネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="タケネズミ">タケネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="キヌゲネズミ科">キヌゲネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae" class="extiw" title="w:Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="キヌゲネズミ">キヌゲネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ハムスター">ハムスター</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E5%B1%9E" title="ミズハタネズミ属">ミズハタネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E5%B1%9E" title="ハタネズミ属">ハタネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="ネズミ科">ネズミ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae" class="extiw" title="w:Muridae">Muridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="クマネズミ">クマネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ドブネズミ">ドブネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%84%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ハツカネズミ">ハツカネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="アカネズミ">アカネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%81%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="アレチネズミ科">アレチネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="スナネズミ">スナネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ヨルマウス科」 (存在しないページ)">ヨルマウス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calomyscidae" class="extiw" title="w:Calomyscidae">Calomyscidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アシナガマウス科」 (存在しないページ)">アシナガマウス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesomyidae" class="extiw" title="w:Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="アフリカオニネズミ">アフリカオニネズミ</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="リス亜目">リス亜目</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=6" title="節を編集: リス亜目">編集</a>]</div> <ul><li>ヤマネ下目 Glirimorpha （ヤマネ上科 Gliroidea） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E7%A7%91" title="ヤマネ科">ヤマネ科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliridae" class="extiw" title="w:Gliridae">Gliridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D" title="ヤマネ">ヤマネ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「リス下目」 (存在しないページ)">リス下目</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurida" class="extiw" title="w:Sciurida">Sciurida</a> （リス上科 Sciuroidea） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E7%A7%91" title="ヤマビーバー科">ヤマビーバー科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplodontidae" class="extiw" title="w:Aplodontidae">Aplodontidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="リス科">リス科</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae" class="extiw" title="w:Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リス">リス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="シマリス">シマリス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0" title="プレーリードッグ">プレーリードッグ</a>など</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ネズミ目でないもの">ネズミ目でないもの</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=7" title="節を編集: ネズミ目でないもの">編集</a>]</div> 形態などから、ネズミの名を持たされた別目の種がいくつかある。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="モグラ目">モグラ目</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="トガリネズミ科">トガリネズミ科</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="トガリネズミ">トガリネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ジネズミ">ジネズミ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ジャコウネズミ">ジャコウネズミ</a>（スンクス）、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="カワネズミ">カワネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="ハリネズミ科">ハリネズミ科</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ハリネズミ">ハリネズミ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E7%9B%AE" title="ハネジネズミ目">ハネジネズミ目</a>（1目1科） - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ハネジネズミ">ハネジネズミ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="オポッサム目">オポッサム目</a>（1目1科） - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="オポッサム">オポッサム</a>（フクロネズミ）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注">脚注</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=8" title="節を編集: 脚注">編集</a>]</div> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91" title="Help:脚注/読者向け">脚注の使い方</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%AF%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%A3%E5%BA%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「飯島正広」 (存在しないページ)">飯島正広</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B8" title="土屋公幸">土屋公幸</a>『リス・ネズミハンドブック』2015年、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%B8%80%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="文一総合出版">文一総合出版</a>、p.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald1986-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald1986_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald1986_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald1986_2-2">c</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">D.W.マクドナルド編、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%B3%89%E5%90%89%E5%85%B8" title="今泉吉典">今泉吉典</a> 監修『小型草食獣動物大百科 5』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE" title="平凡社">平凡社</a>、1986年、7-11頁。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E8%8D%89%E9%A3%9F%E7%8D%A3+%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91+5&rft.aulast=D.W.%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89+%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%81%5B%5B%E4%BB%8A%E6%B3%89%E5%90%89%E5%85%B8%5D%5D+%E7%9B%A3%E4%BF%AE&rft.au=D.W.%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89+%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%81%5B%5B%E4%BB%8A%E6%B3%89%E5%90%89%E5%85%B8%5D%5D+%E7%9B%A3%E4%BF%AE&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=7-11%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanchez-Villagra_etal2003-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez-Villagra_etal2003_3-0">^</a> <a href="#"Sanchez-Villagra_etal2003"">Sanchez-Villagra et al. (2003)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Bininda-Emonds OR, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RD, Beck RM, et al. (2007) The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507–512. doi: 10.1038/nature05634 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanga-Kanfi_etal2009-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Blanga-Kanfi_etal2009_5-0">^</a> <a href="#"Blanga-Kanfi_etal2009"">Blanga-Kanfi et al. (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ITIS" title="ITIS">ITIS</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>など </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=9" title="節を編集: 参考文献">編集</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id=""Sanchez-Villagra_etal2003"">Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra, Orangel Aguilera, Inés Horovitz (9 2003). “The Anatomy of the World's Largest Extinct Rodent”. Science 301 (5640): 1708-1710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1089332">10.1126/science.1089332</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Anatomy+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Extinct+Rodent&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Marcelo+R.+S%26%23225%3Bnchez-Villagra%2C+Orangel+Aguilera%2C+In%26%23233%3Bs+Horovitz&rft.au=Marcelo+R.+S%26%23225%3Bnchez-Villagra%2C+Orangel+Aguilera%2C+In%26%23233%3Bs+Horovitz&rft.date=9+2003&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=5640&rft.pages=1708-1710&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1089332&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox"> </li></ul> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id=""Blanga-Kanfi_etal2009"">Shani Blanga-Kanfi, Hector Miranda, Osnat Penn, Tal Pupko, Ronald W DeBry, and Dorothée Huchon (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/71/">“Rodent phylogeny revised: analysis of six nuclear genes from all major rodent clades”</a>, BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 71, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/71/">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/71/</a> 2014年5月3日閲覧。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rodent+phylogeny+revised%3A+analysis+of+six+nuclear+genes+from+all+major+rodent+clades&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Shani+Blanga-Kanfi%2C+Hector+Miranda%2C+Osnat+Penn%2C+Tal+Pupko%2C+Ronald+W+DeBry%2C+and+Doroth%26%23233%3Be+Huchon&rft.au=Shani+Blanga-Kanfi%2C+Hector+Miranda%2C+Osnat+Penn%2C+Tal+Pupko%2C+Ronald+W+DeBry%2C+and+Doroth%26%23233%3Be+Huchon&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=71&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-2148%2F9%2F71%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=10" title="節を編集: Characteristics">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gnagarnas_tandsystem,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of typical rodent tooth system. The front surface of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incisors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Incisors」 (存在しないページ)">incisors</a> is hard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_enamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Tooth enamel」 (存在しないページ)">enamel</a>, whereas the rear is softer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dentin」 (存在しないページ)">dentine</a>. The act of chewing wears down the dentine leaving a sharp, chisel-like edge.</figcaption></figure> The distinguishing feature of the rodents is their single pair of continuously growing, razor-sharp incisors.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> These incisors have thick layers of enamel on the front and little enamel on the back.<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a> Because they do not stop growing, the animal must continue to wear them down so that they do not reach or even pierce the skull. As the incisors grind against each other, the softer dentine on the rear of the teeth wears away, leaving the sharp enamel edge shaped like the blade of a <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-9">[3]</a> Most species have up to 22 teeth with no canines or anterior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Premolar」 (存在しないページ)">premolars</a>. There is a gap, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diastema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Diastema」 (存在しないページ)">diastema</a>, between the incisors and the cheek teeth in most species. This allows them to suck in their cheeks or lips to shield their mouth and throat from wood shavings and other inedible material, discarding this waste from the sides of their mouth.<a href="#cite_note-Rodents5920-10">[4]</a> Chinchillas and guinea pigs have a high fiber diet; their molars have no roots and grow continuously like their incisors.<a href="#cite_note-11">[5]</a> In many species, the molars are relatively large, intricately structured and highly cusped or ridged, though some, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudohydromys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pseudohydromys」 (存在しないページ)">Pseudohydromys</a>, have smaller and simpler ones. Rodent molars are well equipped to grind food into small particles.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> The jaw musculature is strong. The lower jaw is thrust forward while gnawing and is pulled backwards during chewing.<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a> Rodent groups differ in the arrangement of the jaw muscles and associated skull structures, both from other mammals and amongst themselves. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sciuromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Sciuromorpha</a>, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_grey_squirrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eastern grey squirrel」 (存在しないページ)">eastern grey squirrel</a>, have a large deep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masseter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Masseter」 (存在しないページ)">masseter</a>, making them efficient at biting with the incisors. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Myomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Myomorpha</a>, such as the brown rat, have an enlarged <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Temporalis」 (存在しないページ)">temporalis</a> muscle, making them able to chew powerfully with the molars. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Hystricomorpha</a>, such as the guinea pig, have a larger superficial masseter muscle and a smaller deep masseter muscle than rats or squirrels, possibly making them less efficient at biting with the incisors, but their enlarged internal pterygoid muscle may allow them to move the jaw further sideways when chewing.<a href="#cite_note-CoxJeffery-12">[6]</a> 最大種の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9" title="カピバラ">カピバラ</a>は、最大66キログラムにもなるが、ほとんどのネズミ目は100グラム以下である。最小種は、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「バルチスタンコミミトビネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">バルチスタンコミミトビネズミ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingotulus_michaelis" class="extiw" title="w:Salpingotulus michaelis">Salpingotulus michaelis</a>で、頭胴長は平均4.4センチメートル、体重3.75グラム。Rodents have wide-ranging 形態学, but typically have squat bodies and short limbs.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> The forelimbs usually have five digits, including an opposable thumb, while the hindlimbs have three to five digits. The elbow gives the forearms great flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-9">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-order-13">[7]</a> The majority of species are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantigrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Plantigrade」 (存在しないページ)">plantigrade</a>, walking on both the palms and soles of their feet, and have claw-like nails. The nails of burrowing species tend to be long and strong, while arboreal rodents have shorter, sharper nails.<a href="#cite_note-order-13">[7]</a> Rodent species use a wide variety of methods of locomotion including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Quadrupedalism」 (存在しないページ)">quadrupedal</a> walking, running, burrowing and climbing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biped&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Biped」 (存在しないページ)">bipedal</a> hopping (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Kangaroo rat」 (存在しないページ)">kangaroo rats</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopping_mice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hopping mice」 (存在しないページ)">hopping mice</a>), swimming and even gliding. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Anomalure」 (存在しないページ)">Scaly-tailed squirrels</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_squirrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Flying squirrel」 (存在しないページ)">flying squirrels</a>, although not closely related, can both glide from tree to tree using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Patagium」 (存在しないページ)">parachute-like membranes</a> that stretch from the forelimbs to the hindlimbs.<a href="#cite_note-aerodynamic-14">[8]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_agouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Common agouti」 (存在しないページ)">agouti</a> is fleet-footed and <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>-like, being <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitigrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Digitigrade」 (存在しないページ)">digitigrade</a> and having hoof-like nails. The majority of rodents have tails, which can be of many shapes and sizes. Some tails are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehensile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Prehensile」 (存在しないページ)">prehensile</a>, as in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_harvest_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eurasian harvest mouse」 (存在しないページ)">Eurasian harvest mouse</a>, and the fur on the tails can vary from bushy to completely bald. The tail is sometimes used for communication, as when beavers slap their tails on the water surface or house mice rattle their tails to indicate alarm. Some species have vestigial tails or no tails at all.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> In some species, the tail is capable of regeneration if a part is broken off.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-9">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg/220px-Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg/330px-Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg/440px-Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Wood mouse」 (存在しないページ)">Wood mouse</a> with its long whiskers</figcaption></figure> Rodents generally have well-developed senses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Olfaction」 (存在しないページ)">smell</a>, hearing and vision. Nocturnal species often have enlarged eyes and some are sensitive to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ultraviolet」 (存在しないページ)">ultraviolet light</a>. Many species have long, sensitive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Whiskers」 (存在しないページ)">whiskers</a> or vibrissae for touch or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisking_in_animals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Whisking in animals」 (存在しないページ)">"whisking"</a>. Some rodents have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheek_pouches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cheek pouches」 (存在しないページ)">cheek pouches</a>, which may be lined with fur. These can be turned inside out for cleaning. In many species, the tongue cannot reach past the incisors. Rodents have efficient digestive systems, absorbing nearly 80 percent of ingested energy. When eating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cellulose」 (存在しないページ)">cellulose</a>, the food is softened in the stomach and passed to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cecum」 (存在しないページ)">cecum</a>, where bacteria reduce it to its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbohydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Carbohydrate」 (存在しないページ)">carbohydrate</a> elements. The rodent then practices <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coprophagia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Coprophagia」 (存在しないページ)">coprophagy</a>, eating its own fecal pellets, so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the gut. Rodents therefore often produce a hard and dry fecal pellet.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> In many species, the penis contains a bone, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baculum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Baculum」 (存在しないページ)">baculum</a>; the testes can be located either abdominally or at the groin.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-9">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%BD%A2" title="性的二形">性的二形</a>は多くのネズミ目で見られる。いくつかの種では、オスがメスより体が大きいが、その逆もある。Male-bias 性的二形は is typical for <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ジリス">ジリス</a>、kangaroo rats, solitary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mole rat」 (存在しないページ)">mole rats</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pocket_gopher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pocket gopher」 (存在しないページ)">pocket gophers</a>; it likely developed due to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sexual selection」 (存在しないページ)">sexual selection</a> and greater male-male combat. Female-bias sexual dimorphism exists among <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chipmunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Chipmunk」 (存在しないページ)">chipmunks</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapodinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Zapodinae」 (存在しないページ)">jumping mice</a>. It is not understood why this pattern occurs, but in the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow-pine_chipmunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Yellow-pine chipmunk」 (存在しないページ)">yellow-pine chipmunks</a> it may be that males selected larger females due to their greater reproductive success. In some species, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Vole」 (存在しないページ)">voles</a>, sexual dimorphism can vary from population to population. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Bank vole」 (存在しないページ)">bank voles</a>, females are typically larger than males, however male-bias sexual dimorphism occurs in alpine populations, possibly because of the lack of predators and greater competition between males.<a href="#cite_note-15">[9]</a> The diversity of characteristics of rodents is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Characteristics of several rodents are given in the table below.<a href="#cite_note-AnAge-16">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th data-sort-type="number">最長寿命 († :飼育下) </th> <th>大人の体重 グラム </th> <th>妊娠期間 日間 </th> <th>Litters per year </th> <th>産子数 平均 (range) </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>House mouse (Mus musculus)<a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a> </td> <td>4.0† </td> <td>20 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.5 (3 to 12) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber)<a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a> </td> <td>31.0 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>11.3 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Black rat (Rattus rattus)<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> </td> <td>4.0† </td> <td>200 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>7.3 (6 to 12) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> </td> <td>3.8† </td> <td>300 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>9.9 (2 to 14) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> </td> <td>14.8† </td> <td>600 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>5.0 (1 to 10) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> </td> <td>17.2† </td> <td>642 </td> <td>111 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2.0 (1 to 6) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>728 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>3.8 (1 to 8) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Coypu (Myocastor coypus)<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> </td> <td>8.5† </td> <td>7,850 </td> <td>131 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>5.8 (3 to 12) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ddffdd"> <td>Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> </td> <td>15.1† </td> <td>55,000 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>4.0 (2 to 8) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布と生息地">分布と生息地</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=11" title="節を編集: 分布と生息地">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brown rat」 (存在しないページ)">Brown rat</a> in a flowerbox. Some rodents thrive in human habitats.</figcaption></figure> 最も広範囲に生息する哺乳類のグループのひとつであるネズミ目は、南極大陸を除くすべての大陸にみられる。彼らは、人的介入なしにオーストラリア大陸と<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B3%B6" title="ニューギニア島">ニューギニア島</a>に群生地を作った、唯一の陸生の<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8D%A3%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="真獣下綱">有胎盤類</a>である。人間はまた、ネズミ目が多くの外洋の離島に生息地を拡大することを可能にしてきた（例：<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ナンヨウネズミ">ナンヨウネズミ</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-9">[3]</a>。ネズミ目は、冷たい<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ツンドラ">ツンドラ</a>（彼らは雪の下で生きることができる）から暑い砂漠まで、ほとんどあらゆる陸上の生息地に適応している。樹上性リスと<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7" title="ヤマアラシ">アメリカヤマアラシ科</a>のようないくつかの種は、樹上生活に適応しており、一方で、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ホリネズミ">ホリネズミ</a>類、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3" title="ツコツコ">ツコツコ</a>類、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="メクラネズミ">メクラネズミ</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%90%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="デバネズミ">デバネズミ</a>類のような、地中に複雑な巣穴システムを作って、ほとんど完全に地下で生活している仲間もいる。それ以外のものは地表に暮らすが、たいてい隠れることのできる巣穴を持つ。ビーバーと<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="マスクラット">マスクラット</a>は部分的に<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="水生">水生</a>であることが知られているが<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a>、水生生活に最もよく適応したネズミ目は、おそらくニューギニア島の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ミミナシミズネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">ミミナシミズネズミ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossomys_moncktoni" class="extiw" title="w:Crossomys moncktoni">Crossomys moncktoni</a>である<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a>。ネズミ目は、農地や都市部のような人工的な環境でもよく育つ<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/220px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/330px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/440px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Some rodents, like this <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="アメリカビーバー">アメリカビーバー</a> with its dam of gnawed tree trunks and the lake it has created, are considered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_engineer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ecosystem engineer」 (存在しないページ)">ecosystem engineers</a>.</figcaption></figure>Though some species are common pests for humans, rodents also play important ecological roles.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a> Some rodents are considered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystone_species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Keystone species」 (存在しないページ)">keystone species</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_engineer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ecosystem engineer」 (存在しないページ)">ecosystem engineers</a> in their respective habitats. 北アメリカ大陸の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="グレートプレーンズ">グレートプレーンズ</a>では、プレーリードッグの穴掘り行動が重要な役割を果たしている in soil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Aeration」 (存在しないページ)">aeration</a> and nutrient redistribution, raising the organic content of the soil and increasing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absorption_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Absorption (chemistry)」 (存在しないページ)">absorption</a> of water. They maintain these grassland habitats,<a href="#cite_note-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013-28">[22]</a> and some large herbivores like <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronghorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pronghorn」 (存在しないページ)">pronghorn</a> prefer to graze near prairie dog colonies due to the increased nutritional quality of forage.<a href="#cite_note-Krueger1986-29">[23]</a> Prairie dogs can, however, also contribute to regional and local biodiversity loss, increased seed depredation and the establishment and spread of invasive shrubs.<a href="#cite_note-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013-28">[22]</a> Burrowing rodents may eat the fruiting bodies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Fungi」 (存在しないページ)">fungi</a> and spread <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> through their feces, thereby allowing the fungi to disperse and form <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhiza">symbiotic relationships</a> with the roots of plants (which usually cannot thrive without them). As such, these rodents may play a role in maintaining healthy forests.<a href="#cite_note-PérezCastillo-Guevara2012-30">[24]</a> In many temperate regions, beavers play an essential <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hydrology」 (存在しないページ)">hydrological</a> role. When building their dams and lodges, beavers alter the paths of streams and rivers<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> and allow for the creation of extensive wetland habitats. One study found that engineering by beavers leads to a 33 percent increase in the number of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbaceous_plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Herbaceous plant」 (存在しないページ)">herbaceous plant</a> species in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Riparian area」 (存在しないページ)">riparian areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> Another study found that beavers increase wild salmon populations.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生態">生態</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=12" title="節を編集: 生態">編集</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="食性">食性</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=13" title="節を編集: 食性">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/220px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/330px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/440px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_chipmunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eastern chipmunk」 (存在しないページ)">Eastern chipmunk</a> carrying food in cheek pouches</figcaption></figure> ほとんどのネズミ目は、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="草食性">草食性</a>で、もっぱら種子、茎、葉、花、根のような植物質を食べる。いくつかの種は、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%91%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="雑食性">雑食性</a>で、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="捕食者">捕食者</a>であるものもいる<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「キタハタネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">キタハタネズミ</a>は、典型的な草食性のネズミ目で、イネ科植物、ハーブ、地下茎、苔、その他の植物を食べ、冬の間は木の皮をかじる。時折、幼虫のような無脊椎動物も食べる<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%96%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「トウブホリネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">トウブホリネズミ</a>は、地下でトンネルを掘っている間に見つけた植物質を食べ、頬袋にイネ科植物、根、塊茎を集め、食料を貯蔵するための巣室に貯食する<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「テキサスホリネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">テキサスホリネズミ</a> avoids emerging onto the surface to feed by seizing the roots of plants with its jaws and pulling them downwards into its burrow. It also practices <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coprophagy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Coprophagy」 (存在しないページ)">coprophagy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="アフリカオニネズミ">モリアフリカオニネズミ</a> forages on the surface, gathering anything that might be edible into its capacious cheek pouches until its face bulges out sideways. It then returns to its burrow to sort through the material it has gathered and eats the nutritious items.<a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-37">[31]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Agouti」 (存在しないページ)">agouti</a> is one of the few animals that can break open the large capsules of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brazil nut」 (存在しないページ)">Brazil nut</a> fruit. There are too many seeds inside to be consumed in one meal, so the agouti carries some off and caches them. This helps dispersal of the seeds as any that the agouti fails to retrieve are distant from the parent tree when they germinate. Other nut-bearing trees tend to bear a glut of fruits in the autumn. These are too numerous to be eaten in one meal and squirrels gather and store the surplus in crevices and hollow trees. In desert regions, seeds are often only available for short periods. The kangaroo rat collects all it can find and stores them in larder chambers in its burrow.<a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-37">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Capibara_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/220px-Capibara_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/330px-Capibara_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/440px-Capibara_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Capybara grazing</figcaption></figure> A strategy for dealing with seasonal plenty is to eat as much as possible and store the surplus nutrients as fat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Marmot」 (存在しないページ)">Marmots</a> do this, and may be 50 percent heavier in the autumn than in the spring. They rely on their fat reserves during their long winter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibernation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hibernation」 (存在しないページ)">hibernation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-37">[31]</a> Beavers feed on the leaves, buds and inner bark of growing trees, as well as aquatic plants. They store food for winter use by felling small trees and leafy branches in the autumn and immersing them in their pond, sticking the end into the mud to anchor them. Here, they can access their food supply underwater even when their pond is frozen over.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> Although traditionally rodents have been regarded as herbivores, a number of species opportunistically include insects, fish or meat in their diet and more specialized forms rely on such foods. A functional-morphological study of the rodent tooth system supports the idea that primitive rodents were omnivores rather than herbivores. Studies of the literature show that numerous members of the Sciuromorpha and Myomorpha, and a few members of Hystricomorpha, have either included animal matter in their diet or been prepared to eat such food when offered it in captivity. Examination of the stomach contents of the North American <a href="/w/index.php?title=White-footed_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「White-footed mouse」 (存在しないページ)">white-footed mouse</a>, normally considered to be herbivorous, showed 34% animal matter.<a href="#cite_note-Landry-39">[33]</a> More specialized carnivores include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrewlike_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Shrewlike rat」 (存在しないページ)">shrewlike rats</a> of the Philippines, which feed on insects and soft-bodied invertebrates, and the Australian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rakali」 (存在しないページ)">water rat</a>, which devours aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds.<a href="#cite_note-Landry-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychomys_leucogaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Onychomys leucogaster」 (存在しないページ)">grasshopper mouse</a> from dry regions of North America feeds on insects, scorpions, other small mice and only a small part of its diet is plant material. It has a chunky body with short legs and tail, but is agile and can easily overpower prey as large as itself.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=14" title="節を編集: Social behavior">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/220px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/330px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/440px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Prairie dog "town"</figcaption></figure> Rodents exhibit a wide range of types of social behavior ranging from the first known mammalian caste system of the naked mole rat,<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> the extensive "town" of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie dog">prairie dog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hoogland1995-43">[37]</a> through family groups to the independent, solitary life of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edible_dormouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Edible dormouse」 (存在しないページ)">edible dormouse</a>. Adult dormice may have overlapping feeding ranges, but they live in individual nests and feed separately, coming together briefly in the breeding season to mate. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pocket_gopher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pocket gopher」 (存在しないページ)">pocket gopher</a> is also a solitary animal outside the breeding season, each individual digging a complex tunnel system and maintaining a territory.<a href="#cite_note-order-13">[7]</a> Larger rodents tend to live in family units where parents and their offspring live together until the youngsters disperse. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Beaver」 (存在しないページ)">Beavers</a> live in extended family units typically with a pair of adults, this year's kits, the previous year's offspring and sometimes older young.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brown rat」 (存在しないページ)">Brown rats</a> usually live in small colonies with up to six females sharing a burrow and one male defending a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_(animal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Territory (animal)」 (存在しないページ)">territory</a> around the burrow. At high population densities, this system breaks down and males show a hierarchical system of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominance_(ethology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dominance (ethology)」 (存在しないページ)">dominance</a> with overlapping ranges. Female offspring remain in the colony while male young disperse.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prairie_vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Prairie vole」 (存在しないページ)">prairie vole</a> is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogamous_pairing_in_animals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Monogamous pairing in animals」 (存在しないページ)">monogamous</a> and forms a lifelong pair bond. Outside the breeding season, prairie voles live in close proximity with others in small colonies. A male is not aggressive towards other males until he has mated, after which time he defends a territory, a female and a nest against other males. The pair huddle together, groom one another, and share nesting and pup-raising responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/220px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/330px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/440px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A nest of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naked_mole_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Naked mole rat」 (存在しないページ)">naked mole rats</a></figcaption></figure> Among the most social of rodents are the ground squirrels, which typically form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Colony (biology)」 (存在しないページ)">colonies</a> based on female kinship, males dispersing after weaning and becoming nomadic as adults. Cooperation in ground squirrels varies between species and typically includes making alarm calls, defending territories, sharing food, protecting nesting areas and preventing infanticide.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_prairie_dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Black-tailed prairie dog」 (存在しないページ)">black-tailed prairie dog</a> forms large towns that may cover many hectares. The burrows do not interconnect but are excavated and occupied by territorial family groups known as coteries. A coterie often consists of an adult male, three or four adult females, several non-breeding yearlings and this year's offspring. Individuals within coteries are friendly with each other, but hostile towards outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogland1995-43">[37]</a> Perhaps the most extreme examples of colonial behavior in rodents are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusociality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eusociality」 (存在しないページ)">eusocial</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naked_mole_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Naked mole rat」 (存在しないページ)">naked mole rat</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damaraland_mole_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Damaraland mole rat」 (存在しないページ)">Damaraland mole rat</a>. The naked mole rat lives completely underground and can form colonies of up to eighty individuals. Only one female and up to three males in the colony reproduce, while the rest of the members are smaller, sterile and function as workers. Some individuals are of intermediate size. They help with the rearing of the young and can take the place of a reproductive if one dies.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-48">[42]</a> The Damaraland mole rat is characterized by having a single reproductively active male and female in a colony where the remaining animals are not truly sterile, but only become fertile if they establish a colony of their own.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett2004-49">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=15" title="節を編集: Communication">編集</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="嗅覚">嗅覚</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=16" title="節を編集: 嗅覚">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/220px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/330px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/440px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Nepotistic species such as ハツカネズミ rely on urine, feces and glandular secretions to recognize their kin.</figcaption></figure> Rodents use scent marking in many social contexts including inter- and intra-species communication, the marking of trails and the establishment of territories. Their urine provides genetic information about individuals including the species, the sex and individual identity, and metabolic information on dominance, reproductive status and health. Compounds derived from the <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="主要組織適合遺伝子複合体">主要組織適合遺伝子複合体</a> (MHC) are bound to several urinary proteins. The odor of a predator depresses scent-marking behavior.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> Rodents are able to recognize close relatives by smell and this allows them to show <a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%81%E6%95%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="縁故主義">縁故主義</a> (preferential behavior toward their kin) and also avoid inbreeding. This <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%B8%81%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98" title="血縁認識">血縁認識</a> is by <a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%9A" title="嗅覚">嗅覚</a> cues from urine, feces and glandular secretions. The main assessment may involve the MHC, where the degree of relatedness of two individuals is correlated to the MHC genes they have in common. In non-kin communication, where more permanent odor markers are required, as at territorial borders, then non-volatile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Major_urinary_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Major urinary proteins」 (存在しないページ)">major urinary proteins</a> (MUPs), which function as <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="フェロモン">フェロモン</a> transporters, may also be used. MUPs may also signal individual identity, with each male <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%84%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ハツカネズミ">ハツカネズミ</a> (Mus musculus) excreting urine containing about a dozen genetically encoded MUPs.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-51">[45]</a> ハツカネズミ deposit urine, which contains フェロモン, for territorial marking, individual and group recognition, and social organization. This can occur in a range of ways:<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="ブルース効果">ブルース効果</a>: Pheromones from strange adult males cause females to terminate their pregnancies<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitten_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Whitten effect」 (存在しないページ)">Whitten effect</a>: Pheromones from familiar males cause synchronous estrus in a female population<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandenbergh_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Vandenbergh effect」 (存在しないページ)">Vandenbergh effect</a>: Pheromones from mature male ハツカネズミ cause an early induction of the first estrous cycle in prepubertal female mice<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee%E2%80%93Boot_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lee–Boot effect」 (存在しないページ)">Lee–Boot effect</a>: Pheromones from mature females cause the suppression or prolongation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrous_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Estrous cycle」 (存在しないページ)">oestrous cycles</a> of other female house mice (and other rodents) when they are housed in groups and isolated from males<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a></li> <li>Pheromones from males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a></li></ul> Territorial beavers and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_squirrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Red squirrel」 (存在しないページ)">red squirrels</a> investigate and become familiar with the scents of their neighbors and respond less aggressively to intrusions by them than to those made by non-territorial "floaters" or strangers. This is known as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dear_enemy_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dear enemy effect」 (存在しないページ)">dear enemy effect</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkoyli_2002-53">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="聴覚">聴覚</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=17" title="節を編集: 聴覚">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo,_Netherlands-8b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/220px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/330px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/440px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Degu」 (存在しないページ)">Degus</a> have a complex vocal repertoire.</figcaption></figure> Many rodent species, particularly those that are diurnal and social, have a wide range of alarm calls that are emitted when they perceive threats. There are both direct and indirect benefits of doing this. A potential predator may stop when it knows it has been detected, or an alarm call can allow <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conspecific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Conspecific」 (存在しないページ)">conspecifics</a> or related individuals to take evasive action.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Several species, for example prairie dogs, have complex anti-predator alarm call systems. These species may have different calls for different predators (e.g. aerial predators or ground-based predators) and each call contains information about the nature of the precise threat.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The urgency of the threat is also conveyed by the acoustic properties of the call.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Social rodents have a wider range of vocalizations than do solitary species. Fifteen different call-types have been recognized in adult <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fukomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Fukomys」 (存在しないページ)">Kataba mole rats</a> and four in juveniles.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Degu」 (存在しないページ)">degu</a>, another social, burrowing rodent, exhibits a wide array of communication methods and has an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising fifteen different categories of sound.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> Ultrasonic calls play a part in social communication between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dormouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dormouse」 (存在しないページ)">dormice</a> and are used when the individuals are out of sight of each other.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> House mice use both audible and ultrasonic calls in a variety of contexts. Audible vocalizations can often be heard during agonistic or aggressive encounters, whereas ultrasound is used in sexual communication and also by pups when they have fallen out of the nest.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/220px--Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Marmot whistling</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F" title="ドブネズミ">ドブネズミ</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" class="extiw" title="w:Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a>) は、取っ組み合い遊びのような楽しい体験のあいだ、短く、高い周波数の超音波の鳴き声を発し, when anticipating routine doses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Morphine」 (存在しないページ)">morphine</a>, during mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Laughter" class="mw-disambig" title="Laughter">laughter</a>, and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. In clinical studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp declines. Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is at frequencies too high for humans to hear without special equipment, so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Bat detector」 (存在しないページ)">bat detectors</a> have been used for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> ドブネズミは、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9F%BF%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D" title="反響定位">エコーロケーション</a>に超音波を使用することが報告されている<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-52">[46]</a>。ネズミ目に聞こえる周波数は、種によって異なる。次の表は、いくつかの種の<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B4%E8%A6%9A#可聴域" title="聴覚">可聴域</a>を示したものである<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>種 </th> <th>Lower limit (Hz) </th> <th>Higher limit (Hz) </th> <th>Specific calls </th></tr> <tr> <td>ヒト </td> <td>64 </td> <td>23,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ラット </td> <td>200 </td> <td>76,000 </td> <td>High frequency ultrasonic "pleasure" call emitted at 50 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>マウス </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>91,000 </td> <td>Distress call of young emitted at 40 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gerbil </td> <td>100 </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea pig </td> <td>54 </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>チンチラ </td> <td>90 </td> <td>22,800 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="視覚">視覚</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=18" title="節を編集: 視覚">編集</a>]</div> ネズミ目は、霊長類を除くすべての胎生の哺乳類と同じく、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="網膜">網膜</a>に<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E4%BD%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="錐体細胞">錐体細胞</a>を2タイプしか持たない<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> a short wavelength "blue-UV" type and a middle wavelength "green" type. They are therefore classified as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichromacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dichromacy」 (存在しないページ)">dichromats</a>; however, they are visually sensitive into the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and therefore can see light that humans can not. The functions of this UV sensitivity are not always clear. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Degu」 (存在しないページ)">degus</a>, for example, the belly reflects more UV light than the back. Therefore, when a degu stands up on its hind legs, which it does when alarmed, it exposes its belly to other degus and ultraviolet vision may serve a purpose in communicating the alarm. When it stands on all fours, its low UV-reflectance back could help make the degu less visible to predators.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Ultraviolet light is abundant during the day but not at night. There is a large increase in the ratio of ultraviolet to visible light in the morning and evening twilight hours. Many rodents are active during twilight hours (crepuscular activity), and UV-sensitivity would be advantageous at these times. Ultraviolet reflectivity is of dubious value for nocturnal rodents.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> The urine of many rodents (e.g. voles, degus, mice, rats) strongly reflects UV light and this may be used in communication by leaving visible as well as olfactory markings.<a href="#cite_note-Desjardins-66">[60]</a> However, the amount of UV that is reflected decreases with time, which in some circumstances can be disadvantageous; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Common kestrel」 (存在しないページ)">common kestrel</a> can distinguish between old and fresh rodent trails and has greater success hunting over more recently marked routes.<a href="#cite_note-Viitala-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="触覚">触覚</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=19" title="節を編集: 触覚">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/220px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/330px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/440px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%92%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「シリアヒメメクラネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">シリアヒメメクラネズミ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalax_ehrenbergi" class="extiw" title="w:Spalax ehrenbergi">Spalax ehrenbergi</a> は振動性のコミュニケーション (vibrational communication) を使用する</figcaption></figure> Vibrations can provide cues to conspecifics about specific behaviors being performed, 捕食者の警告や回避、群れや集団の維持、求愛行動. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%92%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「シリアヒメメクラネズミ」 (存在しないページ)">シリアヒメメクラネズミ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalax_ehrenbergi" class="extiw" title="w:Spalax ehrenbergi">Spalax ehrenbergi</a> は、振動性のコミュニケーション（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_communication" class="extiw" title="en:Seismic communication">vibrational communication</a>）を使用することが記録された最初の哺乳類である。この地下性の動物は、トンネルの壁に頭をぶつける。This behavior was initially interpreted as part of their tunnel building behavior, but it was eventually realized that they generate temporally patterned vibrational signals for long-distance communication with neighboring mole rats.<a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-68">[62]</a> Footdrumming is used widely as a predator warning or defensive action. It is used primarily by fossorial or semi-fossorial rodents.<a href="#cite_note-Randall,_(2001)-69">[63]</a> The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex footdrumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The footdrumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Randall_and_Matocq,_(1997)-70">[64]</a> Several studies have indicated intentional use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_vibrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ground vibrations」 (存在しないページ)">ground vibrations</a> as a means of intra-specific communication during courtship among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_mole_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cape mole rat」 (存在しないページ)">Cape mole rat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Narins_et_al.,_(1992)-71">[65]</a> Footdrumming has been reported to be involved in male-male competition; the dominant male indicates its resource holding potential by drumming, thus minimizing physical contact with potential rivals.<a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="繁殖戦略">繁殖戦略</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=20" title="節を編集: 繁殖戦略">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG/220px-Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG/330px-Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG/440px-Xerus_inauris_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="4222" /></a><figcaption>The Cape ground squirrel is an example of a promiscuous rodent.</figcaption></figure> Some species of rodent are 一夫一婦制, with an adult male and female forming a lasting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pair_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pair bond」 (存在しないページ)">pair bond</a>. Monogamy can come in two forms; obligate and facultative. In obligate monogamy, both parents care for the offspring and play an important part in their survival. This occurs in species such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=California_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「California mouse」 (存在しないページ)">California mice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldfield_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oldfield mouse」 (存在しないページ)">oldfield mice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_giant_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Malagasy giant rat」 (存在しないページ)">Malagasy giant rats</a> and beavers. In these species, males usually mate only with their partners. In addition to increased care for young, obligate monogamy can also be beneficial to the adult male as it decreases the chances of never finding a mate or mating with an infertile female. In facultative monogamy, the males do not provide direct parental care and stay with one female because they cannot access others due to being spatially dispersed. Prairie voles appear to be an example of this form of monogamy, with males guarding and defending females within their vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman-72">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" title="一夫多妻制">一夫多妻制</a>の種では、オスは複数のメスを独占し交尾しようとする。一夫一婦制と同様に、ネズミ目における一夫多妻制 can come in two forms; defense and non-defense. Defense polygynyは、メスを引きつける資源のある縄張りを支配するオスを含む。このことは、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="キバラマーモット">キバラマーモット</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="カリフォルニアジリス">カリフォルニアジリス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="コロンビアジリス">コロンビアジリス</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リチャードソンジリス">リチャードソンジリス</a>のようなジリス類にみられる。Males with territories are known as "resident" males and the females that live within the territories are known as "resident" females. In the case of marmots, resident males do not appear to ever lose their territories and always win encounters with invading males. Some species are also known to directly defend their resident females and the ensuing fights can lead to severe wounding. In species with non-defense polygyny, males are not territorial and wander widely in search of females to monopolize. These males establish dominance hierarchies, with the high ranking males having access to the most females. このことは、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ベルディングジリス">ベルディングジリス</a>やいくつかの樹上性リスにみられる<a href="#cite_note-Waterman-72">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Mating_plug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/220px-Mating_plug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/330px-Mating_plug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/440px-Mating_plug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>リチャードソンジリスのメスの交尾栓</figcaption></figure> オスとメスの両方が複数の相手と交尾をする<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B1%E5%A9%9A" title="乱婚">乱婚</a>（Promiscuity）もまた、ネズミ目に存在する。シロアシマウス <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peromyscus_leucopus" class="extiw" title="w:Peromyscus leucopus">Peromyscus leucopus</a> のメスは、一度の出産で複数の父親の子を産む。Promiscuity leads to increased <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sperm_competition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sperm competition」 (存在しないページ)">sperm competition</a> and males tend to have larger testicles. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_ground_squirrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cape ground squirrel」 (存在しないページ)">Cape ground squirrel</a>, the male's testes can be 20 percent of its head-body length.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman-72">[66]</a> Several rodent species have flexible mating systems that can vary between monogamy, polygyny and promiscuity.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman-72">[66]</a> Female rodents play an active role in choosing their mates. Factors that contribute to female preference may include the size, dominance and spatial ability of the male.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-73">[67]</a> In the eusocial naked mole rats, a single female monopolizes mating from at least three males.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-48">[42]</a> In most rodent species, such as brown rats and house mice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ovulation」 (存在しないページ)">ovulation</a> occurs on a regular cycle while in others, such as voles, it is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Induced_ovulation_(animals)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Induced ovulation (animals)」 (存在しないページ)">induced by mating</a>. During copulation, males of some rodent species deposit a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mating_plug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mating plug」 (存在しないページ)">mating plug</a> in the female's genital opening, both to prevent sperm leakage and to protect against other males inseminating the female. Females can remove the plug and may do so either immediately or after several hours.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_parenting">Birth and parenting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=21" title="節を編集: Birth and parenting">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Bank_voles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/220px-Bank_voles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/330px-Bank_voles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/440px-Bank_voles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Bank vole」 (存在しないページ)">bank voles</a> in their nest beneath a wood pile</figcaption></figure> ネズミ目は、種によって、未熟（閉眼・無毛で、比較的発達が不十分な状態）で生まれるものと、早熟（目が開いて、ほとんど毛も生え、かなり発達した状態）で生まれるものがある。The altricial state is typical for squirrels and mice, while the precocial state usually occurs in species like guinea pigs and porcupines. Females with altricial young typically build elaborate nests before they give birth and maintain them until their offspring are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Weaning」 (存在しないページ)">weaned</a>. The female gives birth sitting or lying down and the young emerge in the direction she is facing. The newborns first venture out of the nest a few days after they have opened their eyes and initially keep returning regularly. As they get older and more developed, they visit the nest less often and leave permanently when weaned.<a href="#cite_note-McGuire-74">[68]</a> In precocial species, the mothers invest little in nest building and some do not build nests at all. The female gives birth standing and the young emerge behind her. Mothers of these species maintain contact with their highly mobile young with maternal contact calls. Though relatively independent and weaned within days, precocial young may continue to nurse and be groomed by their mothers. Rodent litter sizes also vary and females with smaller litters spend more time in the nest than those with larger litters.<a href="#cite_note-McGuire-74">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Patagonian_Maras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/220px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/330px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/440px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagonian_mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Patagonian mara」 (存在しないページ)">Patagonian maras</a> with young, an example of a monogamous and communal nesting species</figcaption></figure> Mother rodents provide both direct parental care, such as nursing, grooming, retrieving and huddling, and indirect parenting, such as food caching, nest building and protection to their offspring.<a href="#cite_note-McGuire-74">[68]</a> In many social species, young may be cared for by individuals other then their parents, a practice known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alloparenting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Alloparenting」 (存在しないページ)">alloparenting</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative_breeding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cooperative breeding」 (存在しないページ)">cooperative breeding</a>. This is known to occur in black-tailed prairie dogs and Belding's ground squirrels, where mothers have communal nests and nurse unrelated young along with their own. There is some question as to whether these mothers can distinguish which young are theirs. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagonian_mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Patagonian mara」 (存在しないページ)">Patagonian mara</a>, young are also placed in communal warrens, but mothers do not permit youngsters other than their own to nurse.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infanticide_in_rodents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Infanticide in rodents」 (存在しないページ)">Infanticide exists in numerous rodent species</a> and may be practiced by adult conspecifics of either sex. Several reasons have been proposed for this behavior, including nutritional stress, resource competition, avoiding misdirecting parental care and, in the case of males, attempting to make the mother sexually receptive. The latter reason is well supported in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Primate」 (存在しないページ)">primates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lion">lions</a> but less so in rodents.<a href="#cite_note-infanticide-76">[70]</a> Infanticide appears to be widespread in black-tailed prairie dogs, including infanticide from invading males and immigrant females, as well as occasional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannibalism_(zoology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cannibalism (zoology)」 (存在しないページ)">cannibalism</a> of an individual's own offspring.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> To protect against infanticide from other adults, female rodents may employ avoidance or direct aggression against potential perpetrators, multiple mating, territoriality or early termination of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-infanticide-76">[70]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feticide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Feticide」 (存在しないページ)">Feticide</a> can also occur among rodents; in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_marmot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Alpine marmot」 (存在しないページ)">Alpine marmots</a>, dominant females tend to suppress the reproduction of subordinates by being antagonistic towards them while they are pregnant. The resulting stress causes the fetuses to abort.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition">Cognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=22" title="節を編集: Cognition">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Kangaroo-rat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/220px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/330px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/440px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Kangaroo rats can locate food caches by spatial memory.</figcaption></figure> ネズミ目は、発達した認識力を持つ。彼らはすぐに毒の入った餌を避けることを学び、このことが<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ペスト">ペスト</a>を解決することを困難にしている<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-7">[1]</a>。Guinea pigs can learn and remember complex pathways to food.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-79">[73]</a> Squirrels and kangaroo rats are able to locate caches of food by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatial_memory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Spatial memory」 (存在しないページ)">spatial memory</a>, rather than just by smell.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Because 実験用マウス（ハツカネズミ）やラット are widely used as scientific models to further our understanding of biology, a great deal has come to be known about their cognitive capacities. Brown rats exhibit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_bias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cognitive bias」 (存在しないページ)">cognitive bias</a>, where information processing is biased by whether they are in a positive or negative affective state.<a href="#cite_note-Harding-82">[76]</a> For example, laboratory rats trained to respond to a specific tone by pressing a lever to receive a reward, and to press another lever in response to a different tone so as to avoid receiving an electric shock, are more likely to respond to an intermediate tone by choosing the reward lever if they have just been tickled (something they enjoy), indicating "a link between the directly measured positive affective state and decision making under uncertainty in an animal model."<a href="#cite_note-Rygula-83">[77]</a> Laboratory (brown) rats may have the capacity for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metacognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Metacognition」 (存在しないページ)">metacognition</a>—to consider their own learning and then make decisions based on what they know, or do not know, as indicated by choices they make apparently trading off difficulty of tasks and expected rewards, making them the first animals other than primates to have this capacity,<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> but these findings are disputed, since the rats may have been following simple <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operant_conditioning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Operant conditioning」 (存在しないページ)">operant conditioning</a> principles,<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> or a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Behavioral economics」 (存在しないページ)">behavioral economic</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Brown rats use social learning in a wide range of situations, but perhaps especially so in acquiring food preferences. Learning about suitable foods can be divided into four life stages.<a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galef-89">[83]</a> <ul><li>Before birth: In utero, fetal rats detect odor-bearing particles that come from their mother's diet and cross the placental barrier. Shortly after birth, newborn rats respond positively to these foods.<a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galef-89">[83]</a></li> <li>During nursing: Nursing rats receive information about their mother's diet through her milk. They prefer the foods she ate during lactation.<a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galef-89">[83]</a></li> <li>Weaning: When young rats are weaning and eating solid foods for the first time, they use adult rats as guides. They forage where the adults are foraging or where adults have previously scent-marked.<a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galef-89">[83]</a></li> <li>Adolescence and adulthood: When rats forage on their own, their food choices are influenced by social interactions that may take place far away from foraging sites. They smell foods on the fur, whiskers and especially the breath of other rats and strongly prefer the foods those rats had previously eaten.<a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-88">[82]</a> This inclines them not to eat poisons avoided by older rats.<a href="#cite_note-Galef-89">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_evolution">Classification and evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=23" title="節を編集: Classification and evolution">編集</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=24" title="節を編集: Evolutionary history">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/290px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/435px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/580px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masillamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Masillamys」 (存在しないページ)">Masillamys</a> sp. fossil from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messel_Pit_fossil_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Messel Pit fossil site」 (存在しないページ)">Messel Pit fossil site</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→「<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_extinct_rodents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of extinct rodents」 (存在しないページ)">List of extinct rodents</a>」も参照</div> Dentition is the key feature by which <a href="/wiki/Fossil" class="mw-disambig" title="Fossil">fossil</a> rodents are recognized and the earliest record of such mammals comes from the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, shortly after the extinction of the non-avian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinosaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dinosaur」 (存在しないページ)">dinosaurs</a> some 66 million years ago. These fossils are found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Laurasia」 (存在しないページ)">Laurasia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kay-90">[84]</a> the supercontinent composed of modern-day North America, Europe, and Asia. The divergence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Glires」 (存在しないページ)">Glires</a>, a clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares and pikas), from other placental mammals occurred within a few million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary; rodents and lagomorphs then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Evolutionary radiation」 (存在しないページ)">radiated</a> during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenozoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cenozoic」 (存在しないページ)">Cenozoic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_clock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Molecular clock」 (存在しないページ)">molecular clock</a> data suggest modern rodents (members of the order Rodentia) had appeared by the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, although other molecular divergence estimations are in agreement with the fossil record.<a href="#cite_note-Douzery03-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horneretal-93">[87]</a> Rodents are thought to have evolved in Asia, where local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multituberculata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Multituberculata」 (存在しないページ)">multituberculate</a> faunas were severely affected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event」 (存在しないページ)">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> and never fully recovered, unlike their North American and European relatives. In the resulting ecological vacuum, rodents and other Glires were allowed to evolve and diversify, taking the niches left by extinct multituberculates. The correlation between the spread of rodents and the demise of multituberculates is a controversial topic, not fully resolved. American and European multituberculate assemblages do decline in diversity in correlation with the introduction of rodents in these areas, but the remaining Asian multituberculates co-existed with rodents with no observable replacement taking place, and ultimately both clades co-existed for at least 15 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_2010-94">[88]</a> The history of the colonization of the world's continents by rodents is complex. The movements of the large superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muroidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Muroidea」 (存在しないページ)">Muroidea</a> (including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hamster」 (存在しないページ)">hamsters</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Gerbil」 (存在しないページ)">gerbils</a>, true <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mouse」 (存在しないページ)">mice</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rat」 (存在しないページ)">rats</a>) may have involved up to seven colonizations of Africa, five of North America, four of Southeast Asia, two of South America and up to ten of Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/220px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/330px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/440px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The horned gopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratogaulus_hatcheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ceratogaulus hatcheri」 (存在しないページ)">Ceratogaulus hatcheri</a>, a burrowing mammal of the late Miocene to early Pleistocene, was the only horned rodent.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-96">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, rodents began to diversify. Beavers appeared in North America in the late Eocene before spreading to Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Late in the Eocene, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricognath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricognath」 (存在しないページ)">hystricognaths</a> invaded Africa, most probably having originated in Asia at least 39.5 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Marivaux-98">[92]</a> From Africa, fossil evidence shows that some hystricognaths (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviomorph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Caviomorph」 (存在しないページ)">caviomorphs</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_South_American_mammals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of South American mammals」 (存在しないページ)">colonized South America</a>, which was an isolated continent at the time, evidently making use of ocean currents to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_dispersal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oceanic dispersal」 (存在しないページ)">cross the Atlantic on floating debris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Caviomorphs had arrived in South America by 41 million years ago (implying a date at least as early as this for hystricognaths in Africa),<a href="#cite_note-Marivaux-98">[92]</a> and had <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rodents_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of rodents of the Caribbean」 (存在しないページ)">reached the Greater Antilles</a> by the early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, suggesting that they must have dispersed rapidly across South America.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Nesomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Nesomyid</a> rodents are thought to have rafted from Africa to Madagascar 20–24 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Ali&Huber-101">[95]</a> All 27 species of native <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of mammals of Madagascar」 (存在しないページ)">Malagasy rodents</a> appear to be descendents of a single colonization event. By 20 million years ago, fossils recognizably belonging to the current families such as Muridae had emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Kay-90">[84]</a> By the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Miocene」 (存在しないページ)">Miocene</a>, when Africa had collided with Asia, African rodents such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porcupine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Porcupine」 (存在しないページ)">porcupine</a> began to spread into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eurasia」 (存在しないページ)">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> Some fossil species were very large in comparison to modern rodents and included the giant beaver, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castoroides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castoroides」 (存在しないページ)">Castoroides ohioensis</a>, which grew to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and weight of 100 kg (220 lb).<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> The largest known rodent was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephoartigasia_monesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Josephoartigasia monesi」 (存在しないページ)">Josephoartigasia monesi</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacarana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pacarana」 (存在しないページ)">pacarana</a> with an estimated body length of 3 m (10 ft).<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The first rodents arrived in Australia via Indonesia around 5 million years ago. Although <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Marsupial」 (存在しないページ)">marsupials</a> are the most prominent mammals in Australia, many <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rodents_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of rodents of Australia」 (存在しないページ)">rodents</a>, all belonging to the subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Murinae」 (存在しないページ)">Murinae</a>, are among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of mammals of Australia」 (存在しないページ)">continent's mammal species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breed-105">[99]</a> There are about fifty species of 'old endemics', the first wave of rodents to colonize the country in the Miocene and early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pliocene」 (存在しないページ)">Pliocene</a>, and eight true rat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rattus」 (存在しないページ)">Rattus</a>) species of 'new endemics', arriving in a subsequent wave in the late Pliocene or early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pleistocene」 (存在しないページ)">Pleistocene</a>. The earliest fossil rodents in Australia have a maximum age of 4.5 million years,<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> and molecular data is consistent with the colonization of New Guinea from the west during the late Miocene or early Pliocene followed by rapid diversification. A further wave of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptive_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Adaptive radiation」 (存在しないページ)">adaptive radiation</a> occurred after one or more colonizations of Australia some 2 to 3 million years later.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Rodents participated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Interchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Great American Interchange」 (存在しないページ)">Great American Interchange</a> that resulted from the joining of the Americas by formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmus_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Isthmus of Panama」 (存在しないページ)">Isthmus of Panama</a>, around 3 million years ago in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piacenzian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Piacenzian」 (存在しないページ)">Piacenzian</a> age.<a href="#cite_note-Baskin-108">[102]</a> In this exchange, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_American_mammals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「List of Central American mammals」 (存在しないページ)">small number of species</a> such as the New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) headed north.<a href="#cite_note-Kay-90">[84]</a> However, the main southward invasion of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmodontinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sigmodontinae」 (存在しないページ)">sigmodontines</a> preceded formation of the land bridge by at least several million years, probably occurring via rafting.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1999-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parada2013-111">[105]</a> Sigmodontines diversified explosively once in South America, although some degree of diversification may have already occurred in Central America before the colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1999-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parada2013-111">[105]</a> Their "head start" has relegated other North American rodent groups (sciurids, geomyids, heteromyids and nonsigmodontine cricetids) to a minor presence in the contemporary South American fauna. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_classification">Standard classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=25" title="節を編集: Standard classification">編集</a>]</div> The use of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Order (biology)」 (存在しないページ)">order</a> name "Rodentia" is attributed to the English traveler and naturalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edward_Bowdich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Thomas Edward Bowdich」 (存在しないページ)">Thomas Edward Bowdich</a> (1821).<a href="#cite_note-TOLWeb-112">[106]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Modern Latin」 (存在しないページ)">Modern Latin</a> word "Rodentia" is derived from "rodens", present participle of "rodere" – "to gnaw", "eat away".<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hare」 (存在しないページ)">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pika」 (存在しないページ)">pikas</a> (order Lagomorpha) have continuously growing incisors, as do rodents, and were at one time included in the order. However, they have an additional pair of incisors in the upper jaw and the two orders have quite separate evolutionary histories.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> The phylogeny of the rodents places them in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Clade」 (存在しないページ)">clades</a> Glires, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euarchontoglires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Euarchontoglires」 (存在しないページ)">Euarchontoglires</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreoeutheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Boreoeutheria」 (存在しないページ)">Boreoeutheria</a>. The cladogram below shows the inner and outer relations of Rodentia based on a 2012 attempt by Wu et al. to align the molecular clock with paleontological data:<a href="#cite_note-wuetal2012-115">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreoeutheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Boreoeutheria」 (存在しないページ)">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasiatheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Laurasiatheria」 (存在しないページ)">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perissodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Perissodactyla」 (存在しないページ)">Perissodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Carnivora」 (存在しないページ)">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euarchontoglires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Euarchontoglires」 (存在しないページ)">Euarchontoglires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Primates」 (存在しないページ)">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Glires」 (存在しないページ)">Glires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lagomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Lagomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochotona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ochotona」 (存在しないページ)">Ochotona</a> (pikas) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvilagus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sylvilagus」 (存在しないページ)">Sylvilagus</a> (cottontail rabbits) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Rodentia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Hystricomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ctenodactylus」 (存在しないページ)">Ctenodactylus</a> (gundis) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atherurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Atherurus」 (存在しないページ)">Atherurus</a> (brush-tailed porcupines) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octodontomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Octodontomys」 (存在しないページ)">Octodontomys</a> (mountain degus) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erethizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Erethizon」 (存在しないページ)">Erethizon</a> (North American porcupines) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cavia」 (存在しないページ)">Cavia</a> (guinea pigs) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sciuromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Sciuromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aplodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Aplodontia」 (存在しないページ)">Aplodontia</a> (mountain beavers) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaucomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Glaucomys」 (存在しないページ)">Glaucomys</a> (New World flying squirrels) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Tamias」 (存在しないページ)">Tamias</a> (chipmunks) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castorimorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castorimorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Castorimorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Beaver」 (存在しないページ)">Castor</a> (beavers) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dipodomys」 (存在しないページ)">Dipodomys</a> (kangaroo rats) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Thomomys」 (存在しないページ)">Thomomys</a> (pocket gophers) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Myodonta」 (存在しないページ)">Myodonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muroidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Muroidea」 (存在しないページ)">Muroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peromyscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Peromyscus」 (存在しないページ)">Peromyscus</a> (deer mice) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mouse」 (存在しないページ)">Mus</a> ([true] mice) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rattus」 (存在しないページ)">Rattus</a> (rats) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dipodoidea」 (存在しないページ)">Dipodoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sicista」 (存在しないページ)">Sicista</a> (birch mice) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Zapus」 (存在しないページ)">Zapus</a> (jumping mice) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiocranius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cardiocranius」 (存在しないページ)">Cardiocranius</a> (pygmy jerboas) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> The order Rodentia may be divided into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suborder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Suborder」 (存在しないページ)">suborders</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infraorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Infraorder」 (存在しないページ)">infraorders</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomic_rank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Taxonomic rank」 (存在しないページ)">superfamilies</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Family (biology)」 (存在しないページ)">families</a>. There is a great deal of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Parallel evolution」 (存在しないページ)">parallelism</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Convergent evolution」 (存在しないページ)">convergence</a> among rodents caused by the fact that they have tended to evolve to fill largely similar niches. This parallel evolution includes not only the structure of the teeth, but also the infraorbital region of the skull (below the eye socket) and makes classification difficult as similar traits may not be due to common ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-116">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Johann Friedrich von Brandt」 (存在しないページ)">Brandt</a> (1855) was the first to propose dividing Rodentia into three suborders, Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha, based on the development of certain muscles in the jaw and this system was widely accepted. Schlosser (1884) performed a comprehensive review of rodent fossils, mainly using the cheek teeth, and found that they fitted into the classical system, but Tullborg (1899) proposed just two sub-orders, Sciurognathi and Hystricognathi. These were based on the degree of inflection of the lower jaw and were to be further subdivided into Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, Hystricomorpha and Bathyergomorpha. Matthew (1910) created a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogeny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Phylogeny」 (存在しないページ)">phylogenetic tree</a> of New World rodents but did not include the more problematic Old World species. Further attempts at classification continued without agreement, with some authors adopting the classical three suborder system and others Tullborg's two suborders.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-116">[110]</a> These disagreements remain unresolved, nor have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_phylogenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Molecular phylogenetics」 (存在しないページ)">molecular studies</a> fully resolved the situation though they have confirmed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Monophyly」 (存在しないページ)">monophyly</a> of the group and that the clade has descended from a common Paleocene ancestor. Carleton and Musser (2005) in Mammal Species of the World have provisionally adopted a five suborder system: Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, and Hystricomorpha. These include 33 families, 481 genera and 2277 species:<a href="#cite_note-MSW-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> Order Rodentia (from Latin, rodere, to gnaw) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pedetes_surdaster,_Amboseli_NP,_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/330px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/440px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomaluromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Anomaluromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Anomaluromorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_springhare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「East African springhare」 (存在しないページ)">East African springhare</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/170px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/255px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/340px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castorimorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castorimorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Castorimorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botta%27s_pocket_gopher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Botta's pocket gopher」 (存在しないページ)">Botta's pocket gopher</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/170px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/255px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/340px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Caviomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Caviomorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_porcupine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「North American porcupine」 (存在しないページ)">North American porcupine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/220px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/330px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/440px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Myomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Myomorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_hamster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Golden hamster」 (存在しないページ)">Golden or Syrian hamster</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/220px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/330px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/440px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sciuromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Sciuromorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_dormouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「African dormouse」 (存在しないページ)">African dormouse</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomaluromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Anomaluromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Anomaluromorpha</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomaluridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Anomaluridae」 (存在しないページ)">Anomaluridae</a>: scaly-tailed squirrels</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pedetidae」 (存在しないページ)">Pedetidae</a>: springhares</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castorimorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castorimorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Castorimorpha</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castoroidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castoroidea」 (存在しないページ)">Castoroidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Castoridae」 (存在しないページ)">Castoridae</a>: beavers</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomyoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Geomyoidea」 (存在しないページ)">Geomyoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Geomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Geomyidae</a>: pocket gophers (true gophers)</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteromyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Heteromyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Heteromyidae</a>: kangaroo rats, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Kangaroo mouse」 (存在しないページ)">kangaroo mice</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Hystricomorpha</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Diatomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Diatomyidae</a>: Laotian rock rat</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Infraorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenodactylomorphi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ctenodactylomorphi」 (存在しないページ)">Ctenodactylomorphi</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenodactylidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ctenodactylidae」 (存在しないページ)">Ctenodactylidae</a>: gundis</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Infraorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricognathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricognathi」 (存在しないページ)">Hystricognathi</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathyergidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Bathyergidae」 (存在しないページ)">Bathyergidae</a>: African mole rats</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystricidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hystricidae」 (存在しないページ)">Hystricidae</a>: Old World porcupines</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petromuridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Petromuridae」 (存在しないページ)">Petromuridae</a>: dassie rat</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thryonomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Thryonomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Thryonomyidae</a>: cane rats</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Caviomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Caviomorpha</a> <ul><li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptaxodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Heptaxodontidae」 (存在しないページ)">Heptaxodontidae</a>: giant hutias</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrocomidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Abrocomidae」 (存在しないページ)">Abrocomidae</a>: chinchilla rats</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capromyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Capromyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Capromyidae</a>: hutias</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Caviidae」 (存在しないページ)">Caviidae</a>: cavies, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea_pig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Guinea pig」 (存在しないページ)">Guinea pigs</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capybara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Capybara」 (存在しないページ)">capybara</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinchillidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Chinchillidae」 (存在しないページ)">Chinchillidae</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinchilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Chinchilla」 (存在しないページ)">chinchillas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viscacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Viscacha」 (存在しないページ)">viscachas</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ctenomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Ctenomyidae</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuco-tuco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Tuco-tuco」 (存在しないページ)">tuco-tucos</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasyproctidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dasyproctidae」 (存在しないページ)">Dasyproctidae</a>: agoutis</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuniculidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cuniculidae」 (存在しないページ)">Cuniculidae</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Paca」 (存在しないページ)">pacas</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dinomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Dinomyidae</a>: pacaranas</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echimyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Echimyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Echimyidae</a>: spiny rats</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erethizontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Erethizontidae」 (存在しないページ)">Erethizontidae</a>: New World porcupines</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myocastoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Myocastoridae」 (存在しないページ)">Myocastoridae</a>: nutria, coypu</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Octodontidae」 (存在しないページ)">Octodontidae</a>: octodonts</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Myomorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Myomorpha</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dipodoidea」 (存在しないページ)">Dipodoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dipodidae」 (存在しないページ)">Dipodidae</a>: jerboas and jumping mice</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muroidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Muroidea」 (存在しないページ)">Muroidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calomyscidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Calomyscidae」 (存在しないページ)">Calomyscidae</a>: mouse-like hamsters</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cricetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cricetidae」 (存在しないページ)">Cricetidae</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hamster」 (存在しないページ)">hamsters</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_rats_and_mice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「New World rats and mice」 (存在しないページ)">New World rats and mice</a>, muskrats, voles, lemmings</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Muridae」 (存在しないページ)">Muridae</a>: true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Crested rat」 (存在しないページ)">crested rat</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Nesomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Nesomyidae</a>: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platacanthomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Platacanthomyidae」 (存在しないページ)">Platacanthomyidae</a>: spiny dormice</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Spalacidae」 (存在しないページ)">Spalacidae</a>: mole rats, bamboo rats, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zokor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Zokor」 (存在しないページ)">zokors</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuromorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sciuromorpha」 (存在しないページ)">Sciuromorpha</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aplodontiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Aplodontiidae」 (存在しないページ)">Aplodontiidae</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mountain beaver」 (存在しないページ)">mountain beaver</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Gliridae」 (存在しないページ)">Gliridae</a> (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice</li> <li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sciuridae」 (存在しないページ)">Sciuridae</a>: squirrels, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chipmunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Chipmunk」 (存在しないページ)">chipmunks</a>, prairie dogs, marmots</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=26" title="節を編集: Interaction with humans">編集</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=27" title="節を編集: Conservation">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Santamartamys,_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/220px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/330px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/440px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the critically endangered red crested soft-furred spiny rat</figcaption></figure> While rodents are not the most seriously threatened order of mammals, there are 168 species in 126 genera that are said to warrant conservation attention<a href="#cite_note-Amori-120">[114]</a> in the face of limited appreciation by the public. Since 76 percent of rodent genera contain only one species, much phylogenetic diversity could be lost with a comparatively small number of extinctions. In the absence of more detailed knowledge of species at risk and accurate taxonomy, conservation must be based mainly on higher taxa (such as families rather than species) and geographical hot spots.<a href="#cite_note-Amori-120">[114]</a> Several species of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oryzomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oryzomys」 (存在しないページ)">rice rat</a> have become extinct since the 19th century, probably through habitat loss and the introduction of alien species.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> In Colombia, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_hairy_dwarf_porcupine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brown hairy dwarf porcupine」 (存在しないページ)">brown hairy dwarf porcupine</a> was recorded from only two mountain localities in the 1920s, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santamartamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Santamartamys」 (存在しないページ)">red crested soft-furred spiny rat</a> is known only from its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_locality_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Type locality (biology)」 (存在しないページ)">type locality</a> on the Caribbean coast, so these species are considered vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The IUCN Species Survival Commission writes "We can safely conclude that many South American rodents are seriously threatened, mainly by environmental disturbance and intensive hunting".<a href="#cite_note-Lidicker-123">[117]</a> The "three now cosmopolitan commensal rodent pest species"<a href="#cite_note-Buckle-124">[118]</a> (the brown rat, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Black rat」 (存在しないページ)">black rat</a> and the house mouse) have been dispersed in association with humans, partly on sailing ships in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Exploration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Age of Exploration」 (存在しないページ)">Age of Exploration</a>, and with a fourth species in the Pacific, the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), have severely damaged island <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biota_(ecology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Biota (ecology)」 (存在しないページ)">biotas</a> around the world. For example, when the black rat reached <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Howe_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lord Howe Island」 (存在しないページ)">Lord Howe Island</a> in 1918, over 40 percent of the terrestrial bird species of the island, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Howe_fantail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lord Howe fantail」 (存在しないページ)">Lord Howe fantail</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> became extinct within ten years. Similar destruction has been seen on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midway_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Midway Island」 (存在しないページ)">Midway Island</a> (1943) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_South_Cape_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Big South Cape Island」 (存在しないページ)">Big South Cape Island</a> (1962). Conservation projects can with careful planning completely eradicate these pest rodents from islands using an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anticoagulant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Anticoagulant」 (存在しないページ)">anticoagulant</a> rodenticide such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brodifacoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Brodifacoum」 (存在しないページ)">brodifacoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckle-124">[118]</a> This approach has been successful on the island of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lundy」 (存在しないページ)">Lundy</a> in the United Kingdom, where the eradication of an estimated 40,000 brown rats is giving populations of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manx_shearwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Manx shearwater」 (存在しないページ)">Manx shearwater</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_puffin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Atlantic puffin」 (存在しないページ)">Atlantic puffin</a> a chance to recover from near-extinction.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation">Exploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=28" title="節を編集: Exploitation">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/170px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/255px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/340px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Chinchilla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_coat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Fur coat」 (存在しないページ)">fur coat</a>, exhibited at the 1900 Exposition Universal, Paris</figcaption></figure> Humanity has long used animal skins for clothing, as the leather is durable and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Fur」 (存在しないページ)">fur</a> provides extra insulation.<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a> The native people of North America made much use of beaver pelts, tanning and sewing them together to make robes. Europeans appreciated the quality of these and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_fur_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「North American fur trade」 (存在しないページ)">North American fur trade</a> developed and became of prime importance to early settlers. In Europe, the soft underfur known as "beaver wool" was found to be ideal for felting and was made into beaver hats and trimming for clothing.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Later, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coypu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Coypu」 (存在しないページ)">coypu</a> took over as a cheaper source of fur for felting and was farmed extensively in America and Europe; however, fashions changed, new materials became available and this area of the animal fur industry declined.<a href="#cite_note-Granby-130">[124]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinchilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Chinchilla」 (存在しないページ)">chinchilla</a> has a soft and silky coat and the demand for its fur was so high that it was nearly wiped out in the wild before farming took over as the main source of pelts.<a href="#cite_note-Granby-130">[124]</a> The quills and guardhairs of porcupines are used for traditional decorative clothing. For example, their guardhairs are used in the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Indigenous peoples of the Americas」 (存在しないページ)">Native American</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roach_(headdress)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Roach (headdress)」 (存在しないページ)">"porky roach"</a> headdress. The main quills may be dyed, and then applied in combination with thread to embellish leather accessories such as knife sheaths and leather bags. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakota_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lakota people」 (存在しないページ)">Lakota</a> women would harvest the quills for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quillwork&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Quillwork」 (存在しないページ)">quillwork</a> by throwing a blanket over a porcupine and retrieving the quills it left stuck in the blanket.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> At least 89 species of rodent, mostly Hystricomorpha such as guinea pigs, agoutis and capybaras, are eaten by humans; in 1985, there were at least 42 different societies in which people eat rats.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-132">[126]</a> Guinea pigs were first raised for food around 2500 B.C. and by 1500 B.C. had become the main source of meat for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inca_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Inca Empire」 (存在しないページ)">Inca Empire</a>. Dormice were raised by the Romans in special pots called "gliraria", or in large outdoor enclosures, where they were fattened on walnuts, chestnuts, and acorns. The dormice were also caught from the wild in autumn when they were fattest, and either roasted and dipped into honey or baked while stuffed with a mixture of pork, pine nuts, and other flavorings. Researchers found that in Amazonia, where large mammals were scarce, pacas and common agoutis accounted for around 40 percent of the annual game taken by the indigenous people, but in forested areas where larger mammals were abundant, these rodents comprised only about 3 percent of the take.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-132">[126]</a> Guinea pigs are used in the cuisine of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuzco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cuzco」 (存在しないページ)">Cuzco</a>, Peru, in dishes such as cuy al horno, baked guinea pig.<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The traditional Andean stove, known as a qoncha or a fogón, is made from mud and clay reinforced with straw and hair from animals such as guinea pigs.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> In Peru, there are at any time 20 million domestic guinea pigs, which annually produce 64 million edible carcasses. This animal is an excellent food source since the flesh is 19% protein.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-132">[126]</a> In the United States, mostly squirrels, but also muskrats, porcupines, and ground hogs are eaten by humans. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Navajo people」 (存在しないページ)">Navajo people</a> ate prairie dog baked in mud, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Paiute」 (存在しないページ)">Paiute</a> ate gophers, squirrels, and rats.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-132">[126]</a> Rodents including guinea pigs,<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, chinchillas, degus and chipmunks make convenient pets able to live in small spaces, each species with its own qualities.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Most are normally kept in cages of suitable sizes and have varied requirements for space and social interaction. If handled from a young age, they are usually docile and do not bite. Guinea pigs have a long lifespan and need a large cage.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-79">[73]</a> Rats also need plenty of space and can become very tame, can learn tricks and seem to enjoy human companionship. Mice are short-lived but take up very little space. Hamsters are solitary but tend to be nocturnal. They have interesting behaviors, but unless handled regularly they may be defensive. Gerbils are not usually aggressive, rarely bite and are sociable animals that enjoy the company of humans and their own kind.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/220px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/330px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/440px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Laboratory house mouse</figcaption></figure> Rodents are used widely as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_organism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Model organism」 (存在しないページ)">model organisms</a> in animal testing.<a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-8">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-138">[132]</a> Albino mutant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Laboratory rat」 (存在しないページ)">rats</a> were first used for research in 1828 and later became the first animal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domestication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Domestication」 (存在しないページ)">domesticated</a> for purely scientific purposes.<a href="#cite_note-krinke-139">[133]</a> Nowadays, the house mouse is the most commonly used laboratory rodent, and in 1979 it was estimated that fifty million were used annually worldwide. They are favored because of their small size, fertility, short gestation period and ease of handling and because they are susceptible to many of the conditions and infections that afflict humans. They are used in research into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Genetics」 (存在しないページ)">genetics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Developmental biology」 (存在しないページ)">developmental biology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Cell biology」 (存在しないページ)">cell biology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oncology」 (存在しないページ)">oncology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Immunology」 (存在しないページ)">immunology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Guinea pigs were popular laboratory animals until the late 20th century; about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the United States for research in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-gad-141">[135]</a> but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-harkness-142">[136]</a> In 2007, they constituted about 2% of all laboratory animals.<a href="#cite_note-gad-141">[135]</a> Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ_theory_of_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Germ theory of disease」 (存在しないページ)">germ theory</a> in the late 19th century, through the experiments of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Louis Pasteur」 (存在しないページ)">Louis Pasteur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pierre Paul Émile Roux」 (存在しないページ)">Émile Roux</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Robert Koch」 (存在しないページ)">Robert Koch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> They have been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Animals_in_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Animals in space」 (存在しないページ)">launched into orbital space flight</a> several times—first by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Soviet Union」 (存在しないページ)">USSR</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sputnik 9」 (存在しないページ)">Sputnik 9</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosatellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Biosatellite」 (存在しないページ)">biosatellite</a> of March 9, 1961, with a successful recovery.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> The naked mole rat is the only known mammal that is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poikilothermic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Poikilothermic」 (存在しないページ)">poikilothermic</a>; it is used in studies on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoregulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Thermoregulation」 (存在しないページ)">thermoregulation</a>. It is also unusual in not producing the neurotransmitter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Substance P」 (存在しないページ)">substance P</a>, a fact which researchers find useful in studies on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pain」 (存在しないページ)">pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin,_(2010)-145">[139]</a> Rodents have sensitive olfactory abilities, which have been used by humans to detect odors or chemicals of interest.<a href="#cite_note-Wines-146">[140]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambian_pouched_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Gambian pouched rat」 (存在しないページ)">Gambian pouched rat</a> is able to detect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuberculosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Tuberculosis」 (存在しないページ)">tuberculosis</a> bacilli with a sensitivity of up to 86.6%, and specificity (detecting the absence of the bacilli) of over 93%; the same species has been trained to detect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Land mine」 (存在しないページ)">land mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Rats have been studied for possible use in hazardous situations such as in disaster zones. They can be trained to respond to commands, which may be given remotely, and even persuaded to venture into brightly lit areas, which rats usually avoid.<a href="#cite_note-NG_01-05-02-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solon-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests_and_disease_vectors">As pests and disease vectors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=29" title="節を編集: As pests and disease vectors">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/220px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/330px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/440px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Rodents cause significant losses to crops, such as these potatoes damaged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Vole」 (存在しないページ)">voles</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some rodent species are serious agricultural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pest (organism)」 (存在しないページ)">pests</a>, eating large quantities of food stored by humans.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> For example, in 2003, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Rice" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rice">rice</a> lost to mice and rats in Asia was estimated to be enough to feed 200 million people. Most of the damage worldwide is caused by a relatively small number of species, chiefly rats and mice.<a href="#cite_note-Stenseth-153">[147]</a> In Indonesia and Tanzania, rodents reduce crop yields by around fifteen percent, while in some instances in South America losses have reached ninety percent. Across Africa, rodents including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mastomys」 (存在しないページ)">Mastomys</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvicanthis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Arvicanthis」 (存在しないページ)">Arvicanthis</a> damage cereals, groundnuts, vegetables and cacao. In Asia, rats, mice and species such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microtus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Microtus」 (存在しないページ)">Microtus brandti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meriones_unguiculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriones unguiculatus">Meriones unguiculatus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eospalax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Eospalax」 (存在しないページ)">Eospalax baileyi</a> damage crops of rice, sorghum, tubers, vegetables and nuts. In Europe, as well as rats and mice, species of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apodemus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Apodemus」 (存在しないページ)">Apodemus</a>, Microtus and in occasional outbreaks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvicola_terrestris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Arvicola terrestris」 (存在しないページ)">Arvicola terrestris</a> cause damage to orchards, vegetables and pasture as well as cereals. In South America, a wider range of rodent species, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holochilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Holochilus」 (存在しないページ)">Holochilus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Akodon」 (存在しないページ)">Akodon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Calomys」 (存在しないページ)">Calomys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligoryzomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Oligoryzomys」 (存在しないページ)">Oligoryzomys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Phyllotis」 (存在しないページ)">Phyllotis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Sigmodon」 (存在しないページ)">Sigmodon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygodontomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Zygodontomys」 (存在しないページ)">Zygodontomys</a>, damage many crops including sugar cane, fruits, vegetables, and tubers.<a href="#cite_note-Stenseth-153">[147]</a> Rodents are also significant vectors of disease.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> The black rat, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_rat_flea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Northern rat flea」 (存在しないページ)">fleas that it carries</a>, plays a primary role in spreading the bacterium <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yersinia_pestis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Yersinia pestis」 (存在しないページ)">Yersinia pestis</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McCormick-155">[149]</a> and carries the organisms responsible for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typhus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Typhus」 (存在しないページ)">typhus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weil%27s_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Weil's disease」 (存在しないページ)">Weil's disease</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoplasmosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Toxoplasmosis」 (存在しないページ)">toxoplasmosis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichinosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Trichinosis」 (存在しないページ)">trichinosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> A number of rodents carry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Hantavirus」 (存在しないページ)">hantaviruses</a>, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puumala_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Puumala virus」 (存在しないページ)">Puumala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrava_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Dobrava virus」 (存在しないページ)">Dobrava</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saaremaa_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Saaremaa virus」 (存在しないページ)">Saaremaa viruses</a>, which can infect humans.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> Rodents also help to transmit diseases including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babesiosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Babesiosis」 (存在しないページ)">babesiosis</a>, cutaneous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leishmaniasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Leishmaniasis」 (存在しないページ)">leishmaniasis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Human granulocytic anaplasmosis」 (存在しないページ)">human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyme_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Lyme disease」 (存在しないページ)">Lyme disease</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Omsk hemorrhagic fever」 (存在しないページ)">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Powassan_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Powassan virus」 (存在しないページ)">Powassan virus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rickettsialpox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rickettsialpox」 (存在しないページ)">rickettsialpox</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relapsing_fever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Relapsing fever」 (存在しないページ)">relapsing fever</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rocky Mountain spotted fever」 (存在しないページ)">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Nile_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「West Nile virus」 (存在しないページ)">West Nile virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Because rodents are a nuisance and endanger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Public health」 (存在しないページ)">public health</a>, human societies often attempt to control them. Traditionally, this involved poisoning and trapping, methods that were not always safe or effective. More recently, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Integrated pest management」 (存在しないページ)">integrated pest management</a> attempts to improve control with a combination of surveys to determine the size and distribution of the pest population, the establishment of tolerance limits (levels of pest activity at which to intervene), interventions, and evaluation of effectiveness based on repeated surveys. Interventions may include education, making and applying laws and regulations, modifying the habitat, changing farming practices, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Biological control」 (存在しないページ)">biological control</a> using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Pathogen」 (存在しないページ)">pathogens</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Predator」 (存在しないページ)">predators</a>, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodenticide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Rodenticide」 (存在しないページ)">poisoning</a> and trapping.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> The use of pathogens such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmonella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Salmonella」 (存在しないページ)">Salmonella</a> has the drawback that they can infect man and domestic animals, and rodents often become resistant. The use of predators including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Ferret」 (存在しないページ)">ferrets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongoose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mongoose」 (存在しないページ)">mongooses</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monitor_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Monitor lizard」 (存在しないページ)">monitor lizards</a> has been found unsatisfactory. Domestic and feral <a href="/wiki/Cat" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cat">cats</a> are able to control rodents effectively, provided the rodent population is not too large.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> In the UK, two species in particular, the house mouse and the brown rat, are actively controlled to limit damage in growing crops, loss and contamination of stored crops and structural damage to facilities, as well as to comply with the law.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=30" title="節を編集: See also">編集</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis」 (存在しないページ)">Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=31" title="節を編集: References">編集</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:auto; -webkit-column-count:auto; column-count:auto; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_7-7">h</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Single, G.; Dickman, C. R.; MacDonald, D. W. (2001). “Rodents”. In MacDonald, D. W.. The Encyclopedia of Mammals (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 578–587. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-7607-1969-5" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-7607-1969-5">978-0-7607-1969-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rodents&rft.atitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&rft.aulast=Single%2C+G.%3B+Dickman%2C+C.+R.%3B+MacDonald%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Single%2C+G.%3B+Dickman%2C+C.+R.%3B+MacDonald%2C+D.+W.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B578%E2%80%93587&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UCMP2000-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_8-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">Waggoner, Ben (15 August 2000). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/rodentia/rodentia.html">Introduction to the Rodentia</a>”. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 4 July 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_2003-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_9-4">e</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 1244. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-8018-5789-9" title="特別:文献資料/0-8018-5789-9">0-8018-5789-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Nowak%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Nowak%2C+R.+M.&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1244&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohns+Hopkins+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-8018-5789-9&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodents5920-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodents5920_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">Blashfield, Jean F.. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/5920/Rodents.html">Rodents</a>”. Science Encyclopedia. 14 July 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Niemiec, Brook A. (15 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OsL3UmJk3roC&pg=PA13">Small Animal Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Disease: A Colour Handbook</a>. CRC Press. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-84076-630-1" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-84076-630-1">978-1-84076-630-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OsL3UmJk3roC&pg=PA13">http://books.google.com/books?id=OsL3UmJk3roC&pg=PA13</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Animal+Dental%2C+Oral+and+Maxillofacial+Disease%3A+A+Colour+Handbook&rft.aulast=Niemiec%2C+Brook+A.&rft.au=Niemiec%2C+Brook+A.&rft.date=15+October+2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-84076-630-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsL3UmJk3roC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CoxJeffery-12"><a href="#cite_ref-CoxJeffery_12-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Cox, Philip G.; Jeffery, Nathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21381/pdf">“Reviewing the Morphology of the Jaw-Closing Musculature in Squirrels, Rats, and Guinea Pigs with Contrast-Enhanced MicroCT”</a>. The Anatomical Record 294: 915–928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.21381">10.1002/ar.21381</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21381/pdf">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21381/pdf</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reviewing+the+Morphology+of+the+Jaw-Closing+Musculature+in+Squirrels%2C+Rats%2C+and+Guinea+Pigs+with+Contrast-Enhanced+MicroCT&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Cox%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+G.&rft.au=Jeffery%2C%26%2332%3BNathan&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=915%E2%80%93928&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Far.21381&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Far.21381%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-order-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-order_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-order_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-order_13-2">c</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Stefoff, Rebecca (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Gle7-L46TYC&pg=PA63">The Rodent Order</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 62–63, 71–73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-7614-3073-5" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-7614-3073-5">978-0-7614-3073-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Gle7-L46TYC&pg=PA63">http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Gle7-L46TYC&pg=PA63</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rodent+Order&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Stefoff%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B62%E2%80%9363%2C+71%E2%80%9373&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-3073-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Gle7-L46TYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-aerodynamic-14"><a href="#cite_ref-aerodynamic_14-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Thorington, R. W Jr.; Darrow, K.; Anderson, C. G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.si.edu/StaffPages/Darrow/1997WingTipAnatomy.pdf">“Wing tip anatomy and aerodynamics in flying squirrels”</a>. Journal of Mammalogy 79 (1): 245–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382860">10.2307/1382860</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1382860">1382860</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://entomology.si.edu/StaffPages/Darrow/1997WingTipAnatomy.pdf">http://entomology.si.edu/StaffPages/Darrow/1997WingTipAnatomy.pdf</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wing+tip+anatomy+and+aerodynamics+in+flying+squirrels&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.aulast=Thorington&rft.aufirst=R.+W+Jr.&rft.au=Thorington%2C%26%2332%3BR.+W+Jr.&rft.au=Darrow%2C+K.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+C.+G.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=245%E2%80%93250&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1382860&rft.jstor=1382860&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomology.si.edu%2FStaffPages%2FDarrow%2F1997WingTipAnatomy.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Schulte-Hostedde, A. I. (2008). “Chapter 10: Sexual Size Dimorphism in Rodents”. In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W.. Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective. University of Chicago Press. pp. 117–119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-226-90538-9" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-226-90538-9">978-0-226-90538-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+10%3A+Sexual+Size+Dimorphism+in+Rodents&rft.atitle=Rodent+Societies%3A+An+Ecological+and+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.aulast=Schulte-Hostedde%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Schulte-Hostedde%2C+A.+I.&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B117%E2%80%93119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-226-90538-9&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AnAge-16"><a href="#cite_ref-AnAge_16-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/">AnAge: The animal ageing and longevity database</a>”. 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Field Studies (Field Studies Council) 3: 222. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fsj.field-studies-council.org/media/344045/vol3.2_68.pdf">http://fsj.field-studies-council.org/media/344045/vol3.2_68.pdf</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+natural+history+of+the+house+mouse&rft.jtitle=Field+Studies&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Berry%2C%26%2332%3BR.+J.&rft.date=1970&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Field+Studies+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsj.field-studies-council.org%2Fmedia%2F344045%2Fvol3.2_68.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/326232/">Heterocephalus glaber: Naked mole rat</a>”. Encyclopedia of Life. 2 October 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Schwartz, Charles Walsh; Schwartz, Elizabeth Reeder (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uEWl0ZM6DfUC&pg=PA250">The Wild Mammals of Missouri</a>. 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Childrens Press. pp. 5–20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-516-01679-5" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-516-01679-5">978-0-516-01679-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0D-a_KOJ5TMC">http://books.google.com/books?id=0D-a_KOJ5TMC</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerbil+Pets+and+Other+Small+Rodents&rft.aulast=Broekel&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Broekel%2C%26%2332%3BRay&rft.date=1983&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B5%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=Childrens+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-516-01679-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0D-a_KOJ5TMC&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_138-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. 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Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35 (3): 221–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410902989837">10.1080/10408410902989837</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19548807/">19548807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837">http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rodent-borne+diseases+and+their+risks+for+public+health&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Meerburg%2C+B.+G.%3B+Singleton%2C+G.+R.%3B+Kijlstra%2C+A.&rft.au=Meerburg%2C+B.+G.%3B+Singleton%2C+G.+R.%3B+Kijlstra%2C+A.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221%E2%80%9370&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10408410902989837&rft_id=info:pmid/19548807&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informahealthcare.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F10408410902989837&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/climate_change/health_effects/pages/rodent_borne_diseases.aspx">Rodent-borne diseases</a>”. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 1 September 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/rodents/diseases/indirect.html">Diseases indirectly transmitted by rodents</a>”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012年). 1 September 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/ipm_manual.pdf">Integrated pest management: conducting urban rodent surveys</a>. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/ipm_manual.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/ipm_manual.pdf</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+pest+management%3A+conducting+urban+rodent+surveys&rft.aulast=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnceh%2Fehs%2Fdocs%2Fipm_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Wodzicki, K. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2481104/">“Prospects for biological control of rodent populations”</a>. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48 (4): 461–467. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (識別子)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2481104/">2481104</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4587482/">4587482</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2481104/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2481104/</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+biological+control+of+rodent+populations&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.aulast=Wodzicki%2C+K.&rft.au=Wodzicki%2C+K.&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=461%E2%80%93467&rft_id=info:pmc/2481104&rft_id=info:pmid/4587482&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2481104%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox">  </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgca.com/publications/2012/october/08/rodent-control-in-agriculture-an-hgca-guide.aspx">Rodent control in agriculture - an HGCA guide</a>”. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (2012年). 1 September 2014閲覧。</cite> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=32" title="節を編集: Further reading">編集</a>]</div> <ul><li>Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. "Order Rodentia", pages 745–752 in Wilson & Reeder (2005).</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-231-11013-8" title="特別:文献資料/0-231-11013-8">0-231-11013-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Mammals+Above+the+Species+Level&rft.aulast=McKenna%2C+Malcolm+C.%3B+Bell%2C+Susan+K.&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Malcolm+C.%3B+Bell%2C+Susan+K.&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-231-11013-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., ed (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-8018-8221-0">978-0-8018-8221-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Ekotoba/sandbox&action=edit&section=33" title="節を編集: External links">編集</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;">ウィキメディア・コモンズには、<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rodentia?uselang=ja">Ekotoba/sandbox</a>に関連するカテゴリがあります。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;">ウィキスピーシーズに<a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodentia?uselang=ja">Ekotoba/sandbox</a>に関する情報があります。</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/61-rongeurs_langen_rodents_lang_langes_roedores_lang_?lang=en_UK">ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent osteology</a> (photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/84-rongeurs_lagomorphes_insectivores_langen_rodents_lagomorphs_insectivores_lang_langes_roedores_lagomorfos_insectivoros_lang_">ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent skeleton drawings</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Various</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.biodiversity.be/africanrodentia">African rodentia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.flickr.com/photos/peromhc/sets/72157604976601269/">Rodent photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/rodents/">Rodent Species Fact Sheets</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Pest_Management_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「National Pest Management Association」 (存在しないページ)">National Pest Management Association</a> on Deer Mice, Norway Rats, and other rodent species</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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