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id="sitemessage_close">Dismiss</a></div></div></div><a class="anchor" name="top"></a><a class="anchor" name="t"></a><nav id="lt_mainsidebar" class="lt2_sidebar lt_mainsidebar" ><div id="mobile_pagemenu"><div id="sidebar_control_name"><span id="sidebar_dropdownmenu_currentpage_name">Author Page</span><span class="sidebar_control_iconstack fa-stack fa-1x"> <i class="fas fa-copy fa-stack-1x"></i> <i class="sidebar_control_iconstack_caret fas fa-caret-down fa-stack-1x"></i> </span></div></div><div class="dyn_nav_menu" data-observe-resizes ><div class="sidebar_group default_group"><div class="sidenav_subgroup lt2_nogrouptitle " id="sidenav_action_subgroup_itemA"><a id="lt2_sidebar_main" href="/author/triversrobert" class="sidebar_menu_item selected" ><span class="lt2_sidebar_accordion_title">Author Page</span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar_group authordetails"><div class="sidenav_subgroup lt2_nogrouptitle " id="sidenav_action_subgroup_itemA"><a id="lt2_sidebar_workexplorer" 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href="/gallery/author/triversrobert"><img class="cover" alt="Picture of author." src="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/2e/45/2e45976ed3a86416545556569514330414c5141_v5.jpg" srcset="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/ea/b9/eab9b781632d832654555656951426f41576742_v5.jpg 2x, https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/27/19/27195da82107f20654555656951416341687743_v5.jpg 3x" /></a></div></div><div class="topcard_headbox headbox"><div class="topcard_header_collection"><h1>Robert Trivers</h1><h2 class="author_subtitle">Author of <a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" target="_top" class="" >The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life</a></h2></div><div class="pagecard_messages"><div class="lt_scoreboard "><span class="scoreboard_item"><i class="fa-solid fa-book" aria-hidden="true" data-a11y="true"></i> 11+ Works</span><span class="scoreboard_item"><i class="fa-solid fa-user" aria-hidden="true" data-a11y="true"></i> 587 Members</span><span class="scoreboard_item"><i class="fa-solid fa-feather-alt" aria-hidden="true" data-a11y="true"></i> 10 Reviews</span><span class="scoreboard_item"><i class="fa-solid fa-star" aria-hidden="true" data-a11y="true"></i> 3 Favorited</span></div></div></div></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_about_author" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_eadc" data-caret-id="tdc_u_eadc" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_f2ea" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("about_author", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="about_author" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_eadc" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>About the Author</h2><span id="tdh_u_f2ea" ><a name="about_author"></a><div class="annotationA">Robert Trivers is a professor of anthropology and biological sciences at Rutgers University. Winner of the Crafoord Prize, he was recognized for "his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict, and cooperation." Trivers lives in Somerset, New Jersey, and in Jamaica.</div><div class="author_aka tinytext"><p class="alsoknownas">Includes the name: <span id="u_0ace8f63" class="lt_itemlist"><span class="ltil_item " ><a href="/author/triversrobertl&norefer=2">Robert L. Trivers</a></span></span></p></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_mainworks" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_db6d" data-caret-id="tdc_u_db6d" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_2279" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("mainworks", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="mainworks" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_db6d" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Works by Robert Trivers</h2><span id="tdh_u_2279" ><a name="mainworks"></a><div class="section_controls"><div data-value="0" class="lt_pillbox lt_blend_nav small lt_small" id="recent_pillbox" ><a data-value="0" data-onclick="lt.newauthor.sortWorks('triversrobert', 0);" role="button" class="selected" ><span class="ltp_txt">Popular</span></a class="" ><a data-value="1" data-onclick="lt.newauthor.sortWorks('triversrobert', 1);" role="button" class="" ><span class="ltp_txt">Recent</span></a class="" ></div class="" ></div><div class="worklist"><div id="u_ce5883bd" class="lt_itemlist list"><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life</a> <span class="date">(2011)</span> <span class="copies note">307 copies</span><span class="reviews note">, 7 reviews</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/524202" data-workid="524202" data-title="Genes-in-Conflict-The-Biology-of-Selfish-Genetic-Elements" class="" >Genes in Conflict: The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements</a> <span class="date">(2006)</span> <span class="copies note">79 copies</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/59178" data-workid="59178" data-title="Natural-Selection-and-Social-Theory-Selected-Papers-of-Robert-Trivers-Evolution-and-Cognition-Series" class="" >Natural Selection and Social Theory: Selected Papers of Robert Trivers (Evolution and Cognition Series)</a> <span class="date">(2002)</span> <span class="copies note">75 copies</span><span class="reviews note">, 1 review</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/11775173" data-workid="11775173" data-title="Deceit-and-Self-Deception-Fooling-Yourself-the-Better-to-Fool-Others" class="" >Deceit and Self-Deception: Fooling Yourself the Better to Fool Others</a> <span class="date">(2011)</span> <span class="copies note">49 copies</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/323620" data-workid="323620" data-title="Social-Evolution" class="" >Social Evolution</a> <span class="date">(1985)</span> <span class="copies note">46 copies</span><span class="reviews note">, 1 review</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/17009970" data-workid="17009970" data-title="Wild-Life-Adventures-of-an-Evolutionary-Biologist" class="" >Wild Life: Adventures of an Evolutionary Biologist</a> <span class="date">(2015)</span> <span class="copies note">24 copies</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/9933427" data-workid="9933427" data-title="The-Anatomy-of-a-Fraud-Symmetry-and-Dance" class="" >The Anatomy of a Fraud: Symmetry and Dance</a> <span class="date">(2009)</span> <span class="copies note">2 copies</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/28819331" data-workid="28819331" data-title="Vida-ind%C3%B3mita-Aventuras-de-un-bi%C3%B3logo-evolutivo-Spanish-Edition" class="" >Vida indómita: Aventuras de un biólogo evolutivo (Spanish Edition)</a> <span class="date">(2022)</span> <span class="copies note">2 copies</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/5791753" data-workid="5791753" data-title="Darwinism-Today-How-to-Deceive" class="" >Darwinism Today: How to Deceive</a> <span class="date">(2001)</span> <span class="copies note">1 copy</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/27423825" data-workid="27423825" data-title="Deceit-and-self-deception" class="" >Deceit and self-deception</a> <span class="copies note">1 copy</span><span class="reviews note">, 1 review</span></div><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/27460333" data-workid="27460333" data-title="Dzikie-%C5%BCycie-przygody-biologa-ewolucyjnego" class="" >Dzikie życie : przygody biologa ewolucyjnego</a> <span class="date">(2018)</span> <span class="copies note">1 copy</span></div></div></div><div class="flex_center"><a value="Work Explorer " value="Work Explorer " class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn_rollover_primary btn-lozenge extra_top_space_half btn-sm btn-default" type="button" role="button" href="/author/triversrobert/workexplorer" ><span class="btntxt">Work Explorer <i class="fa-solid fa-angle-right"></i></span></a></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_alsoby" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_20f6" data-caret-id="tdc_u_20f6" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_4c17" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("alsoby", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="alsoby" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_20f6" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Associated Works</h2><span id="tdh_u_4c17" ><a name="alsoby"></a><div class="worklist"><div id="u_3fba1e1e" class="lt_itemlist list"><div class="ltil_item " > <a href="/work/5024505" data-workid="5024505" data-title="The-Oxford-Book-of-Modern-Science-Writing" class="" >The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing</a> <span class="date">(2008)</span> — Contributor — <span class="copies note">811 copies</span><span class="reviews note">, 6 reviews</span></div></div></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_tags" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_13f2" data-caret-id="tdc_u_13f2" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_7748" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("tags", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="tags" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_13f2" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Tagged</h2><span id="tdh_u_7748" ><a name="tags"></a><a name="rating"></a><div class="section_controls"><button id="relatedtagsarea_snb" value="Numbers" value="Numbers" class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn-sm btn-default" type="button" role="button" onclick="tagcloud_showTagNumbers('relatedtagsarea');" ><span class="btntxt">Numbers</span></button></div><div id="relatedtagsarea" class="hidecount"><div class="tags tagcloud_tags" xstyle="line-height: 2.5em;"> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><b><a href="/tag/altruism" target="_top">altruism</a></b><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><a href="/tag/anthropology" target="_top">anthropology</a><span class="count"> (5)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.1em;"><a href="/tag/autobiography" target="_top">autobiography</a><span class="count"> (4)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/behavior" target="_top">behavior</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/belief" target="_top">belief</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/biography" target="_top">biography</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><b><a href="/tag/biology" target="_top">biology</a></b><span class="count"> (26)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/complete" target="_top">complete</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.3em;"><b><a href="/tag/deception" target="_top">deception</a></b><span class="count"> (12)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/development" target="_top">development</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/ebook" target="_top">ebook</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><b><a href="/tag/evolution" target="_top">evolution</a></b><span class="count"> (40)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/evolutionary%20biology" target="_top">evolutionary biology</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.2em;"><b><a href="/tag/evolutionary%20psychology" target="_top">evolutionary psychology</a></b><span class="count"> (11)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/evolutionary%20theory" target="_top">evolutionary theory</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><b><a href="/tag/genes" target="_top">genes</a></b><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><b><a href="/tag/genetics" target="_top">genetics</a></b><span class="count"> (18)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.1em;"><b><a href="/tag/human%20behavior" target="_top">human behavior</a></b><span class="count"> (4)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/human%20evolution" target="_top">human evolution</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/Kindle" target="_top">Kindle</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/lies" target="_top">lies</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/mind" target="_top">mind</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><b><a href="/tag/natural%20selection" target="_top">natural selection</a></b><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.8em;"><a href="/tag/neuroscience" target="_top">neuroscience</a><span class="count"> (8)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><a href="/tag/non-fiction" target="_top">non-fiction</a><span class="count"> (21)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/owned" target="_top">owned</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><a href="/tag/philosophy" target="_top">philosophy</a><span class="count"> (5)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/Philosophy%20of%20Biology" target="_top">Philosophy of Biology</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><b><a href="/tag/psychology" target="_top">psychology</a></b><span class="count"> (49)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="/tag/public%20library" target="_top">public library</a><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><a href="/tag/read" target="_top">read</a><span class="count"> (5)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><a href="/tag/science" target="_top">science</a><span class="count"> (40)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><b><a href="/tag/self-deception" target="_top">self-deception</a></b><span class="count"> (16)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><b><a href="/tag/social%20evolution" target="_top">social evolution</a></b><span class="count"> (2)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.9em;"><b><a href="/tag/sociobiology" target="_top">sociobiology</a></b><span class="count"> (9)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><a href="/tag/sociology" target="_top">sociology</a><span class="count"> (5)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/t-evolutionary-biology" target="_top">t-evolutionary-biology</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 2.6em;"><a href="/tag/to-read" target="_top">to-read</a><span class="count"> (38)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1em;"><a href="/tag/unread" target="_top">unread</a><span class="count"> (3)</span> </span> <span class="tag" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><a href="/tag/wishlist" target="_top">wishlist</a><span class="count"> (5)</span> </span> </div></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_common_knowledge" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_6304" data-caret-id="tdc_u_6304" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_42f4" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("common_knowledge", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="common_knowledge" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_6304" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Common Knowledge</h2><span id="tdh_u_42f4" ><a name="common_knowledge"></a><div id="fwikiContainerTablediv"><dl class="loving comfort joined"><dt>Other names</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=32&exact=1&type=2&q=Trivers, Robert Ludlow" data-fieldtype="32" class="" >Trivers, Robert Ludlow</a><br><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=32&exact=1&type=2&q=Trivers, Bob" data-fieldtype="32" class="" >Trivers, Bob</a></dd><dt>Birthdate</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=8&exact=1&type=2&q=1943-02-19" data-fieldtype="8" class="" >1943-02-19</a></dd><dt>Gender</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=5&exact=1&type=2&q=male" data-fieldtype="5" class="" >male</a></dd><dt>Nationality</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=18&exact=1&type=2&q=USA" data-fieldtype="18" class="" >USA</a></dd><dt>Places of residence</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/place/Santa Cruz, California, USA" data-fieldtype="6" class="" >Santa Cruz, California, USA</a><br><a target="_top" href="/place/Somerset, New Jersey, USA" data-fieldtype="6" class="" >Somerset, New Jersey, USA</a><br><a target="_top" href="/place/Jamaica" data-fieldtype="6" class="" >Jamaica</a></dd><dt>Education</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=9&exact=1&type=2&q=Harvard University" data-fieldtype="9" class="" >Harvard University (PhD|Biology|1972)</a><br><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=9&exact=1&type=2&q=Harvard College" data-fieldtype="9" class="" >Harvard College (AB|History|1965)</a></dd><dt>Occupations</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=17&exact=1&type=2&q=evolutionary biologist" data-fieldtype="17" class="" >evolutionary biologist</a><br><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=17&exact=1&type=2&q=sociobiologist" data-fieldtype="17" class="" >sociobiologist</a><br><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=17&exact=1&type=2&q=university professor" data-fieldtype="17" class="" >university professor</a></dd><dt>Organizations</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/commonknowledge/search.php?f=10&exact=1&type=2&q=Rutgers University" data-fieldtype="10" class="" >Rutgers University</a></dd><dt>Awards and honors</dt><dd><a target="_top" href="/search.php?searchtype=awards&search=Crafoord Prize" data-fieldtype="4" class="" >Crafoord Prize (2007)</a></dd><dt>Short biography</dt><dd><div class="clamp clamp3">I have been an evolutionary biologist since the fall of 1965 when I first learned that natural selection is the key to understanding life and that it favors traits that give individuals an advantage (in producing surviving offspring). Spring of 1966 I learned Hamilton’s kinship theory, which extended one’s self-interest to include not only one’s own offspring but also those of relatives, each devalued by the appropriate degree of relatedness. <br><br>I was eager to contribute to building social theory based on natural selection, because a scientific system of social theory must, by logic be based on natural selection, and getting the foundations correct would have important implications for understanding our own psyches and social systems. A general system of logic that applies to all creatures also vastly extends the range of relevant evidence.<br><br>I then published a series of papers on social topics: reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment and sexual selection (1972), the sex ratio (1973), parent-offspring conflict (1974), kinship and sex ratio in the social insects (1976), summarized in my book on social evolution (1985). All of these papers can be downloaded from my ‘bibliography’ and a link to the book can be found under ‘books’.<br><br>I devoted 1990 to 2005 to mastering genetics, in particular, <br>selfish genetic elements, which typically are harmful to the organism as a whole but spread through within-individual genetic conflict. They infect all known organisms, including ourselves and come in many different forms. This entire subject is reviewed in my book with Austin Burt (2006), a link to which can be found under ‘books’ and various papers on the subject can also be found in my ‘bibliography’.<br><br>Finally, I have recently attempted to master the scientific literature on self-deception and to sketch out some of the many applications of the resulting view. Links to this book are found here on the front page. Links to earlier papers on the subject can be found in the ‘publications’.<br><br><a href='http://roberttrivers.com/Robert_Trivers/Welcome.html' rel='nofollow' target='_new'>http://roberttrivers.com/Robert_Trive...</a></div></span></dd></dl></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_members" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_41b6" data-caret-id="tdc_u_41b6" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_f1ad" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("members", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="members" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_41b6" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Members</h2><span id="tdh_u_f1ad" ><a name="members"></a><div id="newauthor_members"></div></span></section><section class="w_a_section" id="section_reviews" ><h2 class="lt_turndown" id="u_9300" data-caret-id="tdc_u_9300" data-hidden-id="tdh_u_a113" data-visible="1" onclick="lt.newauthor.saveSticky("reviews", event);;lt.turndown_toggle(this, event);" href="javascript:void(0);" data-duration="200" data-name="reviews" data-group="worksections" ><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-up turndown_indicator" id="tdc_u_9300" data-turndown-style="chevron" ></i>Reviews</h2><span id="tdh_u_a113" ><a name="reviews"></a><input type="hidden" id="cache_key" value="u_b6dd5974"><div class="brevs_container author_brevs_container "><div class="bookReview"><div class="bookReview_content"><div id="brtext_271724031" class="commentText brslop"><div class="brev_cover"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-Of-Fools" class="" ><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX200_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX300_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bookReview_cover cover" /></a></div><div class="commentHeader"><div class="postinfo"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-Of-Fools" class="" >The Folly Of Fools</a> by <a href="/author/triversrobert">Robert Trivers</a></div></div><div class="showmore" id="u_db867c4e" >I picked up Robert Trivers' book, "The Folly of Fools," because the title attracted me. My action demonstrates the power of a good title, and I am overjoyed the contents of the book lived up to the promise of the book's title. <br>In the musical Jesus Christ Superstar, Pontius Pilate asked Jesus the following question: "And what is 'truth?' Is truth unchanging law? We both have truths. Are mine the same as yours?"<br>Since then, many philosophers have spoken about truth, as have everyday <u class="showmore_hide">citizens, corporate CEOs, warriors, kings, and politicians. Yet, as we discover, humans and the natural world are hard-wired for deception. <br>Deception is necessary for survival, but problems occur when we continue the game too far, resulting in chaos, destruction, and often bloodshed. <br>Robert Trivers started with a general introduction to deception, including self-deception. We are as prone to deceiving ourselves as we are to deceiving others. From there, he described the causes and factors that prompt us toward deception. <br>Then, he dedicated chapters to specific aspects, or arenas, where we practice deception, sometimes with innocent results and often resulting in disaster. He focused on the individual, the family, the role of deception in sex, and career. Then, he moved on to deeper issues, where self-deception and deception have caused great calamities, like airplane disasters, war, national myths, and religion. He ended with two chapters, one on deceit and the social sciences and how we can combat deception daily. <br>His language is direct, active, and forceful, and I like this aspect of the book, which makes it an enjoyable read. I only wish he had included a section on the role of social media and how citizens and influential people misuse the medium's reach to spread lies.</u><span class="showmore_showlink">… (<a href="#" onclick="showMore('u_db867c4e');">more</a>)</span></div class="" ><span id="rate-u_2c6e2dcc" title="5 Stars" aria-title="5 Stars" class="rating rating-style-306 " data-fn="ratingWidget_fromSettingsA" ><span class="rw"><input type="hidden" value="10" name="form_rating" id="form_rating"/></span><i data-rating_value="2" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="4" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="6" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="8" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="9" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i></span></div><div id="rfd_271724031" class="reviewFlagDialogBox"></div><div class="commentFooter"><span class="reviewMods"><span class="reviewVoteInfo"><span class="reviewVoteCount" id="rvc_271724031"> </span> </span><span class="reviewFlags"><div id="reviewflags_given_271724031" class="reviewflags_given hideme">Flagged<span id="rfi1_271724031" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as not a review" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_notreview"></i></span><span id="rfi2_271724031" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as abuse" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_abuse"></i></span></span></div><span id="rfrf_271724031"> </span></span></span> <span class="controlItems ci3"><a href="/profile/RajivC" target="_top">RajivC</a> | <a href="/work/11748357/reviews" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-Of-Fools" class="" >6 other reviews</a> | Sep 17, 2024 | <a href="/review/271724031"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a></span> </div></div></div><div class="bookReview"><div class="bookReview_content"><div id="brtext_232272033" class="commentText brslop"><div class="brev_cover"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" ><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX200_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX300_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bookReview_cover cover" /></a></div><div class="commentHeader"><div class="postinfo"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and…</a> by <a href="/author/triversrobert">Robert Trivers</a></div></div><div class="" >Some great science fact and speculation plus some honest looks at his own frailty unfortunately mixed in with tons of political rants and tirades against soft-science disciplines like cultural anthropology and economics. I actually agree with him on many of the rants & tirades but I thought it totally detracted from the main points of the book.</div class="" ><span id="rate-u_d4aa8632" title="3 Stars" aria-title="3 Stars" class="rating rating-style-306 " data-fn="ratingWidget_fromSettingsA" ><span class="rw"><input type="hidden" value="6" name="form_rating" id="form_rating"/></span><i data-rating_value="2" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="4" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="5" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="8" class=" fas fa-star empty" ></i><i data-rating_value="10" class=" fas fa-star empty" ></i></span></div><div id="rfd_232272033" class="reviewFlagDialogBox"></div><div class="commentFooter"><span class="reviewMods"><span class="reviewVoteInfo"><span class="reviewVoteCount" id="rvc_232272033"> </span> </span><span class="reviewFlags"><div id="reviewflags_given_232272033" class="reviewflags_given hideme">Flagged<span id="rfi1_232272033" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as not a review" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_notreview"></i></span><span id="rfi2_232272033" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as abuse" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_abuse"></i></span></span></div><span id="rfrf_232272033"> </span></span></span> <span class="controlItems ci3"><a href="/profile/steve02476" target="_top">steve02476</a> | <a href="/work/11748357/reviews" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >6 other reviews</a> | Jan 3, 2023 | <a href="/review/232272033"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a></span> </div></div></div><div class="bookReview"><div class="bookReview_content"><div id="brtext_168259844" class="commentText brslop"><div class="brev_cover"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" ><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX200_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX300_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bookReview_cover cover" /></a></div><div class="commentHeader"><div class="postinfo"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and…</a> by <a href="/author/triversrobert">Robert Trivers</a></div></div><div class="showmore" id="u_c56981c1" >Difficilmente inquadrabile, Robert Trivers. Non ancora settantenne (ne compirà 69 il 19 febbraio), è considerato uno dei più importanti studiosi dell’evoluzione contemporanei. Basti pensare che è lui che ha scritto l’introduzione al libro sull’evoluzione più influente degli ultimi 40 anni, The Selfish Gene (Il gene egoista) di Richard Dawkins (non ditemi che non ne avete sentito parlare e, soprattutto che non l’avete letto: fatelo immediatamente).<br><br>A differenza di Dawkins, <u class="showmore_hide">però, Trivers non è mai stato un “divulgatore” (per le mie riserve su questo termine, che giustifica la presa di distanza implicita nelle virgolette, vi invito a guardare questo post). Se non mi sbaglio, questo è il suo primo scritto non tecnico, se si esclude quello scritto – a 4 mani – sul disastro aereo del 13 gennaio 1982, quando un Boeing 737 diretto in Florida precipitò durante il decollo da Washington DC, schiantandosi su un ponte e precipitando nel Potomac a poche centinaia di metri dal National Mall e dalla Casa Bianca.<br>Robert Trivers<br><br>Non aiuta la popolarità di Robert Trivers, soprattutto nella bacchettona America, che si professi comunista, che sia stato un amico personale di Huey P. Newton, leader delle Pantere Nere, dal 1978 alla sua morte violenta nel 1989 (è con lui che Trivers ha scritto il libro sul disastro aereo del 1982 ed è a lui che The Folly of Fools è dedicato), che sia stato membro delle Pantere Nere dal 1979, che – pur essendo figlio di un ebreo profugo dalla Germania nazista – sia attivamente schierato a favore del popolo palestinese e accusi Israele di genocidio (altra posizione piuttosto impopolare negli Stati Uniti) e, last but not least, che sia un consumatore sistematico e confesso di cannabinoidi. Se vi interessa la sua biografia, che è piuttosto pittoresca, vi suggerisco la lettura di un profilo pubblicato sul Guardian nel 2005, in occasione di un precedente libro di Robert Trivers (Andrew Brown, The kindness of strangers, pubblicato il 27 agosto 2005).<br><br>Un aspetto essenziale della vita di Trivers è che è stato colpito in almeno due occasioni dalla depressione e dal disagio mentale. La prima volta fu quando, ancora intenzionato a laurearsi in legge, fu ricoverato per una grave forma di esaurimento nervoso (come si diceva all’epoca, testimoni gli Stones), apparentemente innescata da un eccesso di studio di Ludwig Wittgenstein (altro bel tipino: ma questa è tutta un’altra storia). La seconda fu quando nel 1978 lasciò Harvard per l’Università di California a Santa Cruz. Secondo lo stesso Trivers era “perhaps the second worst school in its class in the country. Lord, what a place. It was a very, very bad fit for me, and a dreadful 16 years.” Secondo il citato articolo del Guardian: “Santa Cruz [was] a university with a reputation for drug abuse and slackness. ‘It was a once-in-a-lifetime mistake,’ [Trivers] says, ‘in the sense that I can’t afford to make another one like that. I survived, and I helped raise my children for a while; but that was all.’<br><br>Trivers ha scritto 5 articoli entrati nella storia della teoria dell’evoluzione ancora prima di conseguire il Ph. D.:<br><br> Trivers, R. L. (1971). “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism”. The Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1): 35–57. doi:10.1086/406755. JSTOR 2822435.<br> Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.) Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp 136–179). Chicago, Aldine.<br> Trivers, RL; Willard, DE (1973). “Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring”. Science 179 (4068): 90–2. Bibcode 1973Sci…179…90T. doi:10.1126/science.179.4068.90. JSTOR 1734960. PMID 4682135.<br> Trivers, R. L. (1974). “Parent-Offspring Conflict”. American Zoologist 14 (1): 249–264. doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.249.<br> Trivers, R. L.; Hare, H. (1976). “Haploidploidy and the evolution of the social insect”. Science 191 (4224): 249–63. doi:10.1126/science.1108197. PMID 1108197.<br><br>Poi, come abbiamo detto, sostanzialmente sparisce. Nel 2004 John Brockman (ne abbiamo parlato qui) racconta la storia così:<br><br> Thirty years ago, Robert Trivers disappeared.<br> My connection to him is goes back to the 1970s. He had left Harvard and was roaming around Santa Cruz when I was introduced to him in a telephone call by our mutual friend Huey P. Newton, Chairman of The Black Panther Party. Huey put Robert on the phone and we had a conversation in which he introduced me to his ideas. I recall noting at the time the power and energy of his intellect. Huey, excited by Robert’s ideas on deceit and self-deception, was eager for the three of us to get together.<br> We never had the meeting. Huey met a very bad end. I lost track of Robert. Over the years there were rumors about a series of breakdowns; he was in Jamaica; in jail.<br> He fell off the map.<br> [...]<br> Several weeks ago, [...] the mathematician Karl Sigmund [...] and I talked about theories of indirect reciprocity, generous reciprocity, reputation, and assessment, and the relevance of these concepts in our everyday lives.<br> “Where did you come up with these ideas?” I asked Karl.<br> “In the early 70s,” he said. “I read a famous paper by Robert Trivers, one of five he wrote as a graduate student at Harvard, in which the idea of indirect reciprocity was mentioned obliquely. He spoke of generalized altruism, where you are giving back something not to the person you owed it to but to somebody else in society. This sentence suggested the possibility that generosity may be a consideration of how altruism works in evolutionary biology.”<br> Karl went on to explain how evolutionary concepts of indirect reciprocity, generous reciprocity, reputation assessment, cooperation, evolutionary dynamics—all inspired by Trivers’ early paper—are very much in play in all our lives: in Google’s page rankings; in amazon.com’s reader reviews; in the reputations of eBay buyers and sellers, and even in the good standing of a nonprofit web site such as Edge (for example, type the word “edge” in the Google search box, you arrive at this web site).<br><br>Nello stesso evento organizzato da Edge nel 2004 (che trovate qui) Steven Pinker (su questo blog ne abbiamo parlato, tra l’altro, qui) riassume così l’enorme influenza di quei 5 paper:<br><br> I consider Trivers one of the great thinkers in the history of Western thought. It would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that he has provided a scientific explanation for the human condition: the intricately complicated and endlessly fascinating relationships that bind us to one another.<br> In an astonishing burst of creative brilliance, Trivers wrote a series of papers in the early 1970s that explained each of the five major kinds of human relationships: male with female, parent with child, sibling with sibling, acquaintance with acquaintance, and a person with himself or herself. In the first three cases Trivers pointed out that the partial overlap of genetic interests between individuals should, according to evolutionary biology, put them in a conflict of psychological interest as well. The love of parents, siblings, and spouses should be deep and powerful but not unmeasured, and there should be circumstances in which their interests diverge and the result is psychological conflict. In the fourth case Trivers pointed out that cooperation between nonrelatives can arise only if they are outfitted with certain cognitive abilities (an ability to recognize individuals and remember what they have done) and certain emotions (guilt, shame, gratitude, sympathy, trust)—the core of the moral sense. In the fifth case Trivers pointed out that all of us have a motive to portray ourselves as more honorable than we really are, and that since the best liar is the one who believes his own lies, the mind should be “designed” by natural selection to deceive itself.<br> These theories have inspired an astonishing amount of research and commentary in psychology and biology—the fields of sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, Darwinian social science, and behavioral ecology are in large part attempt to test and flesh out Trivers’ ideas. It is no coincidence that E. O. Wilson’s Sociobiology and Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene were published in 1975 and 1976 respectively, just a few years after Trivers’ seminal papers. Both bestselling authors openly acknowledged that they were popularizing Trivers’ ideas and the research they spawned. Likewise for the much-talked-about books on evolutionary psychology in the 1990s—The Adapted Mind, The Red Queen, Born to Rebel, The Origin of Virtue, The Moral Animal, and my own How the Mind Works. Each of these books is based in large part on Trivers’ ideas and the explosion of research they inspired (involving dozens of animal species, mathematical and computer modeling, and human social and cognitive psychology).<br> But Trivers’ ideas are, if such a thing is possible, even more important than the countless experiments and field studies they kicked off. They belong in the category of ideas that are obvious once they are explained, yet eluded great minds for ages; simple enough to be stated in a few words, yet with implications we are only beginning to work out.<br> The point that partial genetic overlap among individuals leads to partial conflicts of interests in their motives explains why human life is so endlessly fascinating – why we love, and why we bicker with those we love; why we depend on one another, and why a part of us mistrusts the people we depend on; why we know so much about ourselves, but can’t see ourselves as others see us; why brilliant people do stupid things and evil men are convinced of their rectitude. Trivers has explained why our social and mental lives are more interesting than those of bugs and frogs and why novelists, psychotherapists, and philosophers (in the old sense of wise commentators on the human condition) will always have something to write about.<br> Trivers is an under-appreciated genius. Social psychology should be based on his theory, but the textbooks barely acknowledge him. Even in his own field he has been overshadowed in the public eye by those who have popularized his ideas. An Edge event with other leading third culture thinkers focusing on his work will be a major contribution, and begin to give this great mind the acknowledgement it deserves.<br><br>Tutte queste divagazioni per introdurre una recensione del libro che, a questo punto, è quasi superflua: il libro è come l’autore: affascinante, geniale, molto dispersivo e a tratti francamente irritante. una summa della biografia e degli interessi di Trivers. Stiamo parlando di oltre 300 pagine di testo, articolate in 14 capitoli.<br><br>I primi 3 sono dedicati alla teoria evoluzionistica dell’inganno e dell’autoinganno, come emerge dagli approfondimenti condotti nell’arco di 40 anni da Trivers, dalla sua logica evoluzionistica dell’autoinganno, alla sua presenza in natura, alla sua neurofisiologia.<br><br>I 4 capitoli successivi trattano della fenomenologia dell’inganno e dell’autoinganno, nella famiglia, nelle relazioni tra i sessi, nell’immunologia (una tesi artdita ma convincente), nella psicologia. Il passaggio alla vita quotidiana (capitolo 8) permette a Trivers di riprendere qui alcune sue ossessioni eccentriche (se così posso dire) al suo campo di ricerca principale: i disastri aerei (capitolo 9, il che permette a Trivers di riprendere l’analisi del disastro del 1982 e a noi di confrontare il suo metodo con quello proposto da Feynman per l’esplosione dello Space Shuttle), la genesi e l’inganno del sionismo (capitolo 10), la mistificazione della guerra in Iraq (11), la religione come autoinganno (12) e le stesse scienze sociali come pseudoscienze.<br><br>Lascio la parola allo stesso Trivers, in un TEDtalk in cui parla proprio di questo libro.<br><br>* * *<br><br>Citazioni: sono miei personali appunti che non siete obbligati a leggere, ma se siete curiosi qualcosa di utile e stimolante certamente lo troverete. Come di consueto il riferimento è alla posizione sul Kindle:<br><br> Although the biological approach defines “advantage” in terms of survival and reproduction, the psychological approach often defines “advantage” as feeling better, or being happier. Self-deception occurs because we all want to feel good, and self-deception can help us do so. There is some truth to this, as we shall see, but not much. [249]<br><br> [...] dishonesty has often been the file against which intellectual tools for truth have been sharpened. [273]<br><br> [...] overconfidence is one of the oldest and most dangerous forms of self-deception—both in our personal lives and in global decisions [...] [424]<br><br> It has been said that power tends to corrupt and absolute power, absolutely. This usually refers to the fact that power permits the execution of ever more selfish strategies toward which one is then “corrupted.” But psychologists have shown that power corrupts our mental processes almost at once. When a feeling of power is induced in people, they are less likely to take others’ viewpoint and more likely to center their thinking on themselves. The result is a reduced ability to comprehend how others see, think, and feel. Power, among other things, induces blindness toward others. [526]<br><br> In short, powerful men suffer multiple deficits in their ability to apprehend the world of others correctly, due to their power and their sex. [540]<br><br> We often think that greater intelligence will be associated with less self-deception—or at least intellectuals imagine this to be true. What if the reverse is true, as I believe it is—smarter people on average lie and self-deceive more often than do the less gifted? [800]<br><br> Camouflage is so common in nature as almost to escape notice. [846: Non so l'autore ne è consapevole, ma questa frase ha un meraviglioso sapore escheriano e piacerebbe da morire a Douglas Hofstadter!]<br><br> One species of squid has also evolved a female mimic, one so good that he sometimes fools even fellow female mimics, who approach in search of copulation. [859]<br><br> The importance of aggression following knowledge of deception is that it may greatly increase the costs of deceptive behavior and the benefits of remaining undetected. Fear of aggression can itself become a secondary signal suggesting deception, and its suppression an advantage for self-deception. Of course, aggression is not the only social cost of detected deception. A woman may terminate a relationship upon learning of a lie, usually a crueler punishment than her giving you a good beating, assuming she is capable. [927]<br><br> Because we live inside our conscious minds, it is often easy to imagine that decisions arise in consciousness and are carried out by orders emanating from that system. We decide, “Hell, let’s throw this ball,” and we then initiate the signals to throw the ball, shortly after which the ball is thrown. But detailed study of the neurophysiology of action shows otherwise. More than twenty years ago, it was first shown that an impulse to act begins in the brain region involved in motor preparation about six-tenths of a second before consciousness of the intention, after which there is a further delay of as much as half a second before the action is taken. In other words, when we form the conscious intention to throw the ball, areas of the brain involved in throwing have already been activated more than half a second earlier. [1039]<br><br> [...] the proof of a long chain of unconscious neural activity before conscious intention is formed (after which there is about a one-second delay before action) does not obviate the concept of free will, at least in the sense of being able to abort bad ideas and also being able to learn, both consciously and unconsciously, from past experience. [1062]<br><br> A relatively gentle form of imposed self-deception is flattery, in which the subordinate gains in status by massaging the ego or self-image of the dominant. In royal courts, the sycophant has ample time to study the king, while the latter pays little attention to the former. The king is also presumed to have limited insight into self on general grounds; being dominant, he has less time and motivation to study his own self-deception. [1243]<br><br> Remunerectomies, for example, are performed solely to remove a patient’s wallet. [1342]<br><br> The neocortex is largely the social brain, differentially involved in interactions with close relatives and other social relationships; the hypothalamus is involved in hunger and growth, much more egocentric motives. One can well imagine an argument between the two, with the (maternal) neocortex saying, “Family is important; I believe in family; I will invest in family,” while the (paternal) hypothalamus replies, “I’m hungry.” That is, each argues for its favored position as if arguing for the good of the entire organism (“I”). [1508]<br><br> [...] when there is no disagreement, a whisper will do; shouting suggests conflict. [1610]<br><br> Few relationships have more potential for deceit and self-deception than those between the sexes. Two genetically unrelated individuals get together to engage in the only act that will generate a new human being—sex, an intense experience that is at best ecstatic and at worst deeply disappointing, or when forced, extremely painful and damaging. The act is often embedded in a larger relationship that will permit the two to stay together for years or even life—long enough to raise children. Opportunities for misrepresentation and outright deception are everywhere, and selection pressures are often strong. Likewise, each partner’s knowledge of the other is usually detailed and intense and (absent denial) grows with time.<br> Sex itself is fraught with psychological and biological meaning at every depth. Are we misrepresenting our level of interest, sexual or romantic, our deeper orientation toward the other, positive or negative, or our very sexual orientation? [1675]<br><br> Why sexual reproduction? Why not go the simple, efficient route and have females produce offspring without any male genetic contribution? Females typically do all the work; why not get all the genetic benefits? In other words, why males? [1691]<br><br> The metabolic requirements of mammals raised in germ-free environments drops by as much as 30 percent. Supplying antibiotics in food is associated with growth gains in birds and mammals on the order of 10 percent. [2032]<br><br> After all, they may just have met you, but you have known yourself all your life. So we expect overconfidence on deceptive grounds alone. [2361]<br><br> A nice example of unconscious persuasion concerns metaphors about the stock market taken from daily news broadcasts. The stock market moves up or down in response to a great range of variables, about most of which we are completely ignorant. The movement mirrors a random walk, with no particular pattern. And yet at the end of the day, its movements are described by the media in two kinds of language (agent or object) that are often used for movement more generally. The average listener will be completely unconscious of the metaphors being used. The key distinction is whether an agent controls the movement of something or it is an object moved by outside forces (such as gravity). Here are examples of the agent metaphor for stock movements: “the NASDAQ climbed higher,” “the Dow fought its way upward,” “the S&P dove like a hawk.” The object metaphors sound more like: “the NASDAQ dropped off a cliff,” “the S&P bounced back.” Agent metaphors tempt us to think that a trend will continue; object ones do not. The interesting point is that there is a systematic bias in the use of the language—up</u><span class="showmore_showlink">… (<a href="#" onclick="showMore('u_c56981c1');">more</a>)</span></div class="" ><span id="rate-u_17808fd1" title="4 Stars" aria-title="4 Stars" class="rating rating-style-306 " data-fn="ratingWidget_fromSettingsA" ><span class="rw"><input type="hidden" value="8" name="form_rating" id="form_rating"/></span><i data-rating_value="2" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="4" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="6" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="7" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="10" class=" fas fa-star empty" ></i></span></div><div id="rfd_168259844" class="reviewFlagDialogBox"></div><div class="commentFooter"><span class="reviewMods"><span class="reviewVoteInfo"><span class="reviewVoteCount" id="rvc_168259844"> </span> </span><span class="reviewFlags"><div id="reviewflags_given_168259844" class="reviewflags_given hideme">Flagged<span id="rfi1_168259844" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as not a review" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_notreview"></i></span><span id="rfi2_168259844" class="hideme" > <i title="Flagged as abuse" class="fas fa-flag-alt reviewflags_abuse"></i></span></span></div><span id="rfrf_168259844"> </span></span></span> <span class="controlItems ci3"><a href="/profile/Boris.Limpopo" target="_top">Boris.Limpopo</a> | <a href="/work/11748357/reviews" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >6 other reviews</a> | Apr 29, 2019 | <a href="/review/168259844"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a></span> </div></div></div><div class="bookReview"><div class="bookReview_content"><div id="brtext_145104675" class="commentText brslop"><div class="brev_cover"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" ><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX200_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0465027555.01._SX300_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bookReview_cover cover" /></a></div><div class="commentHeader"><div class="postinfo"><a href="/work/11748357" data-workid="11748357" data-title="The-Folly-of-Fools-The-Logic-of-Deceit-and-Self-Deception-in-Human-Life" class="" >The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and…</a> by <a href="/author/triversrobert">Robert Trivers</a></div></div><div class="showmore" id="u_d5ec127e" >Does it take one to know one? Or does it take a fool to fool one?<br><br>Deception is, without question, a key feature of evolution. A small mammal fluffs up its fur to look bigger, and so scare off a predator or a rival. A small male fish takes on the appearance of a female, and so sneaks past a larger male standing guard over females and is able to mate. A butterfly from a tasty species adopts the coloration of a nasty, or even poisonous, species to cause birds to leave it alone. This <u class="showmore_hide">sort of deception is everywhere.<br><br>And, of course, it's found in humans in a different and exaggerated form, called "lying." Or "fraud," or many other names. Yes, most people are very good at it, and yes, it tends to advantage them. ("A creampuff," says the used car salesman as he hands you the keys of the lemon....) What's more, it's clear that the <i>better</i> one is at deception, the more advantage one gains from it. Indeed, it has been proposed that one of the reasons the human brain has gotten bigger and bigger, over the years, is that a big brain is a weapon in the arms race between those who are trying to deceive and their victims who are trying not to be deceived.<br><br>So far, so uncontroversial, at least if you believe in evolution. Robert Trivers goes beyond that, suggesting that lying with a straight face isn't nearly as good as believing your own lies. After all, if you believe it yourself, you can't possibly give away the fact that you are lying. Thus, he suggests, self-deception is an adaptive advantage.<br><br>It's a very interesting thesis, which (approached simply from a logical standpoint) is certainly true if self-deception has no down side. And, sometimes, it doesn't. Take a simple example: a town dance with 51 eligible men and only 50 eligible women. If everyone just lines up and takes the most suitable available partner (so the best and fittest guy gets the best girl, and the #2 guy gets the #2 girl, and so forth), guy #51 isn't going to have a dance partner. But if he lies to himself and says, "Well, maybe I'm not #51, maybe I'm #50, and if I really try to dress up and look my best, I can get girl #50, or even #49," he has nothing to lose. Meanwhile, guy #50 says to himself, "All right, I'm the next-to-worst guy, but still, girl #50 has to go with me or else her only choice is #51" -- and he makes no effort at all, and guy #51 gets the last girl. Self-deception that makes you take a chance when you have nothing to lose is entirely worth doing -- and so the human race is basically optimistic and active and (let's face it) self-deceptive, because it pays off.<br><br>But sometimes it doesn't pay off. If you see the ground fall away, and say, "well, it might be a 500 foot cliff, but it might be a gentle slope, and I'm going to keep walking because it's too much work to look" -- there's a pretty good chance you'll end up a very flat stain at the bottom of the cliff, and you won't breed. So self-deception has to have its limits. The question is, where are they?<br><br>And, at this point, we get into psychology. And I am disturbed about this. Robert Trivers in this book reveals himself as a petty thief and a drug user and prone to gambling and often a not-very-helpful person -- on its face, something very close to a psychopath. Is he right about self-deception -- or is he deceiving <i>us</i> (or at least himself) to cover <i>his own</i> bad habits? We cannot really tell from pure logic. We can only look at the evidence Trivers offers.<br><br>And, here, we see a disturbing tendency. I don't know enough about biology to argue the examples Trivers cites. I know he makes a lot of physics goofs, though -- to give just one blatant example, on p. 202 he claims that there is no reason to experiment with growing plants in microgravity, because "gravity-free zones can be produced on Earth at a fraction of the cost." Um -- no, they can't. Not for more than thirty seconds at a time, anyway, which isn't an experimental environment. You can only get free fall in something that's falling freely (like a plane or elevator falling toward the ground) -- or in an unaccelerated spacecraft in orbit.<br><br>There are other errors of this type, and some which mix science and history (Columbus massacred the Indians, yes, but not by using big guns mounted on ships -- remember, the War of the Spanish Armada, the first major engagement of ships using artillery, took place a century <i>after</i> Columbus!). There are also examples of Trivers taking cases from modern politics which are not relevant to his thesis. I agree with him on most of these, but so what? He isn't arguing his case, he's just stating his opinions. Similarly, many of Trivers's examples, such as his ragging on NASA and various airlines, are genuine examples of irrational behavior but are not examples of the sort of irrational behavior he is talking about; they are relics of the heuristics of the animal brain.<br><br>Bottom line: A very provocative thesis. A reasonable thesis, even. And Robert Trivers is a genius who reshaped our understanding of evolution, so that his ideas deserve tremendous respect. But, in this book, I don't think he has proved his point. It will take experiment to do so. And that raises the question: Can we perform the experiments without deceiving ourselves?</u><span class="showmore_showlink">… (<a href="#" onclick="showMore('u_d5ec127e');">more</a>)</span></div class="" ><span id="rate-u_e9efddc6" title="2.5 Stars" aria-title="2.5 Stars" class="rating rating-style-306 " data-fn="ratingWidget_fromSettingsA" ><span class="rw"><input type="hidden" value="5" name="form_rating" id="form_rating"/></span><i data-rating_value="2" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="4" class="fas fa-star selected" ></i><i data-rating_value="0" class="ratehalf selected" >½</i><i data-rating_value="8" class=" fas fa-star empty" ></i><i data-rating_value="10" class=" fas fa-star empty" ></i></span></div><div id="rfd_145104675" class="reviewFlagDialogBox"></div><div class="commentFooter"><span class="reviewMods"><span class="reviewVoteInfo"><span class="reviewVoteCount" id="rvc_145104675"> </span> </span><span class="reviewFlags"><div 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