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aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musician_and_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musician_and_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Musician and composer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musician_and_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essence_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essence_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Essence</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essence_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preservation and archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_about_Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_about_Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Publications about Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_about_Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries_on_or_including_Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries_on_or_including_Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Documentaries on or including Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_on_or_including_Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_source_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_source_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary source materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_source_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_article-length_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_article-length_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Additional article-length works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_article-length_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordon Parks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جوردون باركس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوردون باركس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="قوردون پارکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوردون پارکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="گوردون پارکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوردون پارکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8D%98_%ED%8C%8C%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="고던 파크스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고던 파크스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="גורדון פארקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גורדון פארקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გორდონ პარკსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გორდონ პარკსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جوردون باركس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوردون باركس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ゴードン・パークス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴードン・パークス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="گۆردۆن پارکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆردۆن پارکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gordon Parks" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="哥頓·派克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American photographer, musician, writer and film director (1912–2006)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the photographer. For his son, the American film director, see <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_Jr." title="Gordon Parks Jr.">Gordon Parks Jr.</a> For the Scottish sports journalist and former footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_(footballer)" title="Gordon Parks (footballer)">Gordon Parks (footballer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gordon Parks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gordon_Parks.jpg/220px-Gordon_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gordon_Parks.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Parks at the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights March on Washington">Civil Rights March on Washington</a>, 1963</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-11-30</span>)</span>November 30, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott, Kansas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 7, 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-03-07)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> photographic essays<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="A Choice of Weapons">A Choice of Weapons</a></i> (memoir)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_Jr." title="Gordon Parks Jr.">Gordon Parks Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="NAACP Image Award">NAACP Image Award</a> (2003)<br />PGA Oscar Micheaux Award (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> (1988)<br /><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> (1972)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks</b> (November 30, 1912 – March 7, 2006) was an American photographer, composer, author, poet, and filmmaker, who became prominent in U.S. documentary <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> in the 1940s through 1970s—particularly in issues of civil rights, poverty and African Americans—and in <a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">glamour photography</a>. He is best remembered for his iconic photos of poor Americans during the 1940s (taken for a federal government project), for his photographic essays for <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine, and as the director of the films <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaft%27s_Big_Score!" title="Shaft's Big Score!">Shaft's Big Score</a></i> and the semiautobiographical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i>. </p><p>Parks was one of the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black American</a> filmmakers to direct films within the Hollywood system, developing films relating the experience of slaves and struggling black Americans, and helping create the "<a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">blaxploitation</a>" genre. The <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> cites <i>The Learning Tree</i> as "the first feature film by a black director to be financed by a major Hollywood studio." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parks was born in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott, Kansas</a>, the son of Andrew Jackson Parks and Sarah Ross, on November 30, 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest of 15 children.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a farmer who grew corn, beets, turnips, potatoes, collard greens, and tomatoes. They also had a few ducks, chickens, and hogs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attended a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> elementary school. His high school had both black people and white people, because the town was too small for segregated high schools, but black students were not allowed to play sports or attend school social activities,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were discouraged from developing aspirations for higher education. Parks related in a documentary on his life that his teacher told him that his desire to go to college would be a waste of money. </p><p>When Parks was 11 years old, three white boys threw him into the <a href="/wiki/Marmaton_River" title="Marmaton River">Marmaton River</a>, believing <a href="/wiki/Swimming_in_the_United_States#Ethnic_minorities" title="Swimming in the United States">he couldn't swim</a>. He had the presence of mind to duck underwater so they wouldn't see him make it to land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother died when he was fourteen. He spent his last night at the family home sleeping beside his mother's coffin, seeking not only solace, but a way to face his own fear of death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, to live with his sister and her husband. He and his brother-in-law argued frequently and Parks was finally turned out onto the street to fend for himself at the age of 15. Struggling to survive, he worked in brothels, and as a singer, piano player, bus boy, traveling waiter, and semi-pro basketball player.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_rem_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_rem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, he briefly worked in an elite gentlemen's club, the Minnesota Club.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he observed the trappings of success and was able to read many books from the club library.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> brought an end to the club, he jumped a train to Chicago,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he managed to land a job in a <a href="/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse">flophouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Photography</b> </p><p>At the age of twenty-eight, Parks was struck by photographs of migrant workers in a magazine. He bought his first camera, a <a href="/wiki/Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Brillant" title="Voigtländer Brillant">Voigtländer Brillant</a>, for $12.50 at a Seattle, Washington, pawnshop <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and taught himself how to take photos. The photography clerks who developed Parks's first roll of film applauded his work and prompted him to seek a fashion assignment at a women's clothing store in St. Paul, Minnesota, owned by Frank Murphy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those photographs caught the eye of Marva Louis, wife of heavyweight boxing champion <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>. She encouraged Parks and his wife, Sally Alvis, to move to Chicago in 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he began a portrait business and specialized in photographs of society women. Parks's photographic work in Chicago, especially in capturing the myriad experiences of African Americans across the city, led him to receive the Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, in 1942, paying him $200 a month and offering him his choice of employer,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in turn, contributed to being asked to join the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a> (FSA), which was chronicling the nation's social conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the auspice of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Stryker" title="Roy Stryker">Roy Stryker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Government photography</b> </p><p>Over the next few years, Parks moved from job to job, developing a freelance portrait and fashion photographer sideline. He began to chronicle the city's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a> black ghetto and, in 1941, an exhibition of those photographs won Parks a photography fellowship with the FSA.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg/220px-Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg/330px-Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg/440px-Gordon_Parks_-_American_Gothic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="4628" /></a><figcaption><i>American Gothic, Washington, D.C.</i> – a well-known photograph by Parks</figcaption></figure> <p>Working at the FSA as a trainee under Roy Stryker,<sup id="cite_ref-finding_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks created one of his best-known photographs, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_(photograph)" title="American Gothic (photograph)">American Gothic, Washington, D.C</a>.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">iconic</a> <a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Grant Wood</a> painting <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic" title="American Gothic">American Gothic</a></i>—a legendary painting of a traditional, stoic, white American farmer and daughter—which bore a striking, but ironic, resemblance to the Parks photograph of a black menial laborer. Parks's "haunting" photograph shows a black woman, Ella Watson, who worked on the cleaning crew of the FSA building, standing stiffly in front of an American flag hanging on the wall, a broom in one hand and a mop in the background. Parks had been inspired to create the image after encountering racism repeatedly in restaurants and shops in the segregated capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natanson_pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GordonParksFSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GordonParksFSA.jpg/220px-GordonParksFSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GordonParksFSA.jpg/330px-GordonParksFSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GordonParksFSA.jpg/440px-GordonParksFSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A later photograph in the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">FSA</a> series, by Parks, shows Ella Watson and her family.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon viewing the photograph, Stryker said that it was an indictment of America, and that it could get all of his photographers fired.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He urged Parks to keep working with Watson, which led to a series of photographs of her daily life. Parks said later that his first image was overdone and not subtle; other commentators have argued that it drew strength from its polemical nature and its duality of victim and survivor, and thus affected far more people than his subsequent pictures of Mrs. Watson.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(Parks's overall body of work for the federal government—using his camera "as a weapon"—would draw far more attention from contemporaries and historians than that of all other black photographers in federal service at the time. Today, most historians reviewing federally commissioned black photographers of that era focus almost exclusively on Parks.)<sup id="cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natanson_pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the FSA disbanded, Parks remained in Washington, D.C., as a correspondent with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donate1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he photographed the all-black <a href="/wiki/332d_Expeditionary_Operations_Group" title="332d Expeditionary Operations Group">332d Fighter Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>. He was unable to follow the group in the overseas war theatre, so he resigned from the O.W.I.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would later follow Stryker to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil"> Standard Oil Photography Project</a> in New Jersey, which assigned photographers to take pictures of small towns and industrial centers. The most striking work by Parks during that period included, <i>Dinner Time at Mr. Hercules Brown's Home, Somerville, Maine</i> (1944); <i>Grease Plant Worker, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</i> (1946); <i>Car Loaded with Furniture on Highway</i> (1945); <i>Self Portrait</i> (1945); and <i>Ferry Commuters, Staten Island, N.Y.</i> (1946). </p><p><b>Commercial and civic photography</b> </p><p>Parks renewed his search for photography jobs in the fashion world. Following his resignation from the Office of War Information, Parks moved to <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and became a freelance fashion photographer for <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i> under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Liberman" title="Alexander Liberman">Alexander Liberman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite racist attitudes of the day, <i>Vogue</i> editor Liberman hired him to shoot a collection of evening gowns. As Parks photographed fashion for <i>Vogue</i> over the next few years, he developed the distinctive style of photographing his models in motion rather than in static poses. During this time, he published his first two books, <i>Flash Photography</i> (1947) and <i>Camera Portraits: Techniques and Principles of Documentary Portraiture</i> (1948). </p><p>A 1948 photographic essay on a young Harlem gang leader won Parks a staff job as a photographer and writer with America's leading photo-magazine, <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine"><i>Life</i></a>. His involvement with <i>Life</i> would last until 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-finding_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For over 20 years, Parks produced photographs on subjects including fashion, sports, <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, poverty, and racial segregation, as well as portraits of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>. He became "one of the most provocative and celebrated photojournalists in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His photographs for <i>Life</i> magazine, namely his 1956 photo essay, titled "The Restraints: Open and Hidden,"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illuminated the effects of racial segregation while simultaneously following the everyday lives and activities of three families in and near Mobile, Alabama: the Thorntons, Causeys, and Tanners. As curators at the High Museum of Art Atlanta note, while the photo essay by Parks served as decisive documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow South">Jim Crow South</a> and all of its effects, he did not simply focus on demonstrations, boycotts, and brutality that were associated with that period; instead, he "emphasized the prosaic details" of the lives of several families.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exhibition of photographs from a 1950 project Parks completed for <i>Life</i> was exhibited in 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Museum of Fine Arts">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy-nytimes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-nytimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks returned to his hometown, Fort Scott, Kansas, where segregation persisted, and he documented conditions in the community and the contemporary lives of many of his 11 classmates from the segregated middle school they attended. The project included his commentary, but the work was never published by <i>Life</i>. </p><p>During his years with <i>Life</i>, Parks also wrote a few books on the subject of photography (particularly documentary photography), and in 1960 was named Photographer of the Year by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Photographers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Magazine Photographers">American Society of Magazine Photographers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finding_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His fashion photography continued to be published in <i>Vogue</i> from the mid 1940s to the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, Parks worked as a consultant on various Hollywood productions. He later directed a series of documentaries on black ghetto life that were commissioned by <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a>. With his film adaptation of his semi-autobiographical novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i>, in 1969 for <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros.-Seven_Arts" title="Warner Bros.-Seven Arts">Warner Bros.-Seven Arts</a>. It was filmed in his home town of Fort Scott, Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks also wrote the screenplay and composed the musical score for the film, with assistance from his friend, the composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brant" title="Henry Brant">Henry Brant</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i>, a 1971 detective film directed by Parks and starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a> as John Shaft, became a major hit that spawned a series of films that would be labeled as <i><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">blaxploitation</a></i>. The blaxploitation genre was one in which images of lower-class blacks being involved with drugs, violence and women, were exploited for commercially successful films featuring black actors, and was popular with a section of the black community. Parks's feel for settings was confirmed by <i>Shaft</i>, with its portrayal of the super-cool leather-clad, black private detective hired to find the kidnapped daughter of a Harlem <a href="/wiki/Racketeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Racketeer">racketeer</a>. </p><p>Parks also directed the 1972 sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft%27s_Big_Score" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft's Big Score">Shaft's Big Score</a></i>, in which the protagonist finds himself caught in the middle of rival gangs of racketeers. Parks's other directorial credits include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Cops" title="The Super Cops">The Super Cops</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="/wiki/Leadbelly_(film)" title="Leadbelly (film)">Leadbelly</a></i> (1976), a biographical film of the blues musician <a href="/wiki/Huddie_Ledbetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Huddie Ledbetter">Huddie Ledbetter</a>. In the 1980s, he made several films for television and composed the music and a libretto for <i>Martin</i>, a ballet tribute to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, which premiered in Washington, D.C., during 1989. It was screened on national television on King's birthday in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, as an homage, he had a cameo appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(2000_film)" title="Shaft (2000 film)"><i>Shaft</i> sequel</a> that starred <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> in the title role as the namesake and nephew of the original John Shaft. In the cameo scene, Parks was sitting playing chess when Jackson greeted him as, <i>"Mr. P."</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musician_and_composer">Musician and composer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musician and composer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg/220px-Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg/330px-Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg/440px-Gordon_Parks_next_to_piano_by_David_Finn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Gordon Parks next to his piano, photograph by <a href="/wiki/David_Finn" title="David Finn">David Finn</a> (late 1980s)</figcaption></figure> <p>His first job was as a piano player in a brothel when he was a teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks also performed as a jazz pianist. His song "No Love", composed in another brothel, was performed during a national radio broadcast by Larry Funk and his orchestra in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks composed <i>Concerto for Piano and Orchestra</i> (1953) at the encouragement of black American conductor <a href="/wiki/Dean_Dixon" title="Dean Dixon">Dean Dixon</a> and Dixon's wife Vivian, a pianist,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the help of the composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brant" title="Henry Brant">Henry Brant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed <i>Tree Symphony</i> in 1967. In 1989, he composed and directed <i>Martin</i>, a ballet dedicated to Martin Luther King Jr., the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil-rights</a> leader, who had been assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late-1940s, Parks began writing books on the art and craft of photography. This second career would produce 15 books and lead to his role as a prominent black filmmaker. His semi-autobiographical novel <i>The Learning Tree</i> was published in 1963. He authored several books of poetry, which he illustrated with his own photographs, and he wrote three volumes of memoirs: <i>A Choice of Weapons</i> (1966), <i>Voices in the Mirror</i> (1990), and <i>A Hungry Heart</i> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-finding_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Parks turned to fiction with <i>Shannon</i>, a novel about Irish immigrants fighting their way up the social ladder in turbulent early 20th-century New York. Parks's writing accomplishments include novels, poetry, autobiography, and non-fiction, including both photographic instructional manuals and books about filmmaking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parks's photography-related abstract oil paintings were showcased in a 1981 exhibition at Alex Rosenberg Gallery in New York titled "Gordon Parks: Expansions: The Aesthetic Blend of Painting and Photography."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essence_magazine"><i>Essence</i> magazine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Essence magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, Parks helped found <i><a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)">Essence</a></i> magazine, and served as its editorial director during the first three years of its circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg/170px-Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg/255px-Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg/340px-Gordon_Parks_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Parks in 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Parks was married and divorced three times. His first two wives, comprising almost 40 years of marriage, were Black. He married Sally Alvis in Minneapolis in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they divorced in 1961, after more than 25 years. In 1962, he married Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of cartoonist <a href="/wiki/E._Simms_Campbell" title="E. Simms Campbell">E. Simms Campbell</a>, and they divorced in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks first met Chinese-American editor Genevieve Young (stepdaughter of Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/V.K._Wellington_Koo" class="mw-redirect" title="V.K. Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a>) in 1962 when he began writing <i>The Learning Tree</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, his publisher assigned her to be his editor. They became romantically involved at a time when they both were divorcing previous spouses, and married in 1973. This was his shortest marriage, lasting only six years. It ended in divorce in 1979. Parks was in a long term relationship with <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt" title="Gloria Vanderbilt">Gloria Vanderbilt</a> until his death in 2006. </p><p>Parks had four children by his first two wives: Gordon, Jr., David, Leslie,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Toni (Parks-Parsons).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His oldest son <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Parks, Jr.">Gordon Parks, Jr.</a>, whose talents resembled his father's, was killed in a plane crash in 1979 in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, where he had gone to direct a film.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David is an author, with his first book, <i>GI Diary</i>, published in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Del_Lemon_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Del_Lemon-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is included in the <a href="/wiki/Howard_University_Press" title="Howard University Press">Howard University Press</a> Classic Editions, Library of African American Literature and Criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks was a longtime resident of <a href="/wiki/Greenburgh,_New_York" title="Greenburgh, New York">Greenburgh, New York</a> in Westchester County, New York, and his house was landmarked in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks has five grandchildren: Alain, Gordon III, Sarah, Campbell, and Satchel. <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> honored Parks when he asked him to be the godfather of his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Qubilah_Shabazz" title="Qubilah Shabazz">Qubilah Shabazz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his 1971 film <i>Shaft</i> (along with <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles" title="Melvin Van Peebles">Melvin Van Peebles</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i>, released earlier the same year), Parks co-created the genre of blaxploitation, an ethnic subgenre of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation film</a> that emerged in the United States during the early 1970s. The action film also helped to alter Hollywood's view of African Americans, introducing the black action hero into mainstream cinema.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Even with a source, this is probably WP:PUFFERY. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Director <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> cites Parks as an inspiration, stating "You get inspiration where it comes from. It doesn't have to be because I'm looking at his films. The odds that he got these films made under, when there were no black directors, is enough."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i> character Gordon was named after Parks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>One of Parks' photographs, <i>1956 Alabama</i>, is used for the album cover of <a href="/wiki/Common_(rapper)" title="Common (rapper)">Common</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Like_Water_for_Chocolate_(album)" title="Like Water for Chocolate (album)">Like Water for Chocolate</a></i>. It is a photo of a young black woman in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, dressed for church, and drinking from a "<a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">colored only</a>" <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">drinking fountain</a>.</li> <li>Parks is referenced in <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar" title="Kendrick Lamar">Kendrick Lamar</a>'s music video for his song "<a href="/wiki/Element_(song)" title="Element (song)">ELEMENT.</a>". In the video, some of Parks's iconic photographs are transformed into moving vignettes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_archives">Preservation and archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Preservation and archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg/220px-Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg/330px-Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg/440px-Gordon_Parks_in_his_Study_by_David_Finn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Gordon Parks in his study, photograph by <a href="/wiki/David_Finn" title="David Finn">David Finn</a> (late 1980s)</figcaption></figure> <p>Several parties are recipients or heirs of different parts of Parks's archival record. </p><p><b>The Gordon Parks Foundation</b> </p><p>The Gordon Parks Foundation in <a href="/wiki/Pleasantville,_New_York" title="Pleasantville, New York">Pleasantville, New York</a> (formerly in <a href="/wiki/Chappaqua,_New_York" title="Chappaqua, New York">Chappaqua, New York</a>) reports that it "permanently preserves the work of Gordon Parks, makes it available to the public through exhibitions, books, and electronic media." The organization also says it "supports artistic and educational activities that advance what Gordon described as 'the common search for a better life and a better world.'" That support includes scholarships for "artistic" students, and assistance to researchers. Their headquarters includes an exhibition space with rotating photography exhibits, open free to the public, with guided group tours available by arrangement. The foundation admits "qualified researchers" to their archive, by appointment. The foundation collaborates with other organizations and institutions, nationally and internationally, to advance its aims.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_foundation_website_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_foundation_website-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The Gordon Parks Museum/Center</b> </p><p>The Gordon Parks Museum/Center in Fort Scott, Kansas, holds dozens of Parks's photos and various belongings, both given to the museum by Parks, and bequeathed to the museum by him upon his death. The collection includes "awards and medals, personal photos, paintings and drawings of Gordon, plaques, certificates, diplomas and honorary doctorates, selected books and articles, clothing, record player, tennis racquet, magazine articles, his collection of Life magazines and much more." The museum has also separately received some of Parks's cameras, writing desk and photos of him.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_2016_01_03_gp_museum_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum_2016_01_03_gp_museum-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (LOC) reports that, in 1995, it "acquired Parks' personal collection, including papers, music, photographs, films, recordings, drawings and other products of his... career."<sup id="cite_ref-gp_rem_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_rem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donate1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LOC was already home to a federal archive that included Parks's first major photojournalism projects—photographs he produced for the Farm Security Administration (1942–43), and for the Office of War Information (1943–45).<sup id="cite_ref-gp_rem_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_rem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2000, the LOC awarded Parks its accolade "Living Legend", one of only 26 writers and artists so honored by the LOC.<sup id="cite_ref-legends_2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legends_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LOC also holds Parks's published and unpublished scores, and several of his films and television productions.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>National Film Registry</b> </p><p>Parks's autobiographical motion picture, <i>The Learning Tree</i>, and his African-American <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> action-drama <i>Shaft</i>, are both permanently preserved as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> of the Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_rem_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_rem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donate1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Learning Tree</i> was one of the original group of 25 films first selected by the LOC for the National Film Registry.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_donates_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>National Archives, Washington, D.C.</b> </p><p>The National Archives hold the film <i>My Father, Gordon Parks</i> (1969: archive 306.8063), a film about Parks and his production of his autobiographical motion picture, <i>The Learning Tree</i>, along with a print (from the original) of <i>Solomon Northup's Odyssey</i>, a film made by Parks for a <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting System">Public Broadcasting System</a> telecast about the ordeal of a slave. The Archives also hold various photos from Parks's years in government service.<sup id="cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natanson_pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roe_prologue_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe_prologue-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solomon1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> has an extensive list of holdings related to Parks, particularly photos.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_search_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_search-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wichita State University</b> </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a> (WSU), in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>, the largest city in Parks's home state of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, awarded him its highest honor for achievement: the President's Medal. However, in the mid-1990s, after Parks entrusted WSU with a collection of 150 of his famous photos, WSU—for various reasons (including confusion as to whether they were a gift or loan, and whether the university could adequately protect and preserve them)—returned them, stunning and deeply upsetting Parks. A further snub came from Wichita's city officials, who also declined the opportunity to acquire many of his papers and photos. </p><p>By 2000, however, WSU and Parks had healed their division. The university resumed honoring Parks and accumulating his work. In 2008, the Gordon Parks Foundation selected WSU as repository for 140 boxes of his photos, manuscripts, letters and other papers.<sup id="cite_ref-papers_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-photos_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photos-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, another 125 of his photos were acquired from the foundation by WSU, with help from Wichita philanthropists Paula and Barry Downing, for display at the university's Ulrich Museum of Art. </p><p><b>Kansas State University</b> </p><p>The Gordon Parks Collection in the Richard L. D. and Marjorie J. Morse Department Special Collections at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> primarily documents the creation of his film <i>The Learning Tree</i>. The Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art at Kansas State University holds a collection of 204 Gordon Parks photographs as well as artist files and artwork documentation. This collection is made up of 128 photographs that were chosen and gifted by Parks in 1973 to K-State, after receiving an honorary doctor of letters degree from the university in 1970. The gift included black and white images printed from negatives made between 1949 and 1970 and stored in the LIFE magazine archives; the donation also included color photographs printed from negatives in the artist's private collection. The K-State gift is the first known set of photographs specifically selected by Parks for a public institution. The collection also includes a group of 73 photographs printed after two residences by Parks in Manhattan, Kansas. Parks first returned for a residency in 1984, sponsored by the local newspaper The Manhattan Mercury for its centennial; he returned for another in 1985, initiated by the Manhattan Arts Council and sponsored by the city and various community organizations and individuals. Seventy-three photographs printed after these visits were transferred from the Manhattan Arts Center to K-State in 2017. The photographs are of locations in and around Manhattan, including churches and historic homes and K-State architecture and students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1984: <i>The Photographs of Gordon Parks</i>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Minnesota Museum of American Art">Minnesota Museum of American Art</a>, Landmark Center Galleries, St. Paul, Minnesota</li> <li>1997: <i>Half past autumn : a retrospective Gordon Parks,</i> <a href="/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art" title="Corcoran Gallery of Art">Corcoran Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C. A career retrospective.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: <i>Gordon Parks: The Making of an Argument,</i> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Museum_of_Art" title="New Orleans Museum of Art">New Orleans Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: <i>Gordon Parks: Back to Fort Scott,</i> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Museum of Fine Arts">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy-nytimes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-nytimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: <i>Gordon Parks: Segregation Story,</i> <a href="/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art" title="High Museum of Art">High Museum of Art</a>, Atlanta.</li> <li>2016: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/2405/invisible-man-gordon-parks-and-ralph-ellison-in-harlem">Invisible Man: Gordon Parks and Ralph Ellison in Harlem</a>,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, Chicago, Illinois.</li> <li>2017: <i>Gordon Parks: camera is my weapon,</i> Zachęta Gallery, Warsaw, Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: <i>Gordon Parks: The Flavio Story,</i> <a href="/wiki/Ryerson_Image_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryerson Image Centre">Ryerson Image Centre</a>, Toronto, Ontario and the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Museum">Getty Museum</a>, Los Angeles.</li> <li>2019: <i>Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940-1950,</i> <a href="/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Amon Carter Museum of American Art">Amon Carter Museum of American Art</a>, Fort Worth, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: <i>Gordon Parks X <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, The Image of a Champion, 1966/1970</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a>, Kansas City, Missouri. Comprising photographs from two <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: <i>A Choice of Weapons Honor and Dignity: The Visions of Gordon Parks and <a href="/wiki/Jamel_Shabazz" title="Jamel Shabazz">Jamel Shabazz</a></i>, Minnesota Museum of American Art, St. Paul, Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021: "The Impact of Gordon Parks," multiple Parks films (including <i>Leadbelly</i>) screened and retrospective panel, <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Film_Festival" title="Tallgrass Film Festival">Tallgrass Film Festival</a>, Wichita, Kansas<sup id="cite_ref-tallgrass_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tallgrass-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_panels_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_panels-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-what_to_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_to-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work by Parks is held in the following public collections: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Minnesota Museum of American Art">Minnesota Museum of American Art</a>, St. Paul, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Untitled, Harlem, New York.</i> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami" title="Pérez Art Museum Miami">Pérez Art Museum Miami</a>, Florida<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parks received more than 20 honorary doctorates in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1941: Awarded a fellowship for photography from the <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Fund" title="Rosenwald Fund">Rosenwald Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fellowship allowed him to work with the Farm Security Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Chenrow_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenrow-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961: Named "Magazine Photographer of the Year" (1960) by the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Photographers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Magazine Photographers">American Society of Magazine Photographers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chenrow_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenrow-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970: Kansas State University awarded Parks the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters.</li> <li>1972: The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> awarded Parks the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1974: Kansas State University hosted a week-long "Gordon Parks Festival", November 4–11.</li> <li>1976: Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from <a href="/wiki/Thiel_College" title="Thiel College">Thiel College</a>, a private, liberal arts college in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Pennsylvania" title="Greenville, Pennsylvania">Greenville, Pennsylvania</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989: The United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> selects <i>The Learning Tree</i> as one of the first 25 films chosen for permanent preservation as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-legends_2015_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legends_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deeming it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in part due to its being the first film directed by an African American to be financed by a major Hollywood studio.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990: Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_School_of_Journalism" title="Missouri School of Journalism">Missouri School of Journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>, Columbia, Missouri<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: <i>Gordon Parks Elementary School</i>, a nonprofit, K-5 grade public charter school in Kansas City, Missouri, was established to educate the urban-core inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000: The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> Lifetime Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-smith1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000: Library of Congress selects Parks's film <i>Shaft</i> for <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> preservation<sup id="cite_ref-legends_2015_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legends_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—deeming it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2000 (April): <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> awards Parks its accolade "Living Legend"—honoring "artists, writers, activists, filmmakers, physicians, entertainers, sports figures and public servants who have made significant contributions to America's diverse cultural, scientific and social heritage"—one 26 writers and artists so honored by the LOC.<sup id="cite_ref-legends_2015_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legends_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Awards" title="National Arts Awards">Kitty Carlisle Hart Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts_%26_Business_Council_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts & Business Council of New York">Arts & Business Council</a>, New York<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Royal Photographic Society</a>'s Special 150th Anniversary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Foundation" title="Jackie Robinson Foundation">Jackie Robinson Foundation</a> Lifetime Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: Inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_inductee_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp_inductee-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Institute of Boston">The Art Institute of Boston</a> awarded the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2008: An alternative learning center in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, renamed their school <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_High_School" title="Gordon Parks High School">Gordon Parks High School</a> after receiving a new building<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021: The Gordon Parks Award for Black Excellence in Filmmaking, <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Film_Festival" title="Tallgrass Film Festival">Tallgrass Film Festival</a>, Wichita, Kansas, instituted in Parks' honor.<sup id="cite_ref-tallgrass_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tallgrass-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_panels_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_panels-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Flash Photography</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Camera Portraits: Techniques and Principles of Documentary Portraiture</i> (1948) (documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i> (1964) (semi-autobiographical)</li> <li><i>A Choice of Weapons</i> (1967) (autobiographical)</li> <li><i>Born Black</i> (1970) (compilation of essays and photographs)</li> <li><i>Flavio</i> (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>To Smile in Autumn</i> (1979) (autobiographical) <ul><li>New edition with foreword by Alexs D. Pate. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 2009</li></ul></li> <li><i>Voices in the Mirror</i>, New York: Doubleday (1990) (autobiographical)</li> <li><i>The Sun Stalker</i> (2003) (biography on J. M. W. Turner)</li> <li><i>A Hungry Heart</i> (2005) (autobiographical)</li> <li><i>Gordon Parks: Collected Works</i> (2012), Göttingen, Germany: Steidl; Slp Edition, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3869305301" title="Special:BookSources/978-3869305301">978-3869305301</a></li> <li><i>The New Tide: Early Work 1940–1950</i> (2018), Göttingen, Germany: Steidl</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Half Past Autumn: A Retrospective</i>, memoir excerpts by Gordon Parks. <a href="/wiki/Bulfinch_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulfinch Press">Bulfinch Press</a>/<a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown">Little, Brown</a> (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2298-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-2298-8">0-8212-2298-8</a></li> <li><i>A Star for Noon – An Homage to Women in Images Poetry and Music</i> Bulfinch. (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821226858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821226858">978-0821226858</a></li> <li><i>Eyes With Winged Thoughts</i> Atria Books (2005) <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001EYHY00">B001EYHY00</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Arias of Silence</i> (1994) Bulfinch Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821221204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821221204">978-0821221204</a></li> <li><i>Glimpses Towards Infinity</i>. Bulfinch Press (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821222973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821222973">978-0821222973</a></li> <li><i>A Harlem Family 1967.</i> Göttingen, Germany: Steidl (2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-602-5">978-3-86930-602-5</a></li> <li><i>Gordon Parks: a Poet and His Camera by Gordon Park</i>, Viking Press (1968), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0233961088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0233961088">978-0233961088</a></li> <li><i>The Atmosphere of Crime, 1957.</i> Göttingen, Germany: Steidl (2020), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-696-1">978-3-95829-696-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Flavio</i> (1964) (short)</li> <li><i>The World of Piri Thomas</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft%27s_Big_Score!" title="Shaft's Big Score!">Shaft's Big Score!</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Cops" title="The Super Cops">The Super Cops</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leadbelly_(film)" title="Leadbelly (film)">Leadbelly</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i>Moments Without Proper Names</i> (1987)</li></ul> <p>Parks also wrote <i>Diary of a Harlem Family</i> (1968) for Joseph Filipowic, and appeared in the 2000 remake of <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(2000_film)" title="Shaft (2000 film)">Shaft</a></i> as Lenox Lounge Patron / Mr. P. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Shaft's Big Score</i> (1972)</li> <li><i>Moments Without Proper Names</i> (1987)</li> <li><i>Martin</i> (1989) (ballet about Martin Luther King Jr.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_about_Parks">Publications about Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publications about Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Kunhardt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Kunhardt, Jr.">Peter W. Kunhardt, Jr.</a>, Philip Brookman (eds), <i>Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940–1950</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. and Steidl, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783958294943" title="Special:BookSources/9783958294943">9783958294943</a></li> <li>Paul Roth and Amanda Maddox (eds),<i>Gordon Parks: The Flavio Story</i>. Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-344-1">978-3-95829-344-1</a></li> <li>Michal Raz-Russo and Jean-Christophe Cloutier, et al., <i>Invisible Man: Gordon Parks and Ralph Ellison</i>. Art Institute of Chicago and Steidl, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-109-6">978-3-95829-109-6</a></li> <li>Peter Kunhardt, Jr. and Felix Hoffmann (eds), <i>I Am You: Selected Works, 1942–1978</i>. <a href="/wiki/C/O_Berlin" title="C/O Berlin">C/O Berlin</a>, Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95829-248-2">978-3-95829-248-2</a></li> <li>Karen Haas, <i>Gordon Parks: Back to Fort Scott</i>. Steidl, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-918-7">978-3-86930-918-7</a></li> <li>Brett Abbott, et al., <i>Gordon Parks: Segregation Story</i>. High Museum of Art, Atlanta and Steidl, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-801-2">978-3-86930-801-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Lord" title="Russell Lord">Russell Lord</a>, <i>Gordon Parks: The Making of an Argument</i>. Steidl, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-721-3">978-3-86930-721-3</a></li> <li>Peter Kunhardt, Jr. and Paul Roth (eds), <i>Gordon Parks: Collected Works</i>. Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-530-1">978-3-86930-530-1</a></li> <li>Berry, S. L. <i>Gordon Parks</i>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55546-604-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55546-604-4">1-55546-604-4</a></li> <li>Bush, Martin H. <i>The Photographs of Gordon Parks</i>. Wichita, Kansas: Wichita State University, 1983.</li> <li>Donloe, Darlene. <i>Gordon Parks: Photographer, Writer, Composer, Film Maker</i> [Melrose Square Black American series]. Los Angeles: Melrose Square Publishing Company, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87067-595-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87067-595-8">0-87067-595-8</a></li> <li>Harnan, Terry, and Russell Hoover. <i>Gordon Parks: Black Photographer and Film Maker</i> [Americans All series]. Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Publishing Company, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8116-4572-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8116-4572-X">0-8116-4572-X</a></li> <li>Parr, Ann, and Gordon Parks. <i>Gordon Parks: No Excuses</i>. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58980-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58980-411-2">1-58980-411-2</a></li> <li>Stange, Maren. <i>Bare Witness: Photographs by Gordon Parks</i>. Milan: Skira, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7624-802-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-7624-802-1">88-7624-802-1</a></li> <li>Turk, Midge, and Herbert Danska. <i>Gordon Parks</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-690-33793-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-690-33793-0">0-690-33793-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries_on_or_including_Parks">Documentaries on or including Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Documentaries on or including Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>My Father, Gordon Parks</i> (1969) (National Archives item #306.08063A)</li> <li><i>Soul in Cinema: Filming Shaft on Location</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Passion and Memory</i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X:_Make_It_Plain" title="Malcolm X: Make It Plain">Malcolm X: Make It Plain</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Power_to_the_People" title="All Power to the People">All Power to the People</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Half Past Autumn: The Life and Works of Gordon Parks</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>A Great Day in Hip-Hop</i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BaadAsssss_Cinema" title="BaadAsssss Cinema">BaadAsssss Cinema</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i>Soul Man: Isaac Hayes</i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unstoppable:_Conversation_with_Melvin_Van_Peebles,_Gordon_Parks,_and_Ossie_Davis" title="Unstoppable: Conversation with Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, and Ossie Davis">Unstoppable: Conversation with Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, and Ossie Davis</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i>Documenting the Face of America: Roy Stryker & the FSA Photographers</i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Weapons:_Inspired_by_Gordon_Parks" title="A Choice of Weapons: Inspired by Gordon Parks">A Choice of Weapons: Inspired by Gordon Parks</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">List of photographers of the civil rights movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/name/nm0662953/awards">"Gordon Parks, IMDb"</a>. IMDb. May 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks%2C+IMDb&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0662953%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundberg2006" class="citation news cs1">Grundberg, Andy (March 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/arts/design/gordon-parks-a-master-of-the-camera-dies-at-93.html">"Gordon Parks, a Master of the Camera, Dies at 93"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%2C+a+Master+of+the+Camera%2C+Dies+at+93&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft.aulast=Grundberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F08%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fgordon-parks-a-master-of-the-camera-dies-at-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrebay2021" class="citation news cs1">Trebay, Guy (February 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/fashion/gordon-parks-was-the-godfather-of-cool.html">"Gordon Parks Was the Godfather of Cool"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks+Was+the+Godfather+of+Cool&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Trebay&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F04%2Ffashion%2Fgordon-parks-was-the-godfather-of-cool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks,1990, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_rem-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gp_rem_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_rem_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_rem_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_rem_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2012" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Erin (November 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2012/11/gordon-parks-remembered/">"Gordon Parks Remembered | Library of Congress Blog"</a>. <i>blogs.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks+Remembered+%7C+Library+of+Congress+Blog&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Floc%2F2012%2F11%2Fgordon-parks-remembered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_donates-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donates_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Ooge, Craig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loc.gov/today/pr/1995/95-096.html">"Photographer Gordon Parks Donates Archives to the Library of Congress"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306135027/http://loc.gov/today/pr/1995/95-096.html">Archived</a> March 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> press release PR 95-096, 7/5/95, ISSN 0731-3527, Library of Congress, June 30, 1995. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10714010">Minnesota Historical Society:Collections:Photo of the Minnesota Club</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, pp. 30–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/gordon-parks-big-score">"Gordon Parks' big score"</a>. <i>Roger Ebert</i>. July 2, 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Ebert&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%27+big+score&rft.date=1972-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Finterviews%2Fgordon-parks-big-score&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/gordon-parks-fashion-photographer/3AVRPtL5fwxKIA">"Gordon Parks: Fashion Photographer"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+Fashion+Photographer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2Fgordon-parks-fashion-photographer%2F3AVRPtL5fwxKIA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/photography-biographies/gordon-parks">"Gordon Parks facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Gordon Parks"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%7C+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Gordon+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Fphotography-biographies%2Fgordon-parks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/artist">"Artist – The Gordon Parks Foundation"</a>. <i>gordonparksfoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gordonparksfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Artist+%E2%80%93+The+Gordon+Parks+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonparksfoundation.org%2Fartist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moskowitz, "Gordon Parks: A Man for All Seasons," <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i>, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finding-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finding_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finding_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finding_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finding_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Donna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003050.pdf">"Gordon Parks Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress,"</a>, with chronology, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, 2011, rev. September 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost2006-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost2006_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yvonne Shinhoster Lamb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/07/AR2006030701708.html">"'Life' Photographer And 'Shaft' Director Broke Color Barriers"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, March 8, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natanson_pro-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natanson_pro_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Natanson, Nicholas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/pioneering-photographers.html">"From Sophie's Alley to the White House: Rediscovering the Visions of Pioneering Black Government Photographers,"</a> from <i>Prologue Magazine," Special Issue: "Federal Records and African American History,</i> Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2, National Archives website. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2006" class="citation news cs1">McCabe, Eamonn (March 10, 2006). "American beauty". <i>The Guardian (G2)</i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+%28G2%29&rft.atitle=American+beauty&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_W._Levine1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence W. Levine (December 1992). "The Folklore of Industrial Society: Popular Culture and Its Audiences". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>97</b> (5). Am erican Historical Association: 1369–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2165941">10.2307/2165941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2165941">2165941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145168847">145168847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Folklore+of+Industrial+Society%3A+Popular+Culture+and+Its+Audiences&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1369-99&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145168847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2165941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2165941&rft.au=Lawrence+W.+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_donate1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_donate1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Ooge, Craig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loc.gov/today/pr/1995/95-095.html">"Media Advisory: Photographer Gordon Parks To Donate Personal Collection to the Library of Congress"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306084919/http://loc.gov/today/pr/1995/95-095.html">Archived</a> March 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> press release PR 95-095, ISSN 0731-3527, Library of Congress, June 30, 1995. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2734">"Youngster, Clutching His Soldier Father, Gazes Upward While the Latter Lifts His Wife from the Ground to Wish Her a "Merry Christmas": The serviceman is one of those fortunate enough to be able to get home for the holidays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. December 1944<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Youngster%2C+Clutching+His+Soldier+Father%2C+Gazes+Upward+While+the+Latter+Lifts+His+Wife+from+the+Ground+to+Wish+Her+a+%22Merry+Christmas%22%3A+The+serviceman+is+one+of+those+fortunate+enough+to+be+able+to+get+home+for+the+holidays&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft.date=1944-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthal2015" class="citation web cs1">Felsenthal, Julia (November 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vogue.com/13368169/gordon-parks-segregation-story-salon-94-freemans/">"Gordon Parks Pictures the Segregated South at Salon 94 Freemans"</a>. <i>Vogue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks+Pictures+the+Segregated+South+at+Salon+94+Freemans&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2F13368169%2Fgordon-parks-segregation-story-salon-94-freemans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_D._Baker1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_D._Baker" title="Lee D. Baker">Lee D. Baker</a> (1992). "Transforming Anthropology". <i>Naming Moments Properly</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naming+Moments+Properly&rft.atitle=Transforming+Anthropology&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Lee+D.+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsporch.org/archives/tag/the-restraints-open-and-hidden-exhibition">"CDS Exhibit Features Gordon Parks’s Segregation Series, 'The Restraints: Open and Hidden'"</a>, CDs Porch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stange, <i>Bare Witness: Photographs by Gordon Parks</i>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316235241/http://www.high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Gordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx">"Gordon Parks: Segregation Story"</a>. <i>High Museum of Atlanta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Gordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx">the original</a> on March 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Museum+of+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+Segregation+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhigh.org%2FArt%2FExhibitions%2FGordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy-nytimes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy-nytimes_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy-nytimes_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Randy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/28/arts/design/gordon-parks-photos-document-segregation.html?emc=edit_th_20141228&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=68634180#">"‘A Long Hungry Look’: Forgotten Gordon Parks Photos Document Segregation"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, December 24, 2014 (with 11 images in a slide show); also published in print on December 28, 2014, p. AR1, the New York edition, with the headline "A Long Hungry Look".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthal2018" class="citation web cs1">Felsenthal, Julia (January 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/gordon-parks-photography-fashion-jack-shainman-gallery">"Before Gordon Parks Chronicled the Struggle for Civil Rights, He Was a Fashion Photographer for Vogue"</a>. <i>Vogue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Before+Gordon+Parks+Chronicled+the+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights%2C+He+Was+a+Fashion+Photographer+for+Vogue&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fgordon-parks-photography-fashion-jack-shainman-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriegsman1990" class="citation news cs1">Kriegsman, Alan M. (January 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/01/15/gordon-parkss-noble-bow-to-martin/ccd5f3d7-af94-43cd-99d9-a0b2d8af9d91/">"GORDON PARKS'S NOBLE BOW TO 'MARTIN'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=RIGHT+ON%21&rft.date=2000-06-16&rft.aulast=Wilmington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2000-06-16-0006160071-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/artist/music">"Gordon Parks Foundation: Music"</a>. Gordon Parks Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks+Foundation%3A+Music&rft.pub=Gordon+Parks+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonparksfoundation.org%2Fartist%2Fmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202094912/http://siebrenv.easycgi.com/rhoffmangallery.com/artistCVes/290.pdf">"Gordon Parks, Curriculum Vitae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rhonna Hoffman Gallery page</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhonna+Hoffman+Gallery+page&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%2C+Curriculum+Vitae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiebrenv.easycgi.com%2Frhoffmangallery.com%2FartistCVes%2F290.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple2014" class="citation news cs1">Apple, Natalia (February 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202072655/http://www.themodeofficial.com/spotlight/black-history-month-gordon-parks/">"Black History Month: Gordon Parks -"</a>. <i>The Mode Official</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mode+Official&rft.atitle=Black+History+Month%3A+Gordon+Parks+-&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.aulast=Apple&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themodeofficial.com%2Fspotlight%2Fblack-history-month-gordon-parks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/271130840047049168/">"Gordon Parks & Sally | Gordon parks, Life magazine, Life"</a>. <i>Pinterest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Howard, <i>Encyclopedia of Black Comics</i>, Golden: Fulcrum Publishing, 2017, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292030357062369545/">"Gordon Parks & Liz Campbell | Black love, Celebrity couples, Vintage black"</a>. <i>Pinterest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinterest&rft.atitle=Pin+on+Black+History%2FEthnic+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F528187862524644946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/style/weddings-leslie-parks-alan-harding.html">"WEDDINGS; Leslie Parks, Alan Harding"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 23, 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WEDDINGS%3B+Leslie+Parks%2C+Alan+Harding&rft.date=1998-08-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F08%2F23%2Fstyle%2Fweddings-leslie-parks-alan-harding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2015" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, Herb (September 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2015/09/04/toni-parks-parsons-daughter-gordon-parks-dead-74/">"Toni Parks-Parsons, daughter of Gordon Parks, dead at 74"</a>. <i>New York Amsterdam News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Toni+Parks-Parsons%2C+daughter+of+Gordon+Parks%2C+dead+at+74&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F04%2Ftoni-parks-parsons-daughter-gordon-parks-dead-74%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19790403&id=nCIoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tXIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1292,307546">"Filmmaker Gordon Parks; victim of airplane crash"</a>, <i>The Day</i>, April 3, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, 1990, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Del_Lemon-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Del_Lemon_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Lemon2001" class="citation news cs1">Del Lemon (January 18, 2001). "Parks follows in father's pioneering steps". Austin American-Statesman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parks+follows+in+father%27s+pioneering+steps&rft.date=2001-01-18&rft.au=Del+Lemon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1984" class="citation web cs1">McDowell, Edwin (May 25, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/25/arts/publishing-booksellers-convention.html">"Publishing: Booksellers' Convention'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Publishing%3A+Booksellers%27+Convention%27&rft.date=1984-05-25&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F05%2F25%2Farts%2Fpublishing-booksellers-convention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Robbins2014" class="citation web cs1">Dan Robbins (July 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/recalling-legendary-gordon-parks-legacy">"Recalling Legendary Gordon Parks' Legacy"</a>. Westchester Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recalling+Legendary+Gordon+Parks%27+Legacy&rft.pub=Westchester+Magazine&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft.au=Dan+Robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestchestermagazine.com%2Flife-style%2Frecalling-legendary-gordon-parks-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0602-Summer-2006/Director-Profile-Gordon-Parks.aspx">"The Importance of Being Gordon Parks – Gordon Parks"</a>. <i>dga.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dga.org&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Being+Gordon+Parks+%E2%80%93+Gordon+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dga.org%2FCraft%2FDGAQ%2FAll-Articles%2F0602-Summer-2006%2FDirector-Profile-Gordon-Parks.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Michael (October 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6eMEAAAQBAJ"><i>Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street</i></a>. National Geographic Books. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311663-9"><bdi>978-0-14-311663-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+Gang%3A+The+Complete+History+of+Sesame+Street&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311663-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6eMEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_foundation_website-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gp_foundation_website_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/">Gordon Parks Foundation website</a>. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum_2016_01_03_gp_museum-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_2016_01_03_gp_museum_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparkscenter.org/museum/museum.aspx">"Museum" page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122222814/http://gordonparkscenter.org/museum/museum.aspx">Archived</a> January 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Gordon Parks Museum/Center website. Retrieved January 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legends_2015-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legends_2015_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legends_2015_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legends_2015_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legends_2015_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/awards-and-honors/living-legends/">"Living Legends"</a>, website of the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe_prologue-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe_prologue_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe, Donald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/usia-motion-pictures.html">"The USIA Motion Picture Collection and African American History: A Reference Review,"</a> from <i>Prologue Magazine," Special Issue: "Federal Records and African American History,</i> Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2, National Archives website. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solomon1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solomon1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2014/nr14-64.html">"National Archives Hosts Screening and Program on Solomon Northup’s Odyssey May 20: Director Gordon Parks’ film predates 12 Years a Slave by 30 years!"</a>, press release 14–64, National Archives website, May 6, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_search-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gp_search_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si.edu/Search/Index/default/1?q=">Smithsonian Institution search for "Gordon Parks"</a>, January 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papers-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-papers_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wichita.edu/thisis/stories/story.asp?si=93">"Wichita State chosen to receive Gordon Parks Papers"</a>, February 7, 2008, Wichita <i>Eagle</i>. Retrieved December 31, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photos-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-photos_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansas.com/news/article1133748.html">"Wichita State’s Ulrich Museum acquires 125 Gordon Parks photographs"</a>, February 7, 2014, Wichita <i>Eagle</i>. Retrieved December 31, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookman1997" class="citation book cs1">Brookman, Philip (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halfpastautumnre00park"><i>Half past autumn : a retrospective Gordon Parks</i></a>. Bulfinch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821222988" title="Special:BookSources/0821222988"><bdi>0821222988</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+past+autumn+%3A+a+retrospective+Gordon+Parks&rft.pub=Bulfinch+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0821222988&rft.aulast=Brookman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalfpastautumnre00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noma.org/exhibitions/gordon-parks-the-making-of-an-argument/">"Gordon Parks: The Making of an Argument"</a>. <i>New Orleans Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Orleans+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+The+Making+of+an+Argument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoma.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fgordon-parks-the-making-of-an-argument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2013" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Russell (2013). <i>Gordon Parks : The Making of an Argument</i>. New Orleans Museum of Art, Steidl, The Gordon Parks Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3869307213" title="Special:BookSources/978-3869307213"><bdi>978-3869307213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks+%3A+The+Making+of+an+Argument&rft.pub=New+Orleans+Museum+of+Art%2C+Steidl%2C+The+Gordon+Parks+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3869307213&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.high.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>high.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=high.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.high.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316235241/http://www.high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Gordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx">"Gordon Parks: Segregation Story"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Gordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx">the original</a> on March 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+Segregation+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.high.org%2FArt%2FExhibitions%2FGordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartermuseum.org/exhibitions/gordon-parks-new-tide-early-work-1940-1950">"Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940-1950"</a>. <i>Amon Carter Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amon+Carter+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+The+New+Tide%2C+Early+Work+1940-1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartermuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fgordon-parks-new-tide-early-work-1940-1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookman2019" class="citation book cs1">Brookman, Philip (2019). <i>Gordon Parks: The New Tide: Early Work 1940–1950</i>. Steidl/Gordon Parks Foundation/National Gallery of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783958294943" title="Special:BookSources/9783958294943"><bdi>9783958294943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks%3A+The+New+Tide%3A+Early+Work+1940%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Steidl%2FGordon+Parks+Foundation%2FNational+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783958294943&rft.aulast=Brookman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/exhibitions/gordon-parks-x-muhammad-ali-the-image-of-a-champion-1966-1970">"Gordon Parks X Muhammad Ali, The Image of a Champion, 1966/1970"</a>. <i>The Gordon Parks Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri+Honor+Medal+Winners%3A+Individuals&rft.pub=Missouri+School+of+Journalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalism.missouri.edu%2Foverlay-content%2Fmissouri-honor-medal-winners-individuals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-gordon-parks/">"Gordon Parks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anisfield-wolf.org%2Fbooks%2Flifetime-gordon-parks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparks.org">"Gordon Parks Elementary School |"</a>. Gordonparks.org. October 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Parks+Elementary+School+%26%23124%3B&rft.pub=Gordonparks.org&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonparks.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith1_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press and Bud Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KT0DAAAAMBAJ&q=%3A%22Congress+Of+Racial+Equality%22+%22Lifetime+Achievement+Award%22+Gordon+Parks&pg=PA1">"National Report: Nation Celebrates Holiday Honoring Martin Luther King, Jr." </a>, <i>Jet</i> magazine, February 7, 2000, pp. 5–14 (Gordon Parks's award ceremony photo and report on p.14), photo and article as reproduced on GoogleBooks.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobishawGard_Ewell2011" class="citation book cs1">Robishaw, Lori; Gard Ewell, Maryo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/americans4arts/docs/artsfinal/124"><i>Commemorating 50 Years of Americans for the Arts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_the_Arts" title="Americans for the Arts">Americans for the Arts</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879903-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879903-07-4"><bdi>978-1-879903-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commemorating+50+Years+of+Americans+for+the+Arts&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Americans+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-879903-07-4&rft.aulast=Robishaw&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft.au=Gard+Ewell%2C+Maryo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Famericans4arts%2Fdocs%2Fartsfinal%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rps.org/annual-awards/Centenary-Medal">Royal Photographic Society's Centenary Award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201070248/http://www.rps.org/annual-awards/Centenary-Medal">Archived</a> December 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 13, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2005" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Gordon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuhlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eyes with Winged Thoughts</i></a>. Atria Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7962-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-7962-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyes+with+Winged+Thoughts&rft.pub=Atria+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7962-8&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuhlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2002" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Ezio (March 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/22f1635e729a2c74d1188fcda136df72/Gordon-Parks-and-Earvin-Magic-Johnson-honored-by-the-Jackie-Robinson-Foundation/">"Photo: Gordon Parks and Earvin "Magic" Johnson honored by the Jackie Robinson Foundation -"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Photo%3A+Gordon+Parks+and+Earvin+%22Magic%22+Johnson+honored+by+the+Jackie+Robinson+Foundation+-&rft.date=2002-03-11&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Ezio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FNews_Photos%2Fview%2Fupi%2F22f1635e729a2c74d1188fcda136df72%2FGordon-Parks-and-Earvin-Magic-Johnson-honored-by-the-Jackie-Robinson-Foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp_inductee-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gp_inductee_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iphf.org/inductees/gordon-parks/">"Gordon Parks, 1912-2006"</a>. <i>International Photography Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Photography+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Gordon+Parks%2C+1912-2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiphf.org%2Finductees%2Fgordon-parks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGordon+Parks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparks.spps.org">Alternative School in Saint Paul, MN named for Gordon Parks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828234549/http://www.gordonparks.spps.org/">Archived</a> August 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gordon Parks High School website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3415185">"Flavio"</a> at WorldCat</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_source_materials">Primary source materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary source materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.k-state.edu/depts/spec/findaids/pc1985-02.html">Gordon Parks Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217083942/http://www.lib.k-state.edu/depts/spec/findaids/pc1985-02.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Special Collections, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas State University Library">Kansas State University Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beach.k-state.edu/explore/collection/">Collected Photography, other artwork, and texts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marianna_Kistler_Beach_Museum_of_Art" title="Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art">Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.wichita.edu/ablah/index.php/schome/174">Gordon Parks Papers Exhibit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218210451/http://libraries.wichita.edu/ablah/index.php/schome/174">Archived</a> December 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or Finding Aid. Special Collections and University Archives. <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a> Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/archive/">Digital Archive</a>. Gordon Parks Foundation. Currently, the negatives are held at the Special Collections at <a href="/wiki/Purchase_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchase College">Purchase College</a>, New York.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap07.html">Gordon Parks FSA OWI Photos</a>. Held by the Library of Congress.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.org/parksgordon/#3">Gordon Parks Oral History</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Visionary_Leadership_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Visionary Leadership Project (page does not exist)">National Visionary Leadership Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.artsmia.org/search/%22Gordon%20Parks%22">Gordon Parks in the Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>, Minneapolis, MN</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_article-length_works">Additional article-length works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Additional article-length works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0602-Summer-2006/Director-Profile-Gordon-Parks.aspx">Director Guild of America profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iphf.org/hall-of-fame/gordon-parks/">International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum profile and biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encore.wrlsweb.org/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1585485__Sdavid%20marcou__P0%2C19__Orightresult__U__X2;jsessionid=9BFDE8B90D645F7DB6FE1AF39CAAAC42?lang=eng&suite=cobalt">"The Peoples' Champions: Dorothea Lange and Gordon Parks—'Photographic Equality' and 'The Jackie Robinson/Muhammad Ali of the Arts<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>, two long articles in one booklet researched and authored by David Joseph Marcou and published in February 2016 by DigiCOPY of La Crosse, WI.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks" class="extiw" title="commons:Gordon Parks"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gordon Parks</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gordon_Parks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gordon Parks">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0662953/">Gordon Parks</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org">The Gordon Parks Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansastravel.org/gordonparkscollection.htm">Gordon Parks Collection</a>, photograph and poetry exhibit in Gordon Parks's hometown</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdngallery.com/legends/parks/mainframeset.shtml">Some of his photography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723122829/http://pdngallery.com/legends/parks/mainframeset.shtml">Archived</a> July 23, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Gordon__Parks/A/">Luminous-Lint page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2005/02/11_olsond_parks/">Ordway Theater presents Gordon Parks</a> in the VocalEssence Witness series</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?95640-1/gordon-parks-photography-exhibit">C-SPAN interview with Parks</a>, discussing the exhibit "Half Past Autumn: The Art of Gordon Parks", November 25, 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june98/gordon_1-6.html">PBS Newshour, January 6, 1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217005120/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june98/gordon_1-6.html">Archived</a> December 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/parks_g.htm">Further biographical information can be found at the Thomson/Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603210115/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/parks_g.htm">Archived</a> June 3, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318213836/http://www.pdngallery.com/legends/parks/mainframeset2.shtml">Photo District News, Legends Online site for Gordon Parks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/parksgordon">Gordon Parks's oral history video excerpts</a> at the National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820003451/http://www.metrostate.edu/msweb/explore/cas/departments/cwa/gallery/index.html">Gordon Parks Gallery</a> at Metropolitan State University, Saint Paul, Minnesota gallery devoted to preserving the legacy of Gordon Parks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1992/?id=220">Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216232623/http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1992/?id=220">Archived</a> December 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL38873A">Works by Gordon Parks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365682#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>The chapter entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/28/arts/design/gordon-parks-photos-document-segregation.html?hpw&rref=arts&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0#">"Gordon Parks: A Versatile Titan Who Made His Name First As a Photojournalist"</a> is included in this representative world photo-history <i>The Photographic Spirit: Inspiring Photo Lives and Images</i>, authored by David Joseph Marcou and published in 2013 online (La Crosse History Unbound website) and also in paperback.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/mma015-01" class="extiw" title="iarchive:mma015-01">Audio recording of Gordon Parks, September 19, 1970</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art" title="Maryland Institute College of Art">Maryland Institute College of Art</a>'s Decker Library, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-8w3804zr04">Gordon Parks interview</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Black_America" title="In Black America">In Black America</a>, September 1, 1984, at the <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photographers<br />(date of hire)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Jung" title="Theodor Jung">Theodor Jung</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mydans" title="Carl Mydans">Carl Mydans</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vachon" title="John Vachon">John Vachon</a> (1936/1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delano" title="Jack Delano">Jack Delano</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_Jr." title="John Collier Jr.">John Collier</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Collins" title="Marjory Collins">Marjory Collins</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Rosskam" title="Louise Rosskam">Louise Rosskam</a> (1941)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gordon Parks</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Bubley" title="Esther Bubley">Esther Bubley</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Migrant_Mother" title="Migrant Mother">Migrant Mother</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Million_Black_Voices" title="12 Million Black Voices">12 Million Black Voices</a></i> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stryker" title="Roy Stryker">Roy Stryker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Gordon_Parks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gordon_Parks" title="Template:Gordon Parks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gordon_Parks" title="Template talk:Gordon Parks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gordon_Parks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gordon Parks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Gordon_Parks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gordon Parks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Tree" title="The Learning Tree">The Learning Tree</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft%27s_Big_Score!" title="Shaft's Big Score!">Shaft's Big Score!</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Cops" title="The Super Cops">The Super Cops</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leadbelly_(film)" title="Leadbelly (film)">Leadbelly</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Gordon_Parks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Gordon_Parks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Gordon Parks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award">NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gordon Parks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hopkins" title="Linda Hopkins">Linda Hopkins</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Dells" title="The Dells">The Dells</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_McRae" title="Carmen McRae">Carmen McRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler" title="Jerry Butler">Jerry Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)" title="Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)">Nancy Wilson</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Battle" title="Kathleen Battle">Kathleen Battle</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Avant" title="Clarence Avant">Clarence Avant</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1980s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Buffum_Chandler" title="Dorothy Buffum Chandler">Dorothy Buffum Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Kirstein" title="Lincoln Kirstein">Lincoln Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Tully" title="Alice Tully">Alice Tully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Menil" title="Dominique de Menil">Dominique de Menil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_II" title="Seymour H. Knox II">Seymour H. Knox II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a></li> <li>J. W. Fisher</li> <li>Frances Fisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Lewis" title="Sydney Lewis">Sydney Lewis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Joseph_Freedberg" title="Sydney Joseph Freedberg">Sydney J. Freedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Astor" title="Brooke Astor">Brooke Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Goelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Goelet">Francis Goelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obert_C._Tanner" title="Obert C. Tanner">Obert Clark Tanner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Leopold Adler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Friedman_(museum_director)" title="Martin Friedman (museum director)">Martin Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Gerdine" title="Leigh Gerdine">Leigh Gerdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Dayton Hudson Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gordon Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118904434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090095">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323704d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323704d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35409931">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20060825005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1748844">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073345296">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90806930">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000457009&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020O4672">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600905105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592426805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14472822">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06136220?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500019962">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gordon Parks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/31feaf8f-dbd0-4bfb-a897-6c04761bdab2">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/377521">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/8083">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/2915">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/gordon-parks">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942608">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118904434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118904434">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032150733">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x06dnz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&oldid=1259736044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Parks&oldid=1259736044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" title="Category:1912 births">1912 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2006_deaths" title="Category:2006 deaths">2006 deaths</a></li><li><a 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