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<span>Indefinite vs. part-publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_vs._part-publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standard numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Periodical literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_m%C9%99tbuat" title="Dövri mətbuat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri mətbuat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাময়িকী সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাময়িকী সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0u-k%C3%AE_khan-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chiàu-kî khan-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiàu-kî khan-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पीरियॉडिकल साहित्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीरियॉडिकल साहित्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Периодично издание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Периодично издание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareadeg" title="Mareadeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mareadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicaci%C3%B3_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Publicació periòdica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Publicació periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodikum" title="Periodikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Periodikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfnodolyn" title="Cyfnodolyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfnodolyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodikum" title="Periodikum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Periodikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodikum" title="Periodikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Periodikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioodika" title="Perioodika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perioodika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicaci%C3%B3n_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Publicación periódica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Publicación periódica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نشریه ادواری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشریه ادواری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Publication périodique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Publication périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%84%ED%96%89%EB%AC%BC" title="정기간행물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정기간행물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodi%C4%8Dne_publikacije" title="Periodične publikacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Periodične publikacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izishicwanjalo" title="Izishicwanjalo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izishicwanjalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodico" title="Periodico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicum" title="Periodicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periodicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiskie_izdevumi" title="Periodiskie izdevumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Periodiskie izdevumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foly%C3%B3irat" title="Folyóirat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Folyóirat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نشریه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نشریه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%A9" title="定期刊行物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="定期刊行物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodikum" title="Periodikum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodyk" title="Periodyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Periodyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Publicação periódica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Publicação periódica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_(publica%C8%9Bie)" title="Periodic (publicație) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Periodic (publicație)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Периодическое издание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Периодическое издание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodical" title="Periodical – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Periodical" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86" title="مخزن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مخزن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodikum" title="Periodikum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Periodikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodi%C4%8Dne_publikacije" title="Periodične publikacije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Periodične publikacije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodi%C4%8Dne_publikacije" title="Periodične publikacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Periodične publikacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisk_skrift" title="Periodisk skrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="สิ่งพิมพ์รายคาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งพิมพ์รายคาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нашрия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нашрия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCreli_yay%C4%B1n" title="Süreli yayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süreli yayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Періодичне видання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Періодичне видання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="رسالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رسالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B2dego" title="Periòdego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Periòdego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3n_ph%E1%BA%A9m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_k%E1%BB%B3" title="Xuất bản phẩm định kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xuất bản phẩm định kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="期刊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="期刊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="期刊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="期刊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1002697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regularly scheduled published work</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Periodical" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Periodicity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Periodicity (disambiguation)">Periodicity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg/220px-PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg/330px-PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg/440px-PLoS_Biology_cover_April_2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>The cover of an issue of the <a href="/wiki/Open-access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-access journal">open-access journal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a></i>, published monthly by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>periodical literature</b> (also called a <b>periodical publication</b> or simply a <b>periodical</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">published work</a> that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> are also examples of periodicals. These publications cover a wide variety of topics, from academic, technical, trade, and general interest to <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">Articles</a> within a periodical are usually organized around a single main subject or theme and include a title, date of publication, author(s), and brief summary of the article. A periodical typically contains an editorial section that comments on subjects of interest to its readers. Other common features are reviews of recently published books and films, columns that express the authors' opinions about various topics, and advertisements. </p><p>A periodical is a serial publication. A <a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">book series</a> is also a serial publication, but is not typically called a periodical. An <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> is also a book, and might be called a serial publication if it is published in many different editions over time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volumes_and_issues"><span class="anchor" id="Issue"></span><span class="anchor" id="Number"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dummy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Zero"></span><span class="anchor" id="First"></span><span class="anchor" id="Premiere"></span><span class="anchor" id="Charter"></span><span class="anchor" id="Final"></span>Volumes and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Volumes and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodicals are typically published and referenced by <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">volume</a> and issue (also known as issue number or number). <i>Volume</i> typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and <i>issue</i> refers to how many times that periodical has been published during that year. For example, the April 2011 publication of a monthly magazine first published in 2002 would be listed as, "volume 10, issue 4". <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> are sometimes used in reference to the volume number.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citing</a> a work in a periodical, there are standardized formats such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>. In the latest edition of this style, a work with volume number 17 and issue number 3 may be written as follows: </p> <ul><li>James M. Heilman, and Andrew G. West. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i> 17, no. 3 (2015). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.4069">10.2196/jmir.4069</a>.</li></ul> <p>Sometimes, periodicals are numbered in absolute numbers instead of volume-relative numbers, typically since the start of the publication. In rare cases, periodicals even provide both: a relative issue number and an absolute number.<sup id="cite_ref-DrDobbs_1978_V3N2I22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrDobbs_1978_V3N2I22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no universal standard for indicating absolute numbers, but often a '#' is used. </p><p>The first issue of a periodical is sometimes also called a premiere issue or charter issue.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_1982_V1N1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC_1982_V1N1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first issue may be preceded by dummy or zero issues. A last issue is sometimes called the final issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1990_N53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1990_N53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency">Frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodicals are often characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">period</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>) of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information often helps librarians make decisions about whether or not to include certain periodicals in their collection.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also helps scholars decide which journal to submit their paper to.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Period</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Frequency </th></tr> <tr> <td>Quinquennially</td> <td>Once per 5 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quadriennially</td> <td>Once per 4 years</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triennially</td> <td>Once per 3 years</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biennially</td> <td>Once per 2 years</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Annually</td> <td>Once per year</td> <td>1 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semiannually, Biannually</td> <td>Twice per year</td> <td>2 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triannually</td> <td>Thrice per year</td> <td>3 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarterly</td> <td>Every <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year#Quarters" title="Calendar year">quarter</a></td> <td>4 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bimonthly</td> <td>Every 2 <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a></td> <td>6 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi-quarterly</td> <td>Twice per quarter</td> <td>8 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monthly</td> <td>Every month</td> <td>12 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi-monthly</td> <td>Twice per month</td> <td>24 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biweekly, Fortnightly</td> <td>Every two <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">weeks</a></td> <td>26 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weekly</td> <td>Every week</td> <td>52 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi-weekly</td> <td>Twice per week</td> <td>104 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daily</td> <td>Once per <a href="/wiki/Business_day" title="Business day">business day</a></td> <td>Varies </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_and_scholarly">Popular and scholarly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popular and scholarly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg/220px-Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg/330px-Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg/440px-Cover_of_Science_in_School_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3463" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Science in School</i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Periodicals are often classified as either popular or scholarly. Popular periodicals are usually magazines (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Scholarly journals</a> are most commonly found in libraries and databases. Examples are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Psychology" title="The Journal of Psychology">The Journal of Psychology</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_Work" title="Journal of Social Work">Journal of Social Work</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">Trade magazines</a> are also examples of periodicals. They are written for an audience of professionals in the world. As of the early 1990s, there were over 6,000 academic, business, scientific, technical, and trade publications in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indefinite_vs._part-publication">Indefinite vs. part-publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indefinite vs. part-publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These examples are related to the idea of an indefinitely continuing cycle of production and publication: magazines plan to continue publishing, not to stop after a predetermined number of editions. By contrast, a novel might be published in monthly parts, a method revived after the success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is called <b>part-publication</b>, particularly when each part is from a whole work, or a <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>. It flourished during the nineteenth century, for example with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_John_Valpy" title="Abraham John Valpy">Abraham John Valpy</a>'s <i>Delphin Classics</i>, and was not restricted to <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_numbers">Standard numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standard numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a> (ISSN) is to serial publications (and by extension, periodicals) what the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a> (ISBN) is to books: a standardized reference number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postal services often carry periodicals at a preferential rate; for example, Second Class Mail in the United States only applies to publications issued at least quarterly.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partwork" title="Partwork">Partwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_(bibliography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Part (bibliography)">Part</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodical_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_P.aspx?#periodical">"Periodical"</a>. <i>ODLIS — Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science</i>. ABC-Clio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ODLIS+%E2%80%94+Online+Dictionary+for+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.atitle=Periodical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-clio.com%2FODLIS%2Fodlis_P.aspx%3F%23periodical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrDobbs_1978_V3N2I22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DrDobbs_1978_V3N2I22_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_03/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_03">"Front matter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal_of_Computer_Calisthenics_%26_Orthodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia">Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia</a></i>. Vol. 3, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Computer_Company" title="People's Computer Company">People's Computer Company</a>. February 1978. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8104-5490-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8104-5490-4"><bdi>0-8104-5490-4</bdi></a>. #22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 1, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/Software_Communications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Software Communications, Inc.">Software Communications, Inc.</a> February–March 1982. pp. front matter, 9. Premiere/Charter issue<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/microCornucopia/Micro_Cornucopia_%2353_May90.pdf">"Micro Cornucopia - The Micro Technical Journal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Micro_Cornucopia" title="Micro Cornucopia">Micro Cornucopia</a></i>. Around the bend. No. 53. Bend, Oregon, US: <a href="/wiki/Micro_Cornucopia_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Cornucopia Inc.">Micro Cornucopia Inc.</a> pp. front matter. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-587X">0747-587X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. 7 June 2012. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107670747" title="Special:BookSources/9781107670747"><bdi>9781107670747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+to+submit+your+manuscript&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+and+Publish+a+Scientific+Paper&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.isbn=9781107670747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/ann15057a/">"Cover of Science in School 32"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cover+of+Science+in+School+32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fann15057a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeBly1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Blake" title="Gary Blake">Blake, Gary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Bly" title="Robert W. Bly">Bly, Robert W.</a> (1993). <i>The Elements of Technical Writing</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0020130856" title="Special:BookSources/0020130856"><bdi>0020130856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Technical+Writing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0020130856&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Bly%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/pu_novel.html">"The Novel"</a>. <i>Aspects of the Victorian Book</i> – via The British Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aspects+of+the+Victorian+Book&rft.atitle=The+Novel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollections%2Fearly%2Fvictorian%2Fpu_novel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliotRose2007" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Simon & Rose, Jonathan (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontohisto00elio"><i>A Companion to the History of the Book</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontohisto00elio/page/n314">297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405127653" title="Special:BookSources/9781405127653"><bdi>9781405127653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Book&rft.pages=297&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781405127653&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Rose%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontohisto00elio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodical+literature" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. 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