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المهاجرين عن طريق البر والبحر والجو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول مكافحة تهريب المهاجرين عن طريق البر والبحر والجو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_contre_le_trafic_illicite_de_migrants_par_terre,_air_et_mer" title="Protocole contre le trafic illicite de migrants par terre, air et mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protocole contre le trafic illicite de migrants par terre, air et mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocollo_contro_il_traffico_di_migranti_via_terra,_mare_e_aria" title="Protocollo contro il traffico di migranti via terra, mare e aria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protocollo contro il traffico di migranti via terra, mare e aria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC,_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Протокол против кријумчарења миграната копном, морем и ваздухом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протокол против кријумчарења миграната копном, морем и ваздухом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international criminal law</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">New York City, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">40 ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">112</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">151</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air</b>, supplementing the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Transnational_Organised_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Transnational Organised Crime">Convention against Transnational Organised Crime</a>, was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2000. It is also referred to as the <b>Smuggling Protocol</b>. It is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Palermo_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo protocols">Palermo protocols</a>, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_especially_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_against_the_Illicit_Manufacturing_and_Trafficking_in_Firearms,_Their_Parts_and_Components_and_Ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition">Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition</a>. </p><p>The Smuggling Protocol entered into force on 28 January 2004. As of October 2022, the protocol has been signed by 112 parties and ratified by 151.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protocol is aimed at the protection of rights of <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrants</a> and the reduction of the power and influence of <a href="/wiki/Organized_criminal_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized criminal groups">organized criminal groups</a> that abuse migrants. It emphasizes the need to provide migrants with humane treatment, and the need for comprehensive international approaches to combating <a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">people smuggling</a>, including socio-economic measures that address the root causes of migration. </p><p>The Protocol requires States Parties that have ratified to ensure that migrant smuggling (also called <a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">people smuggling</a>) is criminalised in accordance with its terms, and those set out in the Convention on Transnational Organised Crime. </p><p>Given the current political priority around people smuggling, it is perhaps surprising that a concerted international focus on defining and responding to migrant smuggling only occurred in the 1990s. This focus followed sharp rises in irregular migration to the United States, and to Europe in the 1980s and 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A focus on those who facilitate irregular migration - rather than migrants themselves - was seen as a critical element of any response. The resulting legal framework was the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol), that supplements the parent instrument, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Migrant Smuggling Protocol does not provide a complete or self-contained legal regime but instead exists as part of a "dense web of rights, obligations and responsibilities drawn not just from the Protocol and Convention but also from the law of the sea, human rights law, and <a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">refugee law</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, people smuggling is characterized by the consent between customer and smuggler - a contractual agreement that typically terminates upon arrival in the destination location. However, smuggling situations can nonetheless in reality descend into situations that can best be described as extreme human rights abuses, with smuggled migrants subject to threats, abuse, exploitation and torture, and even death at the hands of smugglers (see for example, case studies in Gallagher and David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, 9-10). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_Against_the_Smuggling_of_Migrants_by_Land,_Sea_and_Air&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">People smuggling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_Against_the_Smuggling_of_Migrants_by_Land,_Sea_and_Air&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-b&chapter=18&clang=_en">Ratifications</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher and David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher and David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.Gallagher and F.David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>broken link </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_Against_the_Smuggling_of_Migrants_by_Land,_Sea_and_Air&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf">Text of protocol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/smuggling-of-migrants.html">UNODC Smuggling of Migrants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Model_Law_Smuggling_of_Migrants_10-52715_Ebook.pdf">UNODC, Model Law on Smuggling of Migrants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-b&chapter=18&lang=en">Ratifications SOM Protocol - UN Treaty Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031164153/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-b&chapter=18&lang=en">Archived</a> 31 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414054037/http://www.iom.int/germany/other_language/palermo-protocol-eng.html">programmes regarding the protocol</a></li> <li>A.Gallagher and F.David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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