固态计算淡出历史 | “自然指数-纳米科学和技术”增刊

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title> 固态计算淡出历史 | “自然指数-纳米科学和技术”增刊 </title> <meta name="keywords" content="自然指数，Nature Index，纳米，纳米科学，纳米技术"> <meta name="description" content="纳米材料因其作为支撑计算新时代基石的潜力，得到了广泛关注。"> <meta name="renderer" content="webkit"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no"> <meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="Qi7jwGMMd8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/js/vendor/animate/animate.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/js/vendor/swiper/swiper.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/css/common.css?v=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/css/jquery-ui.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/css/general_detail1.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/assets/css/general_detail2.css?v=2"> <script 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<section class="single-page clearfix"> <div class="single-page-left"> <div class="page-article"> <div class="pageleft-top"> <div class="title"> 固态计算淡出历史 | “自然指数-纳米科学和技术”增刊 </div> <div class="text"> 纳米材料因其作为支撑计算新时代基石的潜力，得到了广泛关注。 </div> </div> <div class="pageleft-cont"> <div class="time"> </div> <div class="com-subtit"> Jeff Hecht </div> <div class="doinum"> doi：10.1038/d41586-022-02147-3 ｜ <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/collections/fhheahdgaa?utm_source=naturechina&utm_medium=webpage&utm_campaign=ACPG_NINDX_ENGM_CN_CNCE_NANOT_NCF-PZ-WP-NC">原文链接</a> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <section><p><img src="/upload/image/20220816/1660641847.png" title="Nature Index Nanoscience and nanotechnology" alt="Nature Index Nanoscience and nanotechnology" width="600" height="451"/></p><p><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">作为预测计算性能“范式转变”关键的神经形态芯片。来源：Seung Hwan Lee</span><br/></p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">自1950年代晶体管开始取代真空管成为电子电路的关键部件以来，固态计算占据主流已经有相当长的一段时间了。从锗晶体管被硅晶体管取代，继而更新为集成电路，然后升级到越来越复杂、小型晶体管数量更多的芯片，固态材料处理和存储电子信息的速度在更新换代中不断提升。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">自1965年以来，该行业一直遵循摩尔定律——微处理器巨头英特尔的联合创始人戈登·摩尔（Gordon Moore）的预测——不断缩小的设备将带来计算性能和能源效率的提高。纳米技术的进步使当今最先进的集成电路上的最小特征可以缩小到原子尺度，但这与当前的设备不兼容。计算领域的下一步不仅需要新的纳米材料，还需要新的架构。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">自20世纪80年代以来，CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体）晶体管一直是集成电路的标准材料。与之前的几代数字计算机一样，CMOS电路依赖于约翰·冯·诺依曼在20世纪中叶选择的基本架构。他的架构旨在将在计算机中存储数据的电子设备与处理数字信息的电子设备分开。计算机将信息集中进行存储，然后将其发送到其他电路进行处理。将存储的内存与处理器分开可以防止信号相互干扰，并保持数字计算所需的准确性。但是，将数据从内存移动到处理器所花费的时间已成为瓶颈。开发人员正在寻找作为替代的非冯诺依曼架构来“在内存中”执行计算，以避免在移动数据中浪费时间。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">另一个目标是转向使用神经形态系统，它使用的是模拟人脑高连接性和并行处理的算法和网络。化学和材料科学研究员Mark Hersam说，这意味着新开发与电子处理兼容，但性能超过CMOS电路的人工神经元和突触。他补充说，这并非易事，但值得投入。“我对神经形态计算比对内存处理更感兴趣，因为我相信模拟大脑是个更大的范式转变，有更多潜在优势。”</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">为了达成这两个目标所面对的挑战都是确定最佳技术，这正是Hersam在伊利诺伊州埃文斯顿的西北大学从事的工作。在追踪82种选定自然科学期刊文章的自然指数中，西北大学在纳米相关成果方面在美国排名第二，仅次于位于剑桥的麻省理工学院。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">计算领域发生重大变化的第一个迹象出现在2012年左右，当时摩尔定律开始停滞不前，深度学习（系统根据过去的经验提高性能）的开发人员意识到，传统计算机中使用的通用中央处理器（CPU）计算机无法满足他们的需求。</span><br/><br/></p></section><section><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center; color: rgb(5, 136, 204); font-family: impact, chicago;">——— </span><strong style="text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>加快处理速度</strong></span></strong><span style="text-align: center; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; color: rgb(5, 136, 204); font-family: impact, chicago; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">———</span></span><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">CPU的优势在于其多功能性，Wilfried Haensch说。他曾在纽约的IBM沃森研究中心领导一个开发计算机内存概念的小组，直到2020年退休。“无论你想出什么程序，CPU都可以执行它，”Haensch说，“但它是否能有效执行是另一回事。”</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">为了寻求更好的深度学习处理器，IBM开发人员转向了图形处理单元（GPU），该单元旨在执行用于计算机游戏中高速3D成像的高级数学。IBM发现GPU可以比CPU更高效地运行深度学习算法，因此该团队通过硬连线芯片来运行特定的进程。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">“在其他机器中，你加载数据和指令，但在数据流机器中，某些指令在处理器中是硬连接的，因此你不必加载指令。”Haensch说。这标志着传统冯诺依曼模型的突破，因为数据流经硬连线处理器，就好像在内存中执行操作一样。它也适用于深度学习算法，因为其中大约80%的操作使用的是与图像处理相同的高级数学。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">Haensch说，对当前材料的进一步微调只能提供短期解决方案。他说，有许多新想法、新设备和新纳米结构，但还没有哪一个做好了取代CMO的准备，而且无法保证它们是否或何时准备好实现行业所需的转型。</span><br/><br/><img src="/upload/image/20220816/1660641968.jpg" title="全球产出" alt="全球产出" width="600" height="553"/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="text-align: left; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); font-size: 14px;">来源：Nature Index</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">开发中最受欢迎的一类器件是忆阻器，它同时具有存储器和电阻。忆阻器类似于标准电阻器，但对其施加电输入可以改变它们的电阻，从而改变存储在内存中的内容。它们的设计采用了一个三层结构，包括连接到其他设备的两个终端，和一个隔开终端、允许它们存储数据和处理信息的存储层。这个概念是在1971年提出的，但直到2007年，加利福尼亚州惠普实验室的研究科学家R. Stanley Williams才制造出第一个可用于电路的薄膜固态忆阻器。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">忆阻器可以在纳米尺度上制造，并可以在不到一纳秒的时间内切换。密歇根大学安娜堡分校的卢伟和他的团队在2018年一篇关于忆阻器技术的综述中概述道，它们“在冯诺依曼和摩尔定律时代之后的未来计算系统开发中具有巨大潜力” (M. A. Zidan <em>et al. Nature Electron</em>.<strong>1</strong>, 22–29; 2018)。构建一个结合所有所需属性的单一系统并非易事。</span><br/><br/></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center; color: rgb(5, 136, 204); font-family: impact, chicago;">——— </span><strong style="text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>下一代材料</strong></span></strong><span style="text-align: center; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; color: rgb(5, 136, 204); font-family: impact, chicago; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">———</span></span><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">研究人员正在寻找新型材料来满足高级计算的需求。Hersam和他的同事、西北大学材料科学与工程研究员Vinod K. Sangwan对潜在的神经形态电子材料进行了广泛的编目，其中包括零维材料（量子点）、一维和二维材料（石墨烯）和范德华异质结构（粘合在一起的多个二维材料层）(V. K. Sangwan and M. C. Hersam <em>Nature Nanotechnol</em>. <strong>15</strong>, 517–528; 2020)。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">例如，一维碳纳米管因其在神经形态系统中的应用而受到关注。因为它们类似于管状轴突，神经细胞通过这些轴突在生物系统中传递电信号。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">对于这些材料将如何影响计算的未来，人们意见不一。Abu Sebastian是纽约IBM Research AI硬件中心驻苏黎世的技术负责人，他专注于近期收益，并认为有机会让数字和神经形态计算更进一步。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">“像Mythic（一家位于德克萨斯州的人工智能公司）这样的公司非常接近商业化，”他说。在研究方面，卢伟说还有许多东西要弄清楚。他说，为了充分利用神经形态计算，需要使发源于成像的复杂计算“更紧密、更准确”。Haensch补充说，到目前为止，还没有材料可以实现可行的商业生产。</span><br/><br/><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">英特尔和IBM是自然指数中纳米科学和纳米技术相关成果的领先企业机构，拥有致力于非冯诺依曼计算的大型团队。惠普和总部位于巴黎的人工智能公司Lights-On则是专注于近期应用的两家公司。</span><br/><br/></p></section><section><p><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">Jeff Hecht是马萨诸塞州牛顿市的一名自由撰稿人。</span><br/><br/></p><p><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); font-size: 14px; font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">原文以Solid-state of affairs fades to a memory为标题发布在2022年8月11日出版的《自然》增刊“自然指数-纳米科学和技术”上。</em></span><br/><br/></p><p><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span class="js_darkmode__61" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">© nature</span></strong><span class="js_darkmode__61" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">Nature | doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02147-3</span></strong></p></section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Speakerslist"> <h4> 自然指数 - 纳米科学和技术 </h4> <p><img src="/upload/image/20220816/1660644722.jpg" title="Nature Index Nanoscience and nanotechnology" alt="Nature Index Nanoscience and nanotechnology" width="300" height="399"/></p> </div> <div class="Speakerslist"> <h4> 《自然》增刊“自然指数-纳米科学和技术”编辑独立，《自然》对社论内容全权负责。我们在此衷心感谢以下机构的支持： </h4> <table><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="100"><br/></td><td valign="top" style="word-break: break-all;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" width="130"><span style="font-family: font-family: 'Calibri Light&#39; font-size: 16px;"><p style="line-height: 2em;text-align: justify;"><img src="/upload/image/20220816/1660643533.png" title="1660643533.png" alt="1660643533.png" width="90" height="90"/></p></span></td><td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="70" style="word-break: break-all;"><br/></td><td valign="top" style="word-break: break-all;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" width="200"><p style="line-height: 2em;text-align: justify;"><img src="/upload/image/20220816/1660643570.png" title="1660643570.png" alt="1660643570.png" width="170" height="85"/></p></td><td width="100" valign="top"><br/></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="Speakerslist"> <h4> Nature Index 自然指数 </h4> <section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">自然指数是一个包括了作者单位信息和机构关系的数据库，它追踪发表在82种高质量自然科学期刊上的科研论文。这些期刊均由在职科学家所组成的独立小组选出。</span></p></section></section><p><br/></p><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";">自然指数提供机构和国家/地区所发表的论文的绝对计数和份额，由此可显示全球高质量科研产出及合作的情况。自然指数数据会定期更新，并依照知识共享协议，在指数网站natureindex.com上对外发布最近十二个月的数据。该数据库由施普林格•自然旗下的Nature Portfolio编制。</span></p></section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p></section></section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="font-size: 14px;">自然指数主要采用论文数和份额两种科研产出计算方法：<br/></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br/></span></span></strong></p></section></section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="font-size: 14px;">• 论文数（Count）</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">- </span></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">以前被称为“论文计数 （article count/AC）”，是指一篇文章不论有一个还是多个作者，每位作者所在的国家/地区或机构都获得1分。这就是说一篇论文能为多个国家/地区或机构带来一个分值。</span></p></section></section></section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei";"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br/></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">• 贡献份额（Share）</span></strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">- </span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">为了统计一个国家、地区或机构对某篇论文的贡献，并确保不会重复计算，自然指数还使用Share（份额），以前被称为“分数式计量（fractional count/FC）”，它计算的是每篇论文作者的贡献份额。一篇文章总分值为1，每位作者被认为对论文有相同的贡献，分值在所有作者中平均分配。例如，一篇论文有10位作者，则每位作者的得分为0.1。对于隶属于多个机构的作者，其贡献份额则在各机构间平均分配。机构总的份额分值是将与之有关联的各个作者的份额相加得出的。国家/地区的份额计算过程与之相似，尽管由于某些机构拥有海外实验室而将其计入所在国家/地区，这令情况变得复杂。<br/><br/><strong style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">• </span></strong></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">合作分值（collaboration score）</span></strong></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">- </span></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 14px;">由一个科研机构或国家所有双边合作方的贡献份额相加而得。</span></p></section></section> </div> <div class="page-img"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/commseng/aims?utm_medium=internal_display&utm_source=naturechina&utm_content=mpu&utm_term=null&utm_campaign=CONR_NATOA_AWA1_AP_CNPL_0031K_RNEWS_172"><img src="/public/upload/image/2022/02/17/620dc6239d27f.jpg"></a> </div> </div> <div class="single-page-right"> <div class="conttop"> <div class="index-title">快速链接</div> <ul class="quick_link"> <li> <a href="http://www.naturechina.com/journals"> <img src="/public/assets/img/general/icon1.jpg"> <span> 更多期刊 </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.naturechina.com/Natural_Journal_Assessment"> <img src="/public/assets/img/general/icon2.png"> <span> 期刊评估指标 </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.naturechina.com/pdf?file=/public/upload/pdf/nr-inside-nature-infographic-cn.pdf"> <img src="/public/assets/img/general/icon3.jpg"> <span> 走进《自然》编辑部 </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.naturechina.com/subscribe"> <img src="/public/assets/img/general/icon5.jpg"> <span> 《自然》系列期刊订购 </span> </a> </li> </ul> <div 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