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<span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Rheged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Rheged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kings of Rheged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Rheged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Rheged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Rheged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Southern Rheged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Rheged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Rheged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Rheged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of Rheged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Rheged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_a_possible_royal_centre_of_Rheged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_a_possible_royal_centre_of_Rheged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Discovery of a possible royal centre of Rheged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_a_possible_royal_centre_of_Rheged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetic legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Rheged" title="Reinu de Rheged – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Rheged" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Рэгед – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэгед" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Rheged" title="Königreich Rheged – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Rheged" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Rheged" title="Reino de Rheged – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Rheged" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Rheged" title="Regno di Rheged – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Rheged" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regedas" title="Regedas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regedas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Регед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Регед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rheged" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Регед – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регед" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q633573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Rheged</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">c.500–c. 600</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650."><img alt="Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/250px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/500px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1794" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meirchion_Gul" title="Meirchion Gul">Meirchion Gul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cynfarch_Oer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynfarch Oer">Cynfarch Oer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossfell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Crossfell.jpg/220px-Crossfell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Crossfell.jpg/330px-Crossfell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Crossfell.jpg/440px-Crossfell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria" title="River Eden, Cumbria">Eden Valley</a> is thought by some to have been the heartland of the kingdom of Rheged.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rheged</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Welsh pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈr̥ɛɡɛd]</a></span>) was one of the kingdoms of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></i> ("Old North"), the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a>-speaking region of what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Sub_Roman_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub Roman Britain">post-Roman era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. It is recorded in several poetic and <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bardic</a> sources, although its borders are not described in any of them. Archaeological work from 2012 onwards on a site in <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> is interpreted by the excavators as showing that it is a royal centre of Rheged. Rheged possibly extended into <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and other parts of northern England. In some sources, Rheged is intimately associated with the king <a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien Rheged</a> and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061498_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061498-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inhabitants spoke <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, a Brittonic dialect closely related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19539_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19539-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name <i>Rheged</i> has been described as "problematic". One <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a>-language solution is that the name may be a compound of <i>rö-</i>, a prefix meaning "great", and <i>cę:d</i> meaning "wood, forest" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>coed</i>) although the expected form in Welsh would be <i>*Rhygoed</i>. If association of the name with <i>cę:d</i> is correct, the prefix may be <i>rag-</i>, meaning "before, adjacent to, opposite". Derivation from the element <i>reg</i>, which with the suffix <i>-ed</i> has connotations of "generosity", is another possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-BLITON_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLITON-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Rheged appears regularly as an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a> (a late 6th-century king of Rheged) in a number of early Welsh poems and royal genealogies. His victories over the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Anglian</a> chieftains of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> in the second half of the 6th century are recorded by <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> and celebrated by the bard <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a>, who calls him "Ruler of Rheged". He is thus placed squarely in the North of Britain and perhaps specifically in <a href="/wiki/Westmorland" title="Westmorland">Westmorland</a> when referred to as "Ruler of Llwyfenydd" (identified with the <a href="/wiki/River_Lyvennet" title="River Lyvennet">Lyvennet Valley</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later legend associates Urien with the city of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a>), only twenty-five miles away; Higham suggests that Rheged was "broadly conterminous with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Carvetii" title="Carvetii"><i>Civitas Carvetiorum</i></a>, the Roman administrative unit based on Carlisle". Although it is possible that Rheged was merely a stronghold, it was not uncommon for sub-Roman monarchs to use their kingdom's name as an epithet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Place-name</a> evidence, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dunragit" title="Dunragit">Dunragit</a> (possibly "Fort of Rheged")<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">α</a></sup> suggests that, at least in one period of its history, Rheged included <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a>. Recent archaeological excavations at <a href="/wiki/Trusty%27s_Hill" title="Trusty's Hill">Trusty's Hill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">vitrified fort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse_of_Fleet" title="Gatehouse of Fleet">Gatehouse of Fleet</a>, and the analysis of its artefacts in the context of other sites and their artefacts have led to claims that the kingdom was centred on Galloway early in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Toolis2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toolis2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interpretations of another place-name, with even less certainty, indicate that Rheged could also have reached as far south as <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> as <i>Recedham</i>. The <a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">River Roch</a> on which Rochdale stands was recorded in the 13th century as <i>Rached</i> or <i>Rachet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197282_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197282-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such names may derive from Old English <i>reced</i> "hall or house".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no other place names originating from this Old English element exist, which makes this derivation unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are not of English origin, these place-names may incorporate the element 'Rheged' precisely because they lay on or near its borders. Certainly Urien's kingdom stretched eastward at one time, as he was also "Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Catraeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Catraeth">Catraeth</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catterick</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>). </p><p>It is accepted by most scholars, therefore, that Rheged was a kingdom covering a large part of modern <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> as well as areas of Dumfries and Galloway and extended, for some of its history, into present day Yorkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_Transactions_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_Transactions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_of_Rheged">Kings of Rheged</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kings of Rheged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional royal genealogy of Urien and his successors traces their ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a> (considered by some to be the origins of the Old <a href="/wiki/King_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole">King Cole</a> of folk tradition),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is considered by many to be a mythical figure; if he has some historicity, he may have ruled a considerable part of the North in the early 5th century. All of those listed below may have ruled in Rheged, but only three of their number can be verified from external sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meirchion_Gul" title="Meirchion Gul">Meirchion Gul</a>, father of Cynfarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynfarch_Oer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynfarch Oer">Cynfarch Oer</a> (Cynfarch the Dismal), also known as Cynfarch fab Meirchion and Cynfarch Gul, father of Urien</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien Rheged</a>, (c. 550 – 590), about whom survive eight songs of <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain</a>, also celebrated for having fought the <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicians</a>; son of Urien</li></ul> <p>There are two possible later kings of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Rheged" title="House of Rheged">Rheged</a>: </p> <ul><li>Rhun, said to have been a son of Urien. He is recorded in Welsh sources as having baptised <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a>, however, he may merely have stood sponsor at the baptism, thus becoming Edwin's <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Royth (Rhaith - meaning 'Justice' in Welsh), son of Rhun, and possibly the last king of Rheged.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_Rheged">Southern Rheged</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern Rheged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second royal genealogy exists for a line, perhaps of kings, descended from Cynfarch Oer's brother: Elidir Lydanwyn. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Bonedd_Gw%C5%B7r_y_Gogledd" title="Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd">Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd</a></i> Elidir's son, <a href="/wiki/Llywarch_Hen" title="Llywarch Hen">Llywarch Hen</a>, was a ruler in North Britain in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1959121_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1959121-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was driven from his territory by princely in-fighting after Urien's death and was perhaps in old age associated with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>. However, it is possible, because of internal inconsistencies, that the poetry connected to <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a> was associated with Llywarch's name at a later, probably 9th century, date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick197388–89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick197388–89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llywarch is referred to in some poems as king of South Rheged, and in others as king of Argoed, suggesting that the two regions were the same. Searching for Llywarch's kingdom has led some historians to propose that Rheged may have been divided between sons, resulting in northern and southern successor states. The connections of the family of Llywarch and Urien with Powys has suggested to some, on grounds of proximity, that the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> may have been their original home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwickChadwick1940165_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickChadwick1940165-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_Rheged">End of Rheged</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End of Rheged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Bernicia united with <a href="/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deira (kingdom)">Deira</a> to become the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, Rheged was annexed by Northumbria, some time before AD 730. There was a royal marriage between Prince (later King) <a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a> and the Rhegedian princess <a href="/wiki/Rhiainfellt" title="Rhiainfellt">Rieinmelth</a>, granddaughter of Rum (Rhun), probably in 638, so it is possible that it was a peaceful takeover, both kingdoms being inherited by the same man.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Rheged was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, the old <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric language</a> was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, Cumbric surviving only in remote upland communities. Around the year 900, after the power of Northumbria was destroyed by Viking incursions and settlement, large areas west of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> fell without apparent warfare under the control of the British <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> recorded as being on the border between the Britons and the Norse Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. This may have represented the political assertion of lingering British culture in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapelle197934_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapelle197934-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> remained under the control of Strathclyde until the early 11th century when Strathclyde itself was absorbed into the Scottish kingdom. The name of the people, whose modern Welsh form is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Cymry</a></i></span> has, however, survived in the name of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and now <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>; it probably derives from an old Celtic word *<i>Kombroges</i> meaning "fellow countrymen". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_a_possible_royal_centre_of_Rheged">Discovery of a possible royal centre of Rheged</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discovery of a possible royal centre of Rheged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012 archaeologists found evidence at <a href="/wiki/Trusty%27s_Hill" title="Trusty's Hill">Trusty's Hill</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse_of_Fleet" title="Gatehouse of Fleet">Gatehouse of Fleet</a>, in Galloway, southwest Scotland, which they interpreted as suggesting that the site may have been a royal centre of Rheged's capital <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 AD</span>. One of the lead researchers, Ronan Toolis, stated that their findings revealed structural ruins atop the hill. These originally belonged to a fortification system with a timber-reinforced stone rampart where the main fortification was supplemented by smaller defensive works along the low-lying slopes. According to Toolis, this suggests the presence of a royal stronghold of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Toolis2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toolis2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Roger Collins</a> is sceptical, arguing that the evidence does not fit [the excavators'] favoured interpretation of the site as a royal centre".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_legacy">Genetic legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>'s <i>People of the British Isles</i> project, the original population of Rheged has left a distinct genetic heritage amongst the people of Cumbria. The research compared the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> of over 2000 people across the British Isles whose grandparents were all born within 50 miles (80 km) of each other, and found a number of cases, including Rheged, where genetic clusters of people matched the location of historical kingdoms (other examples included <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-people_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a></b></span> but see: Clarkson, T. J., The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland, John Donald, 2010, p. 71: "Archaeologists are extremely sceptical that this was a site occupied in Early Historic times, still less that it was a royal residence. Such scepticism raises serious doubts about the usual derivation of the place-name Dunragit which may in fact be a red herring. It has been suggested that the second element could be Gaelic <i>reichet</i> rather than Old Welsh Reget, and that the place was so named by the Gall Gaidhil, 'foreign Gaels', who colonised Galloway in the Viking period." For Gaelic <i>re(i)chet</i>, cf. the Old Irish place name <i>Mag Roichet/Rechet</i> (Modern Irish <i>Maigh Reichead</i>), now <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logainm.ie/en/28464">Morett, country Laois, Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061498-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061498_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, p. 1498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19539-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19539_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1953">Jackson 1953</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLITON-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf">"The Brittonic Language in the Old North"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scottish Place Name Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Place+Name+Society&rft.atitle=The+Brittonic+Language+in+the+Old+North&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspns.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FAlan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1960">Williams 1960</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toolis2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toolis2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toolis2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toolis, R; Bowles, C (2016). <i>The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged: The Discovery of a Royal Stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway</i>, Oxbow Books Limited. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (March 2025)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/blogs/mysterious-dark-age-kingdom-scotland-unearthed">"Long-lost Dark Age kingdom unearthed in Scotland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long-lost+Dark+Age+kingdom+unearthed+in+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnn.com%2Flifestyle%2Farts-culture%2Fblogs%2Fmysterious-dark-age-kingdom-scotland-unearthed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197282-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197282_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1972">Williams 1972</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekwall, Eilert, The place-names of Lancashire, Manchester University Press, 1922, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarkson, T. J., The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland, John Donald, 2010, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze_Transactions-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_Transactions_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2012" class="citation journal cs1">Breeze, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dgnhas.org.uk/sites/default/files/transactions/3086.pdf#page=61">"The Names of Rheged"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society</i> (86)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Dumfriesshire+and+Galloway+Natural+History+and+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Rheged&rft.issue=86&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdgnhas.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftransactions%2F3086.pdf%23page%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harbus, A. (2002) <i>Magnus Maximus and the Welsh Helena</i> in <i>Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend</i>, Boydell & Brewer, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, P.K. (1970) <i>Llywarch, Ancestor of Welsh Princes</i>, Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3, p. 443 - This author argues that the term <i>hen</i> in the context of early Welsh genealogies has a primary meaning of "heroic ancestor", rather than that the possessor of the epithet necessarily lived to a great age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corning, Caitlin (2000) <i>The Baptism of Edwin, King of Northumbria: A New Analysis of the British Tradition</i>, Northern History, 36:1, 5-15, DOI: 10.1179/007817200790178030</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Breeze (2013) <i>Northumbria and the Family of Rhun</i>, Northern History, 50:2, pp. 170-179, DOI: 10.1179/0078172X13Z.00000000039</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1959121-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1959121_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1959">Chadwick 1959</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick197388–89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick197388–89_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1973">Chadwick 1973</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickChadwick1940165-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwickChadwick1940165_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwickChadwick1940">Chadwick & Chadwick 1940</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, K.H. (1955) <i>The Britons in Southern Scotland</i>, Antiquity, xxix, pp. 77–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Helen (1989) <i>Whose Cultural Heritage? Etifeddiaeth Ddiwylliannol i Bwy?</i>, English in Education, Taylor & Francis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapelle197934-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapelle197934_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapelle1979">Kapelle 1979</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxbowbooks.com/blog/2017/07/26/festival-of-archaeology-2017-behind-the-scenes-of-the-lost-dark-age-kingdom-of-rheged/">"Festival of Archaeology 2017 – Behind the Scenes of the Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged"</a>. <i>Oxbow Books</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxbow+Books&rft.atitle=Festival+of+Archaeology+2017+%E2%80%93+Behind+the+Scenes+of+the+Lost+Dark+Age+Kingdom+of+Rheged&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Ffestival-of-archaeology-2017-behind-the-scenes-of-the-lost-dark-age-kingdom-of-rheged%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socantscot.org/resource/the-lost-dark-age-kingdom-of-rheged-the-discovery-of-a-royal-stronghold-at-trustys-hill-galloway-by-ronan-toolis-and-christopher-bowles/">Review by Roger Collins of Toolis and Bowles, <i>The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged</i>, The Society of Antiquities of Scotland, n.d.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-people-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-people_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peopleofthebritishisles.org/population-genetics">"People of the British Isles: Population Genetics"</a>. <i>www.peopleofthebritishisles.org</i>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Several of the other genetic clusters show similar locations to the tribal groupings and kingdoms around at the time of the Saxon invasion (from the 5th century), suggesting that these tribes and kingdoms may have maintained a regional identity for many centuries. For example the Cumbrian cluster corresponds well to the kingdom of Rheged, West Yorkshire to the Elmet and Northumbria to the Bernicia. The existence of these largely quite well separated clusters suggests a remarkable stability of the British people over quite long periods of time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peopleofthebritishisles.org&rft.atitle=People+of+the+British+Isles%3A+Population+Genetics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peopleofthebritishisles.org%2Fpopulation-genetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Ifor, “The poems of Llywarch Hen [Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture]”, in: Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 18, 1932, pp. 269–302 (p. 292).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Chadwick" title="Hector Munro Chadwick">Chadwick, H.M.</a> (1959). <i>Cambridge Studies in Early British History</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+British+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwickChadwick1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Chadwick" title="Hector Munro Chadwick">Chadwick, H.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">Chadwick, N.K.</a> (1940). <i>The Growth of Literature</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+N.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">Chadwick, N.K</a> (1973) [1958]. <i>Studies in the Early British Church</i>. North Haven, CT: Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-208-01315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-208-01315-6"><bdi>978-0-208-01315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Early+British+Church&rft.place=North+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-208-01315-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=N.K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth</a> (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagehistoryi0000jack"><i>Language & History in Early Britain</i></a></span>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+%26+History+in+Early+Britain&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagehistoryi0000jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKapelle1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Kapelle" title="William E. Kapelle">Kapelle, W.E.</a> (1979). <i>The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0040-5"><bdi>978-0-7099-0040-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norman+Conquest+of+the+North%3A+the+Region+and+its+Transformation%2C+1000%E2%80%931135&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0040-5&rft.aulast=Kapelle&rft.aufirst=W.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T, ed. (2006). <i>Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Mike (March 2011). "The kingdom of Rheged : a landscape perspective". <i>Northern History</i>. <b>48</b> (1). Leeds: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174587011X12928631621159">10.1179/174587011X12928631621159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159794496">159794496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+History&rft.atitle=The+kingdom+of+Rheged+%3A+a+landscape+perspective&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174587011X12928631621159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159794496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToolisBowles2016" class="citation book cs1">Toolis, R; Bowles, C (2016). <i>The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged: The Discovery of a Royal Stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway</i>. Oxbow Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785703119" title="Special:BookSources/9781785703119"><bdi>9781785703119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Dark+Age+Kingdom+of+Rheged%3A+The+Discovery+of+a+Royal+Stronghold+at+Trusty%27s+Hill%2C+Galloway&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785703119&rft.aulast=Toolis&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bowles%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Williams, Ifor</a> (1960). <i>Canu Taliesin Gyda Rhagymadrodd A Nodiadau</i>. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canu+Taliesin+Gyda+Rhagymadrodd+A+Nodiadau&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ifor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Williams, Ifor</a>, ed. (1972). <i>The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry</i> (3rd [paperback, 1990] ed.). Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0035-0"><bdi>978-0-7083-0035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Welsh+Poetry&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.edition=3rd+%5Bpaperback%2C+1990%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0035-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheged&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartrum1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartrum" title="Peter Bartrum">Bartrum, P.C.</a> (1966). <i>Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts</i>. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Welsh+Genealogical+Tracts&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bartrum&rft.aufirst=P.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkson2010" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Tim (2010). <i>The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald, Birlinn Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906566-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906566-18-0"><bdi>978-1-906566-18-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+of+the+North%3A+The+Britons+of+Southern+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald%2C+Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906566-18-0&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter Berresford</a> (1994) [1993]. <i>Celt and Saxon The Struggle for Britain AD 410–937</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-473260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-473260-5"><bdi>978-0-09-473260-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celt+and+Saxon+The+Struggle+for+Britain+AD+410%E2%80%93937&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-09-473260-5&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigham1986" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nick (1986). <i>The Northern Counties to AD 1000</i>. A Regional History of England. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49276-9"><bdi>978-0-582-49276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Counties+to+AD+1000&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+Regional+History+of+England&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49276-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1992" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, John (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northanhymbresag0000mars"><i>Northanhymbre Saga: History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria</i></a></span>. London: Kyle Cathie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85626-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85626-055-8"><bdi>978-1-85626-055-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northanhymbre+Saga%3A+History+of+the+Anglo-Saxon+Kings+of+Northumbria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kyle+Cathie&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85626-055-8&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthanhymbresag0000mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a> (1973). <i>The Age of Arthur</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Phillimore & Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-289-6"><bdi>978-0-85033-289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Arthur&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-289-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris-Jones1918" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morris-Jones" title="John Morris-Jones">Morris-Jones, John</a> (1918). "Y Commrodor". <b>XXVIII</b>. London: The Society of Cymmrodorian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Y+Commrodor&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Morris-Jones&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToolisBowles2016" class="citation book cs1">Toolis, R; Bowles, C (2016). <i>The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged: The Discovery of a Royal Stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway</i>. Oxbow Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785703119" title="Special:BookSources/9781785703119"><bdi>9781785703119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Dark+Age+Kingdom+of+Rheged%3A+The+Discovery+of+a+Royal+Stronghold+at+Trusty%27s+Hill%2C+Galloway&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785703119&rft.aulast=Toolis&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bowles%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheged" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Williams, Ifor</a> (1935). <i>Canu Llywarch Hen. Gyda Rhagymadrodd a Nodiadau</i>. 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hen_Ogledd" title="Template:Hen Ogledd"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hen_Ogledd" title="Template talk:Hen Ogledd"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hen_Ogledd" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hen Ogledd"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hen_Ogledd59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Kingdoms or Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Alt Clut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia#British_Bryneich" title="Bernicia">Bryneich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deifr" class="mw-redirect" title="Deifr">Deifr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elfed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rheged</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Important Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calchfynydd" title="Calchfynydd">Calchfynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidyn" title="Eidyn">Eidyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaw_Gododdin" title="Manaw Gododdin">Manaw Gododdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthuret" title="Arthuret">Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Forest" title="Caledonian Forest">Coed Celyddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Rock">Dumbarton Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Ynys Meddgod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneirin" title="Aneirin">Aneirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydno_Eiddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Clydno Eiddin">Clydno Eiddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedda" title="Cunedda">Cunedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Kentigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elffin_ap_Gwyddno" title="Elffin ap Gwyddno">Elffin ap Gwyddno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwallog_ap_Ll%C3%AAnog" title="Gwallog ap Llênog">Gwallog ap Llênog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddolau" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwenddolau">Gwenddolau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llywarch_Hen" title="Llywarch Hen">Llywarch Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morcant_Bulc" title="Morcant Bulc">Morcant Bulc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_ab_Urien" class="mw-redirect" title="Owain ab Urien">Owain ab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabo_Post_Prydain" title="Pabo Post Prydain">Pabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydderch_Hael" title="Rhydderch Hael">Rhydderch Hael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talhaearn_Tad_Awen" title="Talhaearn Tad Awen">Talhaearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Gwrgi and Peredur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rheged&oldid=1279149592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rheged&oldid=1279149592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_the_British_Isles" title="Category:Former countries in the British Isles">Former countries in the British Isles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Category:History of Dumfries and Galloway">History of Dumfries and Galloway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cumberland" title="Category:History of Cumberland">History of Cumberland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cumbria" title="Category:History of Cumbria">History of Cumbria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Westmorland" title="Category:History of Westmorland">History of 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