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</button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_and_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_and_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Entry and setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_and_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform_and_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_and_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uniform and dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_and_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nature and role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Salary and ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_after_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_after_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Changes after 1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_after_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Government_of_India_Act_1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Government_of_India_Act_1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After the Government of India Act 1935</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Government_of_India_Act_1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_India,_dissolution_and_subsequent_service_of_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_India,_dissolution_and_subsequent_service_of_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Partition of India, dissolution and subsequent service of officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_India,_dissolution_and_subsequent_service_of_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Support and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indian Civil Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indian Civil Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय लोक सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय लोक सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamong_Praja_India" title="Pamong Praja India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pamong Praja India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ಸರ್ವಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ಸರ್ವಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय नागरी सेवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय नागरी सेवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%96%87%E5%AE%98" title="インド高等文官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド高等文官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiston_fuqarolik_xizmati_(ICS)" title="Hindiston fuqarolik xizmati (ICS) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindiston fuqarolik xizmati (ICS)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਿਵਲ ਸੇਵਾ (ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਿਵਲ ਸੇਵਾ (ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انڊين سول سروس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انڊين سول سروس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indian Civil Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தியக் குடிமைப் பணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியக் குடிமைப் பணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇండియన్ సివిల్ సర్వీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇండియన్ సివిల్ సర్వీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1661231#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services of India</a>.</div> <p> The <b>Indian Civil Service</b> (<b>ICS</b>), officially known as the <b>Imperial Civil Service</b>, was the higher <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in India during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947</a>. </p><p>Its members ruled over more than 300 million people<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">presidencies and provinces of British India</a> and were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII(32) of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_History_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICS_Administer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_Administer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICS was headed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, a member of the British cabinet. </p><p>At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been educated in the best British schools.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the partition of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1947, the outgoing Government of India's ICS was divided between <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Superior_Services_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Superior Services of Pakistan">Central Superior Services of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh Civil Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Civil_Service_Board" title="Union Civil Service Board">Myanmar Civil Service</a> are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian army">Indian Army</a>, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_in_early_India" title="Civil Service in early India">Civil Service in early India</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div> <p>From 1858, after the demise of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s rule in India, the British <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> took on its administrative responsibilities. The change in governance came about due to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, which came close to toppling British rule in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_and_setting">Entry and setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entry and setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aitchison_Commission" title="Aitchison Commission">Aitchison Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Nationalists" title="Early Nationalists">Early Nationalists</a></div> <p>Up to 1853, the Directors of the East India Company made appointments of covenanted civil servants by nominations. This nomination system was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> in 1853 and it was decided that appointments would be through competitive examinations of all <a href="/wiki/British_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British subjects">British subjects</a>, without distinction of race. </p><p>The examination for admission to the service was first held only in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the month of August of each year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All candidate were required to pass a compulsory horse-riding test. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>An appointment to the civil service of the Company will not be a matter of favour but a matter of right. He who obtains such an appointment will owe it solely to his own abilities and industry. It is undoubtedly desirable that the civil servants of the Company should have received the best, the most finished education that the native country affords (the Report insisted that the civil servants of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">Company</a> should have taken the first degree in arts at Oxford or Cambridge Universities).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Macaulay Committee Report<sup id="cite_ref-ARC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The competitive examination for entry to the civil service was combined for the Diplomatic, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">the Home</a>, the Indian, and the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Services</a>. Candidates had to be aged between 18 and 23 to take the exam.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total marks possible in the examination were 1,900 and one could get up to three opportunities to enter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Successful candidates underwent one or two years of probation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, according to whether they had taken the London or the Indian examination. This period<sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Service_Training-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was spent at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute" title="Indian Institute">Indian Institute</a>), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, colleges in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> (including <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental Studies">School of Oriental Studies</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Service_Training-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a candidate studied the law and institutions of India, including <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of evidence">law of evidence</a>, which together gave knowledge of the revenue system, as well as reading Indian history and learning the language of the province to which they had been assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Service_Training-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Early Nationalists,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Moderates,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worked for implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission and a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India. </p><p>By 1920, there were five methods of entry into the higher civil service: firstly, the open competitive examinations in London; secondly, separate competitive examinations in India; thirdly, nomination in India to satisfy provincial and communal representation; fourthly, promotion from the Provincial Civil Service and lastly, appointments from the bar (one-fourth of the posts in the ICS were to be filled from the bar).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniform_and_dress">Uniform and dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uniform and dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:441px;max-width:441px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sir Henry Edward Stokes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG/153px-Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG/230px-Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG/306px-Sir_Henry_Edward_Stokes_KCSI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Gabriel_(1849-1920).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sir Gabriel Stokes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG/153px-Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG/230px-Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG/306px-Sir_Gabriel_%281849-1920%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="V. Narahari Rao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg/123px-V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg/185px-V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg/246px-V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stokes" title="Henry Stokes">Sir Henry Edward Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes" title="Gabriel Stokes">Sir Gabriel Stokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._Narahari_Rao" title="V. Narahari Rao">V. Narahari Rao</a> in the uniform of the Indian Civil Service.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> had suggested that the civil servants in India should have an official <a href="/wiki/Dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress uniform">dress uniform</a>, as did their counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Service</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a> decided that prescribing a dress uniform would be an undue expense for their officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only civilians allowed a dress uniform by regulations were those who had distinct duties of a political kind to perform, and who are thereby brought into frequent and direct personal contact with native princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uniform included a blue coat with gold embroidery, a black velvet lining, collar and cuffs, blue cloth trousers with gold and lace two inches wide, a <a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">beaver</a> <a href="/wiki/Cocked_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocked hat">cocked hat</a> with black silk <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_feather" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrich feather">ostrich feathers</a>, and a sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_1996_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_and_role">Nature and role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nature and role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aitchison_Commission" title="Aitchison Commission">Aitchison Commission</a></div> <p>The civil services were divided into two categories – covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of British civil servants occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CUC_Civil_Service_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUC_Civil_Service-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary_and_ranks">Salary and ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salary and ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, pay scales were drawn up.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assistant Commissioners started out in their early twenties on around £300 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governorship of a British province was the highest post an ICS officer could aspire to.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_HT_History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_HT_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governors at the top of the pyramid got £6,000 a year plus allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All ICS officers retired on the same pension of £1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sum was paid as an <a href="/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> each year after retirement. Widows of deceased officers were entitled to £300 a year, leading to a popular saying that an ICS marriage was worth "three hundred a year alive or dead".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first decades of the twentieth century, the imbalance in salaries and emoluments was so great that 8,000 British officers together earned a total of £13,930,554, while 130,000 Indians in government service (not just those in the Indian Civil Service proper) were collectively paid a total of £3,284,163.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_Colonial_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_Colonial-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICS officers normally served for a minimum of twenty-five years, and there was a maximum service period of thirty-five years.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICS officers served as political officers in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Department" title="Indian Political Department">Indian Political Department</a> and also were given fifty percent of the judgeships in the state high court (the rest were generally elevated from the high court bar).<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_HT_History_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_HT_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenure of ICS officers serving as judges of the high court and Supreme Court was determined by the retirement age fixed for judges.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_HT_History_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_HT_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary to Government of India">Secretary to Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Secretary_to_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Secretary to Government of India">Joint Secretary to Government of India</a></li> <li>Deputy Secretary</li> <li>Additional Deputy Secretary</li> <li>Under Secretary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary">Assistant Secretary to Government of India</a></li></ul></li> <li>Courts <ul><li>Judge of State High Court</li> <li>District Judge</li></ul></li> <li>State Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(British_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (British Empire)">Chief Secretary (British Empire)</a></li> <li>Secretary to State Government</li> <li>Divisional Commissioner</li> <li>Deputy Commissioner / <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">District Collector</a></li> <li>Assistant Commissioner</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_after_1912">Changes after 1912</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changes after 1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better. Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced..</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><b>Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services, <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Montagu–Chelmsford_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagu–Chelmsford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>With the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a>, the Imperial Services headed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, were split into two – <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Civil_Services" title="Central Civil Services">Central Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Personnel_Administration_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Personnel_Administration-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the First World War, 95% of ICS officers were Europeans; after the war, the British government faced growing difficulties in recruiting British candidates to the service. With fewer young British men interested in joining, mainly due to the decreased levels of compensation compared to other careers,<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confronted with numerous vacancies, the government resorted to direct appointments; between 1915 and 1924, 80% of new British ICS appointees entered the service in this way. During the same period, 44% of new appointments to the ICS were filled by Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Indian candidates were permitted to sit for the ICS examinations in Delhi; in 1924, the Lee Commission, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee,_1st_Viscount_Lee_of_Fareham" title="Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham">Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham</a> (which eventually led to the foundation of the Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>) made several recommendations: ICS officers should receive increased and more comprehensive levels of compensation, future batches of ICS officers should be composed of 40% Europeans and 40% Indians with the remaining 20% of appointments to be filled by direct promotion of Indians from the Provincial Civil Services (PCS), and the examinations in Delhi and London were to produce an equal number of ICS probationers.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, under-representation of candidates from Indian minority groups (Muslims, Burmese and so on) would be corrected by direct appointments of qualified candidates from those groups, while British candidates would continue to have priority over Indians for ICS appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While initially successful, the expansion of the Indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in a hardening of Indian attitudes against European officers, and furthered distrust of Indian ICS appointments amongst Indians. This resulted in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India</a> and class 1 <a href="/wiki/Central_Civil_Services_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Civil Services of India">Central Services</a> were designated as <b>Central Superior Services</b> as early as 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Problems_and_Issues_Administration_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problems_and_Issues_Administration-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1924 to 1934, Administration in India consisted of "ten"<sup id="cite_ref-Problems_and_Issues_Administration_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problems_and_Issues_Administration-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All India Services and five central departments, all under the control of Secretary of State for India, and three central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Government_of_India_Act_1935">After the Government of India Act 1935</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the Government of India Act 1935"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The finances of India under British rule depended largely on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The suppression of civil disobedience by the British after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents, but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> strengthened them again, but in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India movement">Quit India movement</a> the revenue collectors had to rely on military force, and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of war in 1939 had immediate consequences for recruitment to the ICS. The examinations in London were suspended after that year's batch (12 British and eight Indian examinees) had qualified. In 1940 and 1941, 12 and four British candidates, respectively, were nominated to the ICS; the following year, the final London-nominated ICS candidates, both of whom were Indian, entered the service. Examinations continued to be held in Delhi for Indian candidates until 1943, when the last seven ICS officers (seven examinees, two nominated) joined. By this time, the British government felt it could no longer rely unambiguously on the complete loyalty of its Indian officers. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a> (1946–1947), a few British candidates were given emergency appointments in the ICS, though ultimately none of them ever served in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partition_of_India,_dissolution_and_subsequent_service_of_officers"><span id="Partition_of_India.2C_dissolution_and_subsequent_service_of_officers"></span>Partition of India, dissolution and subsequent service of officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Partition of India, dissolution and subsequent service of officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the partition of India and departure of the British, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The part which went to India was named the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS), while the part that went to Pakistan was named the "<a href="/wiki/Central_Superior_Services_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Superior Services of Pakistan">Civil Service of Pakistan</a>" (CSP). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 were Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two depressed classes/Scheduled Castes, five domiciled Europeans and Anglo-Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Parsis, 10 Sikhs and four other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_HT_History_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_HT_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states. </p><p>Despite offers from the new Indian and Pakistani governments, virtually all of the European former ICS officers left following partition, with the majority of those who did not opt for retirement continuing their careers either in the British Home Civil Service or in another British colonial civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few British ex-ICS officers stayed on over the ensuing quarter-century, notably those who had selected the "judicial side" of the ICS. The last British former ICS officer from the "judicial side" still serving in the subcontinent, Justice <a href="/wiki/Donald_Falshaw" title="Donald Falshaw">Donald Falshaw</a> (ICS 1928), retired as Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court (now the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</a>) in May 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becoming_Indian_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becoming_Indian-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving a knighthood in the British <a href="/wiki/1967_New_Year_Honours" title="1967 New Year Honours">1967 New Year Honours</a> upon his return to Britain. <a href="/wiki/J._P._L._Gwynn" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. L. Gwynn">J. P. L. Gwynn</a> (ICS 1939), the last former ICS officer holding British nationality and the last to serve in an executive capacity under the Indian government, ended his Indian service in 1968 as Second Member of the Board of Revenue, but continued to serve in the British <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Home Civil Service</a> until his final retirement in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Broome_(ICS)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Broome (ICS)">William Broome</a> (ICS 1932), a district and sessions judge at the time of independence in 1947, remained in Indian government service as a judge. Having married an Indian, Swarup Kumari Gaur, in 1937, with whom he raised a family, he eventually renounced his British citizenship in 1958 and became an Indian citizen with the personal intervention of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, himself a former barrister who regarded Broome as a distinguished jurist and as "much as Indian as anybody can be who is not born in India". Upon his retirement on 18 March 1972 from the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> as its most senior <a href="/wiki/Puisne_judge" title="Puisne judge">puisne judge</a>, Broome was the last former ICS officer of European origin serving in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Becoming_Indian_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becoming_Indian-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Mukarji" title="Nirmal Kumar Mukarji">Nirmal Kumar Mukarji</a> (ICS 1943), a member of the final batch recruited to the ICS, who retired as Cabinet Secretary in April 1980, was the last Indian administrative officer who had originally joined as an ICS.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_HT_History_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_HT_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last former ICS officer to retire, <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi</a> (also a member of the final ICS batch of 1943),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retired as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Board_of_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Board of Investment">Pakistan Board of Investment</a> in 1994. The last living British ex-ICS officer, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dixon_Scott" title="Ian Dixon Scott">Ian Dixon Scott</a> (ICS 1932), died in 2002. <a href="/wiki/V._K._Rao" title="V. K. Rao">V. K. Rao</a> (ICS 1937), the last living ICS officer to have joined the service in a regular pre-war intake, died in 2018. He was a retired Chief Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and was the oldest former ICS officer on record at the time of his death. <a href="/wiki/V.M.M._Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="V.M.M. Nair">V.M.M. Nair</a> (ICS 1942) transferred to the Indian Political Service in 1946 and then to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service" title="Indian Foreign Service">Indian Foreign Service</a> after independence, retiring in 1977 as Ambassador to Spain. At his death in 2021, he was the last surviving former Indian Civil Service officer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_and_criticism">Support and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>If you take that steel frame out of the fabric, it would collapse. There is one institution we will not cripple, there is one institution we will not deprive of its functions or of its privileges; and that is the institution which built up the British Raj – the British Civil Service of India.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><b> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> on the Imperial Civil Service</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICS_India_Lloyd_George_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_India_Lloyd_George-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dewey has commented that "in their heyday they [Indian Civil Service officers] were mostly run by Englishmen with a few notable sons of Hindus and even a fewer Muslims were the most powerful officials in the Empire, if not the world. A tiny cadre, a little over a thousand strong, ruled more than 300 million Indians. Each Civilian had an average 300,000 subjects, and each Civilian penetrated every corner of his subjects' lives, because the Indian Civil Service directed all the activities of the Anglo-Indian state."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICS had responsibility for maintaining law and order, and often were at loggerheads with the independence activists during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> often ridiculed the ICS for its support of British policies. He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, "with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Prime Minister, Nehru retained the organisation and its top people, albeit with a change of title to the "Indian Administrative Service". It continued its main roles. Nehru appointed long-time ICS officials <a href="/wiki/Chintaman_Deshmukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chintaman Deshmukh">Chintaman Deshmukh</a> as his Finance Minister, and <a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="K. P. S. Menon (senior)">K. P. S. Menon</a> as his Foreign Secretary. <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a> appreciated their role in keeping India united after partition, and noted in Parliament that without them, the country would have collapsed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/220px-ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/330px-ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/440px-ICS_Commemoration_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of the Indian Civil Services at Westminster Abbey, London</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)_officers" title="Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers">Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_members_of_the_Indian_Civil_Service" title="List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service">List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service_commissions_in_India" title="Public service commissions in India">List of Public service commissions in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-India_Attitude-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Attitude_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDewey1993" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, Clive (July 1993). <i>Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service</i>. A&C Black, 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3254-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-3254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Indian+Attitudes%3A+Mind+of+the+Indian+Civil+Service&rft.pub=A%26C+Black%2C+1993&rft.date=1993-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-3254-4&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_History-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_History_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india/ics.htm">"The Indian Civil Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803015831/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india/ics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Civil+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fmaproom%2Findia%2Fics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_Administer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_Administer_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/ann-ewing/administering-india-indian-civil-service">"Administering India: The Indian Civil Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153222/https://www.historytoday.com/ann-ewing/administering-india-indian-civil-service">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administering+India%3A+The+Indian+Civil+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fann-ewing%2Fadministering-india-indian-civil-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, (1937)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surjit Mansingh, <i>The A to Z of India</i> (2010), pp 288–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh Kumar Arora and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajni_Goyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajni Goyal (page does not exist)">Rajni Goyal</a>, <i>Indian public administration: institutions and issues</i> (1995) p. 42; Ranbir Vohra, <i>The making of India: a historical survey</i> (2001) p 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaithani2006" class="citation book cs1">Naithani, Sadhana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmyVKwxmeyUC"><i>In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34544-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34544-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34544-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+quest+of+Indian+folktales%3A+Pandit+Ram+Gharib+Chaube+and+William+Crooke&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34544-8&rft.aulast=Naithani&rft.aufirst=Sadhana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmyVKwxmeyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The India List and India Office List</i>. <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a>; <a href="/wiki/India_Office_Records" title="India Office Records">India Office Records</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+List+and+India+Office+List&rft.pub=India+Office%3B+India+Office+Records&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320162004/http://arc.gov.in/10th/ARC_10thReport_Ch2.pdf">"History of civil services in India and Reforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>arc.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India. 8 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.gov.in/10th/ARC_10thReport_Ch2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arc.gov.in&rft.atitle=History+of+civil+services+in+India+and+Reforms&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farc.gov.in%2F10th%2FARC_10thReport_Ch2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upscpathshala.com/content/historical-perspective-indian-civil-services-union-public-service-commission/">"Historical Perspective of The Indian Civil Services & The Union Public Service Commission"</a>. <i>upscpathshala.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=upscpathshala.com&rft.atitle=Historical+Perspective+of+The+Indian+Civil+Services+%26+The+Union+Public+Service+Commission&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupscpathshala.com%2Fcontent%2Fhistorical-perspective-indian-civil-services-union-public-service-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colonial_Service_Training-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_Service_Training_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/colonialservicetrainingcourses.htm">"The Colonial Service Training Courses : Professionalizing the Colonial Service"</a>. <i>britishempire.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309155639/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/colonialservicetrainingcourses.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishempire.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Service+Training+Courses+%3A+Professionalizing+the+Colonial+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fcolonialservicetrainingcourses.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalhan1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ralhan, Om Prakash, ed. (1995). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National – Regional – Local</i>. Vol. 23. Moderate phrase in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 29–36. <q>The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Parties+%E2%80%93+India+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh+%E2%80%93+National+%E2%80%93+Regional+%E2%80%93+Local&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=29-36&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2001" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Robin J. (2001). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/the-men-who-ran-the-raj/story-S6yQeWGkqIw7xzgRhH5wIO.html;jsessionid=125A208D67F92172A25F8BFDC9942813">the original</a> on 4 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Archive%3A+The+men+who+ran+the+Raj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fthe-men-who-ran-the-raj%2Fstory-S6yQeWGkqIw7xzgRhH5wIO.html%3Bjsessionid%3D125A208D67F92172A25F8BFDC9942813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1987" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Philip (4 December 1987). <i>The Men who Ruled India</i>. Pan Books. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-29621-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-29621-3"><bdi>0-330-29621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+who+Ruled+India&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1987-12-04&rft.isbn=0-330-29621-3&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_Colonial-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_Colonial_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/essay/the-un-indian-civil-service">"The Un-Indian Civil Service"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_(Indian_magazine)" title="Open (Indian magazine)">OPEN</a>. 10 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522222644/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/essay/the-un-indian-civil-service">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Un-Indian+Civil+Service&rft.pub=OPEN&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openthemagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fessay%2Fthe-un-indian-civil-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagu–Chelmsford-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montagu–Chelmsford_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._N.2003" class="citation book cs1">P. N., Chopra (2003). <i>A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3</i>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. 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Deep and Deep Publications, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-395-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-395-2"><bdi>978-81-7629-395-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Personnel+Administration+%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications%2C+2008&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-395-2&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=S.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter_ICS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_ICS_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. 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M. Gwynn (17 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-j-p-l-gwynn-1126615.html">"Obituary: J. P. L. Gwynn"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209183102/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-j-p-l-gwynn-1126615.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+J.+P.+L.+Gwynn&rft.date=1999-11-17&rft.au=P.+M.+Gwynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-j-p-l-gwynn-1126615.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._S._S._Seshan2016" class="citation news cs1">K. S. S. Seshan (16 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/JPL-Gwynn-Smitten-by-the-land-and-language/article14425944.ece">"JPL Gwynn: Smitten by the land and language"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306092028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/JPL-Gwynn-Smitten-by-the-land-and-language/article14425944.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=JPL+Gwynn%3A+Smitten+by+the+land+and+language&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.au=K.+S.+S.+Seshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2FJPL-Gwynn-Smitten-by-the-land-and-language%2Farticle14425944.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947</i>. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1947. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+Office+and+Burma+Office+List%3A+1947&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Harrison+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-diplomat-vmm-nair-passes-away/article36867844.ece">"Ex-diplomat V.M.M. Nair passes away"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 6 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006182444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-diplomat-vmm-nair-passes-away/article36867844.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ex-diplomat+V.M.M.+Nair+passes+away&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fex-diplomat-vmm-nair-passes-away%2Farticle36867844.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_India_Lloyd_George-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_India_Lloyd_George_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBali2013" class="citation book cs1">Bali, H.N (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Mobile&sd=Articles&ArticleID=15210"><i>One Who Forged India's Steel Frame</i></a>. 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Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-097-5"><bdi>978-1-85285-097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Indian+attitudes%3A+the+mind+of+the+Indian+Civil+Service&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-097-5&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgeSAtVIMJtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawaharlal Nehru, <i>Glimpses of world history: being further letters to his daughter</i> (Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1949), p. 94</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICS members in Pakistan was originally administering equally both <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. However Pakistan was split into two. West Pakistan is now renamed to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> and East Pakistan is now renamed to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_Office_Records" title="India Office Records">India Office Records</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per Warrant or Precedence of 1905.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blunt, Edward. <i>The I.C.S.: The Indian Civil Service</i> (1937)</li> <li>Burra, Arudra. "The Indian Civil Service and the Nationalist Movement: Neutrality, Politics and Continuity," <i>Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,</i> Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 404–432</li> <li>Dewey, Clive. <i>Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service</i> (1993)</li> <li>Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service," <i>History Today</i>, June 1982, 32#6 pp 43–48, covers 1858–1947</li> <li>Gilmour, David. <i>The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ruling-Caste-Imperial-Lives-Victorian/dp/0374530807/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gould, William. "The Dual State: The Unruly 'Subordinate', Caste, Community and Civil Service Recruitment in North India, 1930–1955," <i>Journal of Historical Sociology,</i> Mar-June 2007, Vol. 20 Issue 1/2, pp 13–43</li> <li>Kisch, H. M.; Ethel A. Waley-Cohen (ed.) <i>A Young Victorian in India: Letters of H. M. Kisch of the Indian Civil Service</i> (1957)</li> <li>Krishna, Anirudh. "Continuity and change: the Indian administrative service 30 years ago and today," <i>Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,</i> Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 433–444</li> <li>MacMillan, Margaret. <i>Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India</i> (2007)</li> <li>Masani, Zareer. <i>Indian Tales of the Raj</i> (1990), interviews with retired ICS officers about pre-1947 days</li> <li>Potter, David C. <i>India's Political Administrators,1919–1983</i> (1987) 289pp; the standard scholarly history</li> <li>Potter, David C. "The Last of the Indian Civil Service," <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i> (Apr 1979), Vol. 2 Issue 1/2, pp 19–29</li> <li>Potter, David C. "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Service," <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>, (Jan 1973) 7#1 pp 47–73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312036">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Sharma, Malti. <i>Indianization of the Civil Services in British India, 1858–1935</i> (2001)</li> <li>Saumarez Smith, W. H. <i>A Young Man's Country: Letters of a Subdivisional Officer of the Indian Civil Service 1936-1937</i> (1977)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Smith, Vincent Arthur</a> (1903). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Indian Civil Service as a Profession"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Civil_Service_as_a_Profession"><i>The Indian Civil Service as a Profession</i> </a></span> (1 ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Civil+Service+as+a+Profession&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis%2C+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Civil+Service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thakur, R.N. <i>The All India Services: A Study of their Origin & Growth</i> (1969)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_Examination" title="Civil Services Examination">Civil Services Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Services_Examination" title="Engineering Services Examination">Engineering Services Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Defence_Services_Examination" title="Combined Defence Services Examination">Combined Defence Services Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Medical_Services_Examination" title="Combined Medical Services Examination">Combined Medical Services Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service_Limited_Competitive_Examination" title="Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination">Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_Selection_Board" title="Services Selection Board">Services Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Eligibility_Test" title="Teacher Eligibility Test">Teacher Eligibility Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Council_for_Human_Resource_in_Health_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India">The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Pre_Medical_Test" title="All India Pre Medical Test">All India Pre Medical Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Proficiency_Test" title="Common Proficiency Test">Common Proficiency Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Management_Entrance_Test" title="Joint Management Entrance Test">Joint Management Entrance Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Class_Railway_Apprentice" title="Special Class Railway Apprentice">Special Class Railway Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Engineering_Entrance_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Engineering Entrance Examination">All India Engineering Entrance Examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Engineering_Entrance_Examination" title="Common Engineering Entrance Examination">Common Engineering Entrance Examination</a> (proposal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="National Board of Examinations">National Board of Examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamik_Pariksha" title="Madhyamik Pariksha">Madhyamik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_India_Screening_Test" title="Medical Council of India Screening Test">Medical Council of India Screening Test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_Service_Commissions_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_Service_Commissions_in_India" title="Template:Public Service Commissions in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Public Service Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission">Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission">Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Public_Service_Commission" title="Assam Public Service Commission">Assam Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Public_Service_Commission" title="Bihar Public Service Commission">Bihar Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission">Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Public_Service_Commission" title="Goa Public Service Commission">Goa Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Public_Service_Commission" title="Gujarat Public Service Commission">Gujarat Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Public_Service_Commission" title="Haryana Public Service Commission">Haryana Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission">Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Service_Commission" title="Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission">Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission</a></i><br /><small>(1957–2019)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Jharkhand Public Service Commission">Jharkhand Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Public_Service_Commission" title="Karnataka Public Service Commission">Karnataka Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Public_Service_Commission" title="Kerala Public Service Commission">Kerala Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission">Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Public_Service_Commission" title="Maharashtra Public Service Commission">Maharashtra Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Public_Service_Commission" title="Manipur Public Service Commission">Manipur Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meghalaya_Public_Service_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meghalaya Public Service Commission (page does not exist)">Meghalaya Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizoram_Public_Service_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizoram Public Service Commission (page does not exist)">Mizoram Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Public_Service_Commission" title="Nagaland Public Service Commission">Nagaland Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Public_Service_Commission" title="Odisha Public Service Commission">Odisha Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Public_Service_Commission_(India)" title="Punjab Public Service Commission (India)">Punjab Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Public_Service_Commission" title="Rajasthan Public Service Commission">Rajasthan Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Public_Service_Commission" title="Sikkim Public Service Commission">Sikkim Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Public_Service_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission">Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_State_Public_Service_Commission" title="Telangana State Public Service Commission">Telangana State Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Public_Service_Commission" title="Tripura Public Service Commission">Tripura Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission">Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Uttarakhand Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Public_Service_Commission" title="West Bengal Public Service Commission">West Bengal Public Service Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_Services_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_Services_of_India" title="Template:Public Services of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_Services_of_India" title="Template talk:Public Services of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_Services_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public Services of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_Services_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public Services of India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Indian Forest Service</a> (IFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a> (IPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Civil_Services" title="Central Civil Services">Central Civil Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Labour_Service" title="Central Labour Service">Central Labour Service</a> (CLS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Engineering_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Engineering Service (page does not exist)">Central Engineering Service</a> (CES)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Engineering_Service_(Roads)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Engineering Service (Roads) (page does not exist)">Central Engineering Service (Roads)</a> (CES-R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secretariat_Service" title="Central Secretariat Service">Central Secretariat Service</a> (CSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Audit_and_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Audit and Accounts Service">Indian Audit and Accounts Service</a> (IAAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Civil Accounts Service">Indian Civil Accounts Service</a> (ICAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Corporate_Law_Service" title="Indian Corporate Law Service">Indian Corporate Law Service</a> (ICLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Defence Accounts Service">Indian Defence Accounts Service</a> (IDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence_Estates_Service" title="Indian Defence Estates Service">Indian Defence Estates Service</a> (IDES)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Defence_Service_of_Engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Defence Service of Engineers (page does not exist)">Indian Defence Service of Engineers</a> (IDSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Economic_Service" title="Indian Economic Service">Indian Economic Service</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service" title="Indian Foreign Service">Indian Foreign Service</a> (IFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Information_Service" title="Indian Information Service">Indian Information Service</a> (IIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ordnance_Factories_Service" title="Indian Ordnance Factories Service">Indian Ordnance Factories Service</a> (IOFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Post_and_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Service" title="Indian Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service">Indian Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service</a> (IPTAFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Management_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Railway Management Service">Indian Railway Management Service</a> (IRMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Indian Railway Protection Force Service</a> (IRPFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Service_of_Engineers" title="Indian Railway Service of Engineers">Indian Railway Service of Engineers</a> (IRSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Service_of_Mechanical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers">Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers</a> (IRSME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Service_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers">Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers</a> (IRSEE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Service_of_Signal_Engineers" title="Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers">Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers</a> (IRSSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Stores_Service" title="Indian Railway Stores Service">Indian Railway Stores Service</a> (IRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Railway Accounts Service">Indian Railway Accounts Service</a> (IRAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Personnel_Service" title="Indian Railway Personnel Service">Indian Railway Personnel Service</a> (IRPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Traffic_Service" title="Indian Railway Traffic Service">Indian Railway Traffic Service</a> (IRTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Revenue_Service" title="Indian Revenue Service">Indian Revenue Service</a> (IRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Revenue_Service_(Custom_and_Indirect_Taxes)" title="Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)">Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)</a> (IRS-CIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Revenue_Service_(Income_Tax)" title="Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)">Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)</a> (IRS-IT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Service" title="Indian Statistical Service">Indian Statistical Service</a> (ISS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a> (ITS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a> (IRRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Trade_Service" title="Indian Trade Service">Indian Trade Service</a> (ITrS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State Civil Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Administrative_Service" title="Bihar Administrative Service">Bihar Administrative Service</a> (BAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Administrative_Service" title="Gujarat Administrative Service">Gujarat Administrative Service</a> (GAS)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Administrative_Service" title="Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service">Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service</a> (JKAS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957–2019)</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Administrative_Service" title="Karnataka Administrative Service">Karnataka Administrative Service</a> (KAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Administrative_Service" title="Kerala Administrative Service">Kerala Administrative Service</a> (KAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Jharkhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Jharkhand)">Provincial Civil Service (Jharkhand)</a> (JPCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)">Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)</a> (UPPCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)</a> (UKPCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Administrative_Service" title="Rajasthan Administrative Service">Rajasthan Administrative Service</a> (RAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Civil_Service" title="Tamil Nadu Civil Service">Tamil Nadu Civil Service</a> (TNCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Civil_Service" title="West Bengal Civil Service">West Bengal Civil Service</a> (WBCS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State Forest Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)">Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)</a> (UPPFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)</a> (UKPFS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State Police Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)">Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)</a> (UPPPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)</a> (UKPPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bengal Police Service">West Bengal Police Service</a> (WBPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-State Civil Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Development_Service" title="Provincial Development Service">Provincial Development Service</a> (PDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Finance_and_Accounts_Service" title="Provincial Finance and Accounts Service">Provincial Finance and Accounts Service</a> (PFAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Secretariat_Service" title="Provincial Secretariat Service">Provincial Secretariat Service</a> (PSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Transport_Service" title="Provincial Transport Service">Provincial Transport Service</a> (PTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Accounts_Service" title="Rajasthan Accounts Service">Rajasthan Accounts Service</a> (RAcS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Judicial_Service" title="West Bengal Judicial Service">West Bengal Judicial Service</a> (WBJS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legal_Service" title="West Bengal Legal Service">West Bengal Legal Service</a> (WBLS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_service" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_service" title="Template:Civil service"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_service" title="Template talk:Civil service"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_service" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil service"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_service" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">Bureaucrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">Merit system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">Regulatory agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Service" title="Brazilian Civil Service">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_Service" title="Greek Civil Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Senior_Civil_Service" title="Italian Senior Civil Service">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan" title="Civil service of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand#Public_service_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" title="Nigerian Civil Service">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Superior_Services" title="Central Superior Services">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Service" title="Northern Ireland Civil Service">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_civil_service_commissions" title="Category:National civil service commissions">National civil service commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_occupations" title="Category:Government occupations">Government occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_service_by_country" title="Category:Civil service by country">Civil service by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries" title="Civil service reform in developing countries">Civil service reform in developing countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_military_academies_and_colleges" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_military_academies_and_colleges" title="Template:Indian military academies and colleges"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_military_academies_and_colleges" title="Template talk:Indian military academies and colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_military_academies_and_colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian military academies and colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_military_academies_and_colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Indian military academies and colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Education & training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">Sainik School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Medical_College_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Medical College (India)">Armed Forces Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Military_School" title="Ajmer Military School">Ajmer Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Military_School" title="Bangalore Military School">Bangalore Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum_Military_School" title="Belgaum Military School">Belgaum Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chail_Military_School" title="Chail Military School">Chail Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholpur_Military_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholpur Military School">Dholpur Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Indian_Military_College" title="Rashtriya Indian Military College">Rashtriya Indian Military College</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="SainikSchools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">Sainik<br />Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Amaravathinagar" title="Sainik School, Amaravathinagar">Amaravathinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Ambikapur" title="Sainik School, Ambikapur">Ambikapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Balachadi" title="Sainik School, Balachadi">Balachadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Bhubaneswar" title="Sainik School, Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School, Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Chittorgarh" title="Sainik School, Chittorgarh">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Ghorakhal" title="Sainik School, Ghorakhal">Ghorakhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Goalpara" title="Sainik School, Goalpara">Goalpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Gopalganj" title="Sainik School, Gopalganj">Gopalganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Imphal" title="Sainik School, Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Jhunjhunu" title="Sainik School, Jhunjhunu">Jhunjhunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Kapurthala" title="Sainik School, Kapurthala">Kapurthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Kazhakootam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School, Kazhakootam">Kazhakootam</a></li> <li>Kodagu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Korukonda" title="Sainik School, Korukonda">Korukonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Kunjpura" title="Sainik School, Kunjpura">Kunjpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Lucknow" title="Sainik School, Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Manasbal" title="Sainik School, Manasbal">Manasbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Nagrota" title="Sainik School, Nagrota">Nagrota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Nalanda" title="Sainik School, Nalanda">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Punglwa" title="Sainik School, Punglwa">Punglwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Purulia" title="Sainik School, Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Rewa" title="Sainik School, Rewa">Rewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Rewari" title="Sainik School, Rewari">Rewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Satara" title="Sainik School, Satara">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Sujanpur_Tihra" title="Sainik School, Sujanpur Tihra">Sujanpur Tihra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Tilaiya" title="Sainik School, Tilaiya">Tilaiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tri Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Defence Services Staff College">Defence Services Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Defence_Production" title="National Academy of Defence Production">National Academy of Defence Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_(India)" title="National Defence Academy (India)">National Defence Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_College_(India)" title="National Defence College (India)">National Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Defence_Management" title="College of Defence Management">College of Defence Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Technology" title="Military Institute of Technology">Military Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Cadet_College" title="Army Cadet College">Army Cadet College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_War_College,_Mhow" title="Army War College, Mhow">Army War College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Military_Engineering,_Pune" title="College of Military Engineering, Pune">College of Military Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Insurgency_and_Jungle_Warfare_School_(India)" title="Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (India)">Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Warfare_School" title="High Altitude Warfare School">High Altitude Warfare School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Telecommunication_Engineering" title="Military College of Telecommunication Engineering">Military College of Telecommunication Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officers_Training_Academy" title="Officers Training Academy">Officers Training Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Materials_Management,_Jabalpur" title="Military College of Materials Management, Jabalpur">Military College of Materials Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy_(India)" title="Air Force Academy (India)">Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Administrative_College" title="Air Force Administrative College">Air Force Administrative College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_School,_Coimbatore" title="Air Force School, Coimbatore">Air Force School, Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_School,_Jodhpur" title="Air Force School, Jodhpur">Air Force School, Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Instructors_School_(India)" title="Flying Instructors School (India)">Flying Instructors School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="Indian Air Force Test Pilot School">Indian Air Force Test Pilot School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_and_Air_Combat_Development_Establishment" title="Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment">Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_College" title="Air Defence College">Air Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Air_Warfare" title="College of Air Warfare">College of Air Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Indian Naval Academy">Indian Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College,_Goa" title="Naval War College, Goa">Naval War College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_National_Defence_Academy" title="Commandant of the National Defence Academy">Commandant NDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Indian_Military_Academy" title="Commandant of the Indian Military Academy">Commandant IMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Commandant of Indian Naval Academy">Commandant INA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Air_Force_Academy_(India)" title="Commandant of the Air Force Academy (India)">Commandant AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College">Commandant DSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Defence_Management#List_of_commandants" title="College of Defence Management">Commandant CDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College,_Goa#Commandants" title="Naval War College, Goa">Commandant NWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Air_Warfare#List_of_Commandants" title="College of Air Warfare">Commandant CAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_National_Defence_College" title="Commandant of the National Defence College">Commandant NDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Technology#List_of_Commandants" title="Military Institute of Technology">Commandant MILIT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Examinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Defence_Services_Examination" title="Combined Defence Services Examination">Combined Defence Services Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_Selection_Board" title="Services Selection Board">Services Selection Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">Military academy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military education and training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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