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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_version_of_Andrew_Masius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The version of Andrew Masius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_version_of_Andrew_Masius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_with_Masius's_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_Masius's_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Problems with Masius's account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_Masius's_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_version_of_ʿAbdishoʿ_IV_Maron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_version_of_ʿAbdishoʿ_IV_Maron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>schism of 1552</b> was an important event in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. It divided the church into two factions, of which one entered into <a href="/wiki/Communion_with_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion with Rome">communion with Rome</a> becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> at this time and the other remained independent until the 19th century. Although the Eliya line, which emerged as a result of this schism, did eventually enter into communion with Rome, various <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a> sects with their origins in the Church of the East emerged as a result of this schism. The Shimun line whose entry into <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with Rome caused this schism became independent again by the 17th century. The circumstances of the 1552 schism were controversial at the time and have been disputed ever since. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_events">Summary of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="clade clade-words noresize nowrap" style="position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/700px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1050px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg/1400px-Christianity_Branches_without_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="911" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; 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font-size:85%; left:680px; top:47.3px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:680px; top:170.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:589px; top:37.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism"><span style="color:green;">Protestantism</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism"><span style="color:olive;">Anabaptism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:43.8px"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism"><span style="color:darkgreen;">Anglicanism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:75.3px"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism"><span style="color:green;">Lutheranism</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:60.6px"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:98.4px"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church"><span style="color:red;">(Latin Church)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:108.9px"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church"><span style="color:red;">Catholic Church</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:125px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches"><span style="color:red;">(Eastern Catholic Churches)</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church"><span style="color:blue;">Eastern Orthodox Church</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:177.5px"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches"><span style="color:purple;">Oriental Orthodox Churches</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:204.1px"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:226.5px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schism</a> <i>(1552)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:198.5px"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Assyrian Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:212.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East"><span style="color:orange;">Ancient Church of the East</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:13.7px"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:29.8px"><i>(16th century)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:51.5px"><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:65.5px"><i>(11th century)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> <i>(431)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> <i>(451)</i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:132px"><i><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><span style="color:gray;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></span></span></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:58.5px"><span style="color:gray;"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:414px; top:111px">(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion#List_of_Catholic_churches_in_full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</div></div> <dl><dd>(Not shown are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationist</a> denominations.)</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shem[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>on IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which tended to result in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shemon_VII_Ishoyahb" title="Shemon VII Ishoyahb">Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb</a> (1539–1558) caused great offence at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Hnanishoʿ as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Hnanishoʿ had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_VI" title="Eliya VI">Eliya VI</a> (1558–1591). Besides making these two provocative appointments, he was also accused by his opponents of permitting concubinage, selling clerical posts and living <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">intemperately</a>. By 1552 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb had become so unpopular that his opponents rebelled against his authority. The rebels, principally from the <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Amid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Seert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> districts, elected as patriarch a monk named <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>. Unfortunately, no bishop of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan rank</a> was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians as well, and they legitimised their position by persuading Sulaqa's supporters and getting him consecrated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius III">Julius III</a> (1550–1555).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, which set out his claims to be recognised as patriarch. On 9 April 1553, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On 28 April he was recognised as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarch of Mosul (page does not exist)">Patriarch of Mosul</a>" by pope Julius III in the bull <i>Divina disponente clementia</i> and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulaqa returned to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognising him as an independent "<a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a>" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of five months in <a href="/wiki/Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid">Amid</a>, consecrated five <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishops</a> (for the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Gazarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta">Gazarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesna_d%27Kifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesna d'Kifa">Hesna d'Kifa</a>, Amid, <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seert" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert">Seert</a>). Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta">Gazarta</a>. He also won over the governor of <a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a>, who invited Sulaqa to Amadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_disputed_circumstances_of_Sulaqa's_election"><span id="The_disputed_circumstances_of_Sulaqa.27s_election"></span>The disputed circumstances of Sulaqa's election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The disputed circumstances of Sulaqa's election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two very different, and contradictory, traditions as to the circumstances of Sulaqa's election. According to one version of events, which derives from a letter of Andrew Masius and is also reflected in the Vatican's consistorial act of April 1553, the schism of 1552 was precipitated by the death of the patriarch 'Shemʿon Bar Mama' at Gazarta in 1551, and by the subsequent consecration of an eight-year-old boy, 'Shemʿon VIII Denha', as his successor. Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession. Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa then lived for two years as rival patriarchs, until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa's death in 1555, dying himself in 1558. This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa's election to Pope Julius III and his cardinals, by presenting it as a return to the elective principle. </p><p>This version of events has been repeated in several subsequent histories, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Giuseppe Luigi Assemani</a> in 1775,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssemani1775_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssemani1775-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Filippo Angelico Becchetti in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecchetti1796155–157_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchetti1796155–157-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been accepted by several modern scholars of the Church of the East, including the Chaldean deacon Joseph Tfinkdji in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914449–525_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914449–525-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Tisserant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Tisserant">Eugene Tisserant</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisserant1931157–323_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931157–323-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, it was accepted in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Maurice_Fiey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Maurice Fiey">Jean-Maurice Fiey</a>, a scholar of particular eminence in this field, who listed all known patriarchs and bishops of the East and West Syrian churches, including the patriarchs Simon VII Bar Mama (1538–1551) and Simon VIII Denha (1551–1558).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiey199337_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199337-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another version of events, deriving from the testimony of the second Chaldean patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron</a> and confirmed by a letter of January 1555 by the papal nuncio Ambrose Buttigeg, Sulaqa was consecrated during a rebellion against the reigning patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shemon_VII_Ishoyahb" title="Shemon VII Ishoyahb">Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb</a> (1539–1558). The rebellion was prompted by Shemʿon's dreadful conduct in general, and by his consecration of two underage metropolitans in particular. This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa's election to critics in the Church of the East, by presenting it as a justified revolt against a dissolute patriarch. </p><p>The two versions of events cannot be reconciled, and give rise to the strong suspicion that Sulaqa or his supporters lied to the Vatican in 1552 when they claimed that Sulaqa had been elected in response to the consecration of the eight-year-old patriarch Shemʿon VIII Denha after Bar Mama's death in 1551. </p><p>Attention was first drawn to the contradictions in the relevant sources by Jacques Marie Vosté in 1931, but he did not pursue their implications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an influential study by Joseph Habbi in 1966, these implications were more fully explored. Habbi's study concentrated on the contradictions between the surviving documentary evidence in the Vatican and an alternative version of events preserved in the poems of <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron</a>, Sulaqa's successor as Chaldean patriarch, and he concluded that Sulaqa was elected in 1552 in the course of a rebellion against the reigning patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199-230_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199-230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habbi focused purely on the literary sources, and did not consider a significant additional body of evidence available in the colophons of a number of sixteenth-century East Syrian manuscripts. The evidence from these colophons, deployed by David Wilmshurst,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fully supported Habbi's main contention, and also shed further light on the circumstances of Sulaqa's election by identifying the two youthful metropolitans whose consecration precipitated the schism of 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22,_193–104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22,_193–104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habbi and Wilmshurst's conclusions were accepted by <a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Heleen Murre-van den Berg</a> in an important article published in <i>Hugoye</i> in 1999, <i>The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999235–264_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999235–264-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have not subsequently been challenged by scholars of the Church of the East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_over_history">Disputes over history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputes over history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_version_of_Andrew_Masius">The version of Andrew Masius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The version of Andrew Masius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a letter of Andrew Masius, Sulaqa was elected shortly after the death of the previous patriarch at Gazarta in 1551, who was succeeded by his eight-year old nephew Shemʿon Denha, the only surviving male relative. According to Labourt, who does not identify his source, Shemʿon Denha was consecrated by Hnanishoʿ, the sole remaining metropolitan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabourt1908227–235_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabourt1908227–235-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession, and Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa lived for some years as rival patriarchs, until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa's death in 1555, dying himself in 1558. This tradition is reflected in the language used in the consistorial act in the Vatican recognising Sulaqa as patriarch. After asserting that Sulaqa's election followed the death of the patriarch 'Simon Mama', the act continues as follows: </p> <blockquote> <p>About a hundred years ago a patriarch tried to make his sacred office hereditary in his family, and every bishop, metropolitan and patriarch since has been a member of his family. The last patriarch likewise tried to designate as his successor his nephew, whom he had made a bishop when just a child of eight, but died before he could achieve his aim. The whole nation, priests and laymen alike, resolved to take this heaven-sent opportunity of ending the tyranny and restoring its old right of election. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_with_Masius's_account"><span id="Problems_with_Masius.27s_account"></span>Problems with Masius's account</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Problems with Masius's account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the authority of the scholars who have followed Masius, there are grounds for rejecting his version of events. First, the only evidence is Masius's statement that a patriarch died at Gazarta in 1551, and it is possible that he misunderstood the position. His letter drew on a letter written at Mosul in 1552 by Sulaqa's supporters, which was taken to Rome by Sulaqa. This letter, quoted in two slightly different versions by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Simone Assemani">Giuseppe Simone Assemani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssemani1719526_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssemani1719526-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wilhelm van Gulik,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261–277_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261–277-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not mention the recent death of a patriarch. Instead, it states that the patriarch had tried to create a metropolitan from among his relatives: </p> <blockquote> <p>A hundred years ago we had a patriarch who would only consecrate a metropolitan from among his own stock, clan and family, and his family has maintained that custom for the last hundred years. Now only one bishop is left from the family, and he has impudently tried to do the same as his predecessors. But we have refused to accept or proclaim him ... </p> </blockquote> <p>Furthermore, by this period it had become customary for the patriarchs to be buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, and there is no intermediate tomb between that of Shemʿon VI (†1538) and that of a patriarch named Shemʿon who died in 1558. </p><p>Finally, a number of poems on the life of Sulaqa composed in the year following his death by his successor <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron</a> know nothing of the recent death of a patriarch and the succession of Shemʿon Denha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst20005,_356_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst20005,_356-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these poems, translated in 1931 by Jacques Marie Vosté,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulaqa and his supporters rebelled against a dissolute patriarch named Bar Mama ('son of Mama'), a veteran in office and not a recently elected child. The earliest manuscripts of these poems are copied in 1556 by Sulaqa's brother Joseph, metropolitan of India (MS Vat Syr 45),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000406_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000406-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again, a little later by Eliya Asmar, metropolitan of Amid (MS Borgia 21). This patriarch remained in office after Sulaqa's election, and was eventually able to encompass his death in 1555. He may therefore have been the "feeble catholicus Shemʿon, son of the deceased Mama", whose (unfortunately undated) ownership note has been preserved in a manuscript copied in 1482.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_version_of_ʿAbdishoʿ_IV_Maron"><span id="The_version_of_.CA.BFAbdisho.CA.BF_IV_Maron"></span>The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg/170px-Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg/255px-Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg/340px-Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron, who succeeded Sulaqa as Chaldean patriarch in 1555</figcaption></figure> <p>ʿAbdishoʿ's account, written close to the events it describes, and for a readership familiar with the circumstances of Sulaqa's election, is to be preferred<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to the version (more favourable to Sulaqa) which outsiders were encouraged to believe. ʿAbdishoʿ wrote both to justify Sulaqa's irregular election and to rebut its critics. The emphasis of the poem showed that Sulaqa's supporters were uneasy on two points: first, that they had rebelled against a reigning patriarch; and secondly, that they had gone outside the Church of the East and sought Sulaqa's consecration at Rome. ʿAbdishoʿ dealt with the second point by stressing the lack of bishops available in Kurdistan, and giving a (spurious) list of previous patriarchs who had been consecrated at Rome. The first and more important criticism he parried by citing biblical examples of the deposition of bad rulers, stressing Bar Mama's unfitness for his position, and suggesting that he was "as good as dead": </p> <blockquote> <p>When this Bar Mama had estranged himself from the patriarchal throne, and might just as well have been dead as alive, the bounty of our Saviour chose an excellent monk of the monastery of Beth Qoqa, named Sulaqa, and created him catholicus. </p> </blockquote> <p>A long passage in one of these poems lists a catalogue of Bar Mama’s offences: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Observe and consider attentively, wise reader, how the justice of the Most High hurled down this impure Bar Mama from his lofty throne. Because his sins accumulated and his injustices multiplied, Justice justly manifested herself and rejected him like false coin. His outward behaviour attests the inner man, and his actions declare that his end is near. He cares nothing for fasts, prayers, and liturgical vigils, but all his delight is in idleness and morning revels. His life is one long round of banquets of exotic dishes. He is a slave to his passion for good living and pleasure. He detests Sunday fasts, preferring instead to drink wine. Whatever he may say, his conduct makes it all too plain that he has no wish to judge the guilty. He is consumed by the love of money, the root of all evil, which has taken such deep root in his heart that it has driven out any virtuous feeling. He dearly loves gold and silver, and so he courts the wealthy, conferring the clerical order of his choice on anyone who gives him enough money. Although it is written that gold and silver should be valued no more than a shard of baked earth, he worships it as boldly and openly as a heathen. We have all seen how he has sold for money the gift of grace, which was given freely by our Lord, and which by God's pleasure no worthy recipient has ever yet bought. In his insatiable greed he has taken the priesthood, which cannot be bought or sold, and put it on the market. </p><p>He despised the Doctors and disregarded their teachings, claiming that they were irrelevant and unnecessary. As though inviting the misfortune he richly deserves, he disobeyed the commandments of God, the ecclesiastical canons, and the statutes of the Apostles. He ignored the teachings of Saint Peter and despised the prohibitions of Saint Paul. He set at nothing the acts of all the synods, and viciously broke every law. He trod underfoot the law of the Old Testament, and ignored the teachings of the New. He loved iniquity, delighted in fraud, hated truth, and abhorred sincerity. He invented shameful stories against the Mother of Churches. He persecuted monasteries and churches, and looted houses and convents. Hating the good and loathing justice, he overthrew the temples and oratories of the Saints and Fathers. He made a mockery of the rituals of the churches, and overturned the clerical orders. </p><p> It is impossible to express fully the wickedness of this perverse man. Many dioceses were left widowed, and he handed over their administration to laymen. He deposed and suspended many priests who had committed no fault. He irregularly ordained as a metropolitan a boy of twelve, inviting excommunication from his bishops. Not content with that, he consecrated as a metropolitan another boy of only fifteen, as truthful and trustworthy witnesses will confirm. How many unjust betrothals, illicit marriages and irregular unions were contracted on his orders! He allowed one man to take three wives, an abominable crime which shocks the conscience of men and beasts alike. He let another man without either schooling or wit take two wives, in flagrant contravention of our teachings. A third man had his authority to marry the wife of his father's brother, a grave and horrible sin. A fourth was allowed to marry the wife of his mother's brother, a union which the Lawgiver has specifically forbidden. A fifth also, with his approval, sinfully married his godmother, who should have been to him as a sister or an aunt.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_evidence_of_Ambrose_Buttigeg">The evidence of Ambrose Buttigeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The evidence of Ambrose Buttigeg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confirmation of ʿAbdishoʿ's version of events was later provided by the bishop Ambrose Buttigeg, a Maltese Dominican who accompanied Sulaqa back to Mesopotamia in late 1553 as papal nuncio. On 12 January 1555 Buttigeg wrote to the Vatican to inform pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius III">Julius III</a> that Shemʿon Bar Mama was still alive and had just contrived Sulaqa's murder: </p> <blockquote> <p>Your holiness will be shocked to learn that, contrary to what your holiness, the most reverend cardinals, and the rest of you were told, the old patriarch never died at all, and has recently murdered the said Simon Sulaqa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeltrami1933149_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeltrami1933149-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_from_manuscript_colophons">Evidence from manuscript colophons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evidence from manuscript colophons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To have committed the catalogue of crimes imputed to him by <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">Abdisho IV Maron</a>, the patriarch Bar Mama must have held office for several years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the evidence from the dating formulas of manuscripts copied in the first half of the sixteenth century, the patriarch Shemʿon VI, who died on 5 August 1538, was succeeded by his brother Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb, who is first mentioned as a metropolitan and guardian of the throne as early as 1504 (MS Seert 46),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000193,_398_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000193,_398-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who is first mentioned as patriarch in a colophon of 1539 (MS Vat Syr 339).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021,_193-194,_401_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021,_193-194,_401-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is clearly ʿAbdishoʿ's patriarch Bar Mama. </p><p>According to ʿAbdishoʿ, Bar Mama scandalised the faithful by consecrating two boys as metropolitans, one of twelve and the other of fifteen, and of handing over the administration of other dioceses to laymen. (ʿAbdishoʿ does not mention a proposal to consecrate a boy of eight as a metropolitan, and would surely have done so if it had been true.) As Bar Mama would no doubt have consecrated other members of his family for these vacant dioceses if any had been available, it is likely that these two metropolitans were the only bishops he consecrated. Evidence from a number of manuscript colophons indicates that Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb did indeed make only two metropolitan appointments before the schism of 1552. </p><p>In 1539, not long after his accession, he consecrated his nephew Hnanishoʿ metropolitan of Mosul, and shortly afterwards designated him "guardian of the throne" (<i><a href="/wiki/Natar_kursya" title="Natar kursya">natar kursya</a></i>). Hnanishoʿ is mentioned as metropolitan of Mosul in a colophon of 1539 (MS Vat Syr 339),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as metropolitan in 1540 (MS Vat Syr 245),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as metropolitan and <i>natar kursya</i> in 1540/41 (MS in the St Joseph collection in Beirut),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERücker1920119–121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERücker1920119–121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the patriarch's nephew and <i>natar kursya</i> in 1543 (MS Mardin 14),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as metropolitan and <i>natar kursya</i> in 1545 (MS Batnaya 35).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some colophons of 1544 (MS BM Syr 34) and 1545 (MS Vat Syr 66) mention Hnanishoʿ as <i>natar kursya</i> and metropolitan of Gazarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was probably transferred to Gazarta not long beforehand because its previous bishop had died. A metropolitan Gabriel of Gazarta is mentioned in the colophons of ten manuscripts copied between 1529 and 1542, the last of which was copied at Gazarta on 12 November 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is clear from these references that, besides holding successively the metropolitan appointments of Mosul and Gazarta, Hnanishoʿ was also <i>natar kursya</i> as early as 1541 and as late as 18 October 1545. Between 18 October 1545 and 1550 he was replaced as <i>natar kursya</i> by his brother Eliya, in unknown circumstances. Eliya became patriarch in 1558, and is known from his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd to have been consecrated a metropolitan fifteen years earlier, in 1543. He is mentioned as <i>natar kursya</i> in colophons of 1550, May 1552 and June 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ʿAbdishoʿ, Bar Mama "invited the excommunication of his bishops" with his earlier consecration. The consecration of Eliya as metropolitan in 1543 doubtless increased his unpopularity, but does not seem to have elicited an immediate reaction. Hnanishoʿ remained <i>natar kursya</i> for at least two years after Eliya's consecration, and the schism of 1552 was probably provoked by Eliya's designation as <i>natar kursya</i>, perhaps as late as 1550. </p><p>The age of the two brothers at the time of their consecrations is not known, but they were both certainly young men. Eliya died in 1591, and his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd mentions that he had been a metropolitan for fifteen years and patriarch for thirty-two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1930288–290_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVosté1930288–290-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colophon of a manuscript of 1562 (Berlin Syr 82), copied four years after Eliya became patriarch, contains a prayer that God might "uphold the youth" of the patriarch and his brother the metropolitan Hnanishoʿ, and "give them long life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_409_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_409-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Hnanishoʿ and Eliya, consecrated in 1539 and 1543 respectively, to be described as 'youths' in 1562, they must both have been consecrated at a young age, and were doubtless the two young metropolitans consecrated by Bar Mama, at the ages of twelve and fifteen respectively. If Hnanishoʿ was twelve when he was consecrated in 1539, he would have been thirty-five in 1562; similarly, if Eliya was fifteen when he was consecrated in 1543, he would have been thirty-four in 1562 and a respectable sixty-three at the time of his death in 1591. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199–230_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabbi1966">Habbi 1966</a>, p. 99–132, 199–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssemani1775-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssemani1775_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssemani1775">Assemani 1775</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchetti1796155–157-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecchetti1796155–157_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecchetti1796">Becchetti 1796</a>, p. 155–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914449–525-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914449–525_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTfinkdji1914">Tfinkdji 1914</a>, p. 449–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931157–323-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisserant1931157–323_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisserant1931">Tisserant 1931</a>, p. 157–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199337-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiey199337_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiey1993">Fiey 1993</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1931187–234_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVosté1931">Vosté 1931</a>, p. 187–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199-230-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699–132,_199-230_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabbi1966">Habbi 1966</a>, p. 99–132, 199-230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22,_193–104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021–22,_193–104_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 21–22, 193–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999235–264-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999235–264_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999">Murre van den Berg 1999</a>, p. 235–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabourt1908227–235-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabourt1908227–235_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabourt1908">Labourt 1908</a>, p. 227–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssemani1719526-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssemani1719526_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssemani1719">Assemani 1719</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261–277-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261–277_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGulik1904">Gulik 1904</a>, p. 261–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst20005,_356-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst20005,_356_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 5, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000406-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000406_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note on folio 159a of MS BL Or. 2300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeltrami1933149-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeltrami1933149_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeltrami1933">Beltrami 1933</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000193,_398-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000193,_398_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 193, 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021,_193-194,_401-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200021,_193-194,_401_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 21, 193-194, 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_401_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 194, 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERücker1920119–121-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERücker1920119–121_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRücker1920">Rücker 1920</a>, p. 119–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_402_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 194, 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_403_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 194, 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSS Vat Syr 66 (23 September 1529), NDS (Scher) 91 (1535), Mardin (Scher) 17 (21 June 1536), Mardin (Scher) 12 (29 June 1536), Vat Syr 83 (19 October 1538), Diyarbakr (Scher) 15 (5 June 1540), Mardin (Scher) 21 (11 December 1540), Mardin (Scher) 41 (5 April 1541), Diyarbakr (Scher) 38 (2 September 1542) and Dawra Syr 39 (12 November 1542)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSS Mosul (Scher) 80 (1550), Diyarbakr (Scher) 53 (7 May 1552) and Mardin (Scher) 38 (4 June 1554)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVosté1930288–290-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVosté1930288–290_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVosté1930">Vosté 1930</a>, p. 288–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_409-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000194,_409_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 194, 409.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schism_of_1552&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1719" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Simone Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Simone</a> (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxbAAAAcAAJ"><i>Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana</i></a>. Vol. 1. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+orientalis+clementino-vaticana&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1719&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMxbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1775" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi</a> (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CQ-CWsHqTgC"><i>De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus</i></a>. 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Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Chaldean+and+Nestorian+patriarchs&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchetti1796" class="citation book cs1">Becchetti, Filippo Angelico (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfM-AAAAcAAJ"><i>Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa</i></a>. Vol. 10. 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Vol. 11. pp. 157–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%89glise+nestorienne&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+th%C3%A9ologie+catholique&rft.pages=157-323&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Tisserant&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxhAAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1925" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiLxoQEACAAJ">"Missio duorum fratrum Melitensium O. P. in Orientem saec. XVI et relatio, nunc primum edita, eorum quae in istis regionibus gesserunt"</a>. <i>Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 261–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analecta+Ordinis+Praedicatorum&rft.atitle=Missio+duorum+fratrum+Melitensium+O.+P.+in+Orientem+saec.+XVI+et+relatio%2C+nunc+primum+edita%2C+eorum+quae+in+istis+regionibus+gesserunt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-278&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiLxoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1930" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaBFAQAAIAAJ">"Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N.-D. des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq)"</a>. <i>Le Muséon</i>. <b>43</b>: 263–316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Les+inscriptions+de+Rabban+Hormizd+et+de+N.-D.+des+Semences+pr%C3%A8s+d%27Alqo%C5%A1+%28Iraq%29&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=263-316&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaBFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1931" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20fCp25zx4wC">"Mar Iohannan Soulaqa, premier Patriarche des Chaldéens, martyr de l'union avec Rome (†1555)"</a>. <i>Angelicum</i>. <b>8</b>: 187–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelicum&rft.atitle=Mar+Iohannan+Soulaqa%2C+premier+Patriarche+des+Chald%C3%A9ens%2C+martyr+de+l%27union+avec+Rome+%28%E2%80%A01555%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=187-234&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20fCp25zx4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC"><i>The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908765" title="Special:BookSources/9789042908765"><bdi>9789042908765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Organisation+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+1318%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789042908765&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8ir0ek8bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ"><i>The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East</i></a>. London: East & West Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907318047" title="Special:BookSources/9781907318047"><bdi>9781907318047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martyred+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+%26+West+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907318047&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxNtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchism+of+1552" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template:Patriarch of the Church of the East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template talk:Patriarch of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarch of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Until the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Church of the East">Full list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggai_(bishop)" title="Aggai (bishop)">Aggai (66–87)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mari">Mari (<i>ob.</i>104)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abris" title="Abris">Abris (121–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Kashkar" title="Abraham of Kashkar">Abraham (159–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqob_I" title="Yaqob I">Yaʿqob I (<i>c.</i> 190)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahadabui" title="Ahadabui">Ahadabui (204–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahlufa" title="Shahlufa">Shahlufa (220–4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_bar_Aggai" title="Papa bar Aggai">Papa (<i>c.</i> 280–317)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_Bar_Sabbae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemon Bar Sabbae">Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahdost" title="Shahdost">Shahdost (341–3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barba%27shmin" title="Barba'shmin">Barbaʿshmin (343–6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomarsa" title="Tomarsa">Tomarsa (363–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qayyoma" title="Qayyoma">Qayyoma (377–99)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Isaac (399–410)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahha" title="Ahha">Ahha (410–14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_I" title="Yahballaha I">Yahballaha I (415–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Mana of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Maʿna (420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbokht" title="Farbokht">Farbokht (421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadisho" title="Dadisho">Dadishoʿ (421–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babowai" title="Babowai">Babowai (457–84)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Acacius of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Acacius (485–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babai_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Babai of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Babai (497–503)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shila_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Shila of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Shila (503–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Elisha of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Elishaʿ (524–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsai_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Narsai of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Narsai <i>intrusus</i> (524–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Paul of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Paul (539)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aba_I" title="Aba I">Aba I (540–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Joseph of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Joseph (552–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Ezekiel of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Ezekiel (570–81)</a></li> <li>[[Ishoyahb I|Isho[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>yahb I (582–95)]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrisho_I" title="Sabrisho I">Sabrishoʿ I (596–604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Gregory of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Gregory (605–9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishoyahb_II" title="Ishoyahb II">Ishoʿyahb II (628–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maremmeh" title="Maremmeh">Maremmeh (646–9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishoyahb_III" title="Ishoyahb III">Ishoʿyahb III (649–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giwargis_I_(Church_of_the_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giwargis I (Church of the East)">Giwargis I (661–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_I" title="Yohannan I">Yohannan I (680–3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnanisho_I" title="Hnanisho I">Hnanishoʿ I (686–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_the_Leper" title="Yohannan the Leper">Yohannan Garba <i>intrusus</i> (691–3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliba-zkha" title="Sliba-zkha">Sliba-zkha (714–28)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethion" title="Pethion">Pethion (731–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aba_II" title="Aba II">Aba II (741–51)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surin_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Surin of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Surin (753)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqob_II" title="Yaqob II">Yaʿqob II (753–73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnanisho_II" title="Hnanisho II">Hnanishoʿ II (773–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Timothy I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Timothy I (780–823)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isho_Bar_Nun" title="Isho Bar Nun">Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giwargis_II_(Church_of_the_East)" title="Giwargis II (Church of the East)">Giwargis II (828–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrisho_II" title="Sabrisho II">Sabrishoʿ II (831–5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_II_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Abraham II of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Abraham II (837–50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Theodosius of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Theodosius (853–8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargis_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Sargis of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Sargis (860–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Kashkar" title="Israel of Kashkar">Israel of Kashkar <i>intrusus</i> (877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosh_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Enosh of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Enosh (877–84)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_II" title="Yohannan II">Yohannan II (884–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_III" title="Yohannan III">Yohannan III (893–9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_IV" title="Yohannan IV">Yohannan IV (900–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_III_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Abraham III of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Abraham III (906–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_I_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Emmanuel I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Emmanuel I (937–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Israel of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Israel (961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdisho_I" title="Abdisho I">ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Mari of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Mari (987–99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_V" title="Yohannan V">Yohannan V (1000–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VI" title="Yohannan VI">Yohannan VI (1012–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishoyahb_IV" title="Ishoyahb IV">Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliya_I_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Eliya I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Eliya I (1028–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VII" title="Yohannan VII">Yohannan VII (1049–57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrisho_III" title="Sabrisho III">Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdisho_II" title="Abdisho II">ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkikha_I" title="Makkikha I">Makkikha I (1092–1110)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliya_II_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Eliya II of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Eliya II (1111–32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Sawma_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Bar Sawma of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Bar Sawma (1134–6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdisho_III" title="Abdisho III">ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishoyahb_V" title="Ishoyahb V">Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliya_III_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Eliya III of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Eliya III (1176–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_II" title="Yahballaha II">Yahballaha II (1190–1222)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrisho_IV" title="Sabrisho IV">Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrisho_V" title="Sabrisho V">Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkikha_II" title="Makkikha II">Makkikha II (1257–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denha_I" title="Denha I">Denha I (1265–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_III" title="Yahballaha III">Yahballaha III (1281–1317)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_II_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Timothy II of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Timothy II (1318–<i>c.</i> 1332)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denha_II" title="Denha II">Denha II (1336/7–1381/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_II" title="Shemon II">Shemʿon II (<i>c.</i> 1385–<i>c.</i> 1405)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliya_IV" title="Eliya IV">Eliya IV (<i>c.</i> 1405–<i>c.</i> 1425)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_III" title="Shemon III">Shemʿon III (<i>c.</i> 1425–<i>c.</i> 1450)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_IV" title="Shemon IV">Shemʿon IV Basidi (<i>c.</i> 1450–1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_V" title="Shemon V">Shemʿon V (1497–1502)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliya_V" title="Eliya V">Eliya V (1503–4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_VI" title="Shemon VI">Shemʿon VI (1504–38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemon_VII_Ishoyahb" title="Shemon VII Ishoyahb">Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template talk:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East">Dioceses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Hierarchy divided into the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> after the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">schism of 1552</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Time periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Ctesiphon_(aliraqi1959bagh_0180).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/200px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/300px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/400px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Interior metropolitan<br />provinces to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Garmaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Huzaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Exterior metropolitan<br />provinces to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Beth Sinaye (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Beth Tuptaye (Tibet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Dailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hulwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Islands of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Kashgar and Nevaketh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Katai and Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Rai (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Samarqand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">dioceses to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Abiward and Shahr Piroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarbaigan_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Adarbaigan (East Syriac diocese)">Adarbaigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Bariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Kuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Qabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Al-Rustaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Aoustan d'Arzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Armenia (East Syriac diocese)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Arzun</a></li> <li>[[Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318|[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>Aïn Sipne]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Badisi and Qadistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Balad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Barhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Bgash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Beth Daraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Dasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Lapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Mazunaye (Oman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Moksaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Nuhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Rahimaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Beth Waziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Zabdaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Bih Shabur (Kazrun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dabarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Darabgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Dasqarta d'Malka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Delasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dinawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Eshnuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Gawkaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Gubeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Rai (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Gurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Hamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Harran and Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hebton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hesna d'Kifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Hirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hormizd Ardashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hrbath Glal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ispahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Istakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Beth Slokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Ledan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kashkar" title="Diocese of Kashkar">Kashkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Khanijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Lashom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mahoze d'Arewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marga_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Marga (East Syriac diocese)">Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Marmadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Masabadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Mashkena d'Qurdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mashmahig (Bahrain)</a></li> <li>[[Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Ma[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>altha and Hnitha]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Merw i-Rud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Meskene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mihraganqadaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Muqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nahargur</a></li> <li>[[Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon|Niffar, Nil and al-Nu[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>maniya]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nihawand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Piroz Shabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Prath d'Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Pusang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qaimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qarta and Adarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Qasr and Nahrawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qube d'Arzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Radani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ram Hormizd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ramonin</a></li> <li>[[Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Resh[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>aïna]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakh_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Salakh (East Syriac diocese)">Salakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Segestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahpur Khwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahrgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahrzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Shenna d'Beth Ramman</a></li> <li>[[Shigar (East Syriac diocese)|Shigar and Beth [ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>Arabaye]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shushter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Soqotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Taimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tamanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhan_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Tirhan (East Syriac diocese)">Tirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Urmi</a></li> <li>[[Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon|[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>Ukbara]]</li> <li>[[Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Yemen and Sana[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>a]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Zabe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Post-1318 dioceses<br /><small><i>(See also:<br /><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">dioceses from 1318 to 1552</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">dioceses after 1552</a>)</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Ahwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Diocese_of_Amid" title="Chaldean Diocese of Amid">Amid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Anzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Ardishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Atel and Bohtan</a></li> <li>[[Amadiya (Chaldean diocese)|[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>Amadiya]]</li> <li>[[Aqra|[ʿ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>Aqra]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwari_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Berwari (East Syriac diocese)">Berwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_(East_Syriac_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbil (East Syriac diocese)">Erbil (East Syriac diocese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Erbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Erbil">Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_diocese)" title="Gazarta (Chaldean diocese)">Gazarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Jilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kirkuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean diocese)">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean diocese)">Seert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Sehna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shemsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tuleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaku-Amadiya_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaku-Amadiya (Chaldean diocese)">Zakho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syriac_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity 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title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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