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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_elementary_education_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_elementary_education_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of elementary education in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_elementary_education_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_medieval_church_and_education_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_medieval_church_and_education_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The medieval church and education in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_medieval_church_and_education_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paupers_and_the_poor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paupers_and_the_poor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Paupers and the poor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paupers_and_the_poor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Educational philosophies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_primary_education_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_primary_education_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History of primary education in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_primary_education_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_20th_century_English_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_20th_century_English_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Timeline of 20th century English education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_20th_century_English_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_development_during_the_primary_education_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_development_during_the_primary_education_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Child development during the primary education phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_development_during_the_primary_education_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Millennium_Development_Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millennium_Development_Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Millennium Development Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millennium_Development_Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_the_rule_of_law_in_primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_the_rule_of_law_in_primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Promoting the rule of law in primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_the_rule_of_law_in_primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Primary education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تعليم أساسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعليم أساسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_primaria" title="Educación primaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Educación primaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0btidai_t%C9%99hsil" title="İbtidai təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbtidai təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Башланғыс белем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Башланғыс белем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Основно образование – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Основно образование" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3_prim%C3%A0ria" title="Educació primària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Educació primària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_vzd%C4%9Bl%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Primární vzdělávání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Primární vzdělávání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hiharidus" title="Põhiharidus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhiharidus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_primaria" title="Educación primaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación primaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementa_edukado" title="Elementa edukado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elementa edukado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_hezkuntza" title="Lehen hezkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen hezkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آموزش ابتدایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش ابتدایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseignement_primaire" title="Enseignement primaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enseignement primaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%C3%BBnderwiis" title="Basisûnderwiis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Basisûnderwiis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun-sgoil" title="Bun-sgoil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bun-sgoil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_primaria" title="Educación primaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Educación primaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%93%B1%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="초등교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초등교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रारंभिक शिक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रारंभिक शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_dasar" title="Pendidikan dasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan dasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="חינוך יסודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חינוך יסודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggulawenthah_dhasar" title="Panggulawenthah dhasar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panggulawenthah dhasar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3" title="ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamatizgl%C4%ABt%C4%ABba" title="Pamatizglītība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pamatizglītība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapfok%C3%BA_oktat%C3%A1s" title="Alapfokú oktatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alapfokú oktatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Основно образование – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Основно образование" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राथमिक शिक्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राथमिक शिक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_rendah" title="Pendidikan rendah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidikan rendah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basisonderwijs" title="Basisonderwijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basisonderwijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="初等教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初等教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੁਢਲੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਢਲੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wykszta%C5%82cenie_podstawowe" title="Wykształcenie podstawowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wykształcenie podstawowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensino_prim%C3%A1rio" title="Ensino primário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ensino primário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Начальное образование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Начальное образование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsimi_fillor" title="Arsimi fillor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arsimi fillor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خوێندنی سەرەتایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێندنی سەرەتایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Основно образовање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Основно образовање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasyong_elementarya" title="Edukasyong elementarya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edukasyong elementarya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="தொடக்கக் கல்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொடக்கக் கல்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="ప్రాథమిక విద్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రాథమిక విద్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="ประถมศึกษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประถมศึกษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk%C3%B6%C4%9Fretim" title="İlköğretim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlköğretim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Початкова освіта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Початкова освіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابتدائی تعلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابتدائی تعلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c_ti%E1%BB%83u_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Giáo dục tiểu học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dục tiểu học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scole_prumaire" title="Scole prumaire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scole prumaire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="初等教育 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="初等教育" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="小學教育 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="小學教育" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_Education&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary Education">Elementary Education</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First stage of formal education</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For descriptions of different implementations, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_education_systems_by_country" title="List of primary education systems by country">List of primary education systems by country</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg/350px-Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg/525px-Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg/700px-Ni%C3%B1os_estudiantes_chilenos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>School children in primary education, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Total_net_enrollment_rate_in_primary_education%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total net enrollment rate in primary education, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Primary education</b> is typically the first stage of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">formal education</a>, coming after <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> and before <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary education takes place in <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a></i>, <i>elementary schools</i>, or <a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">first schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle schools</a>, depending on the location. Hence, in the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term <i>primary</i> is used instead of <i>elementary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no commonly agreed on duration of primary education, but often three to six years of elementary school, and in some countries (like the US) the first <a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">seven to nine years are considered primary education</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">International Standard Classification of Education</a> considers primary education as a single phase where programs are typically designed to provide fundamental reading, writing, and mathematics skills and establish a solid foundation for learning. This is <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education#Level_1" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED Level 1</a>: Primary education or the first stage of basic education.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011en_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011en-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ISCED definition in 1997 posited that <b>primary education</b> normally started between the ages of 5 – 8 and was designed to give a sound basic education in reading, writing, and mathematics along with an elementary understanding of other subjects. By 2011 the philosophy had changed, the <i>elementary understanding of other subjects</i> had been dropped in favour of "<i>to establish a solid foundation for learning</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-2011en_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011en-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF), believes that providing children with primary education has many positive effects. It: </p> <ul><li>Decreases poverty</li> <li>Decreases <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> rates</li> <li>Encourages <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a></li> <li>Increases <a href="/wiki/Environmental_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental concern">environmental understanding</a><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The ages cited cover a rapidly developing phase of child development. This is studied in the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a>, which attempts to describe how children learn. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, reception, the first year of primary school, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">Early Years Foundation Stage</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">philosophy of education</a>—teaching and learning—has, over the millennia, occupied many great minds. It attempts to say what children should be taught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Primary_education" title="Talk:Primary education">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In pre-<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian cultures</a>, children learnt by following their instinct to play. There was no need for enforced education.<sup id="cite_ref-PT_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In agrarian cultures, agriculture, husbandry, bartering, and building skills can be passed on from adults to children or master to apprentice. Societies agree on the need for their children to learn and absorb their cultural traditions and beliefs. They attempt to do this informally in the family or by gathering the children together and employing a tutor to handle the task. This worked well for the landowners, but the children of the landless would be employed from the age of seven as servants. In one source from the turn of the 15th century, a French count advised that nobles' huntsmen should "choose a boy servant as young as seven or eight" and that "...this boy should be beaten until he has a proper dread of failing to carry out his masters orders." The document listed chores that the boy would perform daily and that the boy would sleep in a loft above the kennels to attend to the hounds' needs.<sup id="cite_ref-PT_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orme_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orme-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious communities became providers of education and defined the curriculum. Learning to recite passages from their holy text is a priority. For their society to advance, the oral tradition must be superseded by written texts; some students must write down the passages. <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monasteries</a> students needed to read out what is written in the religious language and not just the vernacular. This led to formal education in madrassas and schools. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> declared that salvation depends on each person's own reading of the Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-PT_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading and management create a demand for accountancy. Basic skills thus included literacy and numeracy. This was the core of Elementary Education. </p><p>In mid 17th century America, Massachusetts became the first colony to mandate schooling for this purpose. Beginning in 1690, children there and in adjacent colonies learned to read from the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Primer" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Primer">New England Primer</a>, known colloquially as "The Little Bible of New England".<sup id="cite_ref-PT_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_elementary_education_in_Europe">History of elementary education in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of elementary education in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Greek and Roman times, boys were educated by their mothers until the age of seven, then according to the culture of their location and times, would start formal education. In <a href="/wiki/Agoge#Structure" title="Agoge">Sparta</a> until twelve, it would be at a military academy building up physical fitness and combat skills, but also reading, writing and arithmetic<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> the emphasis would be on understanding the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, reading, writing, arithmetic and music with gymnastics and athletics,<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29, 30">: 29, 30 </span></sup> and learning the moral stories of Homer. Girls received all their education at home. In Rome the primary school was called the <a href="/wiki/Ludus_(ancient_Rome)" title="Ludus (ancient Rome)"><i>ludus</i></a>; the curriculum developed over the centuries featuring the learning of both Latin and Greek. In AD 94, <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> published the systematic educational work, <i><a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> He distinguished between teaching and learning, and that a child aged between 7 and 14 learned by sense experience, learns to form ideas, develops language and memory. He recommended that teachers should motivate their pupils by making the teaching interesting, rather than by <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> (grammar, rhetoric and logic) and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a> (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) were legacies of the Roman curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_medieval_church_and_education_in_Europe">The medieval church and education in Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The medieval church and education in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg/220px-Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg/330px-Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg/440px-Jules-Alexis_Muenier_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_cat%C3%A9chisme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption><i>The Catechism Lesson</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules-Alexis_Muenier" title="Jules-Alexis Muenier">Jules-Alexis Meunier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the Roman influence waned, the great <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> were established to provide a source of <a href="/wiki/Chorister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorister">choristers</a> and clergy. <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">Kings School, Canterbury</a> dates from 597. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 853 specified that each <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> should provide elementary education: religious ritual but also reading and writing Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> The purpose of education was to explain salvation, not social change. The church had a monopoly on education; the feudal lords concurred and allowed their sons to be educated at the few church schools. The economy in most of Europe was agrarian and the children of serfs started work as soon as they were able. It was accepted as a truth by Christians that man was created by God in the image of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> with his share of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and that a boy was born sinful. Therefore, only the teachings of the church and the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> could redeem him.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77, 85">: 77, 85 </span></sup> The parishes provided elementary education- but had no requirement to provide it to every child. The need was to produce priests, and in a stable kingdom such as that of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, administrators with elementary writing skills in Latin and the arithmetic needed to collect taxes and administer them. <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> (735–804) developed teaching material that was based on the <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechetical method</a>- repeating and memorizing questions and answers, although often understanding the information was not important. These skills were also needed in the great abbeys such as <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>. There was a divergence between the needs of town and monasteries and we see the development of the parish, chantry, monastic, and cathedral schools. With the entry of women into church life, convents were established, and with them convent schools. Girls entered at the age of eight and were taught Latin grammar, religious doctrine, and music, and the women's arts of spinning, weaving, tapestry, painting, and embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">monastic school</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a> at the age of seven and became a writer and historian. <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">Chantry schools</a> were the result of charitable donations and educated the poor. Beginning in 804, parishes were obliged to have a school, and cathedrals had to establish <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral schools">schools</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Council">Lateran Council</a> of 1179. Elementary education was mainly to teach sufficient Latin for the trivium and the quadrivium that formed the basis of the secondary curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-black_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_schools" title="List of oldest schools">List of oldest schools</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg/220px-Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg/330px-Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg/440px-Priscianus_della_Robbia_OPA_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Priscian</figcaption></figure> <p>While Humanism had a great change on the secondary curriculum, the primary curriculum was unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-black_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that by studying the works of the greats, ancients who had governed empires, one became fit to succeed in any field. Renaissance boys from the age of five learned Latin grammar using the same books as the Roman child. There were the grammars of <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a> followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Commentaries_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Caesar's Commentaries (disambiguation)">Caesar's Commentaries</a></i> and then <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>'s Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wealthy boys were educated by tutors. Others were educated in schools attached to the parishes, cathedrals, or abbeys. From the 13th century, wealthy merchants endowed money for priests to "establish as a school to teach grammar". These early grammar schools were to teach basic, or elementary grammar, to boys. No age limit was specified. Early examples in England included <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">Lancaster Royal Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Latin_School" title="Royal Latin School">Royal Latin School</a>, Buckingham, and <a href="/wiki/Stockport_Grammar_School" title="Stockport Grammar School">Stockport Grammar School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> (1548) disrupted the funding of many schools. The schools petitioned the King, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, for an endowment. Examples of schools receiving endowments are <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_Grammar_School,_Louth" title="King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth">King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School" title="Norwich School">King Edward VI Grammar School, Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon">King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, where <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> was thought to be a pupil from the age of 7 to 14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paupers_and_the_poor">Paupers and the poor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paupers and the poor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the Grammar schools were set up to deliver elementary education, they did require their entrants to have certain skills on admission. In particular, they expected them to be able to read and write in the vernacular. There was a need for something more basic.<sup id="cite_ref-WCEd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCEd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was addressed by <a href="/wiki/Dame_school" title="Dame school">Dame schools</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Charity_school" title="Charity school">charity schools</a>, often set up by the churches (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of England school">C of E schools</a>), Bell's <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_School_Society" title="British and Foreign School Society">British Schools</a> and Joseph Lancaster's <a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">National Schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCEd_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCEd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_philosophies">Educational philosophies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Educational philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory (education)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum,_oud_klaslokaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg/220px-Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg/330px-Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg/440px-Het_Hoogeland_openluchtmuseum_in_Warffum%2C_oud_klaslokaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Classroom from 1910 in a late 19 century elementary school, Het Hoogeland Openluchtmuseum</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain movements in education had relevance in all of Europe and its diverging colonies. The Americans were interested in the thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Pestalozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monitorial_System" title="Monitorial System">Joseph Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">Owen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_education_system" title="Prussian education system">Prussian schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_primary_education_in_England">History of primary education in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of primary education in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, 1870 was the beginning of compulsory state education.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Elementary school (England and Wales)">Elementary schools in England and Wales</a> were publicly funded schools which provided a basic standard of education for children aged from six to 14 between 1870 and 1944. These were set up to enable children to receive manual training and elementary instruction, and provided a restricted curriculum with the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Reading_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (process)">reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_three_Rs" title="The three Rs">the three Rs</a>). The schools operated on a <a href="/wiki/Monitorial_System" title="Monitorial System">monitorial system</a>, whereby one teacher supervised a large class with the assistance of a team of monitors, who were quite often older pupils. Elementary school teachers were paid based on students' results. Their pupils were expected to achieve precise standards in reading, writing and arithmetic: such as reading a short paragraph in a newspaper, writing from dictation, and working out sums and fractions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillard2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillard2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this, a dual education system was initiated, consisting of both voluntary denominational schools and non-denominational state schools (Board schools) to supplement rather than replace schools already run by the churches, guilds, and private individuals or organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1944 around 80 percent of the school population attended elementary schools through to 14. The remainder transferred either to secondary school or to junior technical school at age 11. The school system was changed with the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1944" title="Education Act 1944">Education Act 1944</a>. Education was restructured into three progressive stages, which were known as primary education, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline_of_20th_century_English_education">Timeline of 20th century English education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline of 20th century English education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1912 – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> publishes The Montessori Method.</li> <li>1915 – John and Evelyn Dewey publish <a href="/wiki/School_of_Tomorrow" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Tomorrow">School of Tomorrow</a>.</li> <li>1918 – <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1918" title="Education Act 1918">Education Act 1918</a> ends all fees for elementary education and raises the school leaving age from 12 to 14.</li> <li>1919 – The <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnham Committee">Burnham Committee</a> introduces national pay scales for elementary teachers.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>1923 – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a> publishes The Language and Thought of the Child.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/A_S_Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="A S Neill">A S Neill</a> opens <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>1944 – Elementary education split by age into primary and secondary. A tripartite system with an <a href="/wiki/Eleven_plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven plus">eleven plus</a> exam.</li> <li>1955 – The last gas lamps are removed from London schools.</li> <li>1957 – Britain's first school TV was broadcast by Associated Rediffusion in May,</li> <li>1958 – BBC Schools TV broadcasting</li></ul> <dl><dd>A S Neill's <i>Summerhill</i> published.</dd></dl> <ul><li>1963 – London and Manchester end 11-plus.</li> <li>1967 – The <a href="/wiki/Plowden_Report" title="Plowden Report">Plowden Report</a> advocates the expansion of nursery schooling.</li> <li>1968 – The <a href="/wiki/Newsom_Report" title="Newsom Report">Newsom Report</a> on public schools calls for integration with state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-TES_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TES-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_development_during_the_primary_education_phase">Child development during the primary education phase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Child development during the primary education phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Child development stages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> was responsible for establishing the framework that describes the intellectual, moral and emotional development of children.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a doctorate in 1918 and did post-doctoral research in Zürich and Paris. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thoughts developed in four phases: </p> <ol><li>the sociological model of development- where children moved from a position of <a href="/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism">egocentrism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sociocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociocentrism">sociocentrism</a>. he noticed there was a gradual progression from intuitive to scientific and then socially acceptable responses.</li> <li>the biological model of intellectual development -this could be regarded as an extension of the biological process of the <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> of the species, showing two ongoing processes: assimilation and accommodation.</li> <li>the elaboration of the logical model of intellectual development, where he argued that intelligence develops in a series of stages related to age and are progressive because one stage must be accomplished before the next can occur. For each stage of development, the child forms an age-related view of reality.</li> <li>the study of figurative thought- this included memory and perception. Piaget's theory is based upon biological <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">maturation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">stages</a>; the notion of readiness is important. Information or concepts should be taught when the students have reached the appropriate stage of cognitive development and not before.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Using this framework, the child's staged development can be examined. His theory included four stages: the sensorimotor period, the pre operational period, the concrete operational period, and the formal operational period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development#Lev_Vygotsky" title="Cognitive development">Lev Vygotsky's theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-bioBook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioBook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based on social learning, where a more knowledgeable other (MKO) helps a child progress within their <a href="/wiki/Zone_of_proximal_development" title="Zone of proximal development">zone of proximal development</a> (ZPD). Within the ZPD, there are skills that the child could do but needs to be shown to move from yearning to independent proficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-bioBook_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioBook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assistance or instruction becomes a form of <a href="/wiki/Instructional_scaffolding" title="Instructional scaffolding">Instructional scaffolding</a>; this term and idea was developed by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a>, David Wood, and Gail Ross.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaffolding_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaffolding-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are in the realms of the:<sup id="cite_ref-NIH1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Intellectual</li> <li>Physical</li> <li>Learning skills</li> <li>Language</li> <li>Emotional</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_interpretations">International interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_education_systems_by_country" title="List of primary education systems by country">List of primary education systems by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millennium_Development_Goals">Millennium Development Goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Millennium Development Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennium_Development_Goals,_UN_Headquarters,_New_York_City,_New_York_-_20080501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg/220px-Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg/330px-Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg/440px-Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A poster at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States, showing the Millennium Development Goals</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goal 2</a> (2002) was to achieve <a href="/wiki/Universal_primary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal primary education">universal primary education</a> by 2015. By that time, they aimed to ensure that all children everywhere, regardless of race or gender, could complete primary schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the United Nations specifically focused on <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, as they are both home to the vast majority of children out of school, they hypothesized that they might not have been able to reach their goal by 2015. According to the September 2010 fact sheet, this was because there were still about 69 million school-age children who were not in school with almost half of the demographic in sub-Saharan Africa and more than a quarter in Southern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimated that all children at the official entry age for primary school would have had to have been attending classes by 2009. This would depend upon the duration of the primary level and how well the schools retain students until the end of the cycle. </p><p>Not only was it important for children to be enrolled in education, but countries would have to ensure that there were a sufficient number of teachers and classrooms to meet the demand. As of 2010, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone, equaled the extant teaching force in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated182_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated182-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gender gap for <a href="/wiki/Education_for_All#World_Education_Forum_(Dakar,_Senegal,_2000)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education for All">children not in education</a> narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of girls not in education worldwide had decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent. However, in some regions, the percentage had increased.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated182_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated182-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United Nations, many things in the regions have already been accomplished. Although enrollment in the sub-Saharan area of Africa continues to be the lowest region worldwide, by 2010, "it still increased by 18 percentage points—from 58 percent to 76 percent—between 1999 and 2008." There was also progress in Southern Asia and North Africa, where both areas saw an increase in enrollment. For example, in Southern Asia, this had increased by 11 percent and in North Africa by 8 percent- over the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated182_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated182-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major advances had been made even in the poorest countries, like the abolition of primary school fees in <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> where there was an increase in primary-school enrollment, which reached 99 percent as of 2008. Also, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> experienced a similar outcome. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period. Moreover, other regions in Latin America such as <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> in Southern Africa "broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated182_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated182-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promoting_the_rule_of_law_in_primary_education">Promoting the rule of law in primary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Promoting the rule of law in primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg/220px-Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg/330px-Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg/440px-Global_citizenship_education_for_the_rule_of_law_learning_outcomes_at_the_primary_leve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Global citizenship education for the rule of law learning outcomes at the primary level</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">Schools</a> play an important role in children's socialization and in developing their appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">sharing</a>, fairness, mutual <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a> and cooperation. Schools form the foundational values and competencies that are the building blocks towards the understanding of concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education systems that promote education for justice, that is, respect for the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> (RoL) together with international human rights and fundamental freedoms strengthen the relationship between learners and public institutions to empower young people to become champions of peace and justice. Teachers are often on the front line of this work and, along with families, play a formative role in shaping children's attitudes and behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">Global citizenship education</a> provides the overall framework for the approach to the RoL. It aims to empower learners to engage and assume active roles, both locally and globally, as proactive contributors to a more just, peaceful, <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerant</a>, inclusive, secure, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_articles_by_country" title="List of education articles by country">List of education articles by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools by country">List of schools by country</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Primer" title="The New England Primer">The New England Primer</a></i> 1620–1720</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Basic education</b> corresponds to the first nine years of formal schooling and is made of two levels distinguished as Levels 1 and 2. Level 1 should correspond to primary education and Level 2 to lower secondary. ISCED.<sup id="cite_ref-2011en_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011en-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-net-enrollment-rate-in-primary-education">"Total net enrollment rate in primary education"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Total+net+enrollment+rate+in+primary+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Ftotal-net-enrollment-rate-in-primary-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Building skills for effective primary teaching</i>. SAGE. 4 August 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473994034" title="Special:BookSources/9781473994034"><bdi>9781473994034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+skills+for+effective+primary+teaching&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.isbn=9781473994034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/elementary-education">"Elementary education | Definition, Goals, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2023-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Elementary+education+%7C+Definition%2C+Goals%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Felementary-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011en-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011en_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011en_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011en_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624194036/http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf">"ISCED 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2012. Annex III. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Jun 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISCED+2011&rft.pages=Annex+III&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uis.unesco.org%2FEducation%2FDocuments%2Fisced-2011-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellMoser-Jurling" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Jen; Moser-Jurling, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.org/articles/What_is_Primary_Education.html">"What Is Primary Education?"</a>. <i>learn.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Primary+Education%3F&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft.au=Moser-Jurling%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.org%2Farticles%2FWhat_is_Primary_Education.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PT_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/200808/brief-history-education">"A Brief History of Education"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Education&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Ffreedom-learn%2F200808%2Fbrief-history-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orme-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orme_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrme2001" class="citation book cs1">Orme, N (2001). <i>Medieval children</i>. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+children&rft.pages=315&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Orme&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutek1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutek1994_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_L._Gutek1994" class="citation book cs1">Gerald L. 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UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100335-6"><bdi>978-92-3-100335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empowering+students+for+just+societies%3A+a+handbook+for+primary+school+teachers&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100335-6&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000370902%3FposInSet%3D1%26queryId%3Da05595b4-f5b2-48ce-b649-f8177b6036fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370902?posInSet=1&queryId=a05595b4-f5b2-48ce-b649-f8177b6036fe"><i>Empowering students for just societies: a handbook for primary school teachers</i></a>, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>India 2009: A Reference Annual</i> (53rd edition), New Delhi: Additional Director General (ADG), Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/organisation-primary-education-49_en">"Organisation of Primary Education"</a>. Eurydice - European Commission. 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organisation+of+Primary+Education&rft.pub=Eurydice+-+European+Commission&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-policies%2Feurydice%2Fcontent%2Forganisation-primary-education-49_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73581">The blackboard clock</a></i> (1892) Elva Aldrich (subtitled <i>device desk book for the primary teacher, for teaching pupils in first year and kindergarten grades how to tell time of day by the clock, and time drill</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_education&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406183013/https://www.nape.org.uk/">National Association for Primary Education (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620101151/http://www.teachers.tv/video/browser/810">Teachers TV Free Resources and Downloads for Primary School Teachers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/websites/4_11/index.shtml">BBC schools website 4-11</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worksheetsplanet.com">Educational Resources</a> — OER Repository from WP for Primary School Teachers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teach.com/become/where-can-i-teach/grade-levels/elementary/">Teach.com Information for Elementary School Teachers in the U.S.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_N._Hailmann1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_N._Hailmann" class="mw-redirect" title="William N. Hailmann">William N. Hailmann</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education, Elementary"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Education,_Elementary">"Education, Elementary" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Elementary&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.au=William+N.+Hailmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+education" class="Z3988"></span> A view from the United States in 1920.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_stages" title="Template:Education stages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_stages" title="Template talk:Education stages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education stages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stages_of_formal_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a> of formal <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br /> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br /> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/903204/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td 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