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class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mediterranean Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Outside the Mediterranean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_connotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_connotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Symbolic connotations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolic_connotations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Symbolic connotations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_connotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ancient Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Judaism and Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_known_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_known_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Oldest known trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_known_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olive_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olive_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Olive oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olive_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_olives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_olives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Table olives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_olives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fermentation_and_curing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation_and_curing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Fermentation and curing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation_and_curing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olive_wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olive_wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Olive wood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olive_wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamental_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ornamental uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_and_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Growth and propagation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests,_diseases,_and_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests,_diseases,_and_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pests, diseases, and weather </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests,_diseases,_and_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 As an invasive species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Global production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Phytochemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergenic_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergenic_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Allergenic potential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergenic_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Olive</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" > 128 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olyf" title="Olyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Olyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivenbaum" title="Olivenbaum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Olivenbaum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%AB" title="ወይራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወይራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="زيتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܙܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinu" title="Masinu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Masinu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarumaite" title="Tarumaite – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tarumaite" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_zeytunu" title="Avropa zeytunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa zeytunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="آوروپا زئیتونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوروپا زئیتونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="জয়তুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জয়তুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitun" title="Zaitun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Zaitun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Масліна еўрапейская – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масліна еўрапейская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Европейска маслина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейска маслина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslina" title="Maslina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maslina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivera" title="Olivera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Olivera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Олива – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Олива" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibo" title="Olibo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Olibo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivovn%C3%ADk_evropsk%C3%BD" title="Olivovník evropský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Olivovník evropský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olewydden" title="Olewydden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Olewydden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliven" title="Oliven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oliven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivenbaum" title="Olivenbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Olivenbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%A8" title="ޒައިތޫނި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒައިތޫނި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_%C3%B5lipuu" title="Harilik õlipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik õlipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivarbo" title="Olivarbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Olivarbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibondo" title="Olibondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olibondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="زیتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%B3g" title="Ológ – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ológ" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliveira" title="Oliveira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oliveira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1m-l%C3%A1m-su" title="Kám-lám-su – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kám-lám-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4" title="올리브나무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올리브나무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitun" title="Zaitun – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zaitun" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ձիթենի եվրոպական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձիթենի եվրոպական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="ज़ैतून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ैतून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslina" title="Maslina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maslina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivo" title="Olivo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Olivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitun" title="Zaitun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaitun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivo" title="Olivo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Olivo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Европæйаг оливæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Европæйаг оливæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADfa" title="Ólífa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ólífa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="זית אירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זית אירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%A9tun" title="Jaétun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jaétun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲಿವ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲಿವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivo" title="Olivo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Olivo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umumuri" title="Umumuri – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umumuri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzeituni" title="Mzeituni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzeituni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeyt%C3%BBn" title="Zeytûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zeytûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зайтун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зайтун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зайтун – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Зайтун" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C4%ABvkoks" title="Olīvkoks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olīvkoks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europinis_alyvmedis" title="Europinis alyvmedis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europinis alyvmedis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliefboum" title="Oliefboum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oliefboum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzet%C3%A9_ya_olive" title="Nzeté ya olive – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzeté ya olive" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/alzaitu" title="alzaitu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="alzaitu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajfa_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Olajfa (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olajfa (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслинка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маслинка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94liva_(zavamaniry)" title="Ôliva (zavamaniry) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôliva (zavamaniry)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഒലിവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒലിവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="जैतून – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैतून" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="زيتون (نبات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيتون (نبات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitun" title="Zaitun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaitun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-g%C4%81ng-l%C4%81ng" title="Iù-gāng-lāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-gāng-lāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Олив – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олив" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သံလွင်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလွင်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olijf" title="Olijf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="जैतुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैतुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="オリーブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリーブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliva" title="Gliva – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gliva" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6lebuum" title="Öölebuum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Öölebuum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliven" title="Oliven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oliven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliven" title="Oliven – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oliven" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaytun" title="Zaytun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zaytun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੈਤੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਤੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="زیتون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زیتون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ښوون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښوون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6lboom" title="Öölboom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Öölboom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliwka_europejska" title="Oliwka europejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oliwka europejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliveira" title="Oliveira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oliveira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeyt%C3%BCn" title="Zeytün – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zeytün" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83slin" title="Măslin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Măslin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uliw" title="Uliw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uliw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Олива европска – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Олива европска" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Олива европейская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олива европейская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%ACa" title="Olìa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Olìa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" title="Olive – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Olive" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulliri" title="Ulliri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ulliri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedi_d%27aliva" title="Pedi d'aliva – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pedi d'aliva" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_tree" title="Olive tree – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Olive tree" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%88%DA%BB)" title="زيتون (وڻ) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زيتون (وڻ)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_eur%C3%B3pska" title="Oliva európska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oliva európska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljka" title="Oljka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oljka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="زەیتوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەیتوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маслина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маслина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslina" title="Maslina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maslina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitun" title="Zaitun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zaitun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliivi" title="Oliivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oliivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivtr%C3%A4d" title="Olivträd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Olivträd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibo" title="Olibo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Olibo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஐரோப்பிய இடலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய இடலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azmmur" title="Azmmur – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azmmur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azemmur_(im%C9%A3i)" title="Azemmur (imɣi) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azemmur (imɣi)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Зәйтүн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәйтүн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F" title="มะกอกออลิฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะกอกออลิฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зайтун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зайтун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeytin" title="Zeytin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zeytin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeytin" title="Zeytin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zeytin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслина європейська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маслина європейська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="زیتون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیتون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeytun" title="Zeytun – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Zeytun" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makmbi" title="Makmbi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makmbi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" title="Olea europaea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Olea europaea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivanpu" title="Olivanpu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olivanpu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_liu" title="Ô liu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô liu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olyve" title="Olyve – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Olyve" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibu" title="Olibu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Olibu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84" title="油橄榄 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="油橄榄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98" title="איילבירט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איילבירט" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Flowering plant in the family Oleaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the tree and the fruit. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Olive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Olive (disambiguation)">Olive (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Olive grove", "Olive tree", and "Olive wood" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Olive_grove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Olive grove (disambiguation)">Olive grove (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Olive tree (disambiguation)">Olive tree (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Olive wood (disambiguation)">Olive wood (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Olive <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Recent" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent">recent</a>, 0.06–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.97969230769px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivesfromjordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/220px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/330px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/440px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient">Data Deficient</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Olea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olea" title="Olea">Olea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">O. europaea</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Olea europaea <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Olea_europaea_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/220px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/330px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/440px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="992" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution map of Olea europaea s.l. </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Linear_B_Syllabary" title="Linear B Syllabary">Linear B Unicode characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Linear_B" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Linear B.</div></div> </div> The olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive', is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of small <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a>, found traditionally in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, with wild subspecies found further afield in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. When in shrub form, it is known as Olea europaea 'Montra', dwarf olive, or little olive. The species is cultivated in all the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, as well as in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for its genus, <a href="/wiki/Olea" title="Olea">Olea</a>. The tree and its fruit give their name to the <a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> plant family, which also includes species such as <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">lilac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">forsythia</a>, and the true <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash tree</a>. The olive's fruit, also called an "olive", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>; it is one of the core ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">and Mediterranean cuisines</a>. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of the olive tree are known. Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil, eating, or both. Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as "table olives".<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> About 80% of all harvested olives are turned into oil, while about 20% are used as table olives. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word olive derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> ŏlīva 'olive fruit; olive tree',<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> possibly through <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> 𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌄𐌋𐌄 (eleiva) from the archaic <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</a> form *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Greek">Classic Greek</a> ἐλαία elaía 'olive fruit; olive tree'.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The word oil originally meant 'olive oil', from ŏlĕum,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> ἔλαιον (élaion 'olive oil').<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The word for 'oil' in multiple other languages also ultimately derives from the name of this tree and its fruit. The oldest attested forms of the Greek words are <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> 𐀁𐀨𐀷, e-ra-wa, and 𐀁𐀨𐀺, e-ra-wo or 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai-wo, written in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> syllabic script.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of a branch, flowers, seeds and fruits of the olive tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg/220px-Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg/330px-Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg/440px-Olea_europaea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>19th-century illustration</figcaption></figure> The olive tree, Olea europaea, is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tree or shrub native to Mediterranean Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is short and squat and rarely exceeds 8–15 m (25–50 ft) in height. 'Pisciottana', a unique variety comprising 40,000 trees found only in the area around <a href="/wiki/Pisciotta" title="Pisciotta">Pisciotta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> region of southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, often exceeds this, with correspondingly large trunk diameters. The silvery green <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are oblong, measuring <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4–10 cm (1+1⁄2–4 in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1–3 cm (3⁄8–1+3⁄16 in) wide. The trunk is typically gnarled and twisted.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The small, white, feathery <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, with ten-cleft <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">corolla</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and bifid <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">stigma</a>, are borne generally on the previous year's wood, in <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">racemes</a> springing from the axils of the leaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The fruit is a small <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 in) long when ripe, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars. Olives are harvested in the green to purple stage.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> O. europaea contains a <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">pyrena</a> commonly referred to in American English as a "pit", and in British English as a "stone".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg/220px-Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg/330px-Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg/440px-Mallorca_Wild_Olive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Specimen of Olea europaea sylvestris as <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>. These trees grow wild in the mountains of the Spanish island of <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> and are valued for their tiny leaves and rough bark. This tree won 1st prize in the broadleaf evergreen category in the 2024 edition of the Unión del Bonsái Español (UBE) exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Aranjuez" title="Aranjuez">Aranjuez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The six natural subspecies of Olea europaea are distributed over a wide range:<a href="#cite_note-j2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-j3-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>O. e. subsp. europaea (Mediterranean Basin)</li></ul> The subspecies europaea is divided into two <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, the europaea, which was formerly named Olea sativa, with the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> called "olivasters", and silvestris, which corresponds to the old wildly growing Mediterranean species <a href="/wiki/Olea_oleaster" title="Olea oleaster">O. oleaster</a>, with the seedlings called "oleasters".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The sylvestris is characterized by a smaller, shrubby tree that produces smaller fruits and leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Barazani_2016-19">[19]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea_subsp._cuspidata" title="Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata">O. e. subsp. cuspidata</a> (from South Africa throughout East Africa, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">Southwest China</a>)</li> <li>O. e. subsp. cerasiformis (<a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>); also known as Olea maderensis</li> <li>O. e. subsp. guanchica (Canary Islands)</li> <li>O. e. subsp. laperrinei (Algeria, Sudan, Niger)</li> <li>O. e. subsp. maroccana (Morocco)</li></ul> The subspecies O. e. cerasiformis is <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a>, and O. e. maroccana is <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">hexaploid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j5-20">[20]</a> Wild-growing forms of the olive are sometimes treated as the species <a href="/wiki/Olea_oleaster" title="Olea oleaster">Olea oleaster</a>, or "oleaster." The trees referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Canarium_album" title="Canarium album">white</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Canarium_pimela" title="Canarium pimela">black</a>" olives in Southeast Asia are not actually olives but species of <a href="/wiki/Canarium" title="Canarium">Canarium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">List of olive cultivars</a></div> Hundreds of cultivars of the olive tree are known.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1996-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> An olive's cultivar has a significant impact on its colour, size, shape, and growth characteristics, as well as the qualities of olive oil.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1996-22">[22]</a> Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil, eating, or both. Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as "table olives".<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> Since many olive cultivars are <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility" title="Self-incompatibility">self-sterile</a> or nearly so, they are generally planted in pairs with a single primary cultivar and a secondary cultivar selected for its ability to fertilize the primary one. In recent times, efforts have been directed at producing hybrid cultivars with qualities useful to farmers, such as resistance to disease,<a href="#cite_note-j8-24">[24]</a> quick growth, and larger or more consistent crops.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_Basin">Mediterranean Basin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mediterranean Basin">edit</a>]</div> Fossil evidence indicates that the olive tree had its origins 20–40 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, in what now corresponds to Italy and the eastern Mediterranean Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Therios-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Around 100,000 years ago, olives were used by humans in Africa, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, for fuel and most probably for consumption.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Wild olive trees, or oleasters, have been collected in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> since ~19,000 BP.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKislev_et_al.1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of cultivated olives reflects their origin from oleaster populations in the Eastern Mediterranean.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesnard_et_al.2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29">[29]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesnard_et_al.2013b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-30">[30]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumaret_et_al.2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-31">[31]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldoni_et_al.2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-32">[32]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiez_et_al.2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The olive plant was first cultivated some 7,000 years ago in Mediterranean regions.<a href="#cite_note-Therios-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> For thousands of years olives were grown primarily for lamp oil, with little regard for culinary flavor.<a href="#cite_note-vossen-36">[36]</a> Its origin can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> based on written tablets, olive pits, and wood fragments found in ancient tombs.<a href="#cite_note-vossen-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As far back as 3000 BC, olives were grown commercially in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and may have been the source of the wealth of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gooch-38">[38]</a> The ancestry of the cultivated olive is unknown. Fossil <a href="/wiki/Olea" title="Olea">olea</a> pollen has been found in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and other places around the Mediterranean, indicating that this genus is an original element of the Mediterranean flora. Fossilized leaves of olea were found in the <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">palaeosols</a> of the volcanic Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> and dated to about 37,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. Imprints of larvae of olive <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whitefly</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_whitefly_species" title="List of whitefly species">Aleurobus olivinus</a> were found on the leaves. The same insect is commonly found today on olive leaves, showing that the plant-animal co-evolutionary relations have not changed since that time.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Other leaves found on the same island are dated back to 60,000 BP, making them the oldest known olives from the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_Mediterranean">Outside the Mediterranean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outside the Mediterranean">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21-alimenti,_olio,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/220px-21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/330px-21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/440px-21-alimenti%2C_olio%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Storing olives on <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>, 14th century</figcaption></figure> Olives are not native to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Spanish colonists brought the olive to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, where its cultivation prospered in present-day Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina. The first seedlings from Spain were planted in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> by Antonio de Rivera in 1560. Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America's dry Pacific coast where the climate was similar to the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Spanish missionaries established the tree in the 18th century in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. It was first cultivated at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Mission San Diego de Alcalá">Mission San Diego de Alcalá</a> in 1769 or later around 1795. Orchards were started at other missions, but in 1838, an inspection found only two olive orchards in California. Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1860s onward.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce-1897-43">[43]</a> In Japan, the first successful planting of olive trees happened in 1908 on <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ddoshima" title="Shōdoshima">Shodo Island</a>, which became the cradle of olive cultivation in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Olive_production_in_India" title="Olive production in India">olive oil production started in India</a>, with olive saplings planted in Rajasthan's <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Favoured by climate warming, several small-scale olive production farms have also been established at fairly high latitudes in Europe and North America since the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> There were an estimated 865 million olive trees in the world as of 2005, and the vast majority of these were found in Mediterranean countries, with traditionally marginal areas accounting for no more than 25% of olive-planted area and 10% of oil production.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_connotations">Symbolic connotations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbolic connotations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg/220px-Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg/330px-Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg/440px-Antimenes_Painter_-_ABV_270_50_-_Herakles_and_the_boar_-_olive_gathering_-_Berlin_AS_F_1855_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Greek vase</a> showing two bearded men and a youth gathering olives from a tree, by the <a href="/wiki/Antimenes_Painter" title="Antimenes Painter">Antimenes Painter</a> (ca. 520–510 BC).</figcaption></figure> Olives are thought to have been domesticated in the third millennium BC at the latest, at which point they, along with grain and grapes, became part of <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine#Triad" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean triad</a> of staple crops that fueled the emergence of more complex societies.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Olives, and especially (perfumed) olive oil, became a major export product during the Minoan and <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenaean</a> periods. Dutch archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Jorrit_Kelder" title="Jorrit Kelder">Jorrit Kelder</a> proposed that the Mycenaeans sent shipments of olive oil, probably alongside live olive branches, to the court of the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> as a diplomatic gift.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In Egypt, these imported olive branches may have acquired ritual meanings, as they are depicted as offerings on the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> temple and were used in wreaths for the burial of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>. It is likely that, as well as being used for culinary purposes, olive oil was also used to various other ends, including as a perfume. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> smeared olive oil on their bodies and hair as a matter of grooming and good health. Olive oil was used to anoint kings and athletes in ancient Greece. It was burnt in the sacred lamps of temples and was the "eternal flame" of the original Olympic games. Victors in these games were crowned with its leaves. In Homer's <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> crawls beneath two shoots of olive that grow from a single stock,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, (XVII.53ff) there is a metaphoric description of a lone olive tree in the mountains, by a spring; the Greeks observed that the olive rarely thrives at a distance from the sea, which in Greece invariably means up mountain slopes. Greek myth attributed to the primordial <a href="/wiki/Culture-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture-hero">culture-hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a> the understanding of olive husbandry, along with cheese-making and bee-keeping.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Olive was one of the woods used to fashion the most primitive Greek <a href="/wiki/Cult_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult figure">cult figures</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">xoana</a>, referring to their wooden material; they were reverently preserved for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> It was purely a matter of local pride that the Athenians claimed that the olive grew first in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In an archaic Athenian <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">foundation myth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> won the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> from <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> with the gift of the olive. According to the fourth-century BC father of botany, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, olive trees ordinarily attained an age around 200 years,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> he mentions that the very olive tree of Athena still grew on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>; it was still to be seen there in the second century AD;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and when <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> was shown it c. 170 AD, he reported "Legend also says that when the Persians fired Athens the olive was burnt down, but on the very day it was burnt it grew again to the height of two <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a>."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Indeed, olive suckers sprout readily from the stump, and the great age of some existing olive trees shows that it was possible that the olive tree of the Acropolis dated to the Bronze Age. The olive was sacred to Athena and appeared on the Athenian coinage. According to another myth, <a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a> was an accomplished athlete killed by her fellow athletes who had grown envious of her; but Athena and <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> turned her into an olive tree as reward.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Theophrastus, in On the Causes of Plants, does not give as systematic and detailed an account of olive husbandry as he does of the <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">vine</a>, but he makes clear (in 1.16.10) that the cultivated olive must be vegetatively propagated; indeed, the pits give rise to thorny, wild-type olives, spread far and wide by birds. Theophrastus reports how the bearing olive can be grafted on the wild olive, for which the Greeks had a separate name, kotinos.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Enquiry into Plants</a> (2.1.2–4) he states that the olive can be propagated from a piece of the trunk, the root, a twig, or a stake.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives,_from_Herculaneum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg/220px-Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg/330px-Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg/440px-Roman_fresco_of_a_woman_wearing_a_garland_of_olives%2C_from_Herculaneum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Woman with red hair wearing a <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> of olives, from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, sometime before the city's destruction in 79 AD.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> a vine, a <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig tree</a> and an olive tree grew in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>; the olive was planted to provide shade. (The garden was recreated in the 20th century).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> mentions it in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, <a href="/wiki/Endive" title="Endive">endives</a>, and smooth <a href="/wiki/Althaea_(plant)" title="Althaea (plant)">mallows</a> provide sustenance."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Lord Monboddo</a> comments on the olive in 1779 as one of the foods preferred by the ancients and as one of the most perfect foods.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> describes of the use of charred olive wood in tying together walls and foundations in his <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vitruvius#De_architectura_(The_Ten_Books_On_Architecture)_(~_15BC)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Vitruvius">De Architectura</a>: <blockquote> The thickness of the wall should, in my opinion, be such that armed men meeting on top of it may pass one another without interference. In the thickness there should be set a very close succession of ties made of charred olive wood, binding the two faces of the wall together like pins, to give it lasting endurance. For that is a material which neither decay, nor the weather, nor time can harm, but even though buried in the earth or set in the water it keeps sound and useful forever. And so not only city walls but substructures in general and all walls that require a thickness like that of a city wall, will be long in falling to decay if tied in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_and_Christianity">Judaism and Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Judaism and Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Olives were one of the main elements in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine#Olives_and_olive_oil" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">ancient Israelite cuisine</a>. Olive oil was used for not only food and cooking, but also lighting, sacrificial offerings, <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">ointment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anointment#Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointment">anointment</a> for priestly or royal office.<a href="#cite_note-MD23-67">[67]</a> The olive tree is one of the first plants mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>), and one of the most significant. An olive branch (or leaf, depending on translation) was brought back to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> by a dove to demonstrate that the flood was over (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 8:11).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The olive is listed in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 8:8 as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Species" title="Seven Species">seven species</a> that are noteworthy products of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, the Jewish law mandatory for all <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, the olive is one of the seven species that require the recitation of me'eyn shalosh after they are consumed. Olive oil is also the most recommended and best possible oil for the lighting of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The Allegory of the Olive Tree in St Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> refers to the scattering and gathering of Israel. It compares the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> to a tame olive tree and the Gentiles to a wild olive branch. The olive tree itself, as well as olive oil and olives, play an important role in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> The olive tree and olive oil are mentioned seven times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the olive is praised as a precious fruit. Olive tree and olive oil health benefits have been propounded in prophetic medicine. <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is reported to have said: "Take oil of olive and massage with it – it is a blessed tree" (<a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Darimi" title="Sunan al-Darimi">Sunan al-Darimi</a>, 69:103). Olives are substitutes for dates (if not available) during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> fasting, and olive tree leaves are used as <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> in some <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Muslim Mediterranean</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_harvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_harvest.jpg/220px-Olive_harvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_harvest.jpg/330px-Olive_harvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_harvest.jpg/440px-Olive_harvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Israeli and Palestinian people harvesting olives in the Samarian Hills, in December 2008</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> the olive tree and plant carry the symbolic connotations of resilience, health, ancestral ties and community.<a href="#cite_note-Ababneh-2023-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarafa-2004-74">[74]</a> Researchers have found that the olive tree is tied into the Palestinians' Sutra, A’wana and <a href="/wiki/Sumud" title="Sumud">Sumud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simaan-2017-75">[75]</a> The tree is a means of survival and security, represents their bond to their land, community and animals.<a href="#cite_note-Ababneh-2023-73">[73]</a> Olive trees also serve as a symbol of their identities, which include their physical and emotional aspects and their socio-cultural values.<a href="#cite_note-Ababneh-2023-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simaan-2017-75">[75]</a> Palestinian people view the olive trees as the first witnesses that Palestine is their homeland. <a href="#cite_note-Ababneh-2023-73">[73]</a> The harvest season is referred to as "Palestine’s wedding" and is considered a national holiday when schools close for two days so that pupils and teachers can join in the harvest.<a href="#cite_note-Simaan-2017-75">[75]</a> This holiday allows community and family members to gather and serves as a ritual that encompasses their values surrounding family, labour, community and aid for other members of the community that do not possess land.<a href="#cite_note-Simaan-2017-75">[75]</a> This is practised through the tradition of leaving fruit on a tree during the harvest so that those who do not have land and are unable to take part in the harvest can still reap the benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Simaan-2017-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a> first used in 1782 depicts an eagle clutching an olive branch in one of its talons, indicating the power of peace.<a href="#cite_note-usa-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Nations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag of the United Nations</a> adopted in 1946 is a world map with two olive branches.<a href="#cite_note-un-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldest_known_trees">Oldest known trees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oldest known trees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_trees" title="List of oldest trees">List of oldest trees</a></div> <ul><li>An olive tree in <a href="/wiki/Mouriscas" title="Mouriscas">Mouriscas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a>, Portugal, (Oliveira do Mouchão) is one of the oldest known olive trees still alive to this day, with an estimated age of 3,350 years,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> planted approximately at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a>.</li> <li>An olive tree in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a> in Montenegro has an estimated age of between 2,014 and 2,480 years.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>An olive tree on the island of <a href="/wiki/Brijuni" title="Brijuni">Brijuni</a> in Croatia has a <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> age of about 1,600 years. It still gives fruit (about 30 kg or 66 lb per year), which is made into olive oil.<a href="#cite_note-brijuni_national_park-81">[81]</a></li> <li>An olive tree in west <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, named Plato's Olive Tree, is thought to be a remnant of the grove where <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Plato's Academy</a> was situated, making it an estimated 2,400 years old.<a href="#cite_note-costas-82">[82]</a> The tree consisted of a cavernous trunk from which a few branches were still sprouting in 1975 when a traffic accident caused a bus to uproot it.<a href="#cite_note-costas-82">[82]</a> Following that the trunk was preserved and displayed in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Athens" title="Agricultural University of Athens">Agricultural University of Athens</a>. In 2013 it was reported that the remaining part of the trunk was uprooted and stolen, allegedly to serve as firewood. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The age of an olive tree in Crete, the Finix Olive, is claimed to be more than 2,000 years, based on archaeological evidence around the tree.<a href="#cite_note-r1-83">[83]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree_of_Vouves" title="Olive tree of Vouves">olive tree of Vouves</a> in Crete has an age estimated at between 2,000 and 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-west-84">[84]</a></li> <li>An olive tree called Farga d'Arió in <a href="/wiki/Ulldecona" title="Ulldecona">Ulldecona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Spain, has been estimated (with laser-perimetry methods) to date back to 314 AD, which would mean that it was planted when <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ara-85">[85]</a></li> <li>Some Italian olive trees are believed to date back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (8th century BC to 5th century AD), although identifying <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a> trees in ancient sources is difficult. There are other trees about 1,000 years old in the same garden. The 15th-century trees of Olivo della Linza, at Alliste in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecce" title="Province of Lecce">Province of Lecce</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> on the Italian mainland, were noted by Bishop Ludovico de Pennis during his pastoral visit to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nard%C3%B2-Gallipoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli">Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli</a> in 1452.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>The village of <a href="/wiki/Bcheale" title="Bcheale">Bcheale</a>, Lebanon, claims to have the oldest olive trees in the world (4000 BC for the oldest), but no scientific study supports these claims. Other trees in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a> appear to be at least 1,500 years old.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Several trees in the Garden of <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> (from the Hebrew words gat shemanim or olive press) in Jerusalem are claimed to date back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A study conducted by the National Research Council of Italy in 2012 used <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> on older parts of the trunks of three trees from Gethsemane and came up with the dates of 1092, 1166 and 1198 AD, while DNA tests show that the trees were originally planted from the same parent plant.<a href="#cite_note-HaaretzOlives-90">[90]</a> According to molecular analysis, the tested trees showed the same allelic profile at all microsatellite loci analyzed, which furthermore may indicate attempt to keep the lineage of an older species intact.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> However, Bernabei writes, "All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central, older wood is missing... In the end, only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated. The dated ancient olive trees do not, however, allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olive trees."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Babcox concludes, "The roots of the eight oldest trees are possibly much older. Visiting guides to the garden often state that they are two thousand years old."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>The 2,000-year-old<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bidni" title="Bidni">Bidni</a> olive trees on <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, which have been confirmed through carbon dating,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> have been protected since 1933<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and are listed in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2011, after recognising their historical and landscape value, and in recognition of the fact that "only 20 trees remain from 40 at the beginning of the 20th century",<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Maltese authorities declared the ancient Bidni olive grove at <a href="/wiki/Bidnija" title="Bidnija">Bidnija</a> as a Tree Protected Area.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of olive trees</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela,_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaštela, Croatia"><img alt="Kaštela, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg/180px-Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg/270px-Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg/360px-Old_olive_tree_in_Maslina_Ka%C5%A1tela%2C_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%A1tela" title="Kaštela">Kaštela</a>, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canneto Sabino, Italy"><img alt="Canneto Sabino, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg/320px-Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg/480px-Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ulivone_di_Canneto_Sabino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canneto_Sabino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canneto Sabino">Canneto Sabino</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos,_Euboia,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karystos, Euboia, Greece"><img alt="Karystos, Euboia, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg/270px-Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg/360px-Old_olive_tree_in_Karystos%2C_Euboia%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karystos" title="Karystos">Karystos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboia">Euboia</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 385.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 383.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OlivaAjv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partenit, Ukraine"><img alt="Partenit, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/OlivaAjv.jpg/575px-OlivaAjv.jpg" decoding="async" width="384" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/OlivaAjv.jpg/863px-OlivaAjv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/OlivaAjv.jpg/1150px-OlivaAjv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="1398" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Partenit" title="Partenit">Partenit</a>, Ukraine </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> The olive tree, Olea europaea, has been cultivated for olive oil, fine wood, <a href="/wiki/Olive_leaf" title="Olive leaf">olive leaf</a>, ornamental reasons, and the olive fruit. About 80% of all harvested olives are turned into oil, while about 20% are used as table olives.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1996-22">[22]</a> The olive is one of the "trinity" or "triad" of basic ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olive_oil">Olive oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Olive oil">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">liquid fat</a> obtained from olives, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking, for frying foods or as a <a href="/wiki/Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">salad dressing</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceuticals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for traditional <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a>, and has additional uses in some religions. Spain accounts for almost half of global olive oil production; other major producers are Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Per capita consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Italy and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, elevation, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> including <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (up to 21%) and <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_acidity" title="Olive oil acidity">free acidity</a> and fruity flavor characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_olives">Table olives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Table olives">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Olives_in_cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Olives with herbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olives_in_cup.jpg/200px-Olives_in_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olives_in_cup.jpg/300px-Olives_in_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olives_in_cup.jpg/400px-Olives_in_cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Green olives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg/200px-Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg/300px-Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg/400px-Gr%C3%BCne_Oliven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="3670" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwarze_Oliven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black olives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Schwarze_Oliven.jpg/200px-Schwarze_Oliven.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Schwarze_Oliven.jpg/300px-Schwarze_Oliven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Schwarze_Oliven.jpg/400px-Schwarze_Oliven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="3670" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Table olives</div></div></div></div> Table olives are classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olive_Council" title="International Olive Council">International Olive Council</a> (IOC) into three groups according to the degree of ripeness achieved before harvesting:<a href="#cite_note-nyt-105">[105]</a> <ol><li>Green olives are picked when they have obtained full size, while unripe; they are usually shades of green to yellow and contain the bitter <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">oleuropein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-105">[105]</a></li> <li>Semi-ripe or turning-colour olives are picked at the beginning of the ripening cycle, when the colour has begun to change from green to multicolour shades of red to brown. Only the skin is coloured, as the flesh of the fruit lacks pigmentation at this stage, unlike that of ripe olives.</li> <li>Black olives or ripe olives are picked at full maturity when fully ripe, displaying colours of purple, brown or black.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-105">[105]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leach</a> the oleuropein from olives, commercial producers use <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>, which neutralizes the bitterness of oleuropein, producing a mild flavour and soft texture characteristic of California black olives sold in cans.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-105">[105]</a> Such olives are typically preserved in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)#Foods" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilized under high heat</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-ioc-106">[106]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fermentation_and_curing">Fermentation and curing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fermentation and curing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG/220px-GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG/330px-GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG/440px-GraberOliveHouseVatRoom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Vat room used for curing at <a href="/wiki/Graber_Olive_House" title="Graber Olive House">Graber Olive House</a></figcaption></figure> Raw or fresh olives are naturally very bitter; to make them palatable, olives must be cured and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a>, thereby removing <a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">oleuropein</a>, a bitter phenolic compound that can reach levels of 14% of dry matter in young olives.<a href="#cite_note-Omar-2010-107">[107]</a> In addition to oleuropein, other phenolic compounds render freshly picked olives unpalatable and must also be removed or lowered in quantity through curing and fermentation. Generally speaking, phenolics reach their peak in young fruit and are converted as the fruit matures.<a href="#cite_note-epikouria2006-108">[108]</a> Once ripening occurs, the levels of phenolics sharply decline through their conversion to other organic products, which render some cultivars edible immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Omar-2010-107">[107]</a> One example of an edible olive native to the island of <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a> is the throubes black olive, which becomes edible when allowed to ripen in the sun, shrivel, and fall from the tree.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The curing process may take from a few days with lye, to a few months with brine or salt packing.<a href="#cite_note-yada-111">[111]</a> With the exception of California style and salt-cured olives, all methods of curing involve a major fermentation involving bacteria and yeast that is of equal importance to the final table olive product.<a href="#cite_note-Kailis,_Stanley_G._2007-112">[112]</a> Traditional cures, using the natural microflora on the fruit to induce fermentation, lead to two important outcomes: the leaching out and breakdown of oleuropein and other unpalatable phenolic compounds, and the generation of favourable metabolites from bacteria and yeast, such as organic acids, probiotics, glycerol, and esters, which affect the sensory properties of the final table olives.<a href="#cite_note-Omar-2010-107">[107]</a> Mixed bacterial/yeast olive fermentations may have probiotic qualities.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a> is the most important metabolite, as it lowers the pH, acting as a natural preservative against the growth of unwanted pathogenic species. The result is table olives which can be stored without refrigeration. Fermentations dominated by lactic acid bacteria are, therefore, the most suitable method of curing olives. Yeast-dominated fermentations produce a different suite of metabolites which provide poorer preservation, so they are corrected with an acid such as citric acid in the final processing stage to provide microbial stability.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> The many types of preparations for table olives depend on local tastes and traditions. The most important commercial examples are listed below. <dl><dt>Lebanese or Phoenician fermentation</dt></dl> Applied to green, semiripe, or ripe olives. Olives are soaked in salt water for 24–48 hours. Then they are slightly crushed with a rock to hasten the fermentation process. The olives are stored for a period of up to a year in a container with salt water, lemon juice, lemon peels, laurel and olive leaves, and rosemary. Some recipes may contain white vinegar or olive oil.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dt>Spanish or Sevillian fermentation</dt></dl> Most commonly applied to green olive preparation, around 60% of all the world's table olives are produced with this method.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Olives are soaked in lye (dilute NaOH, 2–4%) for 8–10 hours to hydrolyse the oleuropein. They are usually considered "treated" when the lye has penetrated two-thirds of the way into the fruit. They are then washed once or several times in water to remove the caustic solution and transferred to fermenting vessels full of brine at typical concentrations of 8–12% NaCl.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fermentation is carried out by the natural microbiota present on the olives that survive the lye treatment process. Many organisms are involved, usually reflecting the local conditions or terroir of the olives. During a typical fermentation <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">gram-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Enterobacterales" title="Enterobacterales">enterobacteria</a> flourish in small numbers at first but are rapidly outgrown by lactic acid bacteria species such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus damnosus. These bacteria produce lactic acid to help lower the pH of the brine and therefore stabilize the product against unwanted pathogenic species. A diversity of yeasts then accumulate in sufficient numbers to help complete the fermentation alongside the lactic acid bacteria. Yeasts commonly mentioned include the teleomorphs <a href="/wiki/Pichia_anomala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pichia anomala">Pichia anomala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichia_membranifaciens" title="Pichia membranifaciens">Pichia membranifaciens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debaryomyces_hansenii" title="Debaryomyces hansenii">Debaryomyces hansenii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kluyveromyces_marxianus" title="Kluyveromyces marxianus">Kluyveromyces marxianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> Once fermented, the olives are placed in fresh brine and acid corrected, to be ready for market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dt>Sicilian or Greek fermentation</dt></dl> Applied to green, semiripe and ripe olives, they are almost identical to the Spanish type fermentation process, but the lye treatment process is skipped and the olives are placed directly in fermentation vessels full of brine (8–12% NaCl). The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds. As the caustic treatment is avoided, lactic acid bacteria are only present in similar numbers to yeast and appear to be outdone by the abundant yeasts found on untreated olives. As very little acid is produced by the yeast fermentation, lactic, acetic, or citric acid is often added to the fermentation stage to stabilize the process.<a href="#cite_note-Kailis,_Stanley_G._2007-112">[112]</a> <dl><dt>Picholine or directly brined fermentation</dt></dl> Applied to green, semi-ripe, or ripe olives, they are soaked in lye typically for longer periods than Spanish style (e.g. 10–72 hours) until the solution has penetrated three-quarters of the way into the fruit. They are then washed and immediately brined and acid corrected with citric acid to achieve microbial stability. Fermentation still occurs carried out by acidogenic yeast and bacteria but is more subdued than other methods. The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds, and a series of progressively stronger concentrations of salt are added until the product is fully stabilized and ready to be eaten.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> <dl><dt>Water-cured fermentation</dt></dl> Applied to green, semi-ripe, or ripe olives, these are soaked in water or weak brine and this solution is changed on a daily basis for 10–14 days. The oleuropein is naturally dissolved and leached into the water and removed during a continual soak-wash cycle. Fermentation takes place during the water treatment stage and involves a mixed yeast/bacteria ecosystem. Sometimes, the olives are lightly cracked with a blunt instrument to trigger fermentation and speed up the fermentation process. Once debittered, the olives are brined to concentrations of 8–12% NaCl and acid corrected and are then ready to eat.<a href="#cite_note-Kailis,_Stanley_G._2007-112">[112]</a> <dl><dt>Salt-cured fermentation</dt></dl> Applied only to ripe olives, since it is only a light fermentation. They are usually produced in Morocco, Turkey, and other eastern Mediterranean countries. Once picked, the olives are vigorously washed and packed in alternating layers with salt. The high concentration of salt draws the moisture out of olives, dehydrating and shriveling them until they look somewhat analogous to a raisin. Once packed in salt, fermentation is minimal and only initiated by the most halophilic yeast species such as Debaryomyces hansenii. Once cured, they are sold in their natural state without any additives.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">[4]</a> So-called oil-cured olives are cured in salt, and then soaked in oil.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <dl><dt>California or artificial ripening</dt></dl> Applied to green and semi-ripe olives, they are placed in lye and soaked. Upon their removal, they are washed in water injected with compressed air, without fermentation. This process is repeated several times until both oxygen and lye have soaked through to the pit. The repeated, saturated exposure to air oxidises the skin and flesh of the fruit, turning it black in an artificial process that mimics natural ripening. Once fully oxidised or "blackened", they are brined and acid corrected and are then ready for eating.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ioc-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olive_wood">Olive wood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Olive wood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg/220px-Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg/330px-Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg/440px-Olive_cookware_in_Montenegro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Olivewood cookware</figcaption></figure> Olive wood is very hard and tough and is prized for its durability, colour, high combustion temperature, and interesting grain patterns. Because of the commercial importance of the fruit, slow growth, and relatively small size of the tree, olive wood and its products are relatively expensive. Common uses of olive wood include: kitchen utensils, carved wooden bowls, cutting boards, fine furniture, and decorative items. The yellow or light greenish-brown wood is often finely veined with a darker tint; being very hard and close-grained, it is valued by woodworkers.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental_uses">Ornamental uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ornamental uses">edit</a>]</div> In modern landscape design olive trees are frequently used as ornamental features for their distinctively gnarled trunks and evergreen silvery-gray foliage.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_niche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the distribution of cultivation in the Mediterranean Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olive_niche.jpg/220px-Olive_niche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olive_niche.jpg/330px-Olive_niche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Olive_niche.jpg/440px-Olive_niche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Areas of cultivation in green<a href="#cite_note-Oteros_(2014)-120">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest evidence for the domestication of olives comes from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Teleilat_el_Ghassul" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleilat el Ghassul">Teleilat el Ghassul</a> in modern Jordan. Farmers in ancient times believed that olive trees would not grow well if planted more than a certain distance from the sea; <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> gives 300 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> (55.6 km or 34.5 mi) as the limit. Modern experience does not always confirm this, and, though showing a preference for the coast, they have long been grown further inland in some areas with suitable climates, particularly in the southwestern Mediterranean (<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> and northwest Africa) where winters are mild. An article on olive tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>'s 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plantation in Andalucía, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg/220px-Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg/330px-Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg/440px-Olive_trees_A-3176_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andaluc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucía">Andalucía</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> Olives are cultivated in many regions of the world with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a>, such as South Africa, Chile, Peru, Pakistan, Australia, Oregon, and California, and in areas with <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> such as New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> They are also grown in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba Province, Argentina</a>, which has a temperate climate with rainy summers and dry winters.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Olives at a market in Toulon, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg/220px-Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg/330px-Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg/440px-Olives_au_marche_de_Toulon_p1040238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Market in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_propagation">Growth and propagation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Growth and propagation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni,_Puglia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pruned trees in neat rows at Ostuni, Apulia, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg/220px-Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg/330px-Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg/440px-Olive_Grove_prunings_in_neat_rows._Ostuni%2C_Puglia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Pruned trees in <a href="/wiki/Ostuni" title="Ostuni">Ostuni</a>, Apulia, Italy</figcaption></figure> Olive trees show a marked preference for <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">calcareous</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>, flourishing best on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> slopes and crags, and coastal climate conditions. They grow in any light soil, even on clay if well drained, but in rich soils, they are predisposed to disease and produce poor quality oil. (This was noted by Pliny the Elder.) Olives like hot weather and sunny positions without any shade, while temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) may injure even a mature tree. They tolerate <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> well because of their sturdy and extensive <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> systems. Olive trees can remain productive for centuries as long as they are pruned correctly and regularly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Only a handful of olive varieties can be used to cross-pollinate. 'Pendolino' olive trees are partially self-fertile, but pollenizers are needed for a large fruit crop. Other compatible olive tree pollinators include 'Leccino' and 'Maurino'. 'Pendolino' olive trees are used extensively as pollinizers in large olive tree groves.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Olives are propagated by various methods. The preferred ways are cuttings and layers; the tree roots easily in favourable soil and throws up <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">suckers</a> from the stump when cut down. However, yields from trees grown from suckers or seeds are poor; they must be <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budded</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafted</a> onto other specimens to do well.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Branches of various thickness cut into lengths around <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) planted deeply in <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manured</a> ground soon vegetate. Shorter pieces are sometimes laid horizontally in shallow trenches and, when covered with a few centimetres of soil, rapidly throw up sucker-like shoots. In Greece, grafting the cultivated tree on the wild tree is a common practice. In Italy, embryonic buds, which form small swellings on the stems, are carefully excised and planted under the soil surface, where they soon form a vigorous shoot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The olive is also sometimes grown from seed. To facilitate <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, the oily pericarp is first softened by slight rotting, or soaked in hot water or in an alkaline solution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In situations where extreme cold has damaged or killed the olive tree, the rootstock can survive and produce new shoots which in turn become new trees. In this way, olive trees can regenerate themselves. In Tuscany in 1985, a very severe frost destroyed many productive and aged olive trees and ruined many farmers' livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-Lydecker_1985_d662-126">[126]</a> However, new shoots appeared in the spring and, once the dead wood was removed, became the basis for new fruit-producing trees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Olives grow very slowly, and over many years, the trunk can attain a considerable diameter. <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">A. P. de Candolle</a> recorded one exceeding 10 m (33 ft) in girth. The trees rarely exceed 15 m (50 ft) in height and are generally confined to much more limited dimensions by frequent pruning. Olives are very hardy and are resistant to disease and fire. Its root system is robust and capable of regenerating the tree even if the above-ground structure is destroyed. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The crop from old trees is sometimes enormous, but they seldom bear well two years in succession, and in many cases, a large harvest occurs every sixth or seventh season. Where the olive is carefully cultivated, as in <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, the trees are regularly pruned. The pruning preserves the flower-bearing shoots of the preceding year, while keeping the tree low enough to allow the easy gathering of the fruit. The spaces between the trees are regularly fertilized.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests,_diseases,_and_weather">Pests, diseases, and weather</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pests, diseases, and weather">edit</a>]</div> Various <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">pathologies</a> can affect olives. The most serious pest is the <a href="/wiki/Olive_fruit_fly" title="Olive fruit fly">olive fruit fly</a> (Dacus oleae or Bactrocera oleae) which lays its eggs in the olive most commonly just before it becomes ripe in the autumn. The region surrounding the puncture rots, becomes brown, and takes a bitter taste, making the olive unfit for eating or for oil. For controlling the pest, the practice has been to spray with insecticides (<a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphates</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">dimethoate</a>). Classic organic methods have been applied such as trapping, applying the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a>, and spraying with <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolin</a>. Such methods are obligatory for organic olives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, Cycloconium oleaginum, can infect the trees for several successive seasons, causing great damage to plantations. A species of bacterium, <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_savastanoi" title="Pseudomonas savastanoi">Pseudomonas savastanoi</a> pv. oleae,<a href="#cite_note-j1-127">[127]</a> induces tumour growth in the shoots. Certain <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopterous</a> <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> feed on the leaves and flowers. <a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Xylella fastidiosa</a> bacteria, which can also infect citrus fruit and vines, has attacked olive trees in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, southern Italy, causing <a href="/wiki/Olive_quick_decline_syndrome" title="Olive quick decline syndrome">olive quick decline syndrome</a> (OQDS).<a href="#cite_note-ESPM_Dept-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The main vector is <a href="/wiki/Philaenus_spumarius" title="Philaenus spumarius">Philaenus spumarius</a> (meadow spittlebug).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> A pest that spreads through olive trees is the black scale bug, a small black <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insect</a> that resembles a small black spot. They attach themselves firmly to olive trees and reduce the quality of the fruit; their main predators are wasps. The <a href="/wiki/Plum_curculio" title="Plum curculio">curculio beetle</a> eats the edges of leaves, leaving sawtooth damage.<a href="#cite_note-burr-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbits</a> eat the bark of olive trees and can do considerable damage, especially to young trees. If the bark is removed around the entire circumference of a tree, it is likely to die. Voles and mice also do damage by eating the roots of olives. At the northern edge of their cultivation zone, for instance in northern Italy, southern France and <a href="/wiki/Olive_production_in_Switzerland" title="Olive production in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, olive trees suffer occasionally from frost.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Gales and long-continued rains during the gathering season also cause damage. In the colder Mediterranean hinterland, olive cultivation is replaced by other fruits, typically the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_invasive_species">As an invasive species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As an invasive species">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Olives as invasive weeds, Adelaide Hills, South Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg/220px-Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg/330px-Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg/440px-Invasive_weeds_in_the_adelaide_hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>As an invasive weed, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a>, South Australia</figcaption></figure> Since its first domestication, O. europaea has been spreading back to the wild from planted groves. Its original wild populations in southern Europe have been largely swamped by <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-j6-135">[135]</a> In some other parts of the world where it has been introduced, most notably <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, the olive has become a major <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> that displaces native vegetation. In South Australia, its seeds are spread by the introduced <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> and by many bird species, including the <a href="/wiki/Common_starling" title="Common starling">European starling</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, into woodlands, where they germinate and eventually form a dense canopy that prevents regeneration of native trees.<a href="#cite_note-j7-136">[136]</a> As the climate of South Australia is very dry and bushfire prone, the oil-rich feral olive tree substantially increases the fire hazard of native <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> woodlands.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Harvesting">edit</a>]</div> Olives are harvested in the autumn and winter. More specifically in the Northern Hemisphere, green olives are picked from the end of September to about the middle of November. In the Southern Hemisphere, green olives are picked from the middle of October to the end of November, and black olives are collected worldwide from the middle of November to the end of January or early February. In southern Europe, harvesting is done for several weeks in winter, but the time varies in each country, and with the season and the cultivar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png/220px-Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png/330px-Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png/440px-Olive_harvest_in_Baruffi.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Olive harvest in Baruffi (Impruneta, Tuscany, Italy) min 2016</figcaption></figure> Most olives today are harvested by shaking the boughs or the whole tree. Using olives found lying on the ground can result in poor quality oil, due to damage. Another method involves standing on a ladder and "milking" the olives into a sack tied around the harvester's waist. This method produces high quality oil.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A third method uses a device called an oli-net that wraps around the tree trunk and opens to form an umbrella-like catcher from which workers collect the fruit. Another method uses an electric tool, the beater (abbacchiatore in Italian), that has large tongs that spin around quickly, removing fruit from the tree. Olives harvested by this method are used for oil.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Table olive varieties are more difficult to harvest, as workers must take care not to damage the fruit; baskets that hang around the worker's neck are used. In some places in Italy, Croatia, and Greece, olives are harvested by hand because the terrain is too mountainous for machines. As a result, the fruit is not bruised, which leads to a superior finished product. The method also involves sawing off branches, which is healthy for future production.<a href="#cite_note-epikouria2006-108">[108]</a> The amount of oil contained in the fruit differs greatly by cultivar; the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">pericarp</a> is usually 60–70% oil. Typical yields are 1.5–2.2 kg (3 lb 5 oz – 4 lb 14 oz) of oil per tree per year.<a href="#cite_note-r1-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_production">Global production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Global production">edit</a>]</div> Olives are one of the most extensively cultivated fruit crops in the world.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In 2011, about 9.6 million hectares (24 million acres) were planted with olive trees, which is more than twice the amount of land devoted to <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>. Only <a href="/wiki/Coconut_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut tree">coconut trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palms</a> command more space.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Cultivation area tripled from 2.6 to 7.95 million hectares (6.4 to 19.6 million acres) between 1960 and 1998 and reached a peak of 10 million hectares (25 million acres) in 2008. Olive production in the Mediterranean region has declined since 2019 due to climate, economic and political factors. The 10 most-producing countries, according to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, are all located in the Mediterranean region and produce 95% of the world's olives.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In Italy, cultivation of olive trees is widespread in the south, counting for three quarters of its production. Due to the climate, it is less abundant in the north of Italy, although growth has increased, particularly in the more temperate <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> and the hills around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>. Approximately 170 million plants distributed over 1 million farms.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of production in the Mediterranean basin. o = 100,000 metric tons (98,000 long tons; 110,000 short tons)/year." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG/400px-Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG/600px-Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG/800px-Porducci%C3%B3n_de_olivas.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>o = 100,000 metric tons (98,000 long tons; 110,000 short tons) produced/year</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Main countries of production (Year 2016 per FAOSTAT)<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Region </th> <th>Production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th>Cultivated area (<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>) </th> <th>Yield (tonnes/ha) </th></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,267,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,650,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8091 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,686,528 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,028,637 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.3240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,560,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,573,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5490 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,343,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6414 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,092,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,165,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,730,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">846,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.0460 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,416,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,008,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4044 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">899,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">765,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1748 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,646,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4253 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">697,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">424,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6437 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">694,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.7293 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">617,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">355,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7394 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Olives, green</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Olives_vertes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olives_vertes.JPG/235px-Olives_vertes.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olives_vertes.JPG/353px-Olives_vertes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Olives_vertes.JPG/470px-Olives_vertes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Marinated green olives</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">609 kJ (146 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.84 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.54 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">15.32 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.029 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">11.314 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.307 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.03 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 20 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div>231 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">510 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.021 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.007 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.237 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.031 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 3 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 14.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 3.81 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.4 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 42 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">68%</div> 1556 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">75.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021095406/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2283?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=olive&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">Full Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-144">[144]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-145">[145]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> One hundred grams of cured green olives provide 146 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>, are a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> (25% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV), and contain a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (104% DV); other nutrients are insignificant. Green olives are 75% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, 15% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (table). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a> composition of olive fruits varies during fruit ripening and during processing by fermentation when olives are immersed whole in brine or crushed to produce oil.<a href="#cite_note-phenolexplorer45-146">[146]</a> In raw fruit, total polyphenol contents, as measured by the <a href="/wiki/Folin%E2%80%93Ciocalteu_reagent" title="Folin–Ciocalteu reagent">Folin method</a>, are 117 mg/100 g in black olives and 161 mg/100 g in green olives, compared to 55 and 21 mg/100 g for extra virgin and virgin olive oil, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-phenolexplorer45-146">[146]</a> Olive fruit contains several types of polyphenols, mainly <a href="/wiki/Tyrosol" title="Tyrosol">tyrosols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_acid" title="Phenolic acid">phenolic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonol">flavonols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavones" title="Flavones">flavones</a>, and for black olives, <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>. The main bitter flavor of olives before curing results from <a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">oleuropein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleuropein_aglycone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleuropein aglycone (page does not exist)">its aglycone</a> which total in content, respectively, 72 and 82 mg/100 g in black olives, and 56 and 59 mg/100 g in green olives.<a href="#cite_note-phenolexplorer45-146">[146]</a> During the crushing, kneading and extraction of olive fruit to obtain olive oil, oleuropein, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demethyloleuropein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demethyloleuropein (page does not exist)">demethyloleuropein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligstroside" title="Ligstroside">ligstroside</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzed</a> by endogenous <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucosidase">beta-glucosidases</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialdehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialdehyde">dialdehydes</a>, and aldehydic <a href="/wiki/Aglycone" title="Aglycone">aglycones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cicerale-et-al-2008-148">[148]</a> Polyphenol content also varies with olive cultivar and the manner of presentation, with plain olives having higher contents than those that are pitted or stuffed.<a href="#cite_note-Cicerale-et-al-2008-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romero-et-al-2004-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergenic_potential">Allergenic potential</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Allergenic potential">edit</a>]</div> Olive tree pollen is extremely allergenic, with an <a href="/wiki/OPALS_(Ogren_Plant_Allergy_Scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale)">OPALS</a> allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10.<a href="#cite_note-Ogren-150">[150]</a> Olea europaea is primarily wind-pollinated<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and its light, buoyant pollen is a strong trigger for asthma.<a href="#cite_note-Ogren-150">[150]</a> One popular variety, "Swan Hill", is widely sold as an "allergy-free" olive tree; however, this variety does bloom and produce allergenic pollen.<a href="#cite_note-Ogren-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Olive tree trunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg/90px-Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg/135px-Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg/180px-Olive-tree-trunk-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_blossoms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_blossoms.jpg/120px-Olive_blossoms.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_blossoms.jpg/180px-Olive_blossoms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olive_blossoms.jpg/240px-Olive_blossoms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivo della Linza, 15th century"><img alt="Olivo della Linza, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg/78px-Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg/118px-Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg/157px-Alliste._Olivo_della_Linza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olivo della Linza, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A seed-grown sprout"><img alt="A sprout, germinated from a seed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg/88px-Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg/133px-Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg/177px-Olea_europaea_young_plant01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1290" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A seed-grown sprout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cailletier cultivar, with a harvest net on the ground, Contes, France"><img alt="Cailletier cultivar, with a harvest net on the ground, Contes, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg/90px-Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg/135px-Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg/180px-Filet_Olive_de_Nice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cailletier" title="Cailletier">Cailletier</a> cultivar, with a harvest net on the ground, <a href="/wiki/Contes,_Alpes-Maritimes" title="Contes, Alpes-Maritimes">Contes</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shōdo Island, Japan"><img alt="Trees on Shōdo Island, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg/120px-Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg/180px-Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg/240px-Shodoshima_Olive_Park_Shodo_Island_Japan23bs34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ddo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōdo Island">Shōdo Island</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Near Alexandroupolis, Greece"><img alt="Grove near Alexandroupolis, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg/120px-Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg/180px-Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg/240px-Olivenhain_Alexandroupolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Near <a href="/wiki/Alexandroupoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandroupoli">Alexandroupolis</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Olives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trees near houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mediterranean_Olives.jpg/120px-Mediterranean_Olives.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mediterranean_Olives.jpg/180px-Mediterranean_Olives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mediterranean_Olives.jpg/240px-Mediterranean_Olives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">List of olive cultivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(tree)" title="Moria (tree)">Moria (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">Olive skin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagos_BrehmDraper_MuntKell2011" class="citation web cs1">Magos Brehm, J.; Draper Munt, D.; Kell, S.P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/species/63005/102150835">"Olea europaea (errata version published in 2016)"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of Threatened Species 2011. e.T63005A102150835. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630124935/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/63005/102150835">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species+2011&rft.atitle=Olea+europaea+%28errata+version+published+in+2016%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Magos+Brehm&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Draper+Munt%2C+D.&rft.au=Kell%2C+S.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F63005%2F102150835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=355112">"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Olea europaea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120064239/http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=355112">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kew+World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families%2C+Olea+europaea&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D355112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Olea%20europaea.png">"Olea europaea (map)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biota_of_North_America_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biota of North America Program (page does not exist)">Biota of North America Program</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509101241/http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Olea%20europaea.png">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olea+europaea+%28map%29&rft.pub=Biota+of+North+America+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonap.net%2FMapGallery%2FCounty%2FOlea%2520europaea.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández,_A._Garrido_1997_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrido_Fernandez,_A.Fernandez-Diez,_M.J.Adams,_M.R.1997" class="citation book cs1">Garrido Fernandez, A.; Fernandez-Diez, M.J.; Adams, M.R. (1997). Table Olives: Production and Processing. Springer. pp. 23–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-71810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-71810-6"><bdi>978-0-412-71810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Table+Olives%3A+Production+and+Processing&rft.pages=23-45&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-412-71810-6&rft.au=Garrido+Fernandez%2C+A.&rft.au=Fernandez-Diez%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Adams%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=oliva">oliva</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> OLD <a href="/wiki/S.v." class="mw-redirect" title="S.v.">s.v.</a> oliva </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)lai/a">ἐλαία</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=oleum">oleum</a>. 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Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ernout & Meillet s.v. oleum. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)lai/a">ἐλαία</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)/laio,">ἔλαιον</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=318">"The Linear B word e-ra-wa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401145613/http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=318">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012. 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Retrieved 15 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeolexicon.+Word+study+tool+of+ancient+languages&rft.atitle=The+Linear+B+word+e-ra-wo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2FShowWord.aspx%3FId%3D16728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321102105/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra3-wo/">"e-ra3-wo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra3-wo/">the original</a> on 21 March 2016. 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Retrieved 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shodoshima.lg.jp&rft.atitle=Shodoshima+Town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.town.shodoshima.lg.jp%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury,_Jayanta_Roy2016" class="citation news cs1">Chowdhury, Jayanta Roy (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/an-agri-marvel-takes-root-in-thar-sands/cid/1458888">"An agri marvel takes root in Thar sands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081701/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/an-agri-marvel-takes-root-in-thar-sands/cid/1458888">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=An+agri+marvel+takes+root+in+Thar+sands&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Jayanta+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fbusiness%2Fan-agri-marvel-takes-root-in-thar-sands%2Fcid%2F1458888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obst-und-garten.de/das-noerdlichste-olivenoel-der-welt,QUlEPTY3MzQyMzYmTUlEPTEwMDAx.html">"Das nördlichste Olivenöl der Welt"</a> [The northernmost olive oil in the world]. Obst & Garten (in German). 26 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228172422/https://www.obst-und-garten.de/Das-noerdlichste-Olivenoel-der-Welt,QUlEPTY3MzQyMzYmTUlEPTEwMDAx.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Obst+%26+Garten&rft.atitle=Das+n%C3%B6rdlichste+Oliven%C3%B6l+der+Welt&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.obst-und-garten.de%2Fdas-noerdlichste-olivenoel-der-welt%2CQUlEPTY3MzQyMzYmTUlEPTEwMDAx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy,_Michael" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/britain-s-first-olive-grove-is-a-sign-of-our-hotter-times-6097129.html">"Britain's first olive grove is a sign of our hotter times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081829/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/britain-s-first-olive-grove-is-a-sign-of-our-hotter-times-6097129.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+first+olive+grove+is+a+sign+of+our+hotter+times&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fbritain-s-first-olive-grove-is-a-sign-of-our-hotter-times-6097129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/first-welsh-olive-grove-planted-2262852">"First Welsh olive grove planted on Anglesey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WalesOnline" class="mw-redirect" title="WalesOnline">WalesOnline</a>. 30 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122059/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/first-welsh-olive-grove-planted-2262852">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=First+Welsh+olive+grove+planted+on+Anglesey&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Ffirst-welsh-olive-grove-planted-2262852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2015" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Barbara (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/canadian-farmer-succeeds-with-olives-and-gives-kelp-seaweed-some-of-the-credit/47124">"Canadian Farmer Succeeds with Olives and Gives Kelp Seaweed Some of the Credit"</a>. Olive Oil Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054644/https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/canadian-farmer-succeeds-with-olives-and-gives-kelp-seaweed-some-of-the-credit/47124">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Olive+Oil+Times&rft.atitle=Canadian+Farmer+Succeeds+with+Olives+and+Gives+Kelp+Seaweed+Some+of+the+Credit&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oliveoiltimes.com%2Folive-oil-basics%2Fcanadian-farmer-succeeds-with-olives-and-gives-kelp-seaweed-some-of-the-credit%2F47124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818161143/http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/projects/paginas/Section-a.htm">"Olive Growing and Nursery Production"</a>. International Olive Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/projects/paginas/Section-a.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olive+Growing+and+Nursery+Production&rft.pub=International+Olive+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationaloliveoil.org%2Fprojects%2Fpaginas%2FSection-a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> C. Renfrew, The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in The Third Millennium BC, 1972, p.280. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcorrespondent2009" class="citation news cs1">correspondent, Norman Hammond, Archaeology (28 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-olive-oiled-greeces-trade-with-egypt-0p8wnmf3z5h">"The olive oiled Greece's trade with Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213442/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-olive-oiled-greeces-trade-with-egypt-0p8wnmf3z5h">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+olive+oiled+Greece%27s+trade+with+Egypt&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.aulast=correspondent&rft.aufirst=Norman+Hammond%2C+Archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-olive-oiled-greeces-trade-with-egypt-0p8wnmf3z5h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Homer, Odyssey, book 5". </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "He learned from the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphai</a> how to curdle milk, to make bee-hives, and to cultivate olive-trees, and was the first to instruct men in these matters." (<a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, 4.81.1). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Toward the end of the second century AD, the traveler <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> saw many such archaic cult figures. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "Indeed it is said that at that [ancient] time there were no olives anywhere save at Athens." (<a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, 5.82.1). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants, 4.13.5. noted by Isager, Signe & Skydsgaard, Jens Erik (1992). Ancient Greek Agriculture, An introduction. Routledge. p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415001641" title="Special:BookSources/0415001641">0415001641</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "...which is still shown in the <a href="/wiki/Pandroseion" title="Pandroseion">Pandroseion</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Apollodorus">pseudo-Apollodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheke</a>, 3.14.1). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.27.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes_Irving1990" class="citation book cs1">Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ">Metamorphosis in Greek Myths</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9"><bdi>0-19-814730-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127114028/https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphosis+in+Greek+Myths&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-814730-9&rft.aulast=Forbes+Irving&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Isager, Signe & Skydsgaard, Jens Erik (1992). Ancient Greek Agriculture, An introduction. Routledge. p. 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415001641" title="Special:BookSources/0415001641">0415001641</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHort1916" class="citation book cs1">Hort, Sir Arthur (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/enquiryintoplant01theouoft#page/106/mode/2up">Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants</a>. William Heinemann. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theophrastus+Enquiry+into+Plants&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Hort&rft.aufirst=Sir+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenquiryintoplant01theouoft%23page%2F106%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanforum/ficus.html">"Ficus Ruminalis"</a>. uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Ficus+Ruminalis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fromanforum%2Fficus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Me pascunt olivae, me cichorea levesque malvae." Horace, Odes 1.31.15, c. 30 BC </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Letter from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Monboddo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Monboddo">Lord Monboddo</a> to John Hope, 29 April 1779; reprinted by William Knight 1900 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85506-207-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85506-207-0">1-85506-207-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Pollio, Vitruvius (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_La4aAAAAYAAJ">The Ten Books on Architecture</a>. Harvard University Press, Book 1, Ch. V, Sec. 3, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-MD23-67"><a href="#cite_ref-MD23_67-0">^</a> Macdonald, Nathan (2008). <a href="/wiki/What_Did_the_Ancient_Israelites_Eat%3F" title="What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?">What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?</a>. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 23–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3">978-0-8028-6298-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1993" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (1993). Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food. New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. pp. 4–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87668-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87668-316-3"><bdi>978-0-87668-316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+and+Be+Satisfied%3A+A+Social+History+of+Jewish+Food&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=4-9&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87668-316-3&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988">. See also both the Hebrew and English text in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0508.htm#8">Deut 8:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Tractate Shabbat</a>, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Balfour, John Hutton (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28065219">"Plants of the Bible"</a>. T. Nelson and sons </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassouna,_Viktoria2010" class="citation book cs1">Hassouna, Viktoria (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBOC_RQPUvcC&pg=PA23">Virgin Olive Oil</a>. Books on Demand. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3839175057" title="Special:BookSources/978-3839175057"><bdi>978-3839175057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+Olive+Oil&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3839175057&rft.au=Hassouna%2C+Viktoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBOC_RQPUvcC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprus44.com/culture/olive-leaf-burning.asp">"Olive Leaf Burning"</a>. cyprus44.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023174235/http://www.cyprus44.com/culture/olive-leaf-burning.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. 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Journal of Occupational Science. 24 (4): 510–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14427591.2017.1378119">10.1080/14427591.2017.1378119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1442-7591">1442-7591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148876900">148876900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+Science&rft.atitle=Olive+growing+in+Palestine%3A+A+decolonial+ethnographic+study+of+collective+daily-forms-of-resistance&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=510-523&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148876900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1442-7591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14427591.2017.1378119&rft.aulast=Simaan&rft.aufirst=Juman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14427591.2017.1378119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa-76"><a href="#cite_ref-usa_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/national-us/state-seal/united-states-seal">"Great Seal of the United States"</a>. statesymbolsusa.org. 8 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303190653/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/national-us/state-seal/united-states-seal">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. 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BBC News Serbian (in Serbian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124041903/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-61175303.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. 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PhD Thesis. <a href="/wiki/University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="University of Córdoba (Spain)">University of Córdoba (Spain)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-'Awwam1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n14/mode/2up">Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)</a> (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 207–225 (ch. 7 - Article 1). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780050566">780050566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+l%27agriculture+d%27Ibn-al-Awam+%28kitab-al-felahah%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=207-225+%28ch.+7+-+Article+1%29&rft.pub=A.+Franck&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780050566&rft.aulast=Ibn+al-%27Awwam&rft.aufirst=Ya%E1%B8%A5y%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flelivredelagric00algoog%2Fpage%2Fn14%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> (pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n316/mode/2up">207</a>–225 (Article I) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorresPierantozziSearlesRousseaux2017" class="citation journal cs1">Torres, Mariela; Pierantozzi, Pierluigi; Searles, Peter; Rousseaux, M. Cecilia; García-Inza, Georgina; Miserere, Andrea; Bodoira, Romina; Contreras, Cibeles; Maestri, Damián (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5663689">"Olive Cultivation in the Southern Hemisphere: Flowering, Water Requirements and Oil Quality Responses to New Crop Environments"</a>. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 1830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01830">10.3389/fpls.2017.01830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X">1664-462X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5663689">5663689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163569">29163569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Olive+Cultivation+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere%3A+Flowering%2C+Water+Requirements+and+Oil+Quality+Responses+to+New+Crop+Environments&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1830&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5663689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29163569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01830&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Mariela&rft.au=Pierantozzi%2C+Pierluigi&rft.au=Searles%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rousseaux%2C+M.+Cecilia&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Inza%2C+Georgina&rft.au=Miserere%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Bodoira%2C+Romina&rft.au=Contreras%2C+Cibeles&rft.au=Maestri%2C+Dami%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5663689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Enciclopedia Universal Europeo Americana. 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Olives Unlimited. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olives+Unlimited&rft.atitle=Pendolino+Olive+Trees+for+Sale&rft.au=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folivesunlimited.com%2Fportfolio-item%2Fpendolino-olive-tree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Lewington and Parker, 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lydecker_1985_d662-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Lydecker_1985_d662_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydecker1985" class="citation news cs1">Lydecker, Toni (18 August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1985/08/18/the-italian-extra-virgin-olive-oil-disaster/2a00c9bc-ce00-4c99-8714-a2a7691a09d1/">"The Italian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Disaster"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Extra-Virgin+Olive+Oil+Disaster&rft.date=1985-08-18&rft.aulast=Lydecker&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2F1985%2F08%2F18%2Fthe-italian-extra-virgin-olive-oil-disaster%2F2a00c9bc-ce00-4c99-8714-a2a7691a09d1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j1-127"><a href="#cite_ref-j1_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanse,_J.D.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Janse, J.D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-32-2-166">"Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi (ex Smith) subsp. nov., nom. rev., the bacterium causing excrescences on Oleaceae and Nerium oleander L"</a>. Int. J. Syst. 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Our Environment at Berkeley. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. 9 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325133837/http://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/2015/02/minimizing-the-spread-of-disease-in-italys-famous-olive-trees/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Environment+at+Berkeley&rft.atitle=Minimizing+the+Spread+of+Disease+in+Italy%27s+Famous+Olive+Trees&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourenvironment.berkeley.edu%2F2015%2F02%2Fminimizing-the-spread-of-disease-in-italys-famous-olive-trees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-32031233">"Olive tree disease spreads in Italy"</a>. BBC News. 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Olive+tree+disease+spreads+in+Italy&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-32031233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroni2021" class="citation journal cs1">Petroni, Agostino (29 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/olive-oil-disease-italy">"The Farmer Trying to Save Italy's Ancient Olive Trees"</a>. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Farmer+Trying+to+Save+Italy%27s+Ancient+Olive+Trees&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.aulast=Petroni&rft.aufirst=Agostino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Folive-oil-disease-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartelliBosciaPorcelliSaponari2015" class="citation journal cs1">Martelli, G. P; Boscia, D; Porcelli, F; Saponari, M (2015). "The olive quick decline syndrome in south-east Italy: A threatening phytosanitary emergency". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 144 (2): 235–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0784-7">10.1007/s10658-015-0784-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16126474">16126474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=The+olive+quick+decline+syndrome+in+south-east+Italy%3A+A+threatening+phytosanitary+emergency&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-243&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0784-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16126474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martelli&rft.aufirst=G.+P&rft.au=Boscia%2C+D&rft.au=Porcelli%2C+F&rft.au=Saponari%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burr-132"><a href="#cite_ref-burr_132-0">^</a> Burr, M. (1999). Australian Olives. A guide for growers and producers of virgin oils, 4th edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577583-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577583-0-8">0-9577583-0-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrimoineculinaire.ch/Prodotti#471">"Olio d'oliva ticinese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culinary_Heritage_of_Switzerland" title="Culinary Heritage of Switzerland">Culinary Heritage of Switzerland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626130640/https://www.patrimoineculinaire.ch/Prodotti#471">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2022. <q>Nel 1494, 1600 e 1709, gli oliveti vennero quasi completamente distrutti dal gelo. Anni dopo, furono accantonati in favore dei gelsi, così da promuovere l'allevamento dei bachi da seta. Verso la fine degli anni '80 del secolo scorso, la coltivazione dell'olivo è stata ripresa</q> [In 1494, 1600 and 1709, frost destroyed almost all the olive trees. Later, they were replaced by mulberry trees to promote the breeding of silkworms. Olive cultivation in Ticino was revived at the end of the 1980s]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olio+d%27oliva+ticinese&rft.pub=Culinary+Heritage+of+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoineculinaire.ch%2FProdotti%23471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefano_Mazzoleni2004" class="citation book cs1">Stefano Mazzoleni (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s88vzd9PwkkC">Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470093702" title="Special:BookSources/9780470093702"><bdi>9780470093702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122131645/https://books.google.com/books?id=s88vzd9PwkkC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>In the coastal areas, the olive groves are tightly interwoven with low maquis, garrigue and steppe, which have been widely grazed and, consequently, burned. On the other hand, low mountains and inland hills have chestnut and mixed deciduous coppiced woods. The actual boundaries between these two different vegetation landscapes can be found at different altitudes according to local climatic conditions; higher (about 1000m asl) in the eastern and southern areas, and lower and close to the sea in the central and northern basin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Dynamics+of+the+Mediterranean+Vegetation+and+Landscape&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780470093702&rft.au=Stefano+Mazzoleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds88vzd9PwkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j6-135"><a href="#cite_ref-j6_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumaretOuazzani2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lumaret, Roselyne; Ouazzani, Noureddine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35099680">"Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests"</a>. 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Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-491-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-491-7"><bdi>978-1-60774-491-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allergy-Fighting+Garden&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-60774-491-7&rft.aulast=Ogren&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolito" class="citation web cs1">Polito, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204120225/http://ceglenn.ucdavis.edu/files/90444.pdf">"Pollination and Fruit Set"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceglenn.ucdavis.edu/files/90444.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pollination+and+Fruit+Set&rft.aulast=Polito&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceglenn.ucdavis.edu%2Ffiles%2F90444.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlive" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/olive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/olive">olive</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olea_europaea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a> and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Olives">Olives</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Olive" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Olive">Olive</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?25555">Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture; Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): Olea europaea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ginartoleas.com/productos/oleas-olivos/">Most Common Spanish Olea Trees, Ginart Oleas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Olives" title="Template:Olives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olives" title="Template talk:Olives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Olives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglandau" title="Aglandau">Aglandau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbequina" title="Arbequina">Arbequina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbosana" title="Arbosana">Arbosana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidni" title="Bidni">Bidni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosana" title="Bosana">Bosana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouteillan" title="Bouteillan">Bouteillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailletier" title="Cailletier">Cailletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayon_olive" title="Cayon olive">Cayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerignola_olive" title="Cerignola olive">Cerignola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empeltre" title="Empeltre">Empeltre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemlik_olive" title="Gemlik olive">Gemlik-Tirilye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_olive" title="Germaine olive">Germaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossane" title="Grossane">Grossane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojiblanca" title="Hojiblanca">Hojiblanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamata_olive" title="Kalamata olive">Kalamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koroneiki" title="Koroneiki">Koroneiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccino" title="Leccino">Leccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucques" title="Lucques">Lucques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meslalla" title="Meslalla">Meslalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_olive" title="Mission olive">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocellara_del_Belice" title="Nocellara del Belice">Nocellara del Belice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliana_olive" title="Oliana olive">Oliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivi%C3%A8re" title="Olivière">Olivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrinia_olive" title="Patrinia olive">Patrinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picholine" title="Picholine">Picholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picual" title="Picual">Picual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_olive" title="Sabine olive">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonenque" title="Salonenque">Salonenque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikitita" title="Sikitita">Sikitita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanche" title="Tanche">Tanche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amurca" title="Amurca">Amurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castile_soap" title="Castile soap">Castile soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olive_Council" title="International Olive Council">International Olive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">Olive branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_leaf" title="Olive leaf">Olive leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_extraction" title="Olive oil extraction">extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_regulation_and_adulteration" title="Olive oil regulation and adulteration">regulation and adulteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfiltered_olive_oil" title="Unfiltered olive oil">unfiltered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_pomace_oil" title="Olive pomace oil">Olive pomace oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo_(olive_waste)" title="Orujo (olive waste)">Orujo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_production_in_India" title="Olive production in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_production_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive production in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_production_in_Switzerland" title="Olive production in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Olives" title="Category:Olives">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Olives">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mediterranean_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template talk:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakhchoukha" title="Chakhchoukha">Chakhchoukha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)">Bazin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9choui" title="Méchoui">Méchoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">Tajine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">Kushari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah" title="Mulukhiyah">Mulukhiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Hamin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musakhan" title="Musakhan">Musakhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Cheeses" title="Turkish cuisine">Cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_desserts" title="List of Turkish desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Kebabs" title="Turkish cuisine">Kebabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyros_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyros (food)">Gyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stifado" class="mw-redirect" title="Stifado">Stifado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loukaniko" title="Loukaniko">Loukaniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Ionian Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdeto" title="Bourdeto">Bourdeto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastitsada" title="Pastitsada">Pastitsada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Crete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paximathia" title="Paximathia">Paximadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">Shish kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">Moussaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrosticini" title="Arrosticini">Arrosticini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortadella_di_Campotosto" title="Mortadella di Campotosto">Mortadella di Campotosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccheroni_alla_chitarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccheroni alla chitarra">Maccheroni alla chitarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">Pizzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timballo" title="Timballo">Timballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocconotto" title="Bocconotto">Bocconotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrozzo" title="Parrozzo">Parrozzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciuppin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuppin">Ciuppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">Focaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">Pesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">Ravioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_rag%C3%B9" title="Neapolitan ragù">Neapolitan ragù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">Pasta e fagioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">Carbonara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian cuisine">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pane_carasau" title="Pane carasau">Pane carasau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malloreddus" title="Malloreddus">Malloreddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirto_(liqueur)" title="Mirto (liqueur)">Mirto (liqueur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbamele" title="Abbamele">Abbamele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecorino_sardo" title="Pecorino sardo">Pecorino sardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culurgi%C3%B2nes" class="mw-redirect" title="Culurgiònes">Culurgiònes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seada" title="Seada">Seada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caponata" title="Caponata">Caponata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_alla_Norma" title="Pasta alla Norma">Pasta alla Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaccia" title="Scaccia">Scaccia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan cuisine">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribollita" title="Ribollita">Ribollita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocciu" title="Brocciu">Brocciu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">Cassoulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandade" title="Brandade">Brandade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provencal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">Bouillabaisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">Ratatouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">Salade niçoise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazpacho" title="Gazpacho">Gazpacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldereta" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldereta">Caldereta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombet" title="Tombet">Tombet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalivada" title="Escalivada">Escalivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escudella_i_carn_d%27olla" class="mw-redirect" title="Escudella i carn d'olla">Escudella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollada" title="Ollada">Ollada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afelia" title="Afelia">Afelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">Halloumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anise spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Category:Mediterranean cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Olea europaea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37083" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q37083">Q37083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/149209">149209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/103117">103117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/olea-europaea/">olea-europaea</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5912">5912</a></li> <li>Cal-IPC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/olea-europaea-profile/">olea-europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/493JT">493JT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Olea_europaea">Olea_europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/579181">579181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/OLVEU">OLVEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/176365">176365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/6503">6503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200017804">200017804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017804">200017804</a></li> <li>FoIO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/OLEEUR">OLEEUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5415040">5415040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1585">1585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=25555">25555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/57140">57140</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6091">6091</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/610675-1">610675-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10198497">10198497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32990">32990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=283004">283004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147057/">2.147057</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4146">4146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Olea~europaea">Olea~europaea</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0a0aa6a5-a980-4d4f-b6cc-1cf3130598fd">0a0aa6a5-a980-4d4f-b6cc-1cf3130598fd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/80305/">80305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=23729">23729</a></li> <li>PalDat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Olea_europaea">Olea_europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olea+europaea">Olea europaea</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=3985">3985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-355112">kew-355112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/OLEU">OLEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A610675-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610675-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23000814">23000814</a></li> <li>uBio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=459761">459761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/b90cbe44-868c-48c6-adad-e024b74d0f25">b90cbe44-868c-48c6-adad-e024b74d0f25</a></li> <li>WoI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=202">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000817273">wfo-0000817273</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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