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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/1997/InfectiousDiseasesNewandAncientThreatstoWorldHealth.aspx","20091008212942","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1255037382"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <script type="text/JavaScript">  </script>  <title> Infectious Diseases - New and Ancient Threats to World Health - Population Reference Bureau </title>  <meta name="title" content="Infectious Diseases - New and Ancient Threats to World Health"> <meta name="description" content="nbsp;Infectious and parasitic diseases (IPDs) are a leading cause of death and disability in low-income countries, and are re-emerging as a serious health problem in developed countries. This Population Bulletin examines the phenomenon of " new" and re-emerging ipds from an international perspective and explores strategies for slowing the rise of ipds. 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</strong></a></strong><br/>Evidence-based analyses to inform health policymaking in developing countries.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008212942im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div>  <p><br/> <div id="featuredlinksbox"> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_pnlTitle"> <div id="titles"><span class="titletext">Infectious Diseases - New and Ancient Threats to World Health</span></div> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_contentBody"> <br/> <p><b><a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore/AddToCart.aspx?sku=BUL52.2&qty=1"><img src="/web/20091008212942im_/http://www.prb.org/images/add.gif" border="0"/> </a></b></p> <p><b>Population Bulletin</b>, Vol. 52, No. 2, July 1997</p> <p><i>by S. Jay Olshansky, Bruce Carnes, Richard G. Rogers, and Len Smith</i> </p> <p>When smallpox was eradicated from the globe in the late 1970s, many health experts assumed that infectious and parasitic diseases (IPDs) could at long last be conquered. Death rates from infectious and parasitic diseases had declined during the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century thanks to better public health and sanitation as well as medical advances made possible by economic development. During this period, scientists discovered the germ theory of disease, identified the epidemiology and natural history of many infectious diseases, and created a host of potent antibiotic drugs that helped save millions of lives. Medical researchers learned to identify and cultivate viruses, which led to vaccines for increasing numbers of diseases.</p> <p>Since the 1970s, genetic engineering has opened the door to new and more powerful weapons to use in the war against IPDs. These scientific advances in the battle against diseases that had long plagued humans, along with public health campaigns and improved living conditions around the world, appeared to set the stage for the eradication of most, if not all, infectious and parasitic diseases in Europe, the United States, and other industrialized countries. And, although many of the most deadly IPDs were still rampant in low-income countries, many scientists and public health officials expected death rates from infectious and parasitic diseases to wane as countries developed economically and as international health campaigns reached greater proportions of the world's population.</p> <p>Public health workers and the general public were rudely awakened in the early 1980s with the discovery of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Medical knowledge and public health systems in the world's wealthiest countries were unable to control or cure this new lethal disease. The shock of the HIV epidemic alerted the public and the scientific community to a phenomenon that had been occurring for a quarter of a century. When scientists reviewed the epidemiologic evidence of the previous 25 years, they were able to document the emergence of new forms of old diseases and some apparently "new" diseases that threaten public health in wealthy as well as low-income countries.</p> <p>More than 28 "new" or previously unrecognized disease-causing microbes have been identified since 1973. Just since 1995, a new strain of cholera (number 0139) has surfaced in Africa and Asia — killing thousands of people. In addition, there have been outbreaks of diphtheria in Laos, Thailand, and the United States; dengue, and the more serious dengue hemorrhagic fever, in India, Malaysia, and Venezuela; various forms of meningitis in parts of Europe, North America, and West Africa; and Ebola in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, multidrug-resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB), meningitis, and other bacterial infections have appeared, making these infections much harder to treat.</p> <p>As health officials and scientists from various disciplines examined the forces responsible for these unexpected developments, they realized that the hope that IPDs would soon be conquered was premature. They linked the rise in infectious and parasitic diseases to a breakdown in public health measures in many countries. They also uncovered ominous signs that new global health and environmental conditions make the world ripe for the re-emergence of IPDs as major causes of death and disability.</p> <p>Increasing urbanization, for example, brings more people into contact with infectious microbes, especially under the crowded and unsanitary living conditions prevalent in the world's largest cities. Human activity in remote rain forests and sparsely populated savannas exposes people to microbes, such as Ebola, the deadly Hantaan virus, and possibly HIV, that previously existed only in plants and animals. Global climate change, including the depletion of the ozone layer because of increased consumption of fossil fuels, has shifted and expanded the habitats of mosquitoes and other arthropods that transmit IPDs to humans.</p> <p>Migration within and among countries brings new strains of measles, influenza, and sexually transmitted diseases to destination areas, and exposes the newcomers to strains of these diseases that did not exist in their home communities. With cheaper and faster transportation, international business and pleasure travel can spread infectious and parasitic diseases around the world in a matter of hours. Modern medical and agricultural practices-especially the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides — also unwittingly promote the rise of drug-resistant strains of infectious diseases and pesticide-resistant insects and other disease carriers. The epidemic of illegal drug use that began in the 1980s also contributed to the rise and spread of HIV, hepatitis, and other IPDs.</p> <p>The emergence of new IPDs, and the re-emergence of old ones, have already affected the growth and age structure of the world's population. The HIV epidemic has produced some of the most rapid and dramatic demographic effects of IPDs in this century. HIV/AIDS has slowed population growth in sub-Saharan Africa and has the potential to halve the average life expectancy at birth in some African countries by 2010.</p> <p>Outbreaks of cholera or Ebola virus tend to have more concentrated and short-term demographic effects, but they exact social, psychological, and economic costs that can disrupt economic development and perpetuate the poverty and squalid living conditions that foster the spread of infectious diseases.</p> <p>In this Population Bulletin we use an interdisciplinary approach, interweaving scientific expertise from the fields of demography, epidemiology, ecology, and evolution biology to examine the forces responsible for the re-emergence of infectious and parasitic diseases, explore the various responses available to the medical and scientific community, and identify some demographic consequences of this new and important development in the health and living conditions of people throughout the developed and developing world.</p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p>The full text of this Population Bulletin is available in print only. Please visit our online store to order. Listed below are all the sections of this Bulletin.</p> <p>Introduction<br/>Health Burden of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases<br/>Signs of Emergence and Re-Emergence <br/>The Ecology of IPDs <br/>Demographic Change <br/>Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Factors <br/>Changes to the Natural Environment<br/>Medical Technology and Evolving Risk Factors <br/>Slowing the Rise of IPDs<br/>Conclusion<br/>Discussion<br/>References<br/>Related Publications</p></div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_debug"></div> </div> <div align="left"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> <br/><br/>  <div align="center" style="clear: both"> <p> </p> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="/web/20091008212942im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="/web/20091008212942im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Rss.aspx">RSS Feeds</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a>  · <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a>  · <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2009, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="/web/20091008212942/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008212942/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div> <span class="footer2text">  </span> <span class="footer2text">   </span>  </form> <div id="debugdiv"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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