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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommended"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recommended</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommended-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Saved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ongoing research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Altmetrics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Altmetrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Altmetrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetrik" title="Altmetrik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altmetrik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Altmetrics" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="دگرسنجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگرسنجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altmetrics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="オルトメトリクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オルトメトリクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetria" title="Altmetria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Altmetria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Альтметрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альтметрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetrika" title="Altmetrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Altmetrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetriler" title="Altmetriler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altmetriler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Альтметрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альтметрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14565201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about alternative scholarly impact metrics. 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.sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altmetrics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altmetrics.svg/220px-Altmetrics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altmetrics.svg/330px-Altmetrics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altmetrics.svg/440px-Altmetrics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>The original logotype from the Altmetrics Manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In scholarly and scientific publishing, <b>altmetrics</b> are non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a><sup id="cite_ref-PLOSCollections_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOSCollections-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed as an alternative<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or complement<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to more traditional <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a> metrics, such as <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> and <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index"><i>h</i>-index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term altmetrics was proposed in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a generalization of <a href="/wiki/Article_level_metrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Article level metrics">article level metrics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UCBerkeley-BinfieldTalk-2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCBerkeley-BinfieldTalk-2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has its roots in the #altmetrics <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a>. Although altmetrics are often thought of as metrics about articles, they can be applied to people, journals, books, data sets, presentations, videos, source code repositories, web pages, etc. </p><p>Altmetrics use public APIs across platforms to gather data with open scripts and algorithms. Altmetrics did not originally cover <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> counts,<sup id="cite_ref-OpeningScience-2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpeningScience-2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but calculate scholar impact based on diverse online research output, such as social media, online news media, online reference managers and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEESpectrum-MeasuringImpact-2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEESpectrum-MeasuringImpact-2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SerialsReview-Rethinking-2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SerialsReview-Rethinking-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It demonstrates both the impact and the detailed composition of the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altmetrics could be applied to research filter,<sup id="cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promotion and tenure dossiers, grant applications<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for ranking newly-published articles in <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">academic search engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overtime, the diversity of sources mentioning, citing, or archiving articles has gone down. This happened because services ceased to exist, like Connotea, or because changes in API availability. For example, PlumX removed Twitter metrics in August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of web 2.0 has changed the research publication seeking and sharing within or outside the academy, but also provides new innovative constructs to measure the broad scientific impact of scholar work. Although the traditional metrics are useful, they might be insufficient to measure immediate and uncited impacts, especially outside the peer-review realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Projects such as <a href="/wiki/ImpactStory" class="mw-redirect" title="ImpactStory">ImpactStory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Insights-ImpactStory-2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insights-ImpactStory-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Impactstory-About_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impactstory-About-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various companies, including <a href="/wiki/Altmetric" title="Altmetric">Altmetric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Insights-ImpactStory-2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insights-ImpactStory-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Altmetric-About_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altmetric-About-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plum_Analytics" title="Plum Analytics">Plum Analytics</a><sup id="cite_ref-Insights-ImpactStory-2013_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insights-ImpactStory-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JERML-PlumX-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JERML-PlumX-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlumAnalytics-About_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlumAnalytics-About-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlumAnalytics-AboutAltmetrics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlumAnalytics-AboutAltmetrics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Overton<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are calculating altmetrics. Several publishers have started providing such information to readers, including <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">Public Library of Science (PLOS)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-AltMetrics-2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-AltMetrics-2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-ArticleLevelMetrics_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-ArticleLevelMetrics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers (publisher)">Frontiers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frontiers-About_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontiers-About-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Altmetrics-2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Altmetrics-2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarketWatch-Elsevier-2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarketWatch-Elsevier-2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scopus-NewArticleMetrics-2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scopus-NewArticleMetrics-2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research" title="National Institute for Health and Care Research">NIHR</a> Journals Library also includes altmetric data alongside its publications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a> started to systematically collect tweets about its articles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> also introduced article-level metrics for all articles.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-AltMetrics-2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-AltMetrics-2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-ArticleLevelMetrics_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-ArticleLevelMetrics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lagotto-PLOS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagotto-PLOS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funders have started showing interest in alternative metrics,<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Piwowar-Altmetrics-2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Piwowar-Altmetrics-2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the UK Medical Research Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Viney-Altmetrics-2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Viney-Altmetrics-2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altmetrics have been used in applications for promotion review by researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Kwok-Altmetrics-2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Kwok-Altmetrics-2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, several universities, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> are experimenting with altmetrics at an institute level.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-Kwok-Altmetrics-2013_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-Kwok-Altmetrics-2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is also observed that an article needs little attention to jump to the <a href="/wiki/Quartile" title="Quartile">upper quartile</a> of ranked papers,<sup id="cite_ref-Infiniflux-AltmetricRankings-2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infiniflux-AltmetricRankings-2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that not enough sources of altmetrics are currently available to give a balanced picture of impact for the majority of papers. </p><p>Important in determining the relative impact of a paper, a service that calculates altmetrics statistics needs a considerably sized knowledge base. The following table shows the number of artefacts, including papers, covered by services: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Website</th> <th>Number of artefacts </th></tr> <tr> <td>Plum Analytics</td> <td>~ 52.6 million<sup id="cite_ref-PlumCoverage_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlumCoverage-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Altmetric.com</td> <td>~ 25 million<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ImpactStory</td> <td>~ 1 million<sup id="cite_ref-Twitter-Impactstory-Tracking-2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twitter-Impactstory-Tracking-2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overton</td> <td>~ 11 million<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altmetrics are a very broad group of metrics, capturing various parts of impact a paper or work can have. A classification of altmetrics was proposed by ImpactStory in September 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-NewFramework_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewFramework-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a very similar classification is used by the Public Library of Science:<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Viewed – HTML views and PDF downloads</li> <li>Discussed – journal comments, science blogs, Wikipedia, Twitter, Facebook and other social media</li> <li>Saved – <a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/CiteULike" title="CiteULike">CiteULike</a> and other social bookmarks</li> <li>Cited – citations in the scholarly literature, tracked by <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a> and others</li> <li>Recommended – for example used by F1000Prime<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viewed">Viewed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viewed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first alternative metrics to be used was the number of views of a paper. Traditionally, an author would wish to publish in a journal with a high subscription rate, so many people would have access to the research. With the introduction of web technologies it became possible to actually count how often a single paper was looked at. Typically, publishers count the number of HTML views and PDF views. As early as 2004, the <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i> published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussed">Discussed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discussed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discussion of a paper can be seen as a metric that captures the potential impact of a paper. Typical sources of data to calculate this metric include <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, Science Blogs, and Wikipedia pages. Some researchers regard the mentions on social media as citations. For example, citations on a social media platform could be divided into two categories: internal and external. For instance, the former includes retweets, the latter refers to tweets containing links to outside documents.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correlation between the mentions and likes and citation by primary scientific literature has been studied, and a slight correlation at best was found, e.g. for articles in <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a></i> began publishing views and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a>. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if implementing use of the Twimpact factor, research shows scores to be highly subject specific, and as a result, comparisons of Twimpact factors should be made between papers of the same subject area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While past research in the literature has demonstrated a correlation between tweetations and citations, it is not a causative relationship. At this point in time, it is unclear whether higher citations occur as a result of greater media attention via Twitter and other platforms, or is simply reflective of the quality of the article itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research conducted at the individual level, rather than the article level, supports the use of Twitter and social media platforms as a mechanism for increasing impact value.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results indicate that researchers whose work is mentioned on Twitter have significantly higher h-indices than those of researchers whose work was not mentioned on Twitter. The study highlights the role of using discussion based platforms, such as Twitter, in order to increase the value of traditional impact metrics. </p><p>Besides Twitter and other streams, blogging has shown to be a powerful platform to discuss literature. Various platforms exist that keep track of which papers are being blogged about. Altmetric.com uses this information for calculating metrics, while other tools just report where discussion is happening, such as ResearchBlogging and Chemical blogspace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommended">Recommended</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recommended"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Platforms may even provide a formal way of ranking papers or recommending papers otherwise, such as <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of 1000">Faculty of 1000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saved">Saved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also informative to quantify the number of times a page has been saved, or bookmarked. It is thought that individuals typically choose to bookmark pages that have a high relevance to their own work, and as a result, bookmarks may be an additional indicator of impact for a specific study. Providers of such information include science specific <a href="/wiki/Social_bookmarking" title="Social bookmarking">social bookmarking</a> services such as <a href="/wiki/CiteULike" title="CiteULike">CiteULike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited">Cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cited category is a narrowed definition, different from the discussion. Besides the traditional metrics based on citations in scientific literature, such as those obtained from <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, altmetrics also adopt citations in secondary knowledge sources. For example, ImpactStory counts the number of times a paper has been referenced by Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plum Analytics also provides metrics for various academic publications,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeking to track research productivity. PLOS is also a tool that may be used to utilize information on engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous studies have shown that scientific articles disseminated through social media channels (i.e. Twitter, Reddit, Facebook, YouTube, etc) have substantially higher biblometric scores (downlodas, reads and citations) than articles not advertised through social media. In the fields of plastic surgery,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hand surgery<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more, higher Altmetric scores are associated with better short-term bibliometrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is less consensus on the validity and consistency of altmetrics,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the interpretation of altmetrics in particular is discussed. Proponents of altmetrics make clear that many of the metrics show attention or engagement, rather than the quality of impacts on the progress of science.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2013_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even citation-based metrics do not indicate if a high score implies a positive impact on science; that is, papers are also cited in papers that disagree with the cited paper, an issue for example addressed by the Citation Typing Ontology project.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altmetrics could be more appropriately interpreted by providing detailed context and qualitative data. For example, in order to evaluate the scientific contribution of a scholar work to policy making by altmetrics, qualitative data, such as who's citing online<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to what extent the online citation is relevant to the policymaking, should be provided as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the relatively low correlation between traditional metrics and altmetrics, altmetrics might measure complementary perspectives of the scholar impact. It is reasonable to combine and compare the two types of metrics in interpreting the societal and scientific impacts. Researchers built a 2*2 framework based on the interactions between altmetrics and traditional citations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further explanations should be provided for the two groups with high altmetrics/low citations and low altmetrics/high citations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, altmetrics provide convenient approaches for researchers and institutions to monitor the impact of their work and avoid inappropriate interpretations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usefulness of metrics for estimating scientific impact is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has found that online buzz could amplify the effect of other forms of outreach on researchers' scientific impact. For the nano-scientists that are mentioned on Twitter, their interactions with reporters and non-scientists positively and significantly predicted higher h-index, whereas the non-mentioned group failed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altmetrics expands the measurement of scholar impact for containing a rapid uptake, a broader range of audiences and diverse research outputs. In addition, the community shows a clear need: funders demand measurables on the impact of their spending, such as public engagement. </p><p>However, there are limitations that affect the usefulness due to technique problems and systematic bias of construct, such as data quality, heterogeneity and particular dependencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of technique problems, the data might be incomplete, because it is difficult to collect those online research outputs without direct links to their mentions (i.e. videos) and identify different versions of one research work. Additionally, whether the API leads to any missing data is unsolved.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for systematic bias, like other metrics, altmetrics are prone to self-citation, gaming, and other mechanisms to boost one's apparent impact such as performing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#Citation_spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">citation spam</a> in Wikipedia. Altmetrics can be <a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">gamed</a>: for example, likes and mentions can be bought.<sup id="cite_ref-Beall2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beall2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altmetrics can be more difficult to standardize than citations. One example is the number of tweets linking to a paper where the number can vary widely depending on how the tweets are collected.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, online popularity may not equal to scientific values. Some popular online citations might be far from the value of generating further research discoveries, while some theoretical-driven or minority-targeted research of great science-related importance might be marginalized online.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the top tweeted articles in biomedicine in 2011 were relevant to curious or funny content, potential health applications, and catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Altmetric" title="Altmetric">Altmetric</a> state that they have systems in place to detect, identify and correct gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, recent research has shown Altmetrics reproduce gendered biases found in disciplinary publication and citation practices: for example, journal articles authored exclusively by female scholars score 27% lower on average than exclusively male-authored outputs. At once, this same research shows 0 attention scores are more likely for male-authored articles.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altmetrics for more recent articles may be higher because of the increasing uptake of the social web and because articles may be mentioned mainly when they are published.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it might not be fair to compare the altmetrics scores of articles unless they have been published at a similar time. Researchers has developed a sign test to avoid the usage uptake bias by comparing the metrics of an article with the two articles published immediately before and after it.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It should be kept in mind that the metrics are only one of the outcomes of tracking how research is disseminated and used. Altmetrics should be carefully interpreted to overcome the bias. Even more informative than knowing how often a paper is cited, is which papers are citing it. That information allows researchers to see how their work is impacting the field (or not). Providers of metrics also typically provide access to the information from which the metrics were calculated. For example, <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> shows which are the citing papers, ImpactStory shows which Wikipedia pages are referencing the paper, and CitedIn shows which databases extracted data from the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern of altmetrics, or any metrics, is how universities or institutions are using metrics to rank their employees make promotion or funding decisions,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the aim should be limited to measure engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall online research output is very little and varied among different disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon might be consistent with the social media use among scientists. Surveys has shown that nearly half of their respondents held ambivalent attitudes of social media's influence on academic impact and never announced their research work on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the changing shift in open science and social media use, the consistent altmetrics across disciplines and institutions will more likely be adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ongoing_research">Ongoing research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ongoing research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific use cases and characteristics is an active research field in <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a>, providing much needed data to measure the impact of altmetrics itself. Public Library of Science has an Altmetrics Collection<sup id="cite_ref-PLosONE-AltmetricsCollection-2012_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLosONE-AltmetricsCollection-2012-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both the <i>Information Standards Quarterly</i> and the <i>Aslib Journal of Information Management</i> recently published special issues on altmetrics.<sup id="cite_ref-NISO-InfoStandardsQuarterly_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISO-InfoStandardsQuarterly-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aslib-2015_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslib-2015-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of articles that extensively reviews altmetrics was published in late 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-WebIndicators-Part1-2016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebIndicators-Part1-2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebIndicators-Part2-2016_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebIndicators-Part2-2016-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebIndicators-Part3-2016_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebIndicators-Part3-2016-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is other research examining the validity of one altmetrics<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or make comparisons across different platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers examine the correlation between altmetrics and traditional citations as the validity test. They assume that the positive and significant correlation reveals the accuracy of altmetrics to measure scientific impact as citations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low correlation (less than 0.30<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) leads to the conclusion that altmetrics serves a complementary role in scholar impact measurement such as the study by Lamba (2020) <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who examined 2343 articles having both altmetric attention scores and citations published by 22 core health care policy faculty members at Harvard Medical School and a significant strong positive correlation (r>0.4) was observed between the aggregated ranked altmetric attention scores and ranked citation/increased citation values for all the faculty members in the study. However, it remains unsolved that what altmetrics are most valuable and what degree of correlation between two metrics generates a stronger impact on the measurement. Additionally, the validity test itself faces some technical problems as well. For example, replication of the data collection is impossible because of the instant changing algorithms of data providers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">Open Researcher and Contributor ID</a> – nonproprietary unique identifiers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webometrics" title="Webometrics">Webometrics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altmetrics-Manifesto-2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPriemTaraborelliGrothNeylon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Priem, Jason; Taraborelli, Dario; Groth, Paul; Neylon, Cameron (September 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altmetrics.org/manifesto">"Altmetrics: A manifesto (v 1.01)"</a>. <i>Altmetrics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altmetrics&rft.atitle=Altmetrics%3A+A+manifesto+%28v+1.01%29&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Priem&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Taraborelli%2C+Dario&rft.au=Groth%2C+Paul&rft.au=Neylon%2C+Cameron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltmetrics.org%2Fmanifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltmetrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLOSCollections-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLOSCollections_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.plos.org/altmetrics">"PLOS Collections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">Public Library of Science (PLOS)</a></i>. 3 November 2021. <q>Altmetrics is the study and use of non-traditional scholarly impact measures that are based on activity in web-based environments</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Library+of+Science+%28PLOS%29&rft.atitle=PLOS+Collections&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.plos.org%2Faltmetrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltmetrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The "alt" does indeed stand for "alternative"" Jason Priem, leading author in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/">Altmetrics Manifesto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/#comment-592">-- see comment 592</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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<i>Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 31–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbult.2013.1720390410">10.1002/bult.2013.1720390410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-8366">1550-8366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Five+challenges+in+altmetrics%3A+A+toolmaker%27s+perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31-34&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbult.2013.1720390410&rft.issn=1550-8366&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Adie%2C+Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbult.2013.1720390410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltmetrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altmetrics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="http://www.researchtrends.com/category/issue-37-june-2014/">Issue 37 – June 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706205701/http://www.researchtrends.com/category/issue-37-june-2014/">Archived</a> 2014-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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