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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyman Spitzer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 33 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="ليمان سبيتزر — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليمان سبيتزر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="ليمان سبيتزر — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليمان سبيتزر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="لایمن اسپیتزر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لایمن اسپیتزر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1" title="لایمان سپیتزەر — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لایمان سپیتزەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer_Jr." title="Lyman Spitzer Jr. — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lyman Spitzer Jr." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="لایمن اسپیتزر — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایمن اسپیتزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A8" title="ליימן שפיצר — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליימן שפיצר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" title="ライマン・スピッツァー — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライマン・スピッツァー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC_%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%B2%98" title="라이먼 스피처 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이먼 스피처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Спитцер, Лайман — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спитцер, Лайман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Strong_Spitzer_mlaj%C5%A1i" title="Lyman Strong Spitzer mlajši — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lyman Strong Spitzer mlajši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இலைமன் சுட்டிராங் சுபிட்சர் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலைமன் சுட்டிராங் சுபிட்சர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไลแมน สปิตเซอร์ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไลแมน สปิตเซอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lyman Spitzer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лайман Спітцер — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лайман Спітцер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლაიმენ სპიტცერი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაიმენ სპიტცერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8C%B9%E5%93%B2" title="萊曼·史匹哲 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萊曼·史匹哲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%B4%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E5%8C%B9%E6%B8%A3" title="賴文史匹渣 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賴文史匹渣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q431503#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Lyman_Spitzer" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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<tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Lyman Spitzer</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_(4526166350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg/200px-1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg/300px-1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg/400px-1946-_Lyman_Spitzer_%284526166350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><br /><div style="padding-top:0.2em;"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Conhecido(a) por </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial_Spitzer" title="Telescópio espacial Spitzer">telescópio espacial Spitzer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/26_de_junho#Nascimentos" title="26 de junho">26 de junho</a> de <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Toledo_(Ohio)" title="Toledo (Ohio)">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/31_de_mar%C3%A7o" title="31 de março">31 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> (82 anos)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton" title="Princeton">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">Estadunidense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Rittenhouse" title="Medalha Rittenhouse">Medalha Rittenhouse</a> (1958)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Bruce" title="Medalha Bruce">Medalha Bruce</a> (1973)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Henry_Draper" title="Medalha Henry Draper">Medalha Henry Draper</a> (1974)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Medalha Karl Schwarzschild">Medalha Karl Schwarzschild</a> (1975)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_James_Clerk_Maxwell_de_F%C3%ADsica_do_Plasma" title="Prêmio James Clerk Maxwell de Física do Plasma">Prêmio James Clerk Maxwell de Física do Plasma</a> (1975)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da RAS</a> (1978)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Medalha Nacional de Ciências">Medalha Nacional de Ciências</a> (1979)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a> (1980)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Jules_Janssen" title="Prêmio Jules Janssen">Prêmio Jules Janssen</a> (1980)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Crafoord" title="Prêmio Crafoord">Prêmio Crafoord</a> (1985)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Benjamin_Franklin_(American_Philosophical_Society)#Medalha_Benjamin_Franklin_por_Conquistas_de_Destaque_em_Humanidades_ou_Ciências_(1985–1991)" title="Medalha Benjamin Franklin (American Philosophical Society)">Medalha Benjamin Franklin</a> (1991)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(es)(as) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica">Astrofísica</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Lyman Spitzer</b> (<a href="/wiki/Toledo_(Ohio)" title="Toledo (Ohio)">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/26_de_junho" title="26 de junho">26 de junho</a> de <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> — <a href="/wiki/Princeton" title="Princeton">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/31_de_mar%C3%A7o" title="31 de março">31 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a> <a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a>. </p><p>Considerado um dos maiores cientistas do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX">século XX</a>, fez grandes contribuições no campo da <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A2mica_estelar" title="Dinâmica estelar">dinâmica estelar</a>, da <a href="/wiki/Fus%C3%A3o_termonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusão termonuclear">fusão termonuclear</a>, do <a href="/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma">plasma</a> e da <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a> em geral.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entre todos os astrônomos, Spitzer foi o primeiro a sugerir a colocação de <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pios_espaciais" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescópios espaciais">telescópios espaciais</a> em <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita">órbita</a> da <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a>, com o objetivo de obter imagens mais nítidas de outras galáxias e <a href="/wiki/Astros" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Astros">astros</a> do <a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">universo</a>. Sendo assim, fez vários esforços para o desenvolvimento do <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_Espacial_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescópio Espacial Hubble">Telescópio Espacial Hubble</a>, lançado pela <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> em 24 de abril de 1990, a bordo do <a href="/wiki/%C3%94nibus_espacial" title="Ônibus espacial">ônibus espacial</a> <a href="/wiki/Discovery" class="mw-disambig" title="Discovery">Discovery</a> (missão <a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a>). </p><p>Estudou física na <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> obtendo o BA em 1935. Entrou como <i>graduate fellow</i> na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a>, onde estudou os trabalhos de <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Str%C3%B6mgren" title="Bengt Strömgren">Bengt Strömgren</a>. No ano de 1936, mudou-se para <a href="/wiki/Princeton" title="Princeton">Princeton</a> para estudar <a href="/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica">astrofísica</a> com <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a>, o então decano da astronomia americana. <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> em astrofísica no ano de 1938, ficou durante dois anos (1938-1939) como fellow pós-doutor para a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, onde encontrou <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a>, encontro no qual nasceu uma forte amizade (…) </p><p>Aos 33 anos, sucedeu Norris Russell na cadeira de <a href="/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica">astrofísica</a> do Departamento de Ciências de <a href="/wiki/Princeton" title="Princeton">Princeton</a>, do qual foi seu diretor durante os anos de 1947 a 1979. Em 1951 conseguiu a aprovação do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Matterhorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Matterhorn (página não existe)">Project Matterhorn</a>, que se tornou no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (página não existe)">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a>, localizado no <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Forrestal_Campus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Forrestal Campus (página não existe)">James Forrestal Campus</a>, o principal laboratório estadunidense no campo de pesquisa de plasmas, que ele presidiu até deixá-lo no ano de 1967. Seus trabalhos mostraram a existência de quasares e tornaram possível a observação da superfície de <a href="/wiki/Plut%C3%A3o" title="Plutão">Plutão</a>. Morreu em decorrência de um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colapso_card%C3%ADaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colapso cardíaco (página não existe)">colapso cardíaco</a> no ano de 1997. Está sepultado no <a href="/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio_de_Princeton" title="Cemitério de Princeton">Cemitério de Princeton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O_Telescópio_Espacial_Spitzer"><span id="O_Telesc.C3.B3pio_Espacial_Spitzer"></span>O Telescópio Espacial Spitzer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: O Telescópio Espacial Spitzer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: O Telescópio Espacial Spitzer"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Lyman Spitzer</b> foi homenageado ao batizarem com seu nome um <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescópio espacial">telescópio espacial</a>, anteriormente designado por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_InfraRed_Telescope_Facility_(SIRTF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) (página não existe)">Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF)</a>. O <i>Spitzer</i>, é um <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescópio espacial">telescópio espacial</a> de <a href="/wiki/Infravermelhos" class="mw-redirect" title="Infravermelhos">infravermelhos</a> colocado em <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita">órbita</a> pela <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> em 25 de agosto de 2003. É capaz de registrar imagens que vão desde o nosso <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Solar" title="Sistema Solar">Sistema Solar</a> até as regiões mais distantes do <a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">Universo</a>, através da <a href="/wiki/Poeira_espacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Poeira espacial">poeira espacial</a> que a <a href="/wiki/Luz" title="Luz">luz</a> visível ao <a href="/wiki/Olho" title="Olho">olho</a> humano não consegue atravessar. Diferentemente dos outros aparelhos da <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, o <i>Spitzer</i> observa o <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o" class="mw-disambig" title="Espaço">espaço</a> na faixa do <a href="/wiki/Infravermelho" class="mw-redirect" title="Infravermelho">infravermelho</a>, o qual permite que capte radiação ou calor dos corpos celestiais mais distantes, frios e obscuros. A <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologia</a> permite que sejam feitas imagens dos chamados <i>berçários de estrelas</i>, onde os corpos celestes surgem no <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o" class="mw-disambig" title="Espaço">espaço</a>. Neste <i>berçário</i>, as <a href="/wiki/Estrelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrelas">estrelas</a> se formam a partir de vastas nuvens de gás e <a href="/wiki/Poeira_c%C3%B3smica" title="Poeira cósmica">poeira cósmica</a>. </p><p>As primeiras quatro imagens tiradas pelo <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio" title="Telescópio">telescópio</a> mostraram a <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulosa</a> da <i>Tromba do Elefante</i>, na <a href="/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Cefeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Constelação de Cefeu">constelação de Cefeu</a>, o cometa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwassmann-Wachmann_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (página não existe)">Schwassmann-Wachmann 1</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia">galáxia</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier 81">Messier 81</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Constelação">constelação</a> da <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Maior" title="Ursa Maior">Ursa Maior</a>, e uma <a href="/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela">estrela</a> recém-nascida que estava escondida em nuvens escuras. Em outra observação do <i>Spitzer</i>, astrônomos descobriram dois dos mais longínquos e fracos discos de poeira e gás que dão origem a planetas. Estes discos circundam duas das mais de 300 estrelas recém-nascidas reveladas pela primeira vez em uma impressionante imagem de um <a href="/wiki/Ber%C3%A7%C3%A1rio_estelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berçário estelar">berçário estelar</a> chamado <a href="/w/index.php?title=RCW_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCW 49 (página não existe)">RCW 49</a> – localizado a 13.700 <a href="/wiki/Anos-luz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anos-luz">anos-luz</a> de distância da <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Constelação">constelação</a> de <a href="/wiki/Centauro" title="Centauro">Centauro</a>. As estimativas atuais sugerem uma vida de 5 anos ao <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio" title="Telescópio">telescópio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obra">Obra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Obra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Obra"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entre suas principais publicações citam-se: </p> <ul><li><i>Physics of Fully Ionized Gases</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wiley" class="mw-disambig" title="Wiley">Wiley</a>, 1956)</li> <li><i>Diffuse Matter in Space</i> (Interscience Publishers, 1968)</li> <li><i>Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters</i> (<a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton">Princeton University</a> Press, 1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honras">Honras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Honras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Honras"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Prêmios</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</i> em 1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Bruce" title="Medalha Bruce">Medalha Bruce</a> em 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Henry_Draper" title="Medalha Henry Draper">Medalha Henry Draper</a> em 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society</a> em 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Crafoord" title="Prêmio Crafoord">Prêmio Crafoord</a> em 1985</li></ul> <p><b>Homenagens</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">Asteroide</a> <a href="/wiki/2160_Spitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="2160 Spitzer">2160 Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial_Spitzer" title="Telescópio espacial Spitzer">Telescópio espacial Spitzer</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/postsecondary/features/F_Lyman_Spitzer.html">«Who was Lyman Spitzer?»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ALyman+Spitzer&rft.btitle=Who+was+Lyman+Spitzer%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforeducators%2Fpostsecondary%2Ffeatures%2FF_Lyman_Spitzer.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Página da <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Telescópios espaciais</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial_Spitzer" title="Telescópio espacial Spitzer">Telescópio espacial Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial_Hubble" title="Telescópio espacial Hubble">Telescópio espacial Hubble</a></li></ul> <p><b>Astrónomos dos Estados Unidos</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li></ul> <p><b>Outros artigos relacionados</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Astronomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica">Astrofísica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Spitzer&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/">Página oficial da NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html">Site oficial da ESA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/">Site oficial do Telescópio Spitzer</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John Gatenby Bolton</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society</a></span></b><br />1978<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Knopoff" title="Leon Knopoff">Leon Knopoff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" title="Charles Gorrie Wynne">Charles Gorrie Wynne</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a></b><br />1980<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r69328899">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:0 auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Henry_Draper_(1886_—_2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Henry_Draper" title="Predefinição:Medalha Henry Draper"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Henry_Draper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Henry Draper (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Henry_Draper&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Henry_Draper_(1886_—_2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Henry_Draper" title="Medalha Henry Draper">Medalha Henry Draper (1886 — 2021)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1886: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1888: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1890: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1893: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Hermann Carl Vogel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1899: <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Keeler" title="James Edward Keeler">James Edward Keeler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1901: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1904: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1906: <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1910: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Greeley_Abbot" title="Charles Greeley Abbot">Charles Greeley Abbot</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1915: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Stebbins" title="Joel Stebbins">Joel Stebbins</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1916: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1918: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1920: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stanley Eddington">Arthur Stanley Eddington</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/William_Hammond_Wright" title="William Hammond Wright">William Hammond Wright</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesto Melvin Slipher">Vesto Melvin Slipher</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" title="John Stanley Plaskett">John Stanley Plaskett</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees" title="Charles Edward Kenneth Mees">Charles Edward Kenneth Mees</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merrill" title="Paul Merrill">Paul Merrill</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1947: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1951: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Christoffel_van_de_Hulst" title="Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst">Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tousey" title="Richard Tousey">Richard Tousey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1965: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Edl%C3%A9n" title="Bengt Edlén">Bengt Edlén</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyman Spitzer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Morgan" title="William Wilson Morgan">William Wilson Morgan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">Joseph Hooton Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giovanelli" title="Riccardo Giovanelli">Riccardo Giovanelli</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martha_Patricia_Haynes" title="Martha Patricia Haynes">Martha Patricia Haynes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Ralph Alpher</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herman" title="Robert Herman">Robert Herman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2001: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Butler" title="Robert Paul Butler">Robert Paul Butler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Marcy" title="Geoffrey Marcy">Geoffrey Marcy</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2005: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Bennett" title="Charles Leonard Bennett">Charles Leonard Bennett</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels" title="Neil Gehrels">Neil Gehrels</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2013: <a href="/wiki/William_Borucki" title="William Borucki">William Borucki</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Barry_C._Barish" title="Barry C. Barish">Barry C. Barish</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Whitcomb" title="Stanley E. Whitcomb">Stanley E. Whitcomb</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2021: <a href="/wiki/Sheperd_Doeleman" title="Sheperd Doeleman">Sheperd Doeleman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heino_Falcke" title="Heino Falcke">Heino Falcke</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Predefinição:Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none 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id="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2024)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XIX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1820</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1826: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve">Wilhelm Struve</a></li> <li>1827: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1828: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dunlop" title="James Dunlop">James Dunlop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a></li> <li>1829: <a href="/wiki/William_Pearson" title="William Pearson">William Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher" title="Heinrich Christian Schumacher">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1830</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830: <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="William Richardson (astrônomo)">William Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1831: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Charles_Damoiseau" title="Marie-Charles Damoiseau">Marie-Charles Damoiseau</a></li> <li>1833: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1835: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_John_Johnson" title="Manuel John Johnson">Manuel John Johnson</a></li> <li>1836: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li>1837: <a href="/wiki/Otto_August_Rosenberger" title="Otto August Rosenberger">Otto August Rosenberger</a></li> <li>1839: <a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley">John Wrottesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1840</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1840: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Plana" title="Giovanni Plana">Giovanni Plana</a></li> <li>1841: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a></li> <li>1842: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1843: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1845: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">William Henry Smyth</a></li> <li>1846: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1849: <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1850</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1850: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a></li> <li>1851: <a href="/wiki/Annibale_de_Gasparis" title="Annibale de Gasparis">Annibale de Gasparis</a></li> <li>1852: <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Friedrich_Peters" title="Christian August Friedrich Peters">Christian August Friedrich Peters</a></li> <li>1853: <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li>1854: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a></li> <li>1855: <a href="/wiki/William_Rutter_Dawes" title="William Rutter Dawes">William Rutter Dawes</a></li> <li>1856: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant" title="Robert Grant">Robert Grant</a></li> <li>1857: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Schwabe" title="Samuel Heinrich Schwabe">Samuel Heinrich Schwabe</a></li> <li>1858: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Main" title="Robert Main">Robert Main</a></li> <li>1859: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" title="Richard Christopher Carrington">Richard Christopher Carrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1860</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mayer_Salomon_Goldschmidt" title="Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt">Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt</a></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/Warren_De_La_Rue" title="Warren De La Rue">Warren De La Rue</a></li> <li>1863: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li>1865: <a href="/wiki/George_Phillips_Bond" title="George Phillips Bond">George Phillips Bond</a></li> <li>1866: <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li>1867: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Miller" title="William Allen Miller">William Allen Miller</a></li> <li>1868: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1869: <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Stone" title="Edward James Stone">Edward James Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1870</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1870: <a href="/wiki/Charles-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaunay" title="Charles-Eugène Delaunay">Charles-Eugène Delaunay</a></li> <li>1872: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a></li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li>1875: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich Louis d'Arrest</a></li> <li>1876: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1878: <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Dembowski" title="Ercole Dembowski">Ercole Dembowski</a></li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1880</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881: <a href="/wiki/Axel_M%C3%B6ller" title="Axel Möller">Axel Möller</a></li> <li>1882: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1883: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Apthorp Gould</a></li> <li>1884: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ainslie_Common" title="Andrew Ainslie Common">Andrew Ainslie Common</a></li> <li>1885: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></li> <li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a></li> <li>1887: <a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></li> <li>1888: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Auwers" title="Arthur Auwers">Arthur Auwers</a></li> <li>1889: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Loewy" title="Maurice Loewy">Maurice Loewy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1890</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1892: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a></li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Hermann Carl Vogel</a></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham" title="Sherburne Wesley Burnham">Sherburne Wesley Burnham</a></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Seth_Carlo_Chandler" title="Seth Carlo Chandler">Seth Carlo Chandler</a></li> <li>1897: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard" title="Edward Barnard">Edward Barnard</a></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Denning" title="William Frederick Denning">William Frederick Denning</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Frank_McClean" title="Frank McClean">Frank McClean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de Prata</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pons" title="Jean-Louis Pons">Jean-Louis Pons</a></li> <li>1827 <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Stratford" title="William Samuel Stratford">William Samuel Stratford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Beaufoy" title="Mark Beaufoy">Mark Beaufoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de<br />Reconhecimento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bishop" title="George Bishop">George Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Everest" title="George Everest">George Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Hencke" title="Karl Ludwig Hencke">Karl Ludwig Hencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Lubbock" title="John William Lubbock">John William Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Maximilian von Weiße">Maximilian von Weiße</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879."><img alt="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/50px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/75px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/100px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1900</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn" title="Jacobus Kapteyn">Jacobus Kapteyn</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Struve" title="Hermann Struve">Hermann Struve</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Boss" title="Lewis Boss">Lewis Boss</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Backlund" title="Oskar Backlund">Oskar Backlund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1910</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_K%C3%BCstner" title="Karl Friedrich Küstner">Karl Friedrich Küstner</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert_Cowell" title="Philip Herbert Cowell">Philip Herbert Cowell</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robert_Hinks" title="Arthur Robert Hinks">Arthur Robert Hinks</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer">John Dreyer</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/John_Evershed" title="John Evershed">John Evershed</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bigourdan" title="Guillaume Bigourdan">Guillaume Bigourdan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1920</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Watson_Dyson" title="Frank Watson Dyson">Frank Watson Dyson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schlesinger" title="Frank Schlesinger">Frank Schlesinger</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Allen_Sampson" title="Ralph Allen Sampson">Ralph Allen Sampson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1930</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930: <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" title="John Stanley Plaskett">John Stanley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_Aitken" title="Robert Grant Aitken">Robert Grant Aitken</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Vesto_M._Slipher" title="Vesto M. Slipher">Vesto M. Slipher</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Edward Arthur Milne</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Kimura" title="Hisashi Kimura">Hisashi Kimura</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Hammond_Wright" title="William Hammond Wright">William Hammond Wright</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1940</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Edl%C3%A9n" title="Bengt Edlén">Bengt Edlén</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Minnaert" title="Marcel Minnaert">Marcel Minnaert</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lindblad" title="Bertil Lindblad">Bertil Lindblad</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman" title="Sydney Chapman">Sydney Chapman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Stebbins" title="Joel Stebbins">Joel Stebbins</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson" title="John Jackson">John Jackson</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Brouwer" title="Dirk Brouwer">Dirk Brouwer</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Uns%C3%B6ld" title="Albrecht Unsöld">Albrecht Unsöld</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Danjon" title="André-Louis Danjon">André-Louis Danjon</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lyttleton" title="Raymond Lyttleton">Raymond Lyttleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ambartsumian">Viktor Ambartsumian</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Herman_Zanstra" title="Herman Zanstra">Herman Zanstra</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Str%C3%B6mgren" title="Bengt Strömgren">Bengt Strömgren</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hemley_Plaskett" title="Harry Hemley Plaskett">Harry Hemley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maurice_Ewing" title="William Maurice Ewing">William Maurice Ewing</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Maurice_Clemence" title="Gerald Maurice Clemence">Gerald Maurice Clemence</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_Price" title="Albert Thomas Price">Albert Thomas Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley" title="Richard van der Riet Woolley">Richard van der Riet Woolley</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Thirlaway" title="Hal Thirlaway">Hal Thirlaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch" title="Francis Birch">Francis Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Salpeter" title="Edwin E. Salpeter">Edwin E. Salpeter</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Biermann" title="Ludwig Biermann">Ludwig Biermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Edward_Bullen" title="Keith Edward Bullen">Keith Edward Bullen</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Leonard_Greenstein" title="Jesse Leonard Greenstein">Jesse Leonard Greenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik">Ernst Öpik</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_McCrea" title="William McCrea">William McCrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John Gatenby Bolton</a></li> <li>1978: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyman Spitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Knopoff" title="Leon Knopoff">Leon Knopoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" title="Charles Gorrie Wynne">Charles Gorrie Wynne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Pekeris" title="Chaim Leib Pekeris">Chaim Leib Pekeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Gilbert" title="James Freeman Gilbert">James Freeman Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seaton" title="Michael Seaton">Michael Seaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Whipple" title="Fred L. Whipple">Fred L. Whipple</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Keith Runcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich">Jakov Seldovich</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Backus" title="George Edward Backus">George Edward Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Nagata" title="Takeshi Nagata">Takeshi Nagata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Don_Lynn_Anderson" title="Don Lynn Anderson">Don Lynn Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Pounds" title="Ken Pounds">Ken Pounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/James_Dungey" title="James Dungey">James Dungey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pagel" title="Bernard Pagel">Bernard Pagel</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Joseph_Wasserburg" title="Gerald Joseph Wasserburg">Gerald Joseph Wasserburg</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Peter_McKenzie" title="Dan Peter McKenzie">Dan Peter McKenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="James Gunn (astrônomo)">James Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reeve_Kaiser" title="Thomas Reeve Kaiser">Thomas Reeve Kaiser</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Houghton" title="John Houghton">John Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Creer" title="Kenneth Creer">Kenneth Creer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Farley" title="Donald Farley">Donald Farley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ladislav_Parker" title="Robert Ladislav Parker">Robert Ladislav Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Budden" title="Kenneth Budden">Kenneth Budden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XXI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lucy" title="Leon Lucy">Leon Lucy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchison" title="Robert Hutchison">Robert Hutchison</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rishbeth" title="Henry Rishbeth">Henry Rishbeth</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Mestel" title="Leon Mestel">Leon Mestel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Jacobs" title="John Arthur Jacobs">John Arthur Jacobs</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_Bahcall" title="John Norris Bahcall">John Norris Bahcall</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gubbins" title="David Gubbins">David Gubbins</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Turner" title="Grenville Turner">Grenville Turner</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_Jordan" title="Carole Jordan">Carole Jordan</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_William_Herbert_Cowley" title="Stanley William Herbert Cowley">Stanley William Herbert Cowley</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Culhane" title="Leonard Culhane">Leonard Culhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Weiss" title="Nigel Weiss">Nigel Weiss</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Silk" title="Joseph Silk">Joseph Silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kennett" title="Brian Kennett">Brian Kennett</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="David Williams (astrônomo)">David Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Priest" title="Eric Priest">Eric Priest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Woodhouse" title="John Woodhouse">John Woodhouse</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Salisbury_Ellis" title="Richard Salisbury Ellis">Richard Salisbury Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Eberhard Grün">Eberhard Grün</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Brown" title="John Campbell Brown">John Campbell Brown</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Chapman" title="Chris Chapman">Chris Chapman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Frenk" title="Carlos Frenk">Carlos Frenk</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zarnecki" title="John Zarnecki">John Zarnecki</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/John_David_Barrow" title="John David Barrow">John David Barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_England" title="Philip England">Philip England</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaiser" title="Nicholas Kaiser">Nicholas Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Dougherty" title="Michele Dougherty">Michele Dougherty</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Hough" title="James Hough">James Hough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_White_(geof%C3%ADsico)" title="Robert White (geofísico)">Robert White</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicutt" title="Robert Kennicutt">Robert Kennicutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kivelson" title="Margaret Kivelson">Margaret Kivelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2020</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Elsworth" title="Yvonne Elsworth">Yvonne Elsworth</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorne_Lay" title="Thorne Lay">Thorne Lay</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Horne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Horne (página não existe)">Richard B. Horne</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Peacock" title="John Andrew Peacock">John Andrew Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Palmer" title="Tim Palmer">Tim Palmer</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Chabrier" title="Gilles Chabrier">Gilles Chabrier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John-Michael_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John-Michael Kendall (página não existe)">John-Michael Kendall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Nacional_de_Ciências" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Predefinição:Medalha Nacional de Ciências"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Nacional de Ciências (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Nacional_de_Ciências" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Medalha Nacional de Ciências">Medalha Nacional de Ciências</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciência_do_Comportamento_e_Social" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciência do Comportamento e Social</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Neal_Elgar_Miller" title="Neal Elgar Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Simon" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert Simon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Joseph_Stigler" title="George Joseph Stigler">George Joseph Stigler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_A._Miller" title="George A. Miller">George A. Miller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Merton" title="Robert Merton">Robert Merton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Estes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Estes (página não existe)">William Estes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Bower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Bower (página não existe)">Gordon Bower</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner" title="Michael Posner">Michael Posner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod" title="Robert Axelrod">Robert Axelrod</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Biológicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Biológicas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Bernardus_van_Niel" title="Cornelis Bernardus van Niel">Cornelis Bernardus van Niel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald Van Slyke</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fred_Knipling" title="Edward Fred Knipling">Edward Fred Knipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William Cumming Rose</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Cole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Cole (página não existe)">Kenneth Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred Sturtevant</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie" title="Bernard Brodie">Bernard Brodie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Laurence Lush</a> e <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H%C3%BCbner" title="Robert Hübner">Robert Hübner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> e <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Arnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Arnon (página não existe)">Daniel Arnon</a> e <a href="/wiki/Earl_Sutherland" title="Earl Sutherland">Earl Sutherland</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Neel" title="James Neel">James Neel</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hannon (página não existe)">James Hannon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallowell_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallowell Davis (página não existe)">Hallowell Davis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gyorgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gyorgy (página não existe)">Paul Gyorgy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Hendricks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling Hendricks (página não existe)">Sterling Hendricks</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orville_Vogel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orville Vogel (página não existe)">Orville Vogel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson">Edward Osborne Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Stadtman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Stadtman (página não existe)">Earl Stadtman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ledyard_Stebbins" title="George Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Weiss (página não existe)">Paul Weiss</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1981:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Burton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Burton (página não existe)">Glenn Burton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Bachrach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Bachrach (página não existe)">Howard Bachrach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Lee_Roelofs" title="Wendell Lee Roelofs">Wendell Lee Roelofs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon Mountcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Palade" title="George Palade">George Palade</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeBakey" title="Michael DeBakey">Michael DeBakey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Otto_Diener" title="Theodor Otto Diener">Theodor Otto Diener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Khorana" title="Har Khorana">Har Khorana</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Stuart Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Joseph Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harland_Goff_Wood" title="Harland Goff Wood">Harland Goff Wood</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Boyer" title="Herbert Boyer">Herbert Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Koshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Koshland">Daniel Koshland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Edward Lewis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Nathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Nathan (página não existe)">David Nathan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Edward Donnall Thomas</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elvin_Kabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvin Kabat (página não existe)">Elvin Kabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert Kates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Marks (página não existe)">Paul Marks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folke_Skoog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folke Skoog (página não existe)">Folke Skoog</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Zamecnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Zamecnik (página não existe)">Paul Zamecnik</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> e <a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Neufeld" title="Elizabeth Neufeld">Elizabeth Neufeld</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Weinberg" title="Robert Allan Weinberg">Robert Allan Weinberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> e <a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Coover_Andreasen" title="Nancy Coover Andreasen">Nancy Coover Andreasen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Ayala" title="Francisco José Ayala">Francisco José Ayala</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bass">George Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene Likens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">John Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Halbert_Snyder" title="Solomon Halbert Snyder">Solomon Halbert Snyder</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Yanofsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Yanofsky (página não existe)">Charles Yanofsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> e <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Colwell" title="Rita Colwell">Rita Colwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubert_Stryer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubert Stryer (página não existe)">Lubert Stryer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bert_William_O%E2%80%99Malley" title="Bert William O’Malley">Bert William O’Malley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lindquist" title="Susan Lindquist">Susan Lindquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Stanley Prusiner</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lawrence_Brinster" title="Ralph Lawrence Brinster">Ralph Lawrence Brinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2013:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakesh Jain (página não existe)">Rakesh Jain</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Levin (página não existe)">Simon Levin</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Química" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Química</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Albert_Cotton" title="Frank Albert Cotton">Frank Albert Cotton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zare" title="Richard Zare">Richard Zare</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Barkus_Gray" title="Harry Barkus Gray">Harry Barkus Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Yuan Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel">Carl Shipp Marvel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" title="Frank Westheimer">Frank Westheimer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William Summer Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hugo_Stockmayer" title="Walter Hugo Stockmayer">Walter Hugo Stockmayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Oliver_Baker" title="William Oliver Baker">William Oliver Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard Barry Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus">Rudolph Arthur Marcus</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harden_McConnell" title="Harden McConnell">Harden McConnell</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl August Folkers</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Dombrowski_Roberts" title="John Dombrowski Roberts">John Dombrowski Roberts</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Gertrude Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Robert_Herschbach" title="Dudley Robert Herschbach">Dudley Robert Herschbach</a> e <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons" title="Howard Ensign Simmons">Howard Ensign Simmons</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram">Donald James Cram</a> e <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Simms_Hammond" title="George Simms Hammond">George Simms Hammond</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Karle" title="Isabella Karle">Isabella Karle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson" title="Norman Davidson">Norman Davidson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Darleane_Hoffman" title="Darleane Hoffman">Darleane Hoffman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Werner_Cahn" title="John Werner Cahn">John Werner Cahn</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Whitesides" title="George Whitesides">George Whitesides</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Alan_Rice" title="Stuart Alan Rice">Stuart Alan Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross">John Ross</a> e <a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Baldeschwieler" title="John Baldeschwieler">John Baldeschwieler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hirschmann" title="Ralph Hirschmann">Ralph Hirschmann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Roy_Davidson" title="Ernest Roy Davidson">Ernest Roy Davidson</a> e <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Somorjai" title="Gábor Somorjai">Gábor Somorjai</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Brauman" title="John Brauman">John Brauman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lippard" title="Stephen Lippard">Stephen Lippard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harry_Caruthers" title="Marvin Harry Caruthers">Marvin Harry Caruthers</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter Dervan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa El-Sayed</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a> e <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_James_Benkovic" title="Stephen James Benkovic">Stephen James Benkovic</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Barton" title="Jacqueline Barton">Jacqueline Barton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Stang" title="Peter John Stang">Peter John Stang</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Joseph_Bard" title="Allen Joseph Bard">Allen Joseph Bard</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hawthorne" title="Frederick Hawthorne">Frederick Hawthorne</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Klinman" title="Judith Klinman">Judith Klinman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2013:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Richmond" title="Geraldine Richmond">Geraldine Richmond</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_da_Engenharia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências da Engenharia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1962:</i> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Stark Draper</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Latimer Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Johnson" title="Clarence Johnson">Clarence Johnson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Land" title="Edwin Land">Edwin Land</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Presper_Eckert" title="John Presper Eckert">John Presper Eckert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller" title="George Mueller">George Mueller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton" title="Harold Eugene Edgerton">Harold Eugene Edgerton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitcomb" title="Richard Whitcomb">Richard Whitcomb</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen" title="Morris Cohen">Morris Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Carl Goldmark</a> e <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Leith" title="Emmett Leith">Emmett Leith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mindlin" title="Raymond Mindlin">Raymond Mindlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Randall_Parker" title="Earl Randall Parker">Earl Randall Parker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heinemann" title="Edward Heinemann">Edward Heinemann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Katz" title="Donald Katz">Donald Katz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_George_Trump" title="John George Trump">John George Trump</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Oliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Oliver">Bernard Oliver</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Bolton_Seed" title="Harry Bolton Seed">Harry Bolton Seed</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber" title="Ernst Weber">Ernst Weber</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Drucker" title="Daniel Drucker">Daniel Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Hawkins" title="Willis Hawkins">Willis Hawkins</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Earl_Grier" title="Herbert Earl Grier">Herbert Earl Grier</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Heilmeier" title="George Heilmeier">George Heilmeier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_Leopold" title="Luna Leopold">Luna Leopold</a> e <a href="/wiki/Guyford_Stever" title="Guyford Stever">Guyford Stever</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Clough" title="Ray Clough">Ray Clough</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Anton_Haus" title="Hermann Anton Haus">Hermann Anton Haus</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan" title="James Flanagan">James Flanagan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Kumar_Patel" title="Chandra Kumar Patel">Chandra Kumar Patel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng Fung</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John Prausnitz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lightfoot" title="Edwin Lightfoot">Edwin Lightfoot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Achenbach" title="Jan Achenbach">Jan Achenbach</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tobin_Marks" title="Tobin Marks">Tobin Marks</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Langer" title="Robert Langer">Robert Langer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">David Wineland</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kalman" title="Rudolf Kalman">Rudolf Kalman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Bannister_Goodenough" title="John Bannister Goodenough">John Bannister Goodenough</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Matemáticas,_Estatísticas_e_Computacionais" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">Marston Morse</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(matem%C3%A1tico)" title="Paul Cohen (matemático)">Paul Cohen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Otto_Friedrichs" title="Kurt Otto Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leo_Doob" title="Joseph Leo Doob">Joseph Leo Doob</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Harvey_Stone" title="Marshall Harvey Stone">Marshall Harvey Stone</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gomory" title="Ralph Gomory">Ralph Gomory</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph Keller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Spencer" title="Donald Spencer">Donald Spencer</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/George_Carrier" title="George Carrier">George Carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kleene" title="Stephen Kleene">Stephen Kleene</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy" title="John McCarthy">John McCarthy</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kruskal" title="Martin Kruskal">Martin Kruskal</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Cocke" title="John Cocke">John Cocke</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald Coifman</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elias_Stein" title="Elias Stein">Elias Stein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James Glimm</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_de_Boor" title="Carl de Boor">Carl de Boor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2010:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alfred_Tapia" title="Richard Alfred Tapia">Richard Alfred Tapia</a> e <a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Wolf_Golomb" title="Solomon Wolf Golomb">Solomon Wolf Golomb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a> (póstuma)</span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2015:</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ciências_Físicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ciências Físicas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1963:</i> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1964:</i> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1965:</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Walden_Rubey" title="William Walden Rubey">William Walden Rubey</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1966:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1967:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch" title="Francis Birch">Francis Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett">Louis Plack Hammett</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1968:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Doughty Bartlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1969:</i> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Brown" title="Herbert Charles Brown">Herbert Charles Brown</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1970:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dicke" title="Robert Henry Dicke">Robert Henry Dicke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_Slater" title="John Clarke Slater">John Clarke Slater</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1973:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maurice_Ewing" title="William Maurice Ewing">William Maurice Ewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1974:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Flory" title="Paul John Flory">Paul John Flory</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1975:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hirschfelder" title="Joseph Hirschfelder">Joseph Hirschfelder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hastings_Sarett" title="Lewis Hastings Sarett">Lewis Hastings Sarett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1976:</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit">Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1979:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mark" title="Hermann Mark">Hermann Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyman Spitzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1982:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1983:</i> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1986:</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Buchsbaum" title="Solomon Buchsbaum">Solomon Buchsbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Crane" title="Horace Crane">Horace Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1987:</i> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur">Paul Christian Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1988:</i> <a href="/wiki/David_Allan_Bromley" title="David Allan Bromley">David Allan Bromley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" title="Chu Ching-wu">Chu Ching-wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1989:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Arnold Orville Beckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharp" title="Robert Sharp">Robert Sharp</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>1990:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cormack" title="Allan Cormack">Allan Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mattison_McMillan" title="Edwin Mattison McMillan">Edwin Mattison McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a> e <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1991:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Stone" title="Ed Stone">Ed Stone</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1992:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shoemaker" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1993:</i> <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1994:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1995:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1996:</i> <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker">Wallace Smith Broecker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1997:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1998:</i> <a href="/wiki/Don_Lorraine_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Lorraine Anderson">Don Lorraine Anderson</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_Bahcall" title="John Norris Bahcall">John Norris Bahcall</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>1999:</i> <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2000:</i> <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Fowler_White" title="Gilbert Fowler White">Gilbert Fowler White</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2001:</i> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Cohen" title="Marvin Cohen">Marvin Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2002:</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jason_Morgan" title="William Jason Morgan">William Jason Morgan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2003:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Dalrymple" title="Brent Dalrymple">Brent Dalrymple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2004:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2005:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Ralph Alpher</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2006:</i> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2007:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles Pence Slichter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2008:</i> <a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2009:</i> <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Marley_Conwell" title="Esther Marley Conwell">Esther Marley Conwell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Warren_Washington" title="Warren Washington">Warren Washington</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap"><i>2011:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2012:</i> <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean Solomon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap"><i>2014:</i> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin" title="Predefinição:Medalha Franklin"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Franklin (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin (1915–1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rea" title="Samuel Rea">Samuel Rea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush">Charles Francis Brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Paul Sabatier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Kraus" title="Charles August Kraus">Charles August Kraus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker" title="Jerome Clarke Hunsaker">Jerome Clarke Hunsaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clapp_Sherman" title="Henry Clapp Sherman">Henry Clapp Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gibbs" title="William Francis Gibbs">William Francis Gibbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees" title="Charles Edward Kenneth Mees">Charles Edward Kenneth Mees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Stott_Taylor" title="Hugh Stott Taylor">Hugh Stott Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas" title="Donald Wills Douglas">Donald Wills Douglas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland" title="Mahlon Hoagland">Mahlon Hoagland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Manton_Harris" title="Cyril Manton Harris">Cyril Manton Harris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyman Spitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull" title="David Turnbull">David Turnbull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prêmio_Jules_Janssen_(1897_—_2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Jules_Janssen" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Jules Janssen"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Jules_Janssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Prêmio Jules Janssen (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Jules_Janssen&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prêmio_Jules_Janssen_(1897_—_2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Jules_Janssen" title="Prêmio Jules Janssen">Prêmio Jules Janssen</a> (1897 — 2021)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;">1897: <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1898: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1899: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Charlois" title="Auguste Charlois">Auguste Charlois</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1900: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puiseux" title="Pierre Puiseux">Pierre Puiseux</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1901: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Joachim_Landerer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Joachim Landerer (página não existe)">Joseph Joachim Landerer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Anderson" title="Thomas David Anderson">Thomas David Anderson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henri_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Henri Chrétien">Henri Chrétien</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1902: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvie_Camille_Flammarion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvie Camille Flammarion (página não existe)">Sylvie Camille Flammarion</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1903: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Giacobini" title="Michel Giacobini">Michel Giacobini</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1904: <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1905: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Comas_y_Sol%C3%A1" title="José Comas y Solá">José Comas y Solá</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1906: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard" title="Edward Barnard">Edward Barnard</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1907: <a href="/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik" title="Milan Rastislav Štefánik">Milan Rastislav Štefánik</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1908: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1909: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1910: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert_Cowell" title="Philip Herbert Cowell">Philip Herbert Cowell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crommelin" title="Andrew Crommelin">Andrew Crommelin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1911: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bosler" title="Jean Bosler">Jean Bosler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1912: <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Louis_Nicolas_Borrelly" title="Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly">Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1914: <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Ricc%C3%B2" title="Annibale Riccò">Annibale Riccò</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1915: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1916: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1917: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1918: G. Raymond  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bigourdan" title="Guillaume Bigourdan">Guillaume Bigourdan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1920: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Jarry-Desloges" title="René Jarry-Desloges">René Jarry-Desloges</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1923: <a href="/wiki/Aymar_de_La_Baume_Pluvinel" title="Aymar de La Baume Pluvinel">Aymar de La Baume Pluvinel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/George_Willis_Ritchey" title="George Willis Ritchey">George Willis Ritchey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Michel_Antoniadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Michel Antoniadi (página não existe)">Eugène Michel Antoniadi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1927: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stanley Eddington">Arthur Stanley Eddington</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1929: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Esnault-Pelterie" title="Robert Esnault-Pelterie">Robert Esnault-Pelterie</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1933: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Esclangon" title="Ernest Esclangon">Ernest Esclangon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Abetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Abetti (página não existe)">Giorgio Abetti</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1938: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Baillaud" title="Jules Baillaud">Jules Baillaud</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1939: A. Arnulf  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1941: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1943: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1944: <i>not awarded</i>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Maurain (página não existe)">Charles Maurain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Baldet" title="Fernand Baldet">Fernand Baldet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1947: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Oort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Oort">Jan Hendrik Oort</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Lucien_d%27Azambuja" title="Lucien d'Azambuja">Lucien d'Azambuja</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lindblad" title="Bertil Lindblad">Bertil Lindblad</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Danjon" title="André-Louis Danjon">André-Louis Danjon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1951: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_John_Marrian_Stratton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick John Marrian Stratton (página não existe)">Frederick John Marrian Stratton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1953: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Couder" title="André Couder">André Couder</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1954: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lallemand" title="André Lallemand">André Lallemand</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1956: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ambartsumian">Viktor Ambartsumian</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chalonge" title="Daniel Chalonge">Daniel Chalonge</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1958: <a href="/wiki/Pol_Swings" title="Pol Swings">Pol Swings</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fehrenbach" title="Charles Fehrenbach">Charles Fehrenbach</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward_Whitford" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward Whitford">Albert Edward Whitford</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1961: J. Coulomb  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heckmann" title="Otto Heckmann">Otto Heckmann</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dufay" title="Jean Dufay">Jean Dufay</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Righini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guglielmo Righini (página não existe)">Guglielmo Righini</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Denisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Denisse (página não existe)">Jean-François Denisse</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Gilles_Jozef_Minnaert" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert">Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Pecker" title="Jean-Claude Pecker">Jean-Claude Pecker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Otto_Kiepenheuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer (página não existe)">Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Stoyko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Stoyko (página não existe)">Nicolas Stoyko</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_R%C3%B6sch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Rösch (página não existe)">Jean Rösch</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1972: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Harry_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Harry Sadler (página não existe)">Donald Harry Sadler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89vry_Schatzman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Évry Schatzman (página não existe)">Évry Schatzman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ernst_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Ernst Fricke (página não existe)">Walter Ernst Fricke</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Lacroute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Lacroute (página não existe)">Pierre Lacroute</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Howard_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Howard Menzel (página não existe)">Donald Howard Menzel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lequeux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Lequeux (página não existe)">James Lequeux</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw" title="Adriaan Blaauw">Adriaan Blaauw</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Kovalevsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Kovalevsky (página não existe)">Jean Kovalevsky</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyman Spitzer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1981: G. Courtés  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1982: <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_de_Kamp" title="Peter van de Kamp">Peter van de Kamp</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_L%C3%A9vy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Lévy (página não existe)">Jacques Lévy</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bertaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bertaud (página não existe)">Charles Bertaud</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Muller_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Muller (astronomer) (página não existe)">Paul Muller</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Golay_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Golay (astronomer) (página não existe)">Marcel Golay</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Delhaye" title="Jean Delhaye">Jean Delhaye</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard de Vaucouleurs (página não existe)">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989:  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Friedmann_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Friedmann (astronomer) (página não existe)">Herbert Friedmann</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mein (página não existe)">Pierre Mein</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubo%C5%A1_Perek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luboš Perek (página não existe)">Luboš Perek</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Audouin_Dollfus" title="Audouin Dollfus">Audouin Dollfus</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Müller (página não existe)">Edith Müller</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Roddier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Roddier (página não existe)">François Roddier</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Perryman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Perryman (página não existe)">Michael Perryman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Nesme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Nesme (página não existe)">Elizabeth Nesme</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Koutchmy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Koutchmy (página não existe)">Serge Koutchmy</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_L%C3%A9na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Léna (página não existe)">Pierre Léna</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2001: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cayrel" title="Roger Cayrel">Roger Cayrel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armand_H._Delsemme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armand H. Delsemme (página não existe)">Armand H. Delsemme</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Zahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Paul Zahn (página não existe)">Jean-Paul Zahn</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2004: <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger-Maurice_Bonnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger-Maurice Bonnet (página não existe)">Roger-Maurice Bonnet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2006: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Encrenaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thérèse Encrenaz (página não existe)">Thérèse Encrenaz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Couteau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Couteau (página não existe)">Paul Couteau</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Stenflo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Stenflo (página não existe)">Jan Stenflo</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cesarsky" title="Catherine Cesarsky">Catherine Cesarsky</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Pennypacker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Pennypacker (página não existe)">Carlton Pennypacker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ferlet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Ferlet (página não existe)">Roger Ferlet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Pasachoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Pasachoff (página não existe)">Jay Pasachoff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_D%C3%A9barbat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Débarbat (página não existe)">Suzanne Débarbat</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Rebolo_L%C3%B3pez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Rebolo López (página não existe)">Rafael Rebolo López</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzy_Collin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzy Collin (página não existe)">Suzy Collin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leibacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Leibacher (página não existe)">John Leibacher</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Combes" title="Françoise Combes">Françoise Combes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2018: <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Morbidelli" title="Alessandro Morbidelli">Alessandro Morbidelli</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2019: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Reeves" title="Hubert Reeves">Hubert Reeves</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2020: <a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Luminet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Luminet (página não existe)">Jean-Pierre Luminet</a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431503" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q431503">Q431503</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/108516826">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108516826">108516826</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90135955">90135955</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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