CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Humanism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"eaffc9b6-f3d2-4a7d-a38b-8706e6491c23","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Humanism","wgTitle":"Humanism","wgCurRevisionId":1256628173,"wgRevisionId":1256628173,"wgArticleId":5135982,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use American English from August 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from February 2023","Use shortened footnotes from August 2021","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Humanism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Humanism","wgRelevantArticleId":5135982,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q46158","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/1200px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1632"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/800px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1088"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/640px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="870"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Humanism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Humanism rootpage-Humanism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Humanism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Humanism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Humanism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Humanism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Darwin_to_current_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Darwin_to_current_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>From Darwin to current era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Darwin_to_current_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_of_humanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_of_humanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties of humanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties_of_humanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Morality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_meaning_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_meaning_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The meaning of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_meaning_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In public life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_public_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In public life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_psychology_and_counseling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_psychology_and_counseling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In psychology and counseling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_psychology_and_counseling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_and_Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Western and Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amoral_and_materialistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoral_and_materialistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Amoral and materialistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoral_and_materialistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vague_and_indefinable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vague_and_indefinable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Vague and indefinable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vague_and_indefinable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antihumanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antihumanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Antihumanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antihumanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanist_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanist_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Humanist organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanist_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humanism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismus" title="Humanismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Humanismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मानवतावाद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानवतावाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="إنسانوية (فلسفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسانوية (فلسفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মানৱতাবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানৱতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismu" title="Humanismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizm" title="Humanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Humanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اومانیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اومانیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মানবতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানবতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-b%C3%BBn-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Jîn-bûn-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-bûn-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гуманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Хуманизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуманизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizam" title="Humanizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Humanizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanouriezh" title="Humanouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Humanouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хүмүүнлигэй ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүмүүнлигэй ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyneiddiaeth" title="Dyneiddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dyneiddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="تابنادميت (فلسافة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تابنادميت (فلسافة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismus" title="Humanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Humanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ανθρωπισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρωπισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انسان‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Daonnachas" title="An Daonnachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Daonnachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Humanismo (filosofía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Humanismo (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人文主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人文主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="인본주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인본주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Humanism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հումանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հումանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मानववाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानववाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizam" title="Humanizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Humanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAmanismi" title="Húmanismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Húmanismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanesimo_(filosofia)" title="Umanesimo (filosofia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umanesimo (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הומניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90y%CA%8At%CA%8A_w%C9%9Bt%CA%8A_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჰუმანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუმანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%C3%AEzm" title="Humanîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Humanîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ມະນຸສະຍະນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະນຸສະຍະນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismus" title="Humanismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Humanismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C4%81nisms" title="Humānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Humānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismus" title="Humanismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Humanismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizmas" title="Humanizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Humanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanisme" title="Umanisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Umanisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizmus" title="Humanizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Humanizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хуманизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хуманизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homanisma" title="Homanisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Homanisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="മാനവതാവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാനവതാവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="انسانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmanismo" title="Houmanismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmanismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヒューマニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒューマニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%C3%AEme" title="Humanîme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Humanîme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanisme" title="Umanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Umanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizm" title="Humanizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Humanizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="بشرپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشرپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanime" title="Umanime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Umanime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismus" title="Humanismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Humanismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizm" title="Humanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanism" title="Umanism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanesimu" title="Umanesimu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Umanesimu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Humanism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizmi" title="Humanizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Humanizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman%C3%A8simu" title="Umanèsimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umanèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මානවවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානවවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Humanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="انسانيت واد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسانيت واد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizmus_(%C4%BEudomilnos%C5%A5)" title="Humanizmus (ľudomilnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Humanizmus (ľudomilnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizem" title="Humanizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Humanizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئۆمانیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆمانیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хуманизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуманизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizam" title="Humanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Humanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Humanisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismi" title="Humanismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Humanismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Humanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Humanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="మానవతావాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవతావాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="มนุษยนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนุษยนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Инсонгароӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инсонгароӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmanizm" title="Hümanizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hümanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гуманизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гуманізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуманізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان دوستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسان دوستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzvwnzcujyi" title="Yinzvwnzcujyi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinzvwnzcujyi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_nh%C3%A2n_v%C4%83n" title="Chủ nghĩa nhân văn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa nhân văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人文主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人文主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人文主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanizm" title="Humanizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Humanizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人文主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Humanism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humanism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humanism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Humanism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Humanism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&oldid=1256628173" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Humanism&id=1256628173&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHumanism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHumanism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Humanism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humanism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Humanism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46158" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanism.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical school of thought</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the philosophy during the Renaissance, see <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Humanism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humanism (disambiguation)">Humanism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Humanist" and "Humanistic" redirect here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_(album)" title="Humanistic (album)"><i>Humanistic</i> (album)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Humanist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humanist (disambiguation)">Humanist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Humeanism" title="Humeanism">Humeanism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man"><img alt="Vitruvian Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/200px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/300px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/400px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">in Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">in France</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto" title="Humanist Manifesto">Humanist Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Forms</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_humanism" title="Existential humanism">Existential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhumanism" title="Panhumanism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalist_humanism" title="Rationalist humanism">Rationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-humanism">Super-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_humanism" title="Theistic humanism">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_humanism" title="Transcendental humanism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Movement" title="Humanist Movement">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistischer_Verband_Deutschlands" title="Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands">Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Society_Scotland" title="Humanist Society Scotland">Humanist Society Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_Sweden" title="Humanists Sweden">Humanists Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" title="Religion of Humanity">Religion of Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;"> <div class="hlist" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of humanism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">Category</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanism" title="Template:Humanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanism" title="Template talk:Humanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Humanism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. </p><p>The meaning of the term "humanism" has changed according to successive intellectual movements that have identified with it. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, ancient works inspired Catholic Italian scholars, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> movement. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, humanistic values were reinforced by advances in science and technology, giving confidence to humans in their exploration of the world. By the early 20th century, organizations dedicated to humanism flourished in Europe and the United States, and have since expanded worldwide. In the early 21st century, the term generally denotes a focus on human well-being and advocates for human <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>. It views humanity as responsible for the promotion and development of individuals, espouses the equal and inherent <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of all human beings, and emphasizes a concern for humans in relation to the world. Humanists tend to advocate for human rights, free speech, progressive policies, and democracy. </p><p>Starting in the 20th century, some humanist movements are <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">non-religious</a> and aligned with <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. Most frequently in contemporary usage, humanism refers to a <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">non-theistic</a> view centered on human agency, and a reliance only on science and reason rather than <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> from a divine source to understand the world. Non-theistic humanist worldview maintain religion is not a precondition of morality, and object to excessive religious entanglement with education and the state. </p><p>Contemporary humanist organizations work under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a>. Well-known humanist associations include <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word "humanism" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">humanitas</a></i></span>, which was first used in ancient Rome by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and other thinkers to describe values related to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">liberal education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristeller19783_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristeller19783-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This etymology survives in the modern university concept of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>—the arts, philosophy, history, literature, and related disciplines. The word reappeared during the Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> as <i>umanista</i> and entered the English language in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "humanist" was used to describe a group of students of <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a> and those advocating for a classical education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1996Copson20151–2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1996Copson20151–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1755, in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s influential <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i>, the word humanist is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologer</a> or grammarian, derived from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">humaniste</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later edition of the dictionary, the meaning "a term used in the schools of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>" was added.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1780s, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howes_(cleric)" title="Thomas Howes (cleric)">Thomas Howes</a> was one of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>'s many opponents during the celebrated Unitarian disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the different doctrinal meanings of Unitarian and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, Howes used "the more precise appellations of <i>humanists</i> and <i>humanism</i>" when referring to those like Priestley "who maintain the <i>mere humanity</i> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theological origin of humanism is considered obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-gibbs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, the term <i>humanismus</i> was used in Germany with several meanings and from there, it re-entered the English language with two distinct denotations; an academic term linked to the study of classic literature and a more-common use that signified a non-religious approach to life contrary to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20151–2Fowler199918–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20151–2Fowler199918–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable Bavarian theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Immanuel_Niethammer" title="Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer">Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer</a> coined the term <i>humanismus</i> to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Voigt" title="Georg Voigt">Georg Voigt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a> adopted the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19979–10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19979–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, the word was further refined, acquiring its contemporary meaning of a naturalistic approach to life, and a focus on the well-being and freedom of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>There is no single, widely accepted definition of humanism, and scholars have given different meanings to the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19973–5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19973–5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a>, writing in 1974, humanists are opposed to the imposition of one culture in some civilizations, do not belong to a church or established religion, do not support dictatorships, and do not justify the use of violence for social reforms. Hook also said humanists support the elimination of hunger and improvements to health, housing, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHook197431–33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHook197431–33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same <a href="/wiki/Edited_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Edited collection">edited collection</a>, Humanist philosopher <a href="/wiki/H._J._Blackham" title="H. J. Blackham">H. J. Blackham</a> argued humanism is a concept focusing on improving humanity's social conditions by increasing the autonomy and dignity of all humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackham197435–37_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackham197435–37-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeaneane_D._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeaneane D. Fowler (page does not exist)">Jeaneane D. Fowler</a> said the definition of humanism should include a rejection of divinity, and an emphasis on human well-being and freedom. She also noted there is a lack of shared belief system or doctrine but, in general, humanists aim for happiness and self-fulfillment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, prominent humanist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a> defined humanism as follows: </p> <ul><li>Humanism is naturalistic in its understanding of the universe; science and free inquiry will help us comprehend more about the universe.</li> <li>This scientific approach does not reduce humans to anything less than human beings.</li> <li>Humanists place importance of the pursuit of a self-defined, meaningful, and happy life.</li> <li>Humanism is moral; morality is a way for humans to improve their lives.</li> <li>Humanists engage in practical action to improve personal and social conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20156–24_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20156–24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-IHEU96_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHEU96-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Dictionaries define humanism as a worldview or philosophical stance. According to <a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster Dictionary">Merriam Webster Dictionary</a>, humanism is " ... a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values; especially: a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherry200926_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherry200926-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3></div> <p>Traces of humanism can be found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceFreeman2015Lamont199768Davies19979_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceFreeman2015Lamont199768Davies19979-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophers</a> were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceLamont199741–42Barnes198717–18Curd2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceLamont199741–42Barnes198717–18Curd2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, who lived in Athens <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440 BCE</span>, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas, although only fragments of his work survive. He made one of the first agnostic statements; according to one fragment: "About the gods I am able to know neither that they exist nor that they do not exist nor of what kind they are in form: for many things prevent me for knowing this, its obscurity and the brevity of man's life".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> spoke of the need to "know thyself"; his thought changed the focus of then-contemporary philosophy from nature to humans and their well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35Freeman2015124–125_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35Freeman2015124–125-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a theist executed for atheism, who investigated the nature of morality by reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) taught rationalism and a system of ethics based on human nature that also parallels humanist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> developed an influential, human-centered philosophy that focused on achieving <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicureans</a> continued <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>' atomist theory—a materialistic theory that suggests the fundamental unit of the universe is an indivisible atom. Human happiness, living well, friendship, and the avoidance of excesses were the key ingredients of Epicurean philosophy that flourished in and beyond the post-Hellenic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a repeated view among scholars that the humanistic features of ancient Greek thought are the roots of humanism 2,000 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling201587Crosson20204_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling201587Crosson20204-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other predecessor movements that sometimes use the same or equivalent vocabulary to modern Western humanism can be found in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arabic translations of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the eighth and ninth centuries influenced Islamic philosophers. Many medieval Muslim thinkers pursued humanistic, rational, and scientific discourse in their search for knowledge, meaning, and <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>. A wide range of Islamic writings on love, poetry, history, and philosophical theology show medieval Islamic thought was open to humanistic ideas of individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism, liberalism, and free speech; schools were established at Baghdad, Basra and Isfahan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2003155Ljamai2015153–56_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2003155Ljamai2015153–56-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca,_altichiero,_1376_circa,_padova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg/170px-Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg/255px-Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg/340px-Ritratto_di_francesco_petrarca%2C_altichiero%2C_1376_circa%2C_padova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Altichiero" title="Altichiero">Altichiero</a> in 1376</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG/170px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG/255px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG/340px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU0001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="3095" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, 1501–1504. Artistic work during the Renaissance illustrates the emphasis given to anatomical details of humans.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intellectual movement later known as Renaissance humanism first appeared in Italy and has greatly influenced both contemporaneous and modern Western culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20201_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20201-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renaissance humanism emerged in Italy and a renewed interest in literature and the arts occurred in 13th-century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20204Nederman2020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20204Nederman2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian scholars discovered Ancient Greek thought, particularly that of Aristotle, through Arabic translations from Africa and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann199614–15_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann199614–15-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other centers were <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, who is often referred to as the father of humanism, is a significant figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968Monfasani20201_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968Monfasani20201-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrarch was raised in Avignon; he was inclined toward education at a very early age and studied alongside his well-educated father. Petrarch's enthusiasm for ancient texts led him to discover manuscripts such as Cicero's <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Archia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Archia">Pro Archia</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Chorographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Chorographia (page does not exist)">De Chorographia</a></i> that were influential in the development of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14Monfasani20208–10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14Monfasani20208–10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrarch wrote Latin poems such as <i><a href="/wiki/Canzoniere" class="mw-redirect" title="Canzoniere">Canzoniere</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/De_viris_illustribus" title="De viris illustribus">De viris illustribus</a></i>, in which he described humanist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most-significant contribution was a list of books outlining the four major disciplines—rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry, and grammar—that became the basis of humanistic studies (<i>studia humanitatis</i>). Petrarch's list relied heavily on ancient writers, especially Cicero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20208_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20208-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revival of classicist authors continued after Petrarch's death. Florence chancellor and humanist <a href="/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati" title="Coluccio Salutati">Coluccio Salutati</a> made his city a prominent center of Renaissance humanism; his circle included other notable humanists—including <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Leonardo Bruni</a>, who rediscovered, translated, and popularized ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20209–10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20209–10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists heavily influenced education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vittorino_da_Feltre" title="Vittorino da Feltre">Vittorino da Feltre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guarino_Veronese" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarino Veronese">Guarino Veronese</a> created schools based on humanistic principles; their curriculum was widely adopted and by the 16th century, humanistic <i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a></i> was the dominant outlook of pre-university education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel with advances in education, Renaissance humanists made progress in fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and religion. In philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Poliziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Poliziano">Angelo Poliziano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> further contributed to the understanding of ancient classical philosophers and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a> undermined the dominance of Aristotelian philosophy by revitalizing <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>' skepticism. Religious studies were affected by the growth of Renaissance humanism when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> initiated the translation of Hebrew and Greek biblical texts, and other texts in those languages, to contemporaneous Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010–11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010–11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanist values spread from Italy in the 15th century. Students and scholars went to Italy to study before returning to their homelands carrying humanistic messages. Printing houses dedicated to ancient texts were established in Venice, Basel, and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 15th century, the center of humanism had shifted from Italy to northern Europe, with <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> being the leading humanist scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202012–13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202012–13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest-lasting effect of Renaissance humanism was its education curriculum and methods. Humanists insisted on the importance of classical literature in providing intellectual discipline, moral standards, and a civilized taste for the elite—an educational approach that reached the contemporary era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristeller2008114_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristeller2008114-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, humanistic ideas resurfaced, this time further from religion and classical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199916_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199916-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science and intellectualism advanced, and humanists argued that rationality could replace deism as the means with which to understand the world. Humanistic values, such as tolerance and opposition to slavery, started to take shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199916–18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199916–18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New philosophical, social, and political ideas appeared. Some thinkers rejected theism outright; and atheism, deism, and hostility to organized religion were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199918_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199918-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Enlightenment, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> redefined God as signifying the totality of nature; Spinoza was accused of atheism but remained silent on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199774_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199774-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturalism was also advanced by prominent <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a>. Baron d'Holbach wrote the polemic <i><a href="/wiki/System_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="System of Nature">System of Nature</a></i>, claiming that religion was built on fear and had helped tyrants throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199745_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199745-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvetius</a> combined their materialism with sharp, political critique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199745_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199745-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during the Enlightenment, the abstract conception of humanity started forming—a critical juncture for the construction of humanist philosophy. Previous appeals to "men" now shifted toward "man"; to illustrate this point, scholar Tony Davies points to political documents like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> (1762) of <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, in which he says "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains". Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> uses the singular form of the word, revealing a universal conception of "man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199725_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199725-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, Baconian empiricism—though not humanism <i>per se</i>—led to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>'s materialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997108–09_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997108–09-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar J. Brent Crosson argues that, while there is a widely-held belief that the birth of humanism was solely a European affair, intellectual thought from Africa and Asia significantly contributed as well. He also notes that during enlightenment, the universal man did not encompass all humans but was shaped by gender and race. According to Crosson, the shift from man to human started during enlightenment and is still ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosson20201–3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosson20201–3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosson also argues that enlightenment, especially in Britain, produced not only a notion of universal man, but also gave birth to pseudoscientific ideas, such as those about differences between races, that shaped European history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosson20205–6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosson20205–6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Darwin_to_current_era">From Darwin to current era</h3></div> <p>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798–1857) introduced the idea—which is sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>—of a "<a href="/wiki/Religion_of_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of humanity">religion of humanity</a>". According to scholar Tony Davies, this was intended to be an atheist cult based on some humanistic tenets, and had some prominent members but soon declined. It was nonetheless influential during the 19th century, and its humanism and rejection of supernaturalism are echoed in the works of later authors such as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a>—who coined the word <i>secularism</i>—<a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Spencer_Beesly" title="Edward Spencer Beesly">E. S. Beesly</a>. Paine's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i>, along with the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelians</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, also contributed to new forms of humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199726–30_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199726–30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/170px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/255px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/340px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Pickersgill" title="Henry William Pickersgill">Henry William Pickersgill</a>, <i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></i>, 1829.</figcaption></figure> <p>Advances in science and philosophy provided scholars with further alternatives to religious belief. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> offered naturalists an explanation for the plurality of species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201136_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin's theory also suggested humans are simply a natural species, contradicting the traditional theological view of humans as more than animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199775_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199775-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> attacked religion on several grounds, and theologians <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> questioned the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201136_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> was developed in Britain through the works of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>. Utilitarianism, a moral philosophy, centers its attention on human happiness, aiming to eliminate human and animal pain via natural means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201137_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201137-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe and the US, as philosophical critiques of theistic beliefs grew, large parts of society distanced themselves from religion. Ethical societies were formed, leading to the contemporary humanist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201139_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201139-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of rationalism and the scientific method was followed in the late 19th century in Britain by the start of many rationalist and ethical associations, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Union">Ethical Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_Press_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist Press Association">Rationalist Press Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, humanism was further promoted by the work of philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, whose advocacy of atheism in <i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i> further popularized humanist ideas. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a> evolved out of the Ethical Union, and merged with many smaller ethical and rationalist groups. Elsewhere in Europe, humanist organizations also flourished. In the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond" title="Humanistisch Verbond">Dutch Humanist Alliance</a> gained a wide base of support after World War II; in Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a> gained popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, humanism evolved with the aid of significant figures of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Church</a>. Humanist magazines began to appear, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Humanist">The New Humanist</a></i>, which published the <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_I" title="Humanist Manifesto I">Humanist Manifesto I</a> in 1933. The <a href="/wiki/American_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ethical Union">American Ethical Union</a> emerged from newly founded, small, ethicist societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> (AHA) was established in 1941 and became as popular as some of its European counterparts. The AHA spread to all states, and some prominent public figures such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> became members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist organizations from all continents formed the <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a> (IHEU), which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a>, and promotes the humanist agenda via the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organizations <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_of_humanism">Varieties of humanism</h2></div> <p>Early 20th century naturalists, who viewed their humanism as a religion and participated in church-like congregations, used the term "religious humanism". Religious humanism appeared mostly in the US and is now rarely practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> arose from religious humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415Copson20153–4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415Copson20153–4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same term has been used by religious groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a> to describe their <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">humanistic theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199920_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199920-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Renaissance humanism" was given to a tradition of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers that developed during the 14th and early 15th centuries. By the late 15th century, these academics began to be referred to as <i>umanisti</i> (humanists).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19961–2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19961–2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While modern humanism's roots can be traced in part to the Renaissance, the term "Renaissance humanism" does not meaningfully relate to humanism in the modern sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200414_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200414-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms using "humanism" in their name include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a>: the first humanism and a historical current in the late Middle Ages in which Catholic scholars combined Christian faith with interest in classical antiquity and a focus on human well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ethical humanism: a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical culture">Ethical culture</a>, was prominent in the US in the early 20th century and focused on relations between humans. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415–16_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415–16-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific humanism">Scientific humanism</a>: this emphasizes belief in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> as a component of humanism as described in the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>; scientific humanism is largely synonymous with secular humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197416_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197416-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a>: coined in the mid-20th century, it was initially an attempt to denigrate humanism, but some humanist associations embraced the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20152-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular humanism is synonymous with the contemporary humanist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199921–22_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199921–22-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a>: one of several rival schools of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> thought that accepts basic humanistic tenets such as secularism and naturalism, but differs from other strands of humanism because of its vague stance on democracy and rejection of free will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199728–29Davies199756–57_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199728–29Davies199756–57-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Digital humanism: an emerging philosophical and ethical framework that seeks to preserve and promote human values, dignity, and well-being in the context of rapid technological advancements, particularly in the digital realm.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These varieties of humanism are now largely of historical interest only. Some ethical movements continue (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethical.nyc/">New York Society for Ethical Culture</a>) but in general humanism no longer needs any qualification "because the lifestance is by definition naturalistic, scientific, and secular".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a> the view that there are still two types of humanism – religious and secular – "has begun to seriously muddy the conceptual water".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <p>Humanism is strongly linked to rationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201555_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201555-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For humanists, humans are reasonable beings, and reasoning and the scientific method are means of finding truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201558_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201558-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists argue science and rationality have driven successful developments in various fields<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201557_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201557-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the invocation of supernatural phenomena fails to coherently explain the world. One form of irrational thinking is <a href="/wiki/Adductive_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Adductive reasoning">adducing</a>. Humanists are skeptical of explanations of natural phenomena or diseases that rely on hidden agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201557–61_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201557–61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human autonomy is another hallmark of humanist philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people to be autonomous, their beliefs and actions must be the result of their own reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For humanists, autonomy dignifies each individual; without autonomy, people's humanity is lessened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2004104_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2004104-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists also consider human essence to be universal, irrespective of race and social status, diminishing the importance of collective identities and signifying the importance of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200916–17_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200916–17-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> provided the modern philosophical basis of the humanist narrative. His theory of critical philosophy formed the basis of the world of knowledge, defending rationalism and grounding it in the empirical world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20204–6_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20204–6-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also supported the idea of the moral autonomy of the individual, which is fundamental to his philosophy. According to Kant, morality is the product of the way humans live and not a set of fixed values. Instead of a universal ethic code, Kant suggested a universal procedure that shapes the ethics that differ among groups of people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDierksmeier201179Rohlf2020Morality_and_freedom_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDierksmeier201179Rohlf2020Morality_and_freedom-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher and humanist advocate <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Corliss Lamont</a>, in his book <i>The Philosophy of Humanism</i> (1997), states: </p> <blockquote><p>In the Humanist ethics the chief end of thought and action is to further this-earthly human interests on behalf of the greater glory of people. The watchword of Humanism is happiness for all humanity in this existence as contrasted with salvation for the individual soul in a future existence and the glorification of a supernatural Supreme Being ... It heartily welcomes all life-enhancing and healthy pleasures, from the vigorous enjoyments of youth to the contemplative delights of mellowed age, from the simple gratifications of food and drink, sunshine and sports, to the more complex appreciation of art and literature, friendship and social communion. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont1997248_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont1997248-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3></div> <p>The humanist attitude toward morality has changed since its beginning. Starting in the 18th century, humanists were oriented toward an objective and universalist stance on ethics. Both <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian philosophy</a>—which aims to increase human happiness and decrease suffering—and <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a>, which states one should act in accordance with maxims one could will to become a universal law, shaped the humanist moral narrative until the early 20th century. Because the concepts of free will and reason are not based on scientific naturalism, their influence on humanists remained in the early 20th century but was reduced by social progressiveness and egalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200498–105Shook2015406_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200498–105Shook2015406-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of social changes in the late 20th century, humanist ethics evolved to support <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, civil rights, personal autonomy, religious toleration, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015421–422_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015421–422-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A naturalistic criticism of humanistic morality is the denial of the existence of morality. For naturalistic skeptics, morality was not hardwired within humans during their evolution; humans are primarily selfish and self-centered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–408_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–408-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defending humanist morality, humanist philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Shook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Shook (page does not exist)">John R. Shook</a> makes three observations that lead him to the acceptance of morality. According to Shook, <i>homo sapiens</i> has a concept of morality that must have been with the species since the beginning of human history, developing by recognizing and thinking upon behaviors. He adds morality is universal among human cultures and all cultures strive to improve their moral level. Shook concludes that while morality was initially generated by our genes, culture shaped human morals and continues to do so. He calls "moral naturalism" the view that morality is a natural phenomenon, can be scientifically studied, and is a tool rather than a set of doctrines that was used to develop human culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–410_&_421_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–410_&_421-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Ellis" title="Brian David Ellis">Brian Ellis</a> advocates a social humanist theory of morality called "social contractual utilitarianism", which is based on Hume's naturalism and empathy, Aristotelian virtue theory, and Kant's idealism. According to Ellis, morality should aim for <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>, an Aristotelian concept that combines a satisfying life with virtue and happiness by improving societies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2010135–37_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2010135–37-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a> takes a consequentialist and utilitarian approach to morality; according to Copson, all humanist ethical traits aim at human welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201521–22_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201521–22-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Stephen Law</a> emphasizes some principles of humanist ethics; respect for personal moral autonomy, rejection of god-given moral commands, an aim for human well-being, and "emphasiz[ing] the role of reason in making moral judgements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011Humanism_and_morality_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011Humanism_and_morality-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanism's godless approach to morality has driven criticism from religious commentators. The necessity for a divine being delivering sets of doctrines for morals to exist is a common argument; according to <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>'s character Ivan Karamázov in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i>, "if God does not exist, then everything is permitted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200486-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument suggests chaos will ensue if religious belief disappears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200486-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For humanists, theism is an obstacle to morality rather than a prerequisite for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486Shook2015404–05_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200486Shook2015404–05-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to humanists, acting only out of fear, adherence to dogma, and expectation of a reward is a selfish motivation rather than morality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200489–90_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200489–90-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists point to the subjectivity of the supposedly objective divine commands by referring to the <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a>, originally posed by Socrates: "does God command something because it is good or is something good because God commands it?" If goodness is independent from God, humans can reach goodness without religion but <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> is elicited if God creates goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200488–89Shook2015405_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200488–89Shook2015405-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument against this religious criticism is the human-made nature of morality, even through religious means. The interpretation of holy scriptures almost always includes human reasoning; different interpreters reach contradictory theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200487–88Shook2015405_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200487–88Shook2015405-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>Humanism has widely been seen as antithetical to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020224–225_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020224–225-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher of religion David Kline, traces the roots of this animosity since the Renaissance, when humanistic views deconstructed the previous religiously defined order. Kline describes several ways this antithesis has evolved. Kline notes the emergence of a confident human-made knowledge, which was a new way of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, repelled the church from its authoritative position. Kline uses the paradigm of non-humanists <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>, and Galileo to illustrate how scientific discoveries added to the deconstruction of the religious narrative in favor of human-generated knowledge. This ultimately uncoupled the fate of humans from the divine will, prompting social and political shifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020225–232_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020225–232-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relation of state and citizens changed as civic humanistic principles emerged; people were no longer to be servile to <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">religiously grounded monarchies</a> but could pursue their own destinies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020230–236_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020230–236-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kline also points at the aspects of personal belief that added to the hostility between humanism and religion. Humanism was linked with prominent thinkers who advocated against the existence of God using rationalistic arguments. Critique of theism continued through the humanistic revolutions in Europe, challenging religious worldviews, attitudes and superstitions on a rational basis—a tendency that continued to the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020236–240_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020236–240-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Stephen Law, humanist adherence to secularism placed humans at odds with religion, especially nationally dominant religions striving to retain privileges gained in the last centuries. Worth notes religious persons can be secularists. Law notes secularism is criticized for suppressing freedom of expression of religious persons but firmly denies such accusation; instead, he says, secularism protects this kind of freedom but opposes the privileged status of religious views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2015Humanism_and_secularism_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2015Humanism_and_secularism-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Andrew Copson, humanism is not incompatible with some aspects of religion. He observes that components like belief, practice, identity, and culture can coexist, allowing an individual who subscribes to only a few religious doctrines to also identify as a humanist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201525_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201525-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copson adds that religious critics usually frame humanism as an enemy of religion but most humanists are proponents of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> or exhibit a curiosity about religion's effects in society and politics, commenting: "Only a few are regularly outraged by other people's false beliefs <i>per se</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201525–28_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201525–28-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_meaning_of_life">The meaning of life</h3></div> <p>In the 19th century, along with the decline of religion and its accompanied <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>, the question of the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a> became more prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015326–28_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015326–28-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike religions, humanism does not have a definite view on the meaning of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015341_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015341-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists commonly say people create rather than discover meaning. While philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartre">Sartre</a> wrote on the meaning of life in a godless world, the work of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> has echoed and shaped humanism. In Camus' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Sisyphus" title="The Myth of Sisyphus">The Myth of Sisyphus</a></i>, he quotes a Greek myth in which the absurd hero <a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a> is destined to push a heavy rock up a hill; the rock slips back and he must repeat the task. Sisyphus is negating Gods and preset meanings of life, but argues that life has value and significance, and that each individual is able to create their meanings of life. Camus thus highlights the importance of personal agency and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> that lie at the centre of humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015334–35_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015334–35-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal humanist interpretations of the meaning of life vary from the pursuit of happiness without recklessness and excesses to participation in human history, and connection with loved ones, living animals, and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015341_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015341-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some answers are close to those of religious discourse if the appeal to divinity is overlooked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011Chapter:_The_meaning_of_life,_part:_Humanism_and_the_meaning_of_life_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011Chapter:_The_meaning_of_life,_part:_Humanism_and_the_meaning_of_life-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to humanist professor Peter Derks, elements that contribute to the meaning of life are a morally worthy purpose in life, positive self-evaluation, an understanding of one's environment, being seen and understood by others, the ability to emotionally connect with others, and a desire to have a meaning in life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler20202–3_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler20202–3-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist professor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> places the meaning of life in the quest of what he calls "complex subjectivity". Pinn, who is advocating for a non-theistic, humanistic religion inspired by African cultures, says seeking the never-reaching meaning of life contributes to well-being, and that rituals and ceremonies, which are occasions for reflection, provide an opportunity to assess the meaning of life, improving well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler20203–4_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler20203–4-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Happyman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Organizations like Humanists International use the "Happy Human" symbol."><img alt="Organizations like Humanists International use the "Happy Human" symbol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Happyman.svg/31px-Happyman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Happyman.svg/46px-Happyman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Happyman.svg/62px-Happyman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Organizations like <a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a> use the "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Human" title="Happy Human">Happy Human</a>" symbol.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Home of Giordano Bruno Foundation in Germany."><img alt="Home of Giordano Bruno Foundation in Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg/120px-Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg/180px-Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg/240px-Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung_Haus_Weitblick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="2357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Home of <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno_Foundation" title="Giordano Bruno Foundation">Giordano Bruno Foundation</a> in Germany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humanists, Atheists, & Agnostics of Manitoba (HAAM) booth in 2012."><img alt="Humanists, Atheists, & Agnostics of Manitoba (HAAM) booth in 2012." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg/120px-Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg/180px-Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg/240px-Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humanists, Atheists, & Agnostics of Manitoba (HAAM) booth in 2012.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Pride_2023_(53079759015).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humanists UK in London Pride 2023."><img alt="Humanists UK in London Pride 2023." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg/120px-London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg/180px-London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg/240px-London_Pride_2023_%2853079759015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a> in London Pride 2023.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_public_life">In public life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_politics">In politics</h3></div> <p>The hallmark of contemporary humanism in politics is the demand for secularism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015255–256_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015255–256-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher Alan Haworth said secularism delivers fair treatment to all citizens of a nation-state since all are treated without discrimination; religion is a private issue and the state should have no power over it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015259–261_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015259–261-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also argues that secularism helps plurality and diversity, which are fundamental aspects of our modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015261–262_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015261–262-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While barbarism and violence can be found in most civilizations, Haworth notes religion usually fuels rhetoric and enables these actions. He also said the values of hard work, honesty, and charity are found in other civilizations. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–66_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–66-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Haworth, humanism opposes the irrationality of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, whether these are part of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–77_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–77-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to professor Joseph O. Baker, in political theory, contemporary humanism is formed by two main tendencies; the first is <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a> and the second inclines to <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>. The trajectory of each tendency can lead to <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> respectively, but a range of combinations exists. Individualistic humanists often have a philosophical perspective of humanism; in politics, these are inclined to libertarianism and in ethics tend to follow a scientistic approach. Collectivists have a more-applied view of humanism, lean toward socialism, and have a humanitarian approach to ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20201–7_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20201–7-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second group has connections with the thought of <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">young Marx</a>, especially his anthropological views rejecting his political practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20208–9_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20208–9-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A factor that repels many humanists from the libertarian view is the neoliberal or capitalistic consequences they feel it entails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker202010–11_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker202010–11-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanism has been a part of both major 20th-century ideological currents—liberalism and Marxism. Early 19th-century socialism was connected to humanism. In the 20th century, a humanistic interpretation of Marxism focused on Marx's early writings, viewing Marxism not as "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>" but as a philosophical critique aimed at the overcoming of "<a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>". In the US, liberalism is associated mostly with humanistic principles, which is distinct from the European use of the same word, which has economical connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917–18_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917–18-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-1945 era, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and other French existentialists advocated for humanism, linking it to socialism while trying to stay neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198679–81_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198679–81-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_psychology_and_counseling">In psychology and counseling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></div> <p>Humanist counseling is humanism-inspired applied psychology, which is a major current of counseling. There are various approaches such as discussion and <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, replying to <a href="/wiki/Existential_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential anxiety">existential anxiety</a>, and focusing on social and political dimensions of problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–82_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–82-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist counseling focuses on respecting the client's worldview and placing it in the correct cultural context. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> and creativity. It also recognizes the importance of moral questions about one's interactions with people according to one's worldview. This is examined using a process of dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015182–88_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015182–88-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist counseling originated in post-World War II Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanistic counseling is based on the works of psychologists <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a>. It introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what Rogers and Maslow viewed as the over-pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern counseling organizations have humanist origins, like the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Counselling_and_Psychotherapy" title="British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy">British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Blackham" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Blackham">Harold Blackham</a>, which he developed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">British Humanist Association</a>'s Humanist Counselling Service.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern-day humanist <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a> in the UK and the Netherlands draws on elements of humanistic psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2021_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2021-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>Demographic data about humanists is sparse. Scholar Yasmin Trejo examined the results of <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s 2014 Religious Landscape Study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo20201–3_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo20201–3-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trejo did not use self-identification to measure humanists but combined the answers of two questions: "Do you believe in God or a universal spirit?" (she chose those who answered 'no') and "when it comes to questions of right or wrong, which of the following do you look to most for guidance?" (picking answers 'scientific information' and 'philosophy and reason'). According to Trejo, most humanists identify as atheist or agnostic (37% and 18%), 29% as "nothing in particular", while 16% of humanists identify as religious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo20208_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo20208-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also found most humanists (80%) were raised in a religious background. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202011–12_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202011–12-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty percent of humanists are married to non-religious spouses, while one quarter are married to a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202014_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202014-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a gender divide among humanists: 67 percent are male. Trejo says this can be explained by the fact that more males self-identify as atheist, while women have stronger connections to religion because of socialization, community influence, and stereotypes; some women, especially Catholic Latinas, are expected to be religious and many of them abide by their community expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202016_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202016-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other findings note the high level of education of most humanists, indicating a higher socioeconomic status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202018_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202018-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of humanists is overwhelming non-Hispanic white; according to Trejo, this is because minority groups are usually very religious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202019_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202019-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_and_Christian">Western and Christian</h3></div> <p>Criticism of humanism focus on its adherence to human rights, which some critics have called "Western". Critics say humanist values have become a tool of Western moral dominance, which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a> that leads to oppression and a lack of ethical diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20202_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20202-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics, namely feminists, black activists, postcolonial critics, and gay and lesbian advocates, say humanism is an oppressive philosophy because it is not free from the biases of the white, heterosexual males who shaped it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moyn" title="Samuel Moyn">Samuel Moyn</a> attacks humanism for its connection to human rights. According to Moyn, the concept of human rights in the 1960s was a declaration of anti-colonial struggle, but that idea was later transformed into an impossible utopian vision, replacing the failing utopias of the 20th century. The humanist use of human rights rhetoric thus turns human rights into a moral tool that is impractical and ultimately non-political. He also notes a commonality between humanism and the Catholic discourse on human dignity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić202012–14_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić202012–14-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropology professor <a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a> argues humanism is a project of modernity and a secularized continuation of Western Christian theology. According to Asad, just as the Catholic Church passed the Christian doctrine of love to Africa and Asia while assisting in the enslavement of large parts of their population, humanist values have at times been a pretext for Western countries to expand their influence to other parts of the world to humanize "barbarians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20203–6_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20203–6-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asad has also said humanism is not a purely secular phenomenon but takes the idea of the essence of humanity from Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Asad, Western humanism cannot incorporate other humanistic traditions, such as those from India and China, without subsuming and ultimately eliminating them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206–7_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206–7-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociology professor <a href="/wiki/Didier_Fassin" title="Didier Fassin">Didier Fassin</a> has stated that humanism's focus on empathy and compassion, rather than goodness and justice, is a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fassin, humanism originated in the Christian tradition, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a>, in which empathy is universalized. Fassin has also argued that humanism's central essence, the sanctity of human life, is a religious victory hidden in a secular wrapper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amoral_and_materialistic">Amoral and materialistic</h3></div> <p>The main criticism from <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a>, is that humanism destroys traditional family and moral values.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Corliss Lamont</a>, this criticism is a malicious campaign by religious fanatics, the so-called Moral Majority, who need a demonic scapegoat to rally its followers.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religious opponents scorn humanism by stating it is materialistic thereby diminishing humanity because it denies the spiritual nature and needs of man. Also, because the goal in life is the acquisition of material goods, humanism produces greed and selfishness.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this criticism Norman states that there is absolutely no reason why humanists should be committed to the view that the only things worth living for are 'material goods'. Such an accusation, he says, is based on a "sloppy" understanding of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. However, he does acknowledge a "tension" in humanism that because of its championing of scientific knowledge, it appears to be committed to a materialistic conception of human beings as physical systems and therefore as not much different from anything else in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman201255–56_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman201255–56-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vague_and_indefinable">Vague and indefinable</h3></div> <p>Humanism has frequently been criticised for its vagueness and the difficulty of defining the term. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>, “Humanism is so charged with levels of emotion and rhetoric that its meaning is often vague and ambiguous”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1973176_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1973176-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Giustiniani, “the meaning of ‘humanism’ has so many shades that to analyze all of them is hardly feasible”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985165_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985165-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Walter" title="Nicolas Walter">Nicolas Walter</a> points out that most of the people in the past who have called themselves or been called humanists would reject many of today's tenets. The origins of humanism, he writes, “are so contradictory and confusing that it is often meaningless on its own”.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a> notes that the suggestion that there are two types of humanism – religious and secular – “has begun to seriously muddy the conceptual water”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20153-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tony Davies, “the meaning of ‘humanism’ is the semantic tangle, or grapple, that makes its meaning so difficult to grasp”. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997128_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997128-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bakewell" title="Sarah Bakewell">Sarah Bakewell</a>, humanism “is a semantic cloud of meanings and implications, none attachable to any particular theorist or practitioner”.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, the difficulty of defining humanism is not necessarily a problem. Davies avoids offering a definition, choosing instead “to stress the plurality, complexity and fluidity of meanings”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997125_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997125-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeaneane Fowler argues that humanism is indefinable precisely because of its “particular dynamism” and the acknowledged vagueness of the term “far from being a disadvantage, is an asset”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19997_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19997-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></div> <p>Antihumanism is a philosophical theory that rejects humanism as a pre-scientific ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198611–12_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198611–12-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument developed during the 19th and 20th centuries in parallel with the advancement of humanism. Prominent thinkers questioned the metaphysics of humanism and the human nature of its concept of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, while departing from a humanistic, pro-Enlightenment viewpoint, criticized humanism for illusions on a number of topics, especially the nature of truth. According to Nietzsche, objective truth is an anthropomorphic illusion and humanism is meaningless,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199736–37_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199736–37-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replacing theism with reason and science simply replaces one religion with another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198612–13_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198612–13-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, humanism is a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> project that inaccurately attempts to present itself as radical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199740_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199740-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the atrocities of World War II, questions about human nature and the concept of humanity were renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199750–52_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199750–52-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Cold War, influential Marxist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> introduced the term "theoretical antihumanism" to attack both humanism and humanist-like socialist currents, eschewing more structural and formal interpretations of Marx. According to Althusser, Marx's early writings resonate with the humanistic idealism of Hegel, Kant, and Feuerbach, but Marx radically moved toward scientific socialism in 1845, rejecting concepts such as the essence of man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199757–60_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199757–60-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanist_organizations">Humanist organizations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/220px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/330px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/440px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> accepting the Services to Humanism award 2012 at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference</figcaption></figure> <p>Humanist organizations exist in several countries. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a> is a global organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2004160_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2004160-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three countries with the highest numbers of Humanist International member organisations are the UK, India, and the US. The largest humanist organisation is the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FutureLearn_2013_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutureLearn_2013-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a> – formerly the British Humanist Association – and the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> are two of the oldest humanist organizations. </p><p>In 2015, London-based Humanists UK had around 28,000 members. Its membership includes some high-profile people such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)" title="Brian Cox (physicist)">Brian Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polly_Toynbee" title="Polly Toynbee">Polly Toynbee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, who are known for their participation in public debate, promoting secularism, and objecting to state funding for faith-based institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–18_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–18-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists UK organizes and conducts non-religious<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–21_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–21-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ceremonies for weddings, namings, comings of age, and funerals. </p><p>The American Humanist Association (AHA) was formed in 1941 from previous humanist associations. Its journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Humanist" title="The Humanist">The Humanist</a></i> is the continuation of a previous publication <i>The Humanist Bulletin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, the AHA established the "<a href="/wiki/Humanist_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist of the Year">Humanist of the Year</a>" award to honor individuals who promote science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998105–12_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998105–12-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, it became a well-recognized organization, initiating campaigns for abortion rights and opposing discriminatory policies. This resulted in the organization becoming a target of the religious right by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100–05_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100–05-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Ten_Commandments" title="Alternatives to the Ten Commandments">Alternatives to the Ten Commandments</a> – secular and humanist alternatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Declaration" title="Amsterdam Declaration">Amsterdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">Community organizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Existentialism_Is_a_Humanism" title="Existentialism Is a Humanism">Existentialism Is a Humanism</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="John N. Gray">John N. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_celebrant" title="Humanist celebrant">Humanist celebrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Movement" title="Humanist Movement">Humanist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_humanism_articles" title="Index of humanism articles">Index of humanism articles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_on_Humanism" title="Letter on Humanism">Letter on Humanism</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of humanists">List of humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_Rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralistic Rationalism">Pluralistic Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word Humanism is not included in the dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The etymological link of the word humanism to the humanity or human nature of Christ has often been repeated, but typically the association is to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> to whom is attributed its earliest use in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-gibbs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985173_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985173-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To illustrate the importance of pursuing happiness without excesses, Andrew Copson quotes <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>: "When I say that pleasure is the goal of living I do not mean the pleasures of libertines ... I mean, on the contrary, the pleasure that consists of freedom from bodily pain and mental agitation. Pleasant life is not the product of one drinking party after another or sexual intercourse with women and young men or of the seafood and other delicacies afforded by the serious table. On the contrary, it is the result of sober thinking ... " Copson is citing 66 Epicurus, <i>Letter to Menoeceus</i>, in <i>The Art of Happiness</i>, trans. Strodach, p. 159.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201515_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201515-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristeller19783-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristeller19783_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristeller1978">Kristeller 1978</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper">Harper</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1996Copson20151–2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1996Copson20151–2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Samuel (1785) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft/page/n981/mode/1up">A Dictionary of the English language</a>. Sixth Edition, Volume 1, p. 981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler, D. (2001) <i>A Bibliographical History of Thomas Howes' "Critical Observations" (1776–1807) and His Dispute with Joseph Priestley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40372255">Studies in Bibliography</a>, Vol. 54, pp. 285–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howes, T. (1776–1800) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_critical-observations-on_howes-thomas-rev-of-_1776-1800_4">Critical Observations on Books, Antient and Modern. Vol IV.</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544107">"Of Time and Pages"</a>. <i>College Literature</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 259–260. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-3139">0093-3139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544107">24544107</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=Of+Time+and+Pages&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-260&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24544107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0093-3139&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24544107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafer, R. (1930) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26433563">What is Humanism?</a>. The Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 198. JSTOR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985173-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985173_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiustiniani1985">Giustiniani 1985</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBehlerBirusDerrida2019" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Hazard; Behler, Ernst; Birus, Hendrik; Derrida, Jacques; Iser, Wolfgang; Krieger, Murray; Miller, Hillis; Pfeiffer, Ludwig; Readings, Bill; Wang, Ching-Hsien; Yu, Pauline (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1064841ar">"Hendrik Birus's "The Archeology of 'Humanism'""</a>. <i>Surfaces</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1064841ar">10.7202/1064841ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233039844">233039844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surfaces&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Birus%27s+%22The+Archeology+of+%27Humanism%27%22&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1064841ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233039844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Hazard&rft.au=Behler%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Birus%2C+Hendrik&rft.au=Derrida%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Iser%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Murray&rft.au=Miller%2C+Hillis&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+Ludwig&rft.au=Readings%2C+Bill&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ching-Hsien&rft.au=Yu%2C+Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1064841ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20151–2Fowler199918–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20151–2Fowler199918–19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19979_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19979–10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19979–10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153–4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19973–5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19973–5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHook197431–33-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHook197431–33_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHook1974">Hook 1974</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackham197435–37-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackham197435–37_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackham1974">Blackham 1974</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20156–24-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20156–24_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 6–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHEU96-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHEU96_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IHEU (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanists.international/policy/iheu-minimum-statement-on-humanism/">IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism</a>. Humanists International, General Assembly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherry200926-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherry200926_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherry2009">Cherry 2009</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceFreeman2015Lamont199768Davies19979-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceFreeman2015Lamont199768Davies19979_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece; <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2015">Freeman 2015</a>See also Foreword of the book, p xi; <a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceLamont199741–42Barnes198717–18Curd2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_GreeceLamont199741–42Barnes198717–18Curd2020_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece:According to Law "Three early Greek philosophers – Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes – are of particular interest. The manner in which these Milesian philosophers thought critically and independently, largely putting aside mythological and religious explanations and instead attempting to develop their own ideas and theories grounded in observation and reason, obviously makes them particularly important from a humanist point of view. They collectively exhibit several of the key ideas and values of humanism." In the next paragraph, he also mentions presocratic philosopher, Protagoras.; <a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 41–42:Lamont cites <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> for leaning towards materialism and naturalism but, for Lamont, the first solid materialist philosopher was Democritus with his atomic theory; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1987">Barnes 1987</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFCurd2020">Curd 2020</a>:Scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonothan_Banres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonothan Banres (page does not exist)">Jonothan Banres</a> writes: "First, and most simply, the Presocratics invented the very idea of science and philosophy. They hit upon that special way of looking at the world which is the scientific or rational way. They saw the world as something ordered and intelligible, its history following an explicable course and its different parts arranged in some comprehensible system. The world was not a random collection of bits, its history was not an arbitrary series of events. Still less was it a series of events determined by the will- or the caprice – of the gods." See whole subchapter "First philosophy" pp 17–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece ":fragment (80B4 DK)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35Freeman2015124–125-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35Freeman2015124–125_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, pp. 34–35; <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2015">Freeman 2015</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199734–35_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011chapter_History_of_Humanism,_#Ancient_Greece_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling201587Crosson20204-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling201587Crosson20204_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2015">Grayling 2015</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFCrosson2020">Crosson 2020</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingming1991" class="citation web cs1">Bingming, Xiong (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000088086?posInSet=4&queryId=b5ee372a-fc25-4416-9878-1d64119df97d">"At peace with the past"</a>. Perceptions of Time. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+peace+with+the+past&rft.series=Perceptions+of+Time&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1991-04&rft.aulast=Bingming&rft.aufirst=Xiong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000088086%3FposInSet%3D4%26queryId%3Db5ee372a-fc25-4416-9878-1d64119df97d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2003155Ljamai2015153–56-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2003155Ljamai2015153–56_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman2003">Goodman 2003</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFLjamai2015">Ljamai 2015</a>, pp. 153–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20201-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20201_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20204Nederman2020-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20204Nederman2020_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFNederman2020">Nederman 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann199614–15-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann199614–15_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968Monfasani20201-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968Monfasani20201_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14Monfasani20208–10-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14Monfasani20208–10_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, pp. 8–14:Mann writes "This enthusiasm is reflected in his search for new texts, first manifested in a journey to the north in 1333, when he found a manuscript of Cicero's forgotten Pro Archia in Liege, and one of Propertius in Paris, stemming from the 13th-century scholar Richard of Fournival. Both these texts he studied assiduously and transmitted to posterity with his annotations and emendations, as he did also with De chorographia of Pomponius Mel"; <a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, pp. 8–10:Both Mann and Monfasani note that Petrarch failed his attempt to learn Greek, he was not the actual translator of ancient texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19968–14_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, pp. 8–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20208-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20208_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, p. 8: That was the reason Cicero was named as the grandfather of humanism by classicist scholar <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Ullman" title="Berthold Ullman">Berthold Ullman</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20209–10-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani20209–10_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, pp. 9–10:Other notable humanists were <a href="/wiki/Poggio_Bracciolini" title="Poggio Bracciolini">Poggio Bracciolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Niccoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Niccoli">Niccolò Niccoli</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani2020_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>:"The two most fundamental aspects of the victory of Renaissance Humanism was its conquest of pre-university education and its concomitant success in changing the consciousness of educated Western society".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010–11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202010–11_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202012–13-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfasani202012–13_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2020">Monfasani 2020</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristeller2008114-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristeller2008114_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristeller2008">Kristeller 2008</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199916-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199916_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199916–18-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199916–18_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199918-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199918_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199774-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199774_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199745-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199745_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199745_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199725-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199725_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997108–09-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997108–09_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 108–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosson20201–3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosson20201–3_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosson2020">Crosson 2020</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosson20205–6-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosson20205–6_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosson2020">Crosson 2020</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199726–30-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199726–30_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 26–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200019th_Century_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardie2000">Hardie 2000</a>, 19th Century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201136-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201136_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201136_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199775-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199775_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201137-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201137_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201139-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201139_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardie200020th_Century_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardie2000">Hardie 2000</a>, 20th Century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorainMorain1998">Morain & Morain 1998</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415Copson20153–4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415Copson20153–4_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1974">Wilson 1974</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199920-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199920_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann19961–2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann19961–2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann1996">Mann 1996</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200414-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200414_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152–3_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1974">Wilson 1974</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197415–16-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197415–16_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1974">Wilson 1974</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson197416-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson197416_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1974">Wilson 1974</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20152-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20152_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199921–22-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199921–22_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont199728–29Davies199756–57-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont199728–29Davies199756–57_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, pp. 28–29; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmölz2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmölz, Alexander (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medienpaed.com/article/view/1144">"Die Conditio Humana im digitalen Zeitalter: Zur Grundlegung des Digitalen Humanismus und des Wiener Manifests"</a>. <i>MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung</i> (in German): 208–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21240%2Fmpaed%2F00%2F2020.11.13.X">10.21240/mpaed/00/2020.11.13.X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1424-3636">1424-3636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MedienP%C3%A4dagogik%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Theorie+und+Praxis+der+Medienbildung&rft.atitle=Die+Conditio+Humana+im+digitalen+Zeitalter%3A+Zur+Grundlegung+des+Digitalen+Humanismus+und+des+Wiener+Manifests&rft.pages=208-234&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21240%2Fmpaed%2F00%2F2020.11.13.X&rft.issn=1424-3636&rft.aulast=Schm%C3%B6lz&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medienpaed.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerthnerPremLeeGhezzi2022" class="citation book cs1">Werthner, Hannes; Prem, Erich; Lee, Edward A.; Ghezzi, Carlo (2022). Werthner, Hannes; Prem, Erich; Lee, Edward A.; Ghezzi, Carlo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5"><i>Perspectives on Digital Humanism</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-86144-5">10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86144-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86144-5"><bdi>978-3-030-86144-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244480204">244480204</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Digital+Humanism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244480204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86144-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-86144-5&rft.aulast=Werthner&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft.au=Prem%2C+Erich&rft.au=Lee%2C+Edward+A.&rft.au=Ghezzi%2C+Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86144-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerr2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Doerr, Ed (1 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Humanism+unmodified.-a094226943">"Humanism unmodified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Humanist" title="The Humanist">The Humanist</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Humanist&rft.atitle=Humanism+unmodified&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FHumanism%2Bunmodified.-a094226943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201555-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201555_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2015">Law 2015</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201558-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201558_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2015">Law 2015</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201557-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201557_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2015">Law 2015</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw201557–61-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw201557–61_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2015">Law 2015</a>, pp. 57–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNida-Rümelin2009">Nida-Rümelin 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2004104-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2004104_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200916–17-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200916–17_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNida-Rümelin2009">Nida-Rümelin 2009</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20204–6-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20204–6_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2020">Walker 2020</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDierksmeier201179Rohlf2020Morality_and_freedom-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDierksmeier201179Rohlf2020Morality_and_freedom_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDierksmeier2011">Dierksmeier 2011</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFRohlf2020">Rohlf 2020</a>, Morality and freedom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont1997248-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamont1997248_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamont1997">Lamont 1997</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200498–105Shook2015406-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200498–105Shook2015406_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, pp. 98–105; <a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015421–422-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015421–422_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, pp. 421–422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–408-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–408_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, pp. 407–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–410_&_421-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShook2015407–410_&_421_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, pp. 407–410 & 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2010135–37-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2010135–37_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis2010">Ellis 2010</a>, pp. 135–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201521–22-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201521–22_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011Humanism_and_morality-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011Humanism_and_morality_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, Humanism and morality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200486-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200486Shook2015404–05-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200486Shook2015404–05_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, pp. 404–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200489–90-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200489–90_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200488–89Shook2015405-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200488–89Shook2015405_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, pp. 88–89; <a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200487–88Shook2015405-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200487–88Shook2015405_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, pp. 87–88; <a href="#CITEREFShook2015">Shook 2015</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020224–225-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020224–225_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKline2020">Kline 2020</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020225–232-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020225–232_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKline2020">Kline 2020</a>, pp. 225–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020230–236-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020230–236_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKline2020">Kline 2020</a>, pp. 230–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2020236–240-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2020236–240_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKline2020">Kline 2020</a>, pp. 236–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2015Humanism_and_secularism-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2015Humanism_and_secularism_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2015">Law 2015</a>, Humanism and secularism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201525-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201525_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201525–28-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201525–28_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, pp. 25–28: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Stephen Law</a> makes a similar argument in <i>Humanism, a Very Short Introduction</i> (2011) at page 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015326–28-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015326–28_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2015">Norman 2015</a>, pp. 326–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015341-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015341_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015341_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2015">Norman 2015</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2015334–35-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2015334–35_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2015">Norman 2015</a>, pp. 334–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson201515-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson201515_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2011Chapter:_The_meaning_of_life,_part:_Humanism_and_the_meaning_of_life-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2011Chapter:_The_meaning_of_life,_part:_Humanism_and_the_meaning_of_life_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2011">Law 2011</a>, Chapter: The meaning of life, part: Humanism and the meaning of life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler20202–3-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler20202–3_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler2020">Butler 2020</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler20203–4-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler20203–4_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler2020">Butler 2020</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015255–256-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015255–256_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaworth2015">Haworth 2015</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015259–261-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015259–261_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaworth2015">Haworth 2015</a>, pp. 259–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015261–262-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015261–262_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaworth2015">Haworth 2015</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–66-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–66_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaworth2015">Haworth 2015</a>, pp. 263–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–77-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth2015263–77_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaworth2015">Haworth 2015</a>, pp. 263–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20201–7-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20201–7_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2020">Baker 2020</a>, pp. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20208–9-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker20208–9_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2020">Baker 2020</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker202010–11-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker202010–11_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2020">Baker 2020</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917–18-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENida-Rümelin200917–18_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNida-Rümelin2009">Nida-Rümelin 2009</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198679–81-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198679–81_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoper1986">Soper 1986</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–82-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–82_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuhmann2015">Schuhmann 2015</a>, pp. 173–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015182–88-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015182–88_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuhmann2015">Schuhmann 2015</a>, pp. 182–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhmann2015173–74_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuhmann2015">Schuhmann 2015</a>, pp. 173–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.humanists.uk/harold-john-blackham/">"Harold John Blackham"</a>. <i>Humanist Heritage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171608/https://heritage.humanists.uk/harold-john-blackham/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanist+Heritage&rft.atitle=Harold+John+Blackham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.humanists.uk%2Fharold-john-blackham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2021-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2021_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage2021">Savage 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo20201–3-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo20201–3_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo20208-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo20208_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202011–12-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202011–12_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202014-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202014_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202016-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202016_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202018-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202018_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrejo202019-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrejo202019_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrejo2020">Trejo 2020</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20202-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20202_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildersHentzi1995140–41_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChildersHentzi1995">Childers & Hentzi 1995</a>, pp. 140–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić202012–14-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić202012–14_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20203–6-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20203–6_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, pp. 3–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206–7-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20206–7_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakelić20207–8_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakelić2020">Jakelić 2020</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahaye1980" class="citation book cs1">Lahaye, Tim (1980). <i>Battle for the Mind</i>. Baker Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8007-5043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8007-5043-5"><bdi>978-0-8007-5043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+the+Mind&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8007-5043-5&rft.aulast=Lahaye&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamont, C. (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corliss-lamont.org/philos8.pdf">Introduction to the Sixth Edition. Exposing the Moral Majority</a>. In, The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition, Revised. pp.xiii-xv. Humanist Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Waggoner, R.L. (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebible.net/biblicaltheism/materialface.htm">The Material Face of Humanism</a>. TheBible.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman201255–56-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman201255–56_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2012">Norman 2012</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1973176-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1973176_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1973">Kurtz 1973</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985165-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiustiniani1985165_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiustiniani1985">Giustiniani 1985</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter, Nicolas (1998) Humanism: Finding Meaning in the Word. Prometheus Books, p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson20153-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson20153_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2015">Copson 2015</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997128-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997128_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, Sarah (2023) Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope. Penguin Press, New York, p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1997125-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1997125_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19997-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19997_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198611–12-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198611–12_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoper1986">Soper 1986</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199736–37-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199736–37_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198612–13-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198612–13_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoper1986">Soper 1986</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199740-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199740_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199750–52-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199750–52_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199757–60-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199757–60_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 57–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2004160-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2004160_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2004">Norman 2004</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FutureLearn_2013-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FutureLearn_2013_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/humanist-lives/0/steps/55754">"The global picture"</a>. <i>FutureLearn</i>. 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FutureLearn&rft.atitle=The+global+picture&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurelearn.com%2Finfo%2Fcourses%2Fhumanist-lives%2F0%2Fsteps%2F55754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–18-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–18_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelke2015">Engelke 2015</a>, pp. 216–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–21-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelke2015216–21_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelke2015">Engelke 2015</a>, pp. 216–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998105–12-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998105–12_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorainMorain1998">Morain & Morain 1998</a>, pp. 105–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100–05-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorainMorain1998100–05_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorainMorain1998">Morain & Morain 1998</a>, pp. 100–05.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2020" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Joseph O. (2020). "The Politics of Humanism". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Humanism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Joseph+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Barnes, Jonathan</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNQAQAAIAAJ"><i>Early Greek Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044461-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044461-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNQAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044461-2&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtNQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackham1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._J._Blackham" title="H. J. Blackham">Blackham, H. J.</a> (1974). "A definition of humanism". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8"><bdi>978-0-87975-013-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+definition+of+humanism&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Alternative%3A+Some+Definitions+of+Humanism&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-013-8&rft.aulast=Blackham&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40IbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2020" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Philip (2020). "Humanism and the Conceptualization of Value and Well-Being". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 644–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235342/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+the+Conceptualization+of+Value+and+Well-Being&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=644-664&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Julian Nida-Rümelin">Cherry, Matt</a> (2009). "The Humanist Tradition". In Heiko Spitzeck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC"><i>Humanism in Business</i></a>. Shiban Khan, Ernst von Kimakowitz, Michael Pirson, Wolfgang Amann. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89893-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89893-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89893-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Humanist+Tradition&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+Business&rft.pages=26-51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89893-5&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmAjwS-Q9LEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildersHentzi1995" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Joseph W.; Hentzi, Gary (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvK83BCsC3cC"><i>The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07242-7"><bdi>978-0-231-07242-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172307/https://books.google.com/books?id=QvK83BCsC3cC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Dictionary+of+Modern+Literary+and+Cultural+Criticism&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07242-7&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.au=Hentzi%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvK83BCsC3cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Copson, Andrew</a> (2015). "What is Humanism?". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Humanism%3F&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-72&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Copson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosson2020" class="citation book cs1">Crosson, J. Brent (2020). "Humanism and Enlightenment". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.33">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+Enlightenment&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-35&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.33&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Crosson&rft.aufirst=J.+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurd2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Curd, Patricia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics">"Presocratic Philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173415/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Presocratic+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Curd&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpresocratics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Tony (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhrwPhYqjm8C&pg=PA7"><i>Humanism</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11052-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11052-5"><bdi>978-0-415-11052-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173446/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhrwPhYqjm8C&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11052-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhrwPhYqjm8C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierksmeier2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Dierksmeier" title="Claus Dierksmeier">Dierksmeier, Claus</a> (2011). "Kant's Humanist Ethics". In C. Dierksmeier; W. Amann; E. Von Kimakowitz; H. Spitzeck; M. Pirson; Ernst Von Kimakowitz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krtsCwAAQBAJ"><i>Humanistic Ethics in the Age of Globality</i></a>. Springer. pp. 79–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-31413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-31413-9"><bdi>978-0-230-31413-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173453/https://books.google.com/books?id=krtsCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kant%27s+Humanist+Ethics&rft.btitle=Humanistic+Ethics+in+the+Age+of+Globality&rft.pages=79-93&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-31413-9&rft.aulast=Dierksmeier&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrtsCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Ellis" title="Brian David Ellis">Ellis, Brian</a> (30 March 2010). "Humanism and Morality". <i>Sophia</i>. <b>50</b> (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 135–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11841-010-0164-x">10.1007/s11841-010-0164-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1527">0038-1527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145380913">145380913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sophia&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+Morality&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-139&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145380913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-1527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11841-010-0164-x&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelke2015" class="citation book cs1">Engelke, Matthew (2015). "Humanist Ceremonies: The Case of Non-Religious Funerals in England". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 216–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanist+Ceremonies%3A+The+Case+of+Non-Religious+Funerals+in+England&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=216-233&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Engelke&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9_uAQAACAAJ"><i>Humanism: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-70-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-70-7"><bdi>978-1-898723-70-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173556/https://books.google.com/books?id=H9_uAQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-70-7&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9_uAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2015" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Merv R (2015). "Ancient China". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 133–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+China&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=133-152&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Merv+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2015" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles R (2015). "Humanism in the Classical World". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 119–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+the+Classical+World&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=119-132&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lenn_E._Goodman" title="Lenn E. Goodman">Goodman, Lenn E.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzy7lZED1cC"><i>Islamic Humanism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988500-8"><bdi>978-0-19-988500-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173617/https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzy7lZED1cC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Humanism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988500-8&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Lenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsjzy7lZED1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">Grayling, A.C.</a> (2015). "The Good and Worthwhile Life". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 87–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Good+and+Worthwhile+Life&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=87-84&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiustiniani1985" class="citation journal cs1">Giustiniani, Vito (April–June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709633">"Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of 'Humanism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 167–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709633">10.2307/2709633</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709633">2709633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Homo%2C+Humanus%2C+and+the+Meanings+of+%27Humanism%27&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-195&rft.date=1985-04%2F1985-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Giustiniani&rft.aufirst=Vito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=humanism">"Humanism"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173646/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=humanism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Humanism&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhumanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakelić2020" class="citation book cs1">Jakelić, Slavica (2020). "Humanism and Its Critics". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-8"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 264–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.8">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235437/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+Its+Critics&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=264-293&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.8&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Jakeli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slavica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardie2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hardie, Glenn M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=1&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA30400810&docType=Article&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZONE-Exclude-FT&prodId=AONE&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA30400810&searchId=R1&userGroupName=wikipedia&inPS=true">"Humanist history: a selective review"</a>. <i>Humanist in Canada</i> (132). Gale Academic OneFile: 24–29, 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173703/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=wikipedia&da=true&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FtabID%3DT002%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3DSingleTab%26hitCount%3D1%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D1%26docId%3DGALE%257CA30400810%26docType%3DArticle%26sort%3DRelevance%26contentSegment%3DZONE-Exclude-FT%26prodId%3DAONE%26pageNum%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CA30400810%26searchId%3DR1%26userGroupName%3Dwikipedia%26inPS%3Dtrue&prodId=AONE">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Humanist+history%3A+a+selective+review&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=24-29%2C+38&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hardie&rft.aufirst=Glenn+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FtabID%3DT002%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3DSingleTab%26hitCount%3D1%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D1%26docId%3DGALE%257CA30400810%26docType%3DArticle%26sort%3DRelevance%26contentSegment%3DZONE-Exclude-FT%26prodId%3DAONE%26pageNum%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CA30400810%26searchId%3DR1%26userGroupName%3Dwikipedia%26inPS%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Haworth, Alan (2015). "Humanism and the Political Order". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 255–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+the+Political+Order&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=255-279&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Haworth&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeavens2013" class="citation journal cs1">Heavens, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/cahss/files/2020/07/Confucianism-as-Humanism.pdf">"Confucianism as humanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CLA Journal</i> (1): 33–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202001523/https://uca.edu/cahss/files/2020/07/Confucianism-as-Humanism.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CLA+Journal&rft.atitle=Confucianism+as+humanism&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Heavens&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fcahss%2Ffiles%2F2020%2F07%2FConfucianism-as-Humanism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Hook, Sidney</a> (1974). "The snare of definitions". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8"><bdi>978-0-87975-013-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+snare+of+definitions&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Alternative%3A+Some+Definitions+of+Humanism&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-013-8&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40IbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Chun-chien (2020). "Humanism in East Asia". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.31">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+East+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-29&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chun-chien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2020" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Khuram (2020). "Humanism in the Middle East". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.35">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.35&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Khuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2020" class="citation book cs1">Kline, David (2020). "Humanism Against Religion". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 224–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+Against+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=224-244&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristeller1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41820353">"HUMANISM"</a>. <i>Minerva</i>. <b>16</b> (4). Springer: 586–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01100334">10.1007/BF01100334</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1871">1573-1871</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4695">0026-4695</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820353">41820353</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174446/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820353">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=HUMANISM&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-595&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41820353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-4695&rft.eissn=1573-1871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01100334&rft.aulast=Kristeller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41820353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristeller2008" class="citation book cs1">Kristeller, Paul Oskar (2008). "Humanism". In C. B. Schmitt; <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>; Eckhard Kessler; Jill Kraye (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHWXF1uTVZUC"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82748-5"><bdi>978-1-139-82748-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174502/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHWXF1uTVZUC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Renaissance+Philosophy&rft.pages=111-138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82748-5&rft.aulast=Kristeller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHWXF1uTVZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1973" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, P. (1973). "Epilogue: Is Everyone a Humanist?". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0301-73041-5" title="Special:BookSources/0301-73041-5"><bdi>0301-73041-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+Is+Everyone+a+Humanist%3F&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Alternative%3A+Some+Definitions+of+Humanism&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0301-73041-5&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40IbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonfasani2020" class="citation book cs1">Monfasani, John (2020). "Humanism and the Renaissance". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 150–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.30">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=150-175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Monfasani&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjamai2015" class="citation book cs1">Ljamai, Abdelilah (2015). "Humanistic Thought in the Islamic World of the Middle Ages". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 153–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanistic+Thought+in+the+Islamic+World+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=153-169&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Ljamai&rft.aufirst=Abdelilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Law, Stephen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa7KOJvM2MMC&pg=PT12"><i>Humanism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161400-2"><bdi>978-0-19-161400-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174510/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa7KOJvM2MMC&pg=PT12">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161400-2&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa7KOJvM2MMC%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Law, Stephen</a> (2015). "Science, Reason, and Scepticism". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 55–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science%2C+Reason%2C+and+Scepticism&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=55-71&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Lamont, Corliss</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOpLPVHccEEC"><i>The Philosophy of Humanism</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-6379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-6379-9"><bdi>978-0-8044-6379-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175043/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOpLPVHccEEC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Humanism&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8044-6379-9&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Corliss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOpLPVHccEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mann_(academic)" title="Nicholas Mann (academic)">Mann, Nicholas</a> (1996). "The origins of humanism". In Jill Kraye (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyi9_Y4375YC"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43624-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43624-3"><bdi>978-0-521-43624-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175042/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyi9_Y4375YC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+humanism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Renaissance+Humanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43624-3&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyi9_Y4375YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasolo2020" class="citation book cs1">Masolo, D.A. (2020). "Humanism in Africa". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.28">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Masolo&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorainMorain1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Morain, Lloyd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Morain" title="Mary Morain">Morain, Mary</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN3WAAAAMAAJ"><i>Humanism as the Next Step</i></a>. Humanist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931779-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931779-09-1"><bdi>978-0-931779-09-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175052/https://books.google.com/books?id=uN3WAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+as+the+Next+Step&rft.pub=Humanist+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-931779-09-1&rft.aulast=Morain&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Morain%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN3WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNederman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nederman, Cary (8 September 2020). <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912175044/https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2019/entries/humanism-civic/">"Civic Humanism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Fall 2020 ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2019/entries/humanism-civic/">the original</a> on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Civic+Humanism&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Nederman&rft.aufirst=Cary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanford.library.sydney.edu.au%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fhumanism-civic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNida-Rümelin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Julian Nida-Rümelin">Nida-Rümelin, Julian</a> (2009). "Philosophical grounds of humanism in economics". In Heiko Spitzeck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC"><i>Humanism in Business</i></a>. Shiban Khan, Ernst von Kimakowitz, Michael Pirson, Wolfgang Amann. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89893-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89893-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89893-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+grounds+of+humanism+in+economics&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+Business&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89893-5&rft.aulast=Nida-R%C3%BCmelin&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmAjwS-Q9LEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_(philosopher)" title="Richard Norman (philosopher)">Norman, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-isAgAAQBAJ"><i>On Humanism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70659-2"><bdi>978-1-136-70659-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175136/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-isAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Humanism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70659-2&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-isAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_(philosopher)" title="Richard Norman (philosopher)">Norman, Richard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-isAgAAQBAJ"><i>On Humanism. Second Edition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70659-2"><bdi>978-1-136-70659-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Humanism.+Second+Edition.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70659-2&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-isAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2015" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Richard (2015). "Life Without Meaning?". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 325–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+Without+Meaning%3F&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=325-246&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlf2020" class="citation web cs1">Rohlf, Michael (2020). <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/">"Immanuel Kant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023075000/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immanuel+Kant&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rohlf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fkant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2021" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, David (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12100812">"The Development of Non-Religious Pastoral Support in the UK"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 812. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12100812">10.3390/rel12100812</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Non-Religious+Pastoral+Support+in+the+UK&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=812&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel12100812&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel12100812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröder2020" class="citation book cs1">Schröder, Stefan (2020). "Humanism in Europe". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.32">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-24&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.32&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuhmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Schuhmann, Carmen (2015). "Counselling and the Humanist Worldview". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Counselling+and+the+Humanist+Worldview&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=173-193&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Schuhmann&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShook2015" class="citation book cs1">Shook, John R (2015). "Humanism, Moral Relativism, and Ethical Objectivity". In <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Andrew Copson</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 403–425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97717-9"><bdi>978-1-119-97717-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism%2C+Moral+Relativism%2C+and+Ethical+Objectivity&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=403-425&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97717-9&rft.aulast=Shook&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BotCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoper1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Soper" title="Kate Soper">Soper, Kate</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brPuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Humanism and Anti-humanism</i></a>. Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9017-0"><bdi>978-0-8126-9017-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175400/https://books.google.com/books?id=brPuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+and+Anti-humanism&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9017-0&rft.aulast=Soper&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrejo2020" class="citation book cs1">Trejo, A.G. Yasmin (2020). "Changing demographics of humanism". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.15">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changing+demographics+of+humanism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Trejo&rft.aufirst=A.G.+Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2020" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Corey D. B. (2020). "Humanism and the Modern Age". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.17">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+the+Modern+Age&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Corey+D.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2020" class="citation book cs1">White, Carol Wyene (2020). "Humanism in the Americas". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Pinn" title="Anthony B. Pinn">Anthony B. Pinn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. pp. 1–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.11">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092153-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092153-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism+in+the+Americas&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Humanism&rft.pages=1-40&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.013.11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092153-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Carol+Wyene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190921538.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Wilson" title="Edwin H. Wilson">Wilson, Edwin H.</a> (1974). "Humanism's many definitions". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism</i></a>. Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-013-8"><bdi>978-0-87975-013-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanism%27s+many+definitions&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Alternative%3A+Some+Definitions+of+Humanism&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-013-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40IbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2000" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Xinzhong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C&pg=PA45"><i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64430-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175659/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Confucianism&rft.pages=15-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64430-3&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAE2OJ9bPG0C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2018" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Dolan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXjZCgAAQBAJ"><i>Debating Humanism</i></a>. Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-690-5"><bdi>978-1-84540-690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Humanism&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-690-5&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Dolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXjZCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDacey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Dacey" title="Austin Dacey">Dacey, Austin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qditj8AiR0sC"><i>The Case for Humanism An Introduction</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1393-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-1393-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Humanism+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1393-8&rft.aulast=Dacey&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQditj8AiR0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay, Peter</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhtDAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment</i></a>. Borzoi book. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-10-04434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-10-04434-1"><bdi>978-90-10-04434-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party+of+Humanity%3A+Essays+in+the+French+Enlightenment&rft.series=Borzoi+book&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-90-10-04434-1&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhtDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_William_Levi" title="Albert William Levi">Levi, Albert William</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0A1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Humanism & Politics: Studies in the Relationship of Power and Value in the Western Tradition</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13900-9"><bdi>978-0-253-13900-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+%26+Politics%3A+Studies+in+the+Relationship+of+Power+and+Value+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-253-13900-9&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Albert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0A1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctor1998" class="citation book cs1">Proctor, Robert E. (1998). <i>Defining the Humanities: How Rediscovering a Tradition Can Improve Our Schools : with a Curriculum for Today's Students</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33421-3"><bdi>978-0-253-33421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+the+Humanities%3A+How+Rediscovering+a+Tradition+Can+Improve+Our+Schools+%3A+with+a+Curriculum+for+Today%27s+Students&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33421-3&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanisch2014" class="citation book cs1">Ranisch, Robert (2014). <i>Post- and transhumanism: an introduction</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631606629" title="Special:BookSources/9783631606629"><bdi>9783631606629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-+and+transhumanism%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783631606629&rft.aulast=Ranisch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockmore1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rockmore" title="Tom Rockmore">Rockmore, Tom</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTM09F0tkosC"><i>Heidegger and French Philosophy: Humanism, Antihumanism, and Being</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11181-2"><bdi>978-0-415-11181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+French+Philosophy%3A+Humanism%2C+Antihumanism%2C+and+Being&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11181-2&rft.aulast=Rockmore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTM09F0tkosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernick2001" class="citation book cs1">Wernick, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VO0WK7iDWwIC"><i>Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-theistic Program of French Social Theory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66272-7"><bdi>978-0-521-66272-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auguste+Comte+and+the+Religion+of+Humanity%3A+The+Post-theistic+Program+of+French+Social+Theory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66272-7&rft.aulast=Wernick&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVO0WK7iDWwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">1</span> minute</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Humanism.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Humanism.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Humanism.ogg/Humanism.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanism.ogg" title="File:Humanism.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 6 November 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-11-06</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/humanism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/humanism">humanism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humanism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Humanism">Humanism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Humanism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Humanism">Humanism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhumanist.org/"><i>American Humanist Association</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iheu.org/"><i>International Humanist and Ethical Union</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanism.org.uk/"><i>Humanists UK</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46158#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026140-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Humanism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062902">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Humanisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957838g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Humanisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957838g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563870">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="humanismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120939&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Humanismo (Filosofía)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528901">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531196805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017432">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanism&oldid=1256628173">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanism&oldid=1256628173</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">Humanism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use American English from August 2020">Use American English from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2023">Use dmy dates from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from August 2021">Use shortened footnotes from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 21:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g5pcr","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.753","walltime":"2.072","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16322,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":407819,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18835,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":322306,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1687.085 1 -total"," 22.35% 377.063 145 Template:Sfn"," 16.06% 270.956 55 Template:Cite_book"," 10.65% 179.717 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.02% 135.346 1 Template:Humanism"," 7.82% 132.009 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.29% 122.908 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.12% 103.190 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 5.93% 100.108 6 Template:Lang"," 3.87% 65.358 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.074","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22049783,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamsBehlerBirusDerrida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBingming1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackham1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChildersHentzi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDacey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDierksmeier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoerr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGay1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiustiniani1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayling2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardie2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaworth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeavens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHook1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakelić2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristeller1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristeller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtz1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahaye1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamont1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjamai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasolo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonfasani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorainMorain1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNederman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNida-Rümelin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanisch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockmore1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohlf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmölz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchröder2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuhmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoper1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrejo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerthnerPremLeeGhezzi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age of Enlightenment\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Humanism\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 145,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","19.6"],["?","180","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","7.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","200","17.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5pr2z","timestamp":"20241124053432","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Humanism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humanism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q46158","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q46158","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-01T02:34:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T21:02:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg","headline":"philosophical school of thought"}</script> </body> </html>