CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Franco-Ottoman alliance - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"015d3293-0f75-473c-a728-9b67812056cf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Franco-Ottoman_alliance","wgTitle":"Franco-Ottoman alliance","wgCurRevisionId":1259261207,"wgRevisionId":1259261207,"wgArticleId":22210511,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2024","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Bilateral relations of the Ottoman Empire","Military alliances involving France", "Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire","Suleiman the Magnificent","16th-century military alliances","France–Turkey military relations","Francis I of France","1530s establishments in France","1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire","France–Ottoman Empire relations","Military alliances involving Turkey"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Franco-Ottoman_alliance","wgRelevantArticleId":22210511,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2457631","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/1200px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/800px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/640px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="384"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Franco-Ottoman alliance - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Franco-Ottoman_alliance rootpage-Franco-Ottoman_alliance skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Franco-Ottoman+alliance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Franco-Ottoman+alliance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Franco-Ottoman+alliance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Franco-Ottoman+alliance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_of_Francis_I_and_Suleiman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_of_Francis_I_and_Suleiman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alliance_of_Francis_I_and_Suleiman-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alliance_of_Francis_I_and_Suleiman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exchange_of_embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_of_embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Exchange of embassies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_of_embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combined_operations_(1534–35)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_operations_(1534–35)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Combined operations (1534–35) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_operations_(1534–35)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_embassy_of_Jean_de_La_Forêt_(1535–1537)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_embassy_of_Jean_de_La_Forêt_(1535–1537)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Permanent embassy of Jean de La Forêt (1535–1537) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_embassy_of_Jean_de_La_Forêt_(1535–1537)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_and_religious_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_religious_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.1 Trade and religious agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_religious_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_financial_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_financial_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.2 Military and financial agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_financial_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1536–1538" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1536–1538"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Italian War of 1536–1538 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1536–1538-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1536" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1536"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Campaign of 1536 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1536-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_campaign_of_1537" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_campaign_of_1537"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Joint campaign of 1537 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_campaign_of_1537-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg-Valois_Truce_of_Nice_(1538)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg-Valois_Truce_of_Nice_(1538)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Habsburg-Valois Truce of Nice (1538) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg-Valois_Truce_of_Nice_(1538)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1542–1546_and_Hungary_Campaign_of_1543" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1542–1546_and_Hungary_Campaign_of_1543"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Italian War of 1542–1546 and Hungary Campaign of 1543 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1542–1546_and_Hungary_Campaign_of_1543-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failed_coordination_in_the_campaign_of_1542" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_coordination_in_the_campaign_of_1542"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Failed coordination in the campaign of 1542 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_coordination_in_the_campaign_of_1542-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_siege_of_Nice_(1543)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Joint siege of Nice (1543) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_siege_of_Nice_(1543)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbarossa_wintering_in_Toulon_(1543–1544)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbarossa_wintering_in_Toulon_(1543–1544)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Barbarossa wintering in Toulon (1543–1544) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbarossa_wintering_in_Toulon_(1543–1544)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Polin_in_Constantinople_(1544)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Polin_in_Constantinople_(1544)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Captain Polin in Constantinople (1544) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Polin_in_Constantinople_(1544)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_campaign_in_Hungary_(1543–1544)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_campaign_in_Hungary_(1543–1544)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Joint campaign in Hungary (1543–1544) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_campaign_in_Hungary_(1543–1544)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_support_in_the_Ottoman-Safavid_war_(1547)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_support_in_the_Ottoman-Safavid_war_(1547)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 French support in the Ottoman-Safavid war (1547) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_support_in_the_Ottoman-Safavid_war_(1547)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Political debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_scientific_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_scientific_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Cultural and scientific exchanges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_scientific_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 International trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_alliance_under_Henry_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_alliance_under_Henry_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military alliance under Henry II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_alliance_under_Henry_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military alliance under Henry II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_alliance_under_Henry_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperation_during_the_Italian_War_of_1551–1559" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_during_the_Italian_War_of_1551–1559"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cooperation during the Italian War of 1551–1559 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_during_the_Italian_War_of_1551–1559-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_attacks_on_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(1552)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_attacks_on_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(1552)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Joint attacks on the Kingdom of Naples (1552) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_attacks_on_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(1552)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Joint invasion of Corsica (1553) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_Protestantism_under_Charles_IX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_Protestantism_under_Charles_IX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Support of Protestantism under Charles IX </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_of_Protestantism_under_Charles_IX-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support of Protestantism under Charles IX subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support_of_Protestantism_under_Charles_IX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman-Persian_diplomatic_rivalry_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman-Persian_diplomatic_rivalry_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ottoman-Persian diplomatic rivalry in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-Persian_diplomatic_rivalry_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Continuation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continuation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Continuation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Continuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henry_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Henry IV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_the_alliance_under_Louis_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_the_alliance_under_Louis_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_the_alliance_under_Louis_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Cultural exchanges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_support_from_Louis_XV_to_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_support_from_Louis_XV_to_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Continued support from Louis XV to the Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_support_from_Louis_XV_to_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Ottoman embassies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_and_technical_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_and_technical_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Diplomatic and technical collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_and_technical_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louis_XVI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_XVI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.1 Louis XVI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_XVI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.2 Revolutionary France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilogue:_Napoleon_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilogue:_Napoleon_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Epilogue: Napoleon I </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epilogue:_Napoleon_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epilogue: Napoleon I subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epilogue:_Napoleon_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_final,_but_short-lived,_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_final,_but_short-lived,_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 A final, but short-lived, alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_final,_but_short-lived,_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_War_and_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_War_and_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Crimean War and Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_War_and_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Franco-Ottoman alliance</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="التحالف الفرنسي العثماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التحالف الفرنسي العثماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa-Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1" title="Fransa-Osmanlı İttifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa-Osmanlı İttifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франка-турэцкі альянс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франка-турэцкі альянс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Френско-османски алианс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френско-османски алианс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sisch-osmanisches_B%C3%BCndnis" title="Französisch-osmanisches Bündnis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französisch-osmanisches Bündnis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_franco-otomana" title="Alianza franco-otomana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alianza franco-otomana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Otomana_alianco" title="Franc-Otomana alianco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franc-Otomana alianco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ائتلاف فرانسه و عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ائتلاف فرانسه و عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_franco-ottomane" title="Alliance franco-ottomane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alliance franco-ottomane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekutuan_Prancis-Utsmaniyah" title="Persekutuan Prancis-Utsmaniyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persekutuan Prancis-Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleanza_franco-ottomana" title="Alleanza franco-ottomana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alleanza franco-ottomana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოსმალეთ-საფრანგეთის ალიანსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთ-საფრანგეთის ალიანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Османлиско-француски сојуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Османлиско-француски сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekutuan_Perancis%E2%80%93Uthmaniyyah" title="Persekutuan Perancis–Uthmaniyyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persekutuan Perancis–Uthmaniyyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottomaanse_Alliantie" title="Franco-Ottomaanse Alliantie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franco-Ottomaanse Alliantie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="フランス・オスマン同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス・オスマン同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81" title="د فرانسې او عثماني سترواکۍ ائتلاف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فرانسې او عثماني سترواکۍ ائتلاف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_franco-otomana" title="Aliança franco-otomana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aliança franco-otomana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франко-турецкий альянс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко-турецкий альянс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa-Osmanl%C4%B1_ittifak%C4%B1" title="Fransa-Osmanlı ittifakı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa-Osmanlı ittifakı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Французько-османський альянс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французько-османський альянс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD-%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="法国-奥斯曼帝国联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国-奥斯曼帝国联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2457631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Franco-Ottoman_alliance" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&oldid=1259261207" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&id=1259261207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFranco-Ottoman_alliance">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFranco-Ottoman_alliance">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2457631" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century alliance of Francis I and Suleiman I</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/260px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/390px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/520px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>Francis I (left) and Suleiman I (right) initiated the Franco-Ottoman alliance. They never met in person; this is a composite of two separate paintings by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, circa 1530.</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:4px;border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 3px; margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; float: right; clear: both;" class="toccolours;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid; background:#DDDDFF;padding:5px"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_alliances_of_France" title="Foreign alliances of France">Foreign alliances of France</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Frankish–Abbasid alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">777–800s </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1220–1316 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Franco-Scottish alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1295–1560 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1524)" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1524)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1524–1526 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Hungarian_alliance_in_1528" title="Franco-Hungarian alliance in 1528">Franco-Hungarian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1528–1552 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1536–1798 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1657)" title="Treaty of Paris (1657)">Franco-English alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1657–1660 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance" title="Franco-Indian alliance">Franco-Indian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1603–1763 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Franco-British alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1716–1731 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Franco-Spanish alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1733–1792 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession#Campaign_of_1741" title="War of the Austrian Succession">Franco-Prussian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1741–1756 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Austrian_alliance" title="Franco-Austrian alliance">Franco-Austrian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1756–1792 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_Alliances" title="Franco-Indian Alliances">Franco-Indian Alliances</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1700s </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1.8em"><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Franco-Vietnamese alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1777–1820 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1778–1794 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Persian_alliance" title="Franco-Persian alliance">Franco-Persian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1807–1809 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Franco-Prussian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1812–1813 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Franco-Austrian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1812–1813 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1892–1917 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1904–present </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance" title="Franco-Polish alliance">Franco-Polish alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1921–1940 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Franco-Italian alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1935 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1936–1939 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Treaty of Dunkirk</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1947–1997 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1948–1954 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Alliance</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1949–present </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1954–2011 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">European Defence Union</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; font-size:smaller;" align="right">1993–present </td></tr> <tr style="background:#DDDDDD"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Regional relations</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Americas relations">Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Africa_relations" title="France–Africa relations">Africa</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also known as the Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the longest-lasting and most important <a href="/wiki/Foreign_alliances_of_France" title="Foreign alliances of France">foreign alliances of France</a>, and was particularly influential during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. The Franco-Ottoman military alliance reached its peak with the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> of 1553 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Turkes_p.49-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As the first non-ideological alliance in effect between a Christian and Muslim state, the alliance attracted heavy controversy for its time and caused a scandal throughout Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Carl Jacob Burckhardt">Carl Jacob Burckhardt</a> (1947) called it "the <a href="/wiki/Sacrilegious" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrilegious">sacrilegious</a> union of the <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-Lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur-de-Lis">lily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman flag">crescent</a>".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It lasted intermittently for more than two and a half centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.132-6">[6]</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Campaign_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt">Napoleonic campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a>, in 1798–1801. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_(1525).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png/220px-Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png/330px-Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png/440px-Western_Europe_in_the_Time_of_Charles_V_%281525%29.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Western Europe in 1525, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>. Territories in yellow are ruled by Charles. Territories within the red boundary are of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which Charles had partial control over. France was pressured in the West, while the Ottoman Empire expanded on the eastern side of the Holy Roman Empire.</figcaption></figure> Following the Turkish conquest of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453 by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmed II</a> and the unification of swaths of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> under <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a>, the son of Selim, managed to expand Ottoman rule to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1522. The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Holy Roman Empire</a> thus entered in direct conflict with the Ottomans. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Cem_in_Bourganeuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sultan_Cem_in_Bourganeuf.jpg/220px-Sultan_Cem_in_Bourganeuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Sultan_Cem_in_Bourganeuf.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Prince <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Cem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Cem">Cem</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson" title="Pierre d'Aubusson">Pierre d'Aubusson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bourganeuf" title="Bourganeuf">Bourganeuf</a>, 1483–1489.</figcaption></figure> Some early contacts seem to have taken place between the Ottomans and the French. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> sent an embassy to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> in 1483, while <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Cem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Cem">Cem</a>, his brother and rival pretender to the Ottoman throne was being detained in France at <a href="/wiki/Bourganeuf" title="Bourganeuf">Bourganeuf</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson" title="Pierre d'Aubusson">Pierre d'Aubusson</a>. Louis XI refused to see the envoys, but a large amount of money and Christian relics were offered by the envoy so that Cem could remain in custody in France.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Cem was transferred to the custody of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> in 1489. France had signed a first treaty or <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1500, during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in which the Sultan of Egypt had made concessions to the French and the Catalans, and which would be later extended by Suleiman. France had already been looking for allies in Central Europe. The ambassador of France <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rincon" title="Antonio Rincon">Antonio Rincon</a> was employed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> on several missions to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Hungary</a> between 1522 and 1525. At that time, following the 1522 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bicoque">Battle of Bicoque</a>, Francis I was attempting to ally with king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Finally, in 1524, a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1524)" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1524)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> was signed between Francis I and the king of Poland <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki-11">[11]</a> A momentous intensification of the search for allies in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> occurred when the French ruler Francis I was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> on February 24, 1525, by the troops of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the humiliating <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a>, through which he had to relinquish the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Charolais_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charolais (county)">Charolais</a> to the Empire, renounce his Italian ambitions, and return his belongings and honours to the traitor <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Constable de Bourbon</a>. This situation forced Francis I to find an ally against the powerful Habsburg Emperor, in the person of Suleiman the Magnificent.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alliance_of_Francis_I_and_Suleiman">Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg/170px-First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg/255px-First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg/340px-First_letter_from_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_1526_alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>First letter from Suleiman to Francis I in February 1526.</figcaption></figure> The alliance was an opportunity for both rulers to fight against the hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. The objective for Francis I was to find an ally against the Habsburgs,<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> although the policy of courting a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> power was in reversal of that of his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The pretext used by Francis I was the protection of the Christians in Ottoman lands, through agreements called "<a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire</a>". King Francis was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> when the first efforts at establishing an alliance were made. A first French mission to Suleiman seems to have been sent right after the Battle of Pavia by the mother of Francis I, <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Savoie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise de Savoie">Louise de Savoie</a>, but the mission was lost on its way in <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Bosnia" title="Sanjak of Bosnia">Bosnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.129-14">[14]</a> In December 1525 a second mission was sent, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Frangipani" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frangipani">John Frangipani</a>, which managed to reach Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, with secret letters asking for the deliverance of king Francis I and an attack on the Habsburg. Frangipani returned with an answer from Suleiman, on 6 February 1526:<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.129-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I who am the Sultan of Sultans, the sovereign of sovereigns, the dispenser of crowns to the monarchs on the face of the earth, the shadow of the God on Earth, the Sultan and sovereign lord of the Mediterranean Sea and of the Black Sea, of Rumelia and of Anatolia, of Karamania, of the land of Romans, of Dhulkadria, of Diyarbakir, of Kurdistan, of Azerbaijan, of Persia, of Damascus, of Aleppo, of Cairo, of Mecca, of Medina, of Jerusalem, of all Arabia, of Yemen and of many other lands which my noble fore-fathers and my glorious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) conquered by the force of their arms and which my August Majesty has made subject to my flamboyant sword and my victorious blade, I, Sultan Suleiman Khan, son of Sultan Selim Khan, son of Sultan Bayezid Khan: To thee who art <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francesco</a>, king of the province of France ... You have sent to my <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>, refuge of sovereigns, a letter by the hand of your faithful servant Frangipani, and you have furthermore entrusted to him miscellaneous verbal communications. You have informed me that the enemy has overrun your country and that you are at present in prison and a captive, and you have asked aid and succors for your deliverance. All this your saying having been set forth at the foot of my throne, which controls the world. Your situation has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and I have considered all of it. There is nothing astonishing in emperors being defeated and made captive. Take courage then, and be not dismayed. Our glorious predecessors and our illustrious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) have never ceased to make war to repel the foe and conquer his lands. We ourselves have followed in their footsteps, and have at all times conquered provinces and citadels of great strength and difficult of approach. Night and day our horse is saddled and our saber is girt. May the God on High promote righteousness! May whatsoever He will be accomplished! For the rest, question your ambassador and be informed. Know that it will be as said.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Answer from Suleiman the Magnificent to Francis I of France, February 1526.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The plea of the French king nicely corresponded to the ambitions of Suleiman in Europe, and gave him an incentive to attack <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301-1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301-1526)">Hungary</a> in 1526, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.132-6">[6]</a> The Ottomans were also greatly attracted by the prestige of being in alliance with such a country as France, which would give them better legitimacy in their European dominions.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.132-6">[6]</a> Meanwhile, Charles V was manoeuvring to form a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Persian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Persian alliance">Habsburg-Persian alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Persia</a>, so that the Ottoman Empire would be attacked on its rear. Envoys were sent to Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> in 1525, and again in 1529, pleading for an attack on the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg/170px-Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg/255px-Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg/340px-Letter_of_Suleyman_II_to_Francis_I_of_France_regarding_the_protection_of_Christians_in_his_states_September_1528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="1839" /></a><figcaption>Letter of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> regarding the protection of Christians in his states. September 1528. <a href="/wiki/Archives_nationales_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives nationales (France)">Archives Nationales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a> (1526–1530) going on, Francis I continued to look for allies in Central Europe and formed a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Hungarian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Hungarian alliance">Franco-Hungarian alliance</a> in 1528 with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Zapolya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapolya">Zapolya</a>, who himself had just become a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that same year.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-17">[17]</a> In 1528 also, Francis used the pretext of the protection of Christians in the Ottoman Empire to again enter into contact with Suleiman, asking for the return of a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>. In his 1528 letter to Francis I Suleiman politely refused, but guaranteed the protection of Christians in his states. He also renewed the privileges of French merchants which had been obtained in 1517 in Egypt. Francis I lost in his European campaigns, and had to sign the <a href="/wiki/Paix_des_Dames" class="mw-redirect" title="Paix des Dames">Paix des Dames</a> in August 1529. He was even forced to supply some <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a> to Charles V in his fight against the Ottomans. However, the Ottomans would continue their campaigns in Central Europe, and besiege the Habsburg capital in the 1529 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">siege of Vienna</a>, and again in 1532. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_of_embassies">Exchange of embassies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exchange of embassies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/170px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/255px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/340px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>In 1532, the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rincon" title="Antonio Rincon">Antonio Rincon</a> presented Suleiman with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">this magnificent tiara or helmet</a>, made in Venice for 115,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.52-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_France_(1533)" title="Ottoman embassy to France (1533)">Ottoman embassy to France (1533)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_France_(1534)" title="Ottoman embassy to France (1534)">Ottoman embassy to France (1534)</a></div> In early July 1532, Suleiman was joined by the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rincon" title="Antonio Rincon">Antonio Rincon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">a magnificent four-tiered tiara</a>, made in Venice for 115,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.52-18">[18]</a> Rincon also described the Ottoman camp: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Astonishing order, no violence. Merchants, women even, coming and going in perfect safety, as in a European town. Life as safe, as large and easy as in Venice. Justice so fairly administered that one is tempted to believe that the Turks are turned Christians now, and that the Christians are turned Turks.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Antonio Rincon, 1532.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="29560" /></a><figcaption>The French ambassador to England <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Dinteville" title="Jean de Dinteville">Jean de Dinteville</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors_(Holbein)" title="The Ambassadors (Holbein)">"The Ambassadors"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, 1533, including an example of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Ottoman carpets in Renaissance painting</a></figcaption></figure> Francis I explained to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Gritti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Gritti (page does not exist)">Giorgio Gritti</a> in March 1531 his strategy regarding the Turks:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I cannot deny that I wish to see the Turk all-powerful and ready for war, not for himself – for he is an infidel and we are all Christians – but to weaken the power of the emperor, to compel him to make major expenses, and to reassure all the other governments who are opposed to such a formidable enemy.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francis I to the Venetian ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/170px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/255px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/340px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> fought in alliance with France.</figcaption></figure> Ottoman embassies were sent to France, with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_France_(1533)" title="Ottoman embassy to France (1533)">Ottoman embassy to France (1533)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_France_(1534)" title="Ottoman embassy to France (1534)">Ottoman embassy to France (1534)</a> led by representatives of Suleiman. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combined_operations_(1534–35)">Combined operations (1534–35)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Combined operations (1534–35)">edit</a>]</div> Suleiman ordered Barbarossa to put his fleet at the disposition of Francis I to attack <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In July 1533 Francis received Ottoman representatives at <a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy</a>, and he would dispatch in return <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rincon" title="Antonio Rincon">Antonio Rincon</a> to Barbarossa in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman140-24">[24]</a> Suleiman explained that "he could not possibly abandon the King of France, who was his brother".<a href="#cite_note-Merriman140-24">[24]</a> The Franco-Ottoman alliance was by then effectively made.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman140-24">[24]</a> In 1534 a Turkish fleet sailed against the Habsburg Empire at the request of Francis I, raiding the Italian coast and finally meeting with representatives of Francis in southern France.<a href="#cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.11-25">[25]</a> The fleet went on to capture <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis (1534)</a> on 16 August 1534 and continued raiding the Italian coast with the support of Francis I.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In a counter-attack however, Charles V dislodged them in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_embassy_of_Jean_de_La_Forêt_(1535–1537)">Permanent embassy of Jean de La Forêt (1535–1537)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Permanent embassy of Jean de La Forêt (1535–1537)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg/170px-Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg/255px-Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg/340px-Letter_of_Suleiman_to_Francis_I_6_April_1536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>Letter of Suleiman to Francis I in 1536, informing Francis I of the successful campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a>, and acknowledging the permanent French embassy of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de La Forest">Jean de La Forest</a> at the Ottoman court.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trade_and_religious_agreements">Trade and religious agreements</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trade and religious agreements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Echelles du Levant" redirects here. For the Maalouf novel, see <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_Call_(Maalouf_novel)" title="Ports of Call (Maalouf novel)">Ports of Call (Maalouf novel)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_of_the_1536_Treaty_negotiated_between_Jean_de_La_Forest_and_Ibrahim_Pacha_expanding_to_the_whole_Ottoman_Empire_the_privileges_received_in_Egypt_from_the_Mamluks_before_1518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draft_of_the_1536_Treaty_negotiated_between_Jean_de_La_Forest_and_Ibrahim_Pacha_expanding_to_the_whole_Ottoman_Empire_the_privileges_received_in_Egypt_from_the_Mamluks_before_1518.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draft_of_the_1536_Treaty_negotiated_between_Jean_de_La_Forest_and_Ibrahim_Pacha_expanding_to_the_whole_Ottoman_Empire_the_privileges_received_in_Egypt_from_the_Mamluks_before_1518.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draft_of_the_1536_Treaty_negotiated_between_Jean_de_La_Forest_and_Ibrahim_Pacha_expanding_to_the_whole_Ottoman_Empire_the_privileges_received_in_Egypt_from_the_Mamluks_before_1518.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>Draft of the 1536 Treaty negotiated between Jean de La Forêt and <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_%C4%B0brahim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pargalı İbrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, a few days before his assassination, expanding to the whole <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> the privileges received in <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Egypt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> before 1518.</figcaption></figure> Treaties, or capitulations, were passed between the two countries starting in 1528 and 1536. The defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a> at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a> Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_For%C3%AAt" title="Jean de La Forêt">Jean de La Forêt</a> was sent to Istanbul, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a> Jean de La Forêt negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulations</a> on 18 February 1536, on the model of previous Ottoman commercial treaties with <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese Republic">Genoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a> although they only seem to have been ratified by the Ottomans later, in 1569, with ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Du_Bourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Du Bourg (page does not exist)">Claude Du Bourg</a>. These capitulations allowed the French to obtain important privileges, such as the security of the people and goods, extraterritoriality, freedom to transport and sell goods in exchange for the payment of the <a href="/wiki/Selamlik" title="Selamlik">selamlik</a> and customs fees. These capitulations would in effect give the French a near trade monopoly in seaport-towns that would be known as les Échelles du Levant.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Foreign vessels had to trade with Turkey under the French banner, after the payment of a percentage of their trade. A French embassy and a Christian chapel were established in the town of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> across the Golden horn from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and commercial privileges were also given to French merchants in the Turkish Empire. Through the capitulations of 1535, the French received the privilege to trade freely in all Ottoman ports.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> A formal alliance was signed in 1536.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The French were free to practice their religion in the Ottoman Empire, and French Catholics were given custody of holy places.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> The capitulations were again renewed in 1604,<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> and lasted up until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Military_and_financial_agreements">Military and financial agreements</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military and financial agreements">edit</a>]</div> Jean de la Forêt also had secret military instructions to organize a combined offensive on Italy in 1535:<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Through the negotiations of de La Forêt with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_%C4%B0brahim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pargalı İbrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a> it was agreed that combined military operations against Italy would take place, in which France would attack <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> while the Ottoman Empire would attack from <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frazee28-32">[32]</a> The Ottoman Empire also provided considerable financial support to Francis I. In 1533, Suleiman sent Francis I 100,000 gold pieces, so that he could form a coalition with England and German states against Charles V. In 1535, Francis asked for another 1 million <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The military instructions of Jean de la Forêt were highly specific: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg/170px-Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg/255px-Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg/340px-Military_instructions_to_Jean_de_la_Foret_by_Chancelier_Antoine_Duprat_copy_11_February_1535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Military instructions to <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_For%C3%AAt" title="Jean de La Forêt">Jean de La Forêt</a>, by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duprat" title="Antoine Duprat">Antoine Duprat</a> (copy), 11 February 1535.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Jean de la Forest, whom the King sends to meet with the <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Grand Signor</a> [Suleiman the Magnificent], will first go from <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Barbary" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary">Barbary</a>, to meet sir <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Haradin</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, who will direct him to the Grand Signor. To this objective, next summer, he [the King of France] with send the military force he is preparing to recover what it unjustly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles III, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, and from there, to attack the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>. This king <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> strongly prays sir Haradin, who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location [Tunisia], to attack the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of Genoa, and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30 <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a>, and the rest <a href="/wiki/Carracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carracks">galeasses</a> and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir Haradin, which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly grateful to sir Haradin. ... To the <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Grand Signor</a>, Monsieur de La Forest must ask for 1 million in gold, and for his army to enter first in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King [of France]. Furthermore, he will recognize this blessing, and send tribute and pension to the Grand Signor to reward him for the financial support he will have provided to the King, as well as the support of his navy which will be fully assisted by the King [of France].<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Military instruction from Francis I to <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de la Forest">Jean de la Forest</a>, 1535.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Finally, Suleiman intervened diplomatically in favour of Francis on the European scene. He is known to have sent at least one letter to the Protestant princes of Germany to encourage them to ally with Francis I against Charles V.<a href="#cite_note-Europe'_p.111-35">[35]</a> Francis I effectively allied with the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> against Charles V in 1535. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1536–1538">Italian War of 1536–1538</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1536–1538">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1536–38">Italian War of 1536–38</a></div> Franco-Ottoman military collaboration took place during the Italian War of 1536–1538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_For%C3%AAt" title="Jean de La Forêt">Jean de La Forêt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign_of_1536">Campaign of 1536</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1536">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg/220px-The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg/330px-The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg/440px-The_Harbour_of_Marseilles_by_Ottoman_Admiral_Piri_Reis_1526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>The Harbour of <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> by Ottoman Admiral <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> 1526.</figcaption></figure> Francis I invaded <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a> in 1536,<a href="#cite_note-Mattingly155-36">[36]</a> starting the war. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> by the end of 1536, threatening <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> While Francis I was attacking Milan and Genoa in April 1536, Barbarossa was raiding the Habsburg possessions in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a> In 1536 the French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Saint-Blancard" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Saint-Blancard">Baron de Saint-Blancard</a> combined his twelve French galleys with a small Ottoman fleet belonging to Barbarossa in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a> (an Ottoman galley and 6 galiotes), to attack the island of <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. After failing to capture the tower of Salé, the fleet raided the Spanish coast from <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Collioure" title="Collioure">Collioure</a>, finally wintering in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> with 30 galleys from 15 October 1536 (the first time a Turkish fleet laid up for the winter in Marseilles). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_campaign_of_1537">Joint campaign of 1537</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Joint campaign of 1537">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg/220px-Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg/330px-Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg/440px-Corfu_map_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The French and Ottoman fleets joined at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">siege of Corfu (1537)</a> in early September.</figcaption></figure> For 1537 important combined operations were agreed upon, in which the Ottomans would attack southern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> would attack northern Italy with 50,000 men. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a>, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw97-27">[27]</a> The Ottoman fleet gathered in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Avlona</a> with 100 galleys, accompanied by the French ambassador Jean de La Forêt.<a href="#cite_note-Setton_431-38">[38]</a> They landed in <a href="/wiki/Castro_(LE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castro (LE)">Castro, Apulia</a> by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Setton_431-38">[38]</a> Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg/220px-Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg/330px-Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg/440px-Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Vega" title="Jean de la Vega">Jean de la Vega</a>, after 1538.</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead mounted the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">siege of Corfu</a> in August 1537.<a href="#cite_note-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327-39">[39]</a> where they were met by the French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Saint-Blancard" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Saint-Blancard">Baron de Saint-Blancard</a> with 12 galleys in early September 1537.<a href="#cite_note-Setton_431-38">[38]</a> Saint-Blancard in vain attempted to convince the Ottomans to again raid the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the March of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, and Suleiman returned with his fleet to Constantinople by mid-September without having captured Corfu.<a href="#cite_note-Setton_431-38">[38]</a> French ambassador Jean de La Forêt became seriously ill and died around that time.<a href="#cite_note-Setton_431-38">[38]</a> Francis I finally penetrated into Italy, and reached <a href="/wiki/Rivoli_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivoli (Italy)">Rivoli</a> on 31 October 1537.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> For two years, until 1538, Saint-Blancard would accompany the fleet of Barbarossa, and between 1537 and 1538, Saint-Blancard would winter with his galleys in Constantinople and meet with Suleiman. During that time, Saint-Blancard was funded by Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The campaign of Saint-Blancard with the Ottomans was written down in Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Vega" title="Jean de la Vega">Jean de la Vega</a>, who had accompanied Saint-Blancard in his mission.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Although the French accompanied most of the campaigns of Barbarossa, they sometimes refrained from participating in Turkish assaults, and their accounts express horror at the violence of these encounters, in which Christians were slaughtered or taken as captives.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Habsburg-Valois_Truce_of_Nice_(1538)">Habsburg-Valois Truce of Nice (1538)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Habsburg-Valois Truce of Nice (1538)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/220px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/330px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/440px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Francis I and Charles V made peace at the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a> in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles V in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.</figcaption></figure> With <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invasion and the Ottomans, he and Francis I ultimately made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a> on 18 June 1538.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> In the truce, Charles and Francis made an agreement to ally against the Ottomans to expel them from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-44">[44]</a> Charles V turned his attention to fighting the Ottomans, but could not launch large forces in Hungary due to a raging conflict with the German princes of the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-44">[44]</a> On 28 September 1538 Barbarosa won the major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a> against the Imperial fleet.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> At the end of the conflict, Suleiman set as a condition for peace with Charles V that the latter returns to Francis I the lands that were his by right.<a href="#cite_note-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327-39">[39]</a> The Franco-Ottoman alliance was crippled for a while however, due to Francis' official change of alliance at Nice in 1538. Open conflict between Charles and Francis would resume in 1542, as well as Franco-Ottoman collaboration, with the 4 July 1541 assassination by Imperial troops of the <a href="/wiki/French_Ambassador_to_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire">French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rincon" title="Antonio Rincon">Antonio Rincon</a>, as he was travelling through Italy near <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1542–1546_and_Hungary_Campaign_of_1543">Italian War of 1542–1546 and Hungary Campaign of 1543</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1542–1546 and Hungary Campaign of 1543">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">Italian War of 1542–46</a></div> During the Italian War of 1542–46 Francis I and Suleiman I were again pitted against the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. The course of the war saw extensive fighting in Italy, France, and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, as well as attempted invasions of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> and England; but, although the conflict was ruinously expensive for the major participants, its outcome was inconclusive. In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, active naval collaboration took place between the two powers to fight against Spanish forces, following a request by Francis I, conveyed by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Escalin_des_Aimars" title="Antoine Escalin des Aimars">Antoine Escalin des Aimars</a>, also known as Captain Polin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failed_coordination_in_the_campaign_of_1542">Failed coordination in the campaign of 1542</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Failed coordination in the campaign of 1542">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/220px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/330px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/440px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calibres_de_France" title="Calibres de France">Grand culverin</a> of Francis I, caliber: 140mm, length: 307cm, recovered at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Invasion of Algiers in 1830</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, with the Ottoman Empire promising to send 60,000 troops against the territories of the German king Ferdinand, as well as 150 galleys against Charles, while France promised to attack <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, harass the coasts of Spain with a naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for operations in the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A landing harbour in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> was prepared for Barberousse, at <a href="/wiki/Marano_(river)" title="Marano (river)">Marano</a>. The port was seized in the name of France by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Strozzi" title="Piero Strozzi">Piero Strozzi</a> on 2 January 1542.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Polin left Constantinople on 15 February 1542 with a contract from Suleiman outlining the details of the Ottoman commitment for 1542. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> on 8 March 1542 to obtain a ratification of the agreement by Francis I.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.211-48">[48]</a> Accordingly, Francis I designated the city of <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> as the objective for the Ottoman expedition, in order to obtain a seaway to Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Polin, after some delays in Venice, finally managed to take a galley to Constantinople on 9 May 1542, but he arrived too late for the Ottomans to launch a sea campaign.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Meanwhile, Francis I initiated the hostilities with Charles V on 20 July 1542, and kept with his part of the agreement by laying siege at Perpignan and attacking Flanders.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.211-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montalembert" title="André de Montalembert">André de Montalembert</a> was sent to Constantinople to ascertain the Ottoman offensive, but it turned out that Suleiman, partly under the anti-alliance influence of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_pasha_(Governor_of_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman pasha (Governor of Egypt)">Suleyman Pasha</a>, was unwilling to send an army that year, and promised to send an army twice as strong the following year, in 1543.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> When Francis I learnt from André de Montalembert that the Ottomans were not coming, he raised the siege of Perpignan.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_siege_of_Nice_(1543)">Joint siege of Nice (1543)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Joint siege of Nice (1543)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Siege of Nice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg/220px-Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg/330px-Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg/440px-Si%C3%A9ge_de_la_flotte_turc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1857" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">siege of Nice</a> in 1543, a combined Franco-Turkish force managed to capture the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg/220px-Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg/330px-Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg/440px-Boulets_de_la_rue_droite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonball</a> fired by the Franco-Turkish fleet, now in a street of Nice</figcaption></figure> Most notably, the French forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bourbon,_Count_of_Enghien" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien">François de Bourbon</a> and the Ottoman forces, led by Barbarossa, joined at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in August 1543,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and collaborated to bombard the city of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">siege of Nice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> In this action 110 Ottoman galleys, amounting to 30,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> combined with 50 French galleys.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_p.328-55">[55]</a> The Franco-Ottomans laid waste to the city of Nice, but were confronted by a stiff resistance which gave rise to the story of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_S%C3%A9gurane" title="Catherine Ségurane">Catherine Ségurane</a>. They had to raise the siege of the citadel upon the arrival of enemy troops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbarossa_wintering_in_Toulon_(1543–1544)">Barbarossa wintering in Toulon (1543–1544)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barbarossa wintering in Toulon (1543–1544)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a></div> After the siege of Nice, the Ottomans were offered by Francis to winter at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, so that they could continue to harass the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and especially the coast of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> and Italy, as well the communications between the two countries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Lodge the <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Lord Barbarossa</a> sent to the king by the Great Turk, with his Turkish Army and grands seigneurs to the number of 30,000 combatants during the winter in his town and port of Toulon... for the accommodation of the said army as well as the well-being of all his coast, it will not be suitable for the inhabitants of Toulon to remain and mingle with the Turkish nation, because of difficulties which might arise<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Instruction of Francis I to his Lord Lieutenant of Provence.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg/220px-Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg/330px-Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg/440px-Barbarossa_fleet_wintering_in_Toulon_1543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Barbarossa's fleet wintering in the French harbour of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, 1543. (by: <a href="/wiki/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh" title="Matrakçı Nasuh">Matrakçı Nasuh</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the wintering of Barbarossa, the <a href="/wiki/Toulon_Cathedral" title="Toulon Cathedral">Toulon Cathedral</a> was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, the call to prayer occurred five times a day, and Ottoman coinage was the currency of choice. According to an observer: "To see Toulon, one might imagine oneself at Constantinople".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Throughout the winter, the Ottomans were able to use Toulon as a base to attack the Spanish and Italian coasts, raiding <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borghetto_Santo_Spirito" title="Borghetto Santo Spirito">Borghetto Santo Spirito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceriale" title="Ceriale">Ceriale</a> and defeating Italo-Spanish naval attacks. Sailing with his whole fleet to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Barbarossa negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> the release of <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Ottomans departed from their Toulon base in May 1544 after Francis I had paid 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Ecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecus">ecus</a> to Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-Crowley,_p.75-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Captain_Polin_in_Constantinople_(1544)">Captain Polin in Constantinople (1544)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Captain Polin in Constantinople (1544)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg/220px-French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg/330px-French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg/440px-French_galleys_of_Captain_Polin_in_front_of_Pera_at_Constantinople_in_August_1544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>The French galleys of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Polin" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Polin">Captain Polin</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a> at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in August 1544, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B4me_Maurand" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerôme Maurand">Jerôme Maurand</a>, a priest who accompanied the fleet.</figcaption></figure> Five French galleys under <a href="/wiki/Captain_Polin" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Polin">Captain Polin</a>, including the superb <a href="/wiki/French_ship_La_R%C3%A9ale_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship La Réale (1538)">Réale</a>, accompanied Barbarossa's fleet,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> on a diplomatic mission to Suleiman.<a href="#cite_note-Crowley,_p.75-59">[59]</a> The French fleet accompanied Barbarossa during his attacks on the west coast of Italy on the way to Constantinople, as he laid waste to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Ercole" title="Porto Ercole">Porto Ercole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Giglio" title="Isola del Giglio">Giglio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talamona" title="Talamona">Talamona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> and took about 6,000 captives, but separated in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from Barbarossa's fleet to continue alone to the Ottoman capital.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B4me_Maurand" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerôme Maurand">Jerôme Maurand</a>, a priest of <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antibes</a> who accompanied Polin and the Ottoman fleet in 1544, wrote a detailed account in Itinéraire d'Antibes à Constantinonple.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> They arrived in Constantinople on 10 August 1544 to meet with Suleiman and give him an account of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.240-63">[63]</a> Polin was back to Toulon on 2 October 1544.<a href="#cite_note-Garnier,_p.240-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_campaign_in_Hungary_(1543–1544)">Joint campaign in Hungary (1543–1544)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Joint campaign in Hungary (1543–1544)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>French artillery troops were supplied to Suleiman for his Hungarian campaign – here, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">siege of Esztergom (1543)</a>.</figcaption></figure> On land Suleiman was concomitantly fighting for the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Hungary</a> in 1543, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Little_War_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Little War in Hungary">Little War</a>. French troops were supplied to the Ottomans on the Central European front: in Hungary, a French artillery unit was dispatched in 1543–1544 and attached to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europe'_p.111-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islam_p.328-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Following major sieges such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">siege of Esztergom (1543)</a>, Suleiman took a commanding position in Hungary, obtaining the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Truce of Adrianople</a> with the Habsburg in 1547. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg/220px-Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg/330px-Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg/440px-Letter_of_Francis_I_to_the_Drogman_Janus_Bey_28_December_1546_delivered_by_Aramon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>Letter of Francis I to the Drogman <a href="/wiki/Janus_Bey" title="Janus Bey">Janus Bey</a>, 28 December 1546, delivered by <a href="/wiki/D%27Aramon" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Aramon">D'Aramon</a>. The letter is countersigned by the <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_L%27Aubespine" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de L'Aubespine">Claude de L'Aubespine</a> (bottom right corner).</figcaption></figure> Besides the powerful effect of a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_alliance" title="Strategic alliance">strategic alliance</a> encircling the Habsburg Empire, combined tactical operations were significantly hampered by the distances involved, the difficulties in communication, and the unpredictable changes of plans on one side or the other. From a financial standpoint, fiscal revenues were also generated for both powers through the ransoming of enemy ships in the Mediterranean. The French Royal House also borrowed large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from the Ottoman banker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nasi" title="Joseph Nasi">Joseph Nasi</a> and the Ottoman Empire, amounting to around 150,000 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cus" class="mw-redirect" title="Écus">écus</a> as of 1565, the repayment of which became contentious in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_support_in_the_Ottoman-Safavid_war_(1547)">French support in the Ottoman-Safavid war (1547)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: French support in the Ottoman-Safavid war (1547)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)</a></div> In 1547, when <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Sultan Suleiman I</a> attacked Persia in his second campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)</a>, France sent him the ambassador <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Luetz" title="Gabriel de Luetz">Gabriel de Luetz</a> to accompany him in his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-66">[66]</a> Gabriel de Luetz was able to give decisive military advice to Suleiman, as when he advised on artillery placement during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Van_(1548)" title="Siege of Van (1548)">Siege of Van</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences">Consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> The alliance provided strategic support to, and effectively protected, the kingdom of France from the ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. It also gave the opportunity for the Ottoman Empire to become involved in European diplomacy and gain prestige in its European dominions. According to historian Arthur Hassall the consequences of the Franco-Ottoman alliance were far-reaching: "The Ottoman alliance had powerfully contributed to save France from the grasp of Charles V, it had certainly aided <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a>, and from a French point of view, it had rescued the North German allies of Francis I."'<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_debate">Political debate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political debate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg/170px-Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg/255px-Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg/340px-Apologye_en_defense_pour_le_Roy_fondee_sur_texte_d_evangile_contre_ses_enemis_et_calomniateurs_Francois_Sagon_1544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Apologye en défense pour le Roy, fondée sur texte d'évangile, contre ses enemis et calomniateurs by François de Sagon, 1544.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg/220px-The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg/330px-The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg/440px-The_Emperor_conducting_the_king_of_France_and_the_Sultan_as_captives_bound_together_Early_17th_century_charicature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Caricature showing the Emperor conducting the king of France and the Sultan walking as captives bound together. Early 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/220px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/330px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/440px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Allegory showing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Quint">Charles Quint</a> (center) enthroned over his defeated enemies (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Duke of Cleves</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Landgrave of Hesse</a>.</figcaption></figure> Side effects included a lot of negative propaganda against the actions of France and its "unholy" alliance with a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> power. Charles V strongly appealed to the rest of Europe against the alliance of Francis I, and caricatures were made showing the collusion between France and the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> In the late sixteenth century, Italian political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a> referred to the alliance as "a vile, infamous, diabolical treaty" and blamed it for the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Valois_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valois dynasty">Valois dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Even the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Francois_de_La_Noue" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois de La Noue">Francois de La Noue</a> denounced the alliance in a 1587 work, claiming that "this confederation has been the occasion to diminish the glory and power of such a flourishing kingdom as France."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Numerous authors intervened to take the defense of the French king for his alliance. Authors wrote about the Ottoman civilization, such as <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Richer" title="Christophe Richer">Christophe Richer</a>, in sometimes extremely positive ways. In the 1543 work Les Gestes de Francoys de Valois, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dolet">Etienne Dolet</a> justified the alliance by comparing it to Charles V's relations with Persia and Tunis. Dolet also claimed that it should not be "forbidden for a prince to make alliance and seek intelligence of another, whatever creed or law he may be."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The author <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Sagon" title="François de Sagon">François de Sagon</a> wrote in 1544 Apologye en défense pour le Roy, a text defending the actions of Francis I by drawing parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">parable of the Good Samaritan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, in which Francis is compared to the wounded man, the Emperor to the thieves, and Suleiman to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a> providing help to Francis.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_du_Bellay" title="Guillaume du Bellay">Guillaume du Bellay</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Bellay" title="Jean du Bellay">Jean du Bellay</a> wrote in defense of the alliance, at the same time minimizing it and legitimizing on the ground that Francis I was defending himself against an aggression.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Montluc">Jean de Montluc</a> used examples from Christian history to justify the endeavour to obtain Ottoman support.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Montluc">Jean de Montluc</a>'s brother <a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise de Montluc">Blaise de Montluc</a> argued in 1540 that the alliance was permissible because "against one's enemies one can make arrows of any kind of wood."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1551, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Danes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Danes (page does not exist)">Pierre Danes</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Danes" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Danes">fr</a>] wrote Apologie, faicte par un serviteur du Roy, contre les calomnies des Impériaulx: sur la descente du Turc.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_and_scientific_exchanges">Cultural and scientific exchanges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural and scientific exchanges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Civilization_during_the_European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance">Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg/220px-Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg/330px-Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg/440px-Arabic_astronomical_manuscript_of_Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi_annotated_by_Guillaume_Postel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Arabic <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, annotated by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cultural and scientific exchanges between France and the Ottoman Empire flourished. French scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Pierre Belon</a> were able to travel to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to collect information.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg/220px-Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg/330px-Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg/440px-Ottoman_Empire_Coran_copied_circa_1536_bounded_circa_1549_with_arms_of_Henri_II_according_to_regulations_set_under_Francis_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Empire <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, copied circa 1536, bound according to regulations set under Francis I circa 1549, with arms of <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II of France">Henri II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>.</figcaption></figure> Scientific exchange is thought to have occurred, as numerous works in Arabic, especially pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> were brought back, annotated and studied by scholars such as Guillaume Postel. Transmission of scientific knowledge, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tusi-couple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusi-couple">Tusi-couple</a>, may have occurred on such occasions, at the time when <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> was establishing his own astronomical theories.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Books, such as the Muslim holy text, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, were brought back to be integrated in Royal libraries, such as the Bibliothèque Royale de Fontainebleau, to create a foundation for the Collège des lecteurs royaux, future <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> French novels and tragedies were written with the Ottoman Empire as a theme or background.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a> In 1561, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bounin" title="Gabriel Bounin">Gabriel Bounin</a> published La Soltane, a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> highlighting the role of <a href="/wiki/Roxelane" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxelane">Roxelane</a> in the 1553 execution of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Mustapha</a>, the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman" title="Suleiman">Suleiman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilley-76">[76]</a> This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_trade">International trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International trade">edit</a>]</div> Strategically, the alliance with the Ottoman Empire also allowed France to offset to some extent the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a>'s advantage in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> trade, and French trade with the eastern Mediterranean through <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> indeed increased considerably after 1535. After the Capitulations of 1569, France also gained precedence over all other Christian states, and her authorization was required for when another state wished to trade with the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_alliance_under_Henry_II">Military alliance under Henry II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military alliance under Henry II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg/170px-Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg/255px-Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg/340px-Clouet_atelier_Henri_II_Roi_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, here standing on an oriental carpet, an example of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a>, continued the policy of alliance of his father Francis I. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1566.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1566.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg/220px-Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg/330px-Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg/440px-Ritratto_dell_ambasciatore_Gabriel_de_Luetz_d_Aramont_Tiziano_Vecellio_1541_1542_oil_on_canvas_76_x_74_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>French ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Luetz" title="Gabriel de Luetz">Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramont</a>, was present at the 1551 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">siege of Tripoli</a> as well as later Ottoman campaigns. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>.</figcaption></figure> The son of Francis I, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, also sealed a treaty with Suleyman in order to cooperate against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Navy">Austrian Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> This was triggered by the 8 September 1550 conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a> by the Genoese Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. The alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France.<a href="#cite_note-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_during_the_Italian_War_of_1551–1559">Cooperation during the Italian War of 1551–1559</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cooperation during the Italian War of 1551–1559">edit</a>]</div> Various military actions were coordinated during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>. In 1551, the Ottomans, accompanied by the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Luetz" title="Gabriel de Luetz">Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon</a>, succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">siege of Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_attacks_on_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(1552)">Joint attacks on the Kingdom of Naples (1552)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Joint attacks on the Kingdom of Naples (1552)">edit</a>]</div> In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Ottoman fleet was accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon, who accompanied the Ottoman fleet from Istanbul in its raids along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> in Southern Italy, capturing the city of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The plan was to join with the French fleet of <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_la_Garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de la Garde">Baron de la Garde</a> and the troops of the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Sanseverino,_Prince_of_Salerno" title="Ferdinando Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno">Prince of Salerno</a>, but both were delayed and could not join the Ottomans in time. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> in front of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ponza" title="Ponza">Ponza</a> with 40 galleys of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>, the Franco-Ottoman fleet managed to vanquish them and capture 7 galleys on 5 August 1552. The Franco-Ottoman fleet left Naples to go back to the east on 10 August, missing the Baron de la Garde who reached Naples a week later with 25 galleys and troops. The Ottoman fleet then wintered in <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, where it was joined by the fleet of Baron de la Garde, ready for naval operations the following year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)">Joint invasion of Corsica (1553)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Joint invasion of Corsica (1553)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica (1553)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/170px-Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/255px-Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/340px-Corsica_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Franco-Ottoman forces <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">invaded Corsica in 1553</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg/170px-Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg/255px-Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg/340px-Letter_from_Henry_II_of_France_to_Suleiman_and_ambassador_de_la_Vigne_22_February_1557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Letter from <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cavenac_de_la_Vigne" title="Jean Cavenac de la Vigne">Jean Cavenac de la Vigne</a>, dated 22 February 1557.</figcaption></figure> On 1 February 1553, a new treaty of alliance, involving naval collaboration against the Habsburg was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey'_p.106-82">[82]</a> In 1553, the Ottoman admirals <a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Koca Sinan">Koca Sinan</a> together with the French squadron raided the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey'_p.106-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_Turkes_p.49-1">[1]</a> A Franco-Ottoman fleet accomplished an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> for the benefit of France.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_p.328-55">[55]</a> The military alliance is said to have reached its peak in 1553.<a href="#cite_note-New_Turkes_p.49-1">[1]</a> In 1555, the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Codignac" title="Michel de Codignac">Michel de Codignac</a>, successor to Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, is known to have participated to Suleiman's <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Persian</a> campaign, and to have sailed with the Ottoman fleet in its campaign against <a href="/wiki/Piombino" title="Piombino">Piombino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> was one of the key Ottoman protagonists in these actions. On 30 December 1557, Henry II wrote a letter to Suleiman, asking him for money, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpeter</a>, and 150 galleys to be stationed in the West. Through the services of his ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cavenac_de_la_Vigne" title="Jean Cavenac de la Vigne">Jean Cavenac de la Vigne</a>, Henry II obtained the dispatch of an Ottoman fleet to Italy in 1558, with little effect however apart from the sack of <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Ottomans also contributed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands</a> in 1558. The conflict would finally come to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis">Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> (1559) and the accidental death of Henry II that same year. The newfound peace between the European powers however created long-lasting disillusionment on the Ottoman side.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_of_Protestantism_under_Charles_IX">Support of Protestantism under Charles IX</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Support of Protestantism under Charles IX">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></div> Ottoman power was also used by the French in the religious conflicts on the European scene. In 1566, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, the French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire intervened in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, after a request for Ottoman help by <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a>, so that a Dutch-Ottoman alliance was considered and a letter was sent from Suleiman the Magnificent to the "Lutherans" in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, offering troops at the time they would request,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and claiming that he felt close to them, "since they did not worship idols, believed in one God and fought against the Pope and Emperor".<a href="#cite_note-Kemal_H_p.53-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> and Jews (<a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a>) were able to find refuge at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and in the Ottoman Empire,<a href="#cite_note-Europe'_p.111-35">[35]</a> where they were given right of residence and worship.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists in <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Hungary</a> but also in France.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman,_p.111-90">[90]</a> The contemporary French thinker <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg/170px-16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg/255px-16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg/340px-16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>16th century copy of the 1569 <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">Capitulations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The great emperor of the Turks does with as great devotion as any prince in the world honour and observe the religion by him received from his ancestors, and yet detests he not the strange religions of others; but on the contrary permits every man to live according to his conscience: yes, and that more is, near unto his palace at <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a>, suffers four diverse religions viz. that of the Jews, that of the Christians, that of the Grecians, and that of the Mahometans.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman,_p.111-90">[90]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/170px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/255px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/340px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The French Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henri de Valois</a> was elected king of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> in 1572, partly due to the desire of Polish nobles to be agreeable to the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Davies26-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> The Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power, but for the forty years after these events, France would become embroiled in the bitter <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, and Ottoman power would start to slowly weaken after the 1571 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>. In 1572, after the death of the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Augustus">Sigismund Augustus</a>, who had been under a <a href="/wiki/Polish-Ottoman_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Ottoman alliance">Polish-Ottoman alliance</a> of his own, Poland elected the French <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henri de Valois</a>, rather than Habsburg candidates, partly in order to be more agreeable to the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Davies26-92">[92]</a> The choice of Henri de Valois had apparently been proposed by the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmet Paşa">Sokollu Mehmet Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> When Henri left to return to France in 1575, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Báthory of Poland">Stephen Báthory of Poland</a>, who also had been supported by the Ottomans in obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> throne in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-Davies26-92">[92]</a> In 1574, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a>, through his pro-Huguenot ambassador <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Noailles" title="François de Noailles">François de Noailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dax" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Dax">Bishop of Dax</a>, tried to obtain the support of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> in order to open a new front against the Spanish King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Selim II sent his support through a messenger, who endeavoured to put the Dutch in contact with the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> of Spain and the pirates of Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-Parker,_p.61-95">[95]</a> Selim also sent a great fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Capture of Tunis</a> in October 1574, thus succeeding in reducing Spanish pressure on the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Parker,_p.61-95">[95]</a> French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> were in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> in plans against Spain in the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-GJjSvehY5MC_p.311-96">[96]</a> Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a> under <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Navarre">Henri de Navarre</a> against Spanish <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, in agreement with the king of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but these projects foundered with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-U-kQJr-D_ikC_p.343-98">[98]</a> In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was planned to disembark between <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-97">[97]</a> Ottoman support for France would continue, as well as support for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> after 1580, and support for <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kemal_H_p.53-87">[87]</a> as a way to counter Habsburg attempts at supremacy in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Kemal_H_p.53-87">[87]</a> For a time though, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)">Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)</a> turned the Ottomans' attention away from Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman-Persian_diplomatic_rivalry_in_Europe">Ottoman-Persian diplomatic rivalry in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ottoman-Persian diplomatic rivalry in Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Persian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Persian alliance">Habsburg-Persian alliance</a></div> The conflict between the Ottomans and the Persians led the latter to try to forge a counter-acting <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Persian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Persian alliance">Habsburg-Persian alliance</a> with other European powers against the Ottoman Empire, particularly with the Habsburg Empire, some of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>. This plan was formalized by two major diplomatic endeavours: the <a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Europe_(1599%E2%80%931602)" title="Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)">Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Europe_(1609%E2%80%931615)" title="Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)">Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)</a>. The results however seem to have been limited. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuation">Continuation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Continuation">edit</a>]</div> For the three centuries following the beginning of the alliance,<a href="#cite_note-Merriman,_p.132-6">[6]</a> the Ottoman effectively continued to respect their commitment to protect Christian communities in their realm. The French kings succeeding to Francis I also generally maintained their pro-Ottoman policy.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">[4]</a> Numerous Ottoman embassies were received at the French court: from Suleiman I to <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis</a> I in 1533, from <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> in 1565 (embassy of <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Murad" title="Hajji Murad">Hajji Murad</a>),<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-65">[65]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> in 1571, from <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> in 1581.<a href="#cite_note-Göçek-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_IV">Henry IV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Henry IV">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg/170px-Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg/255px-Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg/340px-Savary_Franco_Ottoman_Capitulations_1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual Franco-Turkish translation of the 1604 Franco-Ottoman Capitulations between Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Savary_de_Br%C3%A8ves" class="mw-redirect" title="Savary de Brèves">Savary de Brèves</a> in 1615.</figcaption></figure> Even before <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>'s accession to the throne, the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> were in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> in plans against <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Spain in the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-GJjSvehY5MC_p.311-96">[96]</a> Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a> under Henri de Navarre against Spanish <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, in agreement with the Bey of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but these projects foundered with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-U-kQJr-D_ikC_p.343-98">[98]</a> In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was planned to disembark between <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg/220px-Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg/330px-Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Le_Grand_Bal_de_la_Douairi%C3%A8re_de_Billebahaut_Entrance_of_the_Great_Turk_1626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from Le Grand Bal de la Douairière de <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Billebahaut</a>: "Entrance of the Great Turk", 1626.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> Henry IV continued the policy of Franco-Ottoman alliance and received an embassy from <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a> in 1601.<a href="#cite_note-Göçek-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Randall-102">[102]</a> In 1604, a "<a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty">Peace Treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">Capitulation</a>" was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet I">Ahmed I</a>, giving numerous advantages to France in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Randall-102">[102]</a> An embassy was sent to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 1608, led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Savary_de_Br%C3%A8ves" title="François Savary de Brèves">François Savary de Brèves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> An embassy was again sent to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> in 1607, and from <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> in 1669 in the person of ambassador <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCteferrika_S%C3%BCleyman_A%C4%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa">Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa</a>, who created a sensation at the French court and even triggered a Turkish fashion.<a href="#cite_note-Göçek,_p.8-104">[104]</a> The Orient came to have a strong influence in French literature, as about 50% of French travel guides in the 16th century were dedicated to the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> French influence remained paramount at Constantinople, and the Capitulations were renewed in 1604, forcing all nations to trade under the protection and flag of France, except for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> which were competing, with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, for influence in the Levant. In the context of competition for influence between Western powers, relations between France and the Ottoman Empire started to cool significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> In 1643, the French lost the custody of the Holy Places to the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_the_alliance_under_Louis_XIV">Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> receiving the embassy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Ferriol" title="Charles de Ferriol">Charles de Ferriol</a> in 1699; painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste van Mour">Jean-Baptiste van Mour</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg/170px-English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg/255px-English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg/340px-English_pamphlet_criticizing_Louis_XIV_for_his_lack_of_support_in_the_Siege_of_Vienna_1683_alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>English pamphlet criticizing <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> for their roles in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">siege of Vienna</a> in 1683 ("Without the help of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Christian_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Christian Majesty">Most Christian</a>/Against the Most <a href="/wiki/Antichristian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichristian">Antichristian</a>/Monarch").</figcaption></figure> Initially, the sentiment of Louis towards the Ottoman Empire seems to have been quite negative, and French troops assisted the Austrians against the Turks at the 1664 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Battle of Saint-Gothard</a>, and the Venetians against the Turks at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">siege of Candia</a> in 1669 under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Beaufort">François de Beaufort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> One of the reasons was that Louis XIV was in a shifting alliance with the Habsburgs, especially through his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Marie-Thérèse of Spain</a> in 1660.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Louis's mother, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>, was a Habsburg too. The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman corsairs">Ottoman corsairs</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a> were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> French admiral <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Duquesne" title="Abraham Duquesne">Abraham Duquesne</a> fought the Barbary corsairs in 1681 and bombarded <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1673, Louis sent a fleet to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and obtained new capitulations recognizing him as sole protector of the Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> Soon Louis revived the alliance to facilitate his expansionist policies.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Louis refrained from entering into a formal alliance with the Ottoman Empire, but maintained a cautious neutrality favourable to the Turks, encouraged them to open a new front against the Habsburgs, and effectively took advantage of their conflict with the Holy Roman Empire to further the territorial interests of France. In 1679 and 1680, Louis through his envoy <a href="/wiki/Guilleragues" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilleragues">Guilleragues</a> encouraged the Ottoman Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Mustafa">Kara Mustafa</a> to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">Magyar Rebellion</a> against the Habsburg, but without success.<a href="#cite_note-ZxUAnxOSxUC_p.52-111">[111]</a> Louis communicated to the Turks that he would never fight on the side of the Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>, and he instead massed troops at the eastern frontier of France.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> These reassurances encouraged the Turks not to renew the 20-year <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">1664 Vasvar truce</a> with Austria and to move to the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> From 1683 and for a period of sixteen years, the Holy Roman Empire would be occupied in fighting the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>. Louis refused to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League</a>, a coalition of European powers against the Ottomans, adopting a position of neutrality, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> to persevere in his fight against the Habsburgs.<a href="#cite_note-ZxUAnxOSxUC_p.52-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Pamphleters and poets would criticize the position of Louis, and reinforce the unity of the League, by describing a battle between European "Liberty" on the one hand and "Eastern <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>" associated with "French <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>" on the other.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> Kara Mustafa almost captured <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, but was finally repulsed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683. On that occasion, Louis not only declined to help the Austrians, but on the contrary tried to prevent <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> from saving the city of Vienna,<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> and he used the opportunity to attack cities in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and parts of southern Germany. He was able to sign the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a> on 15 August 1684, giving him several territories which covered the frontier and protected France from foreign <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a>. In 1688, Louis again <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">attacked the Habsburg Empire</a>, in effect relieving pressure from the Ottomans. Louis was reviled for this action, and was called: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The most Christian Turk, the most Christian ravager of Christendom, the most Christian barbarian who had perpetrated on Christians outrages of which his infidel allies would have been ashamed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> Journal, April 15, 16 1689.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Ottomans were able to stage a counter-attack and succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">siege of Belgrade (1690)</a>, but they were finally defeated however in 1699 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Carlowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Carlowitz">Treaty of Carlowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_exchanges">Cultural exchanges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cultural exchanges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg/220px-C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg/330px-C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg/440px-C._van_Loo_Sultane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a> portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles André van Loo">Charles André van Loo</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></figcaption></figure> By the end of the 17th century, the first major defeats of the Ottoman Empire reduced the perceived threat in European minds, which led to an artistic craze for Turkish things. There was a fashion for Turkish things with <a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a>, just as there was a fashion for Chinese things with <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>, both of which became constitutive components of the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> started to become hugely popular, first with the works of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste van Mour">Jean-Baptiste van Mour</a>, who had accompanied the embassy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Ferriol" title="Charles de Ferriol">Charles de Ferriol</a> to Constantinople 1699 and stayed there until the end of his life in 1737, and later with the works of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">Boucher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Fragonard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg/170px-Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg/255px-Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg/340px-Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Savonnerie_manufactory" title="Savonnerie manufactory">Tapis de Savonnerie</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, made for the Grande Galerie in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> French literature also was greatly influenced. In 1704 was published the first French version of <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">[118]</a> French authors used the East as a way to enrich their philosophical work and a pretext to write comments on the West: <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> wrote the Lettres Persannes in 1721, a satirical essay on the West, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> used the Oriental appeal to write <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre_(play)" title="Zaïre (play)">Zaïre</a> (1732) and Candide (1759).<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">[118]</a> French travelers of the 17th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Jean de Thévenot">Jean de Thévenot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a> routinely visited the Ottoman Empire. There were also numerous culinary influences. <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> was introduced to Marseille by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_La_Roque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre de La Roque (page does not exist)">Pierre de La Roque</a> in 1664, but the fashion for coffee in Paris was triggered by the Ottoman ambassador to Louis XIV, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Aga" title="Suleiman Aga">Suleiman Aga</a>, in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">[118]</a> Fashionable coffee-shops emerged such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a>, the first coffee-shop of Paris, in 1689.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In the French high society wearing <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caftan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caftan">caftans</a> became fashionable, as well as lying on rugs and cushions.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A carpet industry façon de Turquie ("in the manner of Turkey") was developed in France in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dupont_(carpet_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Dupont (carpet maker)">Pierre Dupont</a>, who was returning from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and especially rose to prominence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Savonnerie_manufactory" title="Savonnerie manufactory">Tapis de Savonnerie</a> especially exemplify this tradition ("the superb carpets of the Savonnerie, which long rivalled the carpets of Turkey, and latterly have far surpassed them")<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> which was further adapted to local taste and developed with the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins</a> carpets. This tradition also spread to England where it revived the English carpet industry in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_support_from_Louis_XV_to_the_Revolution">Continued support from Louis XV to the Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Continued support from Louis XV to the Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_embassies">Ottoman embassies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ottoman embassies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg/170px-Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg/255px-Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg/340px-Mehmet_Efendi_with_the_child_Louis_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> as a child receiving Ottoman ambassador <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Efendi">Mehmed Efendi</a> in 1721.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador,_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Antoine_de_Favray_-_Portrait_of_Charles_Gravier_Count_of_Vergennes_and_French_Ambassador%2C_in_Turkish_Attire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3139" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> ambassador <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Charles Gravier de Vergennes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> dress, painted by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Favray" title="Antoine de Favray">Antoine de Favray</a>, 1766, <a href="/wiki/Pera_Museum" title="Pera Museum">Pera Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the early 18th century, the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> (1703–1730) endeavoured to send an embassy to France in order to formally establish France as a strategic ally against the common Russian and Austrian enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Göçek,_p.8-104">[104]</a> In 1720, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Efendi">Mehmed Efendi</a> was assigned as Ottoman ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a> and sent to Paris. His embassy of eleven months was notable for being the first ever foreign representation of a permanent nature for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. During 1721–22, he visited France on an extensive fact-finding mission, with the objective of gathering information for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On his return to the Ottoman capital, Mehmed Çelebi presented his contacts, experiences and observations to the Sultan in the form of a book, a <a href="/wiki/Sef%C3%A2retn%C3%A2me" title="Sefâretnâme">Sefâretnâme</a>. Another embassy, led by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Said Efendi">Mehmed Said Efendi</a> would visit France in 1742. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomatic_and_technical_collaboration">Diplomatic and technical collaboration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Diplomatic and technical collaboration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonneval-pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bonneval-pasha.jpg/170px-Bonneval-pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bonneval-pasha.jpg/255px-Bonneval-pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bonneval-pasha.jpg/340px-Bonneval-pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>The French officer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Alexandre_de_Bonneval" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Alexandre de Bonneval">Claude Alexandre de Bonneval</a> helped modernize the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/170px-Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/255px-Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/340px-Fortification_built_the_Baron_de_Tott_for_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="2329" /></a><figcaption>A fortification built by the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_de_Tott" title="François Baron de Tott">Baron de Tott</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a>.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the period, contacts were varied and multiple. France was willing to help in order to maintain strategic balance in Europe. Through its intervention and that of Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sauveur_Villeneuve" title="Louis Sauveur Villeneuve">Louis de Villenneuve</a> in negotiating the 1739 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a>, France effectively supported the Ottoman Empire into maintaining a strong presence in Europe against Austria for several more decades,<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">[106]</a> and "re-emerged in its traditional role as the Ottomans' best friend in Christendom".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Also, as the Ottoman Empire was losing ground militarily during the 18th century, it made numerous efforts to recruit French experts for its modernization. The French officer and adventurer <a href="/wiki/Claude-Alexandre_de_Bonneval" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval">Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval</a> (1675–1747) went in the service of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a>, converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and endeavoured to modernize the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman Army</a>, creating cannon foundries, powder and musket factories and a military engineering school.<a href="#cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.11-25">[25]</a> Another officer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_de_Tott" title="François Baron de Tott">François Baron de Tott</a> was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reform_efforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman military reform efforts">reform efforts for the Ottoman military</a>. He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>, and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Academy" title="Turkish Naval Academy">Turkish Naval Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Louis_XVI">Louis XVI</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Louis XVI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg/220px-Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg/330px-Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg/440px-Caricature_of_the_1783_French_Military_Mission_in_Istambul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary caricature of the 1783 French Military Mission in Constantinople training Ottoman troops.</figcaption></figure> Under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> from 1783, a French Military Mission was sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Turks in naval warfare and fortification building.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Up to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan-128">[128]</a> From 1784, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Charles_Aubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine-Charles Aubert (page does not exist)">Antoine-Charles Aubert</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Charles_Aubert" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine-Charles Aubert">fr</a>] reached Constantinople with 12 experts.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The same year, French engineering officers <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Joseph_Lafitte-Clav%C3%A9" title="André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé">André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Monnier_de_Courtois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph-Monnier de Courtois (page does not exist)">Joseph-Monnier de Courtois</a> arrived to instruct engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn established by the Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Halil_Hamid_Pasha" title="Halil Hamid Pasha">Halil Hamid Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-130">[130]</a> Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-130">[130]</a> However, all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Revolutionary_France">Revolutionary France</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Revolutionary France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg/220px-General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg/330px-General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg/440px-General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Aubert-Dubayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubert-Dubayet">Aubert-Dubayet</a> with his Military Mission being received by the Grand Vizier in 1796, painting by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Laurent_Castellan" title="Antoine-Laurent Castellan">Antoine-Laurent Castellan</a>.</figcaption></figure> This policy initially continued during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, as France was clearly in need of an eastern diversion against its continental enemies. For the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolution was a godsend, since conflict between European powers could only weaken the states that were its traditional enemies.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> For Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a>, this was a golden opportunity to modernize, and achieve the "New Order" (<a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Jedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Jedid">Nizam-i Jedid</a>). He established permanent embassies in several European countries, and turned to France for help.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.9-132">[132]</a> Various experts were sent, and in 1795, French envoy extraordinaire <a href="/wiki/Raymond_de_Verninac-Saint-Maur" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur">Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_de_Verninac-Saint-Maur" class="extiw" title="fr:Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur">fr</a>] attempted to establish a Treaty of Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A young artillery officer by the name of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> was also to be sent to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the Directory by putting down a Parisian mob in the <a href="/wiki/Whiff_of_grapeshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiff of grapeshot">whiff of grapeshot</a> and was kept in France.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1796, General <a href="/wiki/Aubert-Dubayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubert-Dubayet">Aubert-Dubayet</a> was sent to the Ottoman court with artillery equipment, and French artillerymen and engineers to help with the development of the Ottoman arsenals and foundries.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Creasy-136">[136]</a> Infantry and cavalry officers were also to train the <a href="/wiki/Spahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spahis">Spahis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, but they were frustrated by the opposition of the Janissaries.<a href="#cite_note-Creasy-136">[136]</a> This relationship would sour with the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.9-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epilogue:_Napoleon_I">Epilogue: Napoleon I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Epilogue: Napoleon I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleoniceurope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Napoleoniceurope.png/220px-Napoleoniceurope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Napoleoniceurope.png/330px-Napoleoniceurope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Napoleoniceurope.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Through his conquests (here, Napoleon's empire at its greatest extent in 1811) Napoleon came in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  French Empire</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Conquered "Rebellious" States</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Conquered "Allied" States</div></figcaption></figure> With the advent of Napoleon I, France adopted a strongly expansionist policy which put it in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire. Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> in 1797, France acquired possessions in the Mediterranean such as the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> as well as former Venetian bases on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Greece</a>. Relations with the Ottoman Empire became all of a sudden strained. <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Napoleon Bonaparte invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1798 and fought against the Ottomans to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with <a href="/wiki/Tippoo_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippoo Sahib">Tippoo Sahib</a> in India. Although the long period of Franco-Ottoman friendship was now over, Napoleon I still claimed great respect for Islam, and appealed to the long history of friendly relations between the Ottoman Empire and France:<a href="#cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.13-14-137">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Peoples of Egypt, you will be told that I have come to destroy your religion: do not believe it! Answer that I have come to restore your rights and punish the usurpers, and that, more than the Mamluks, I respect God, his Prophet and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>... Is it not we who have been through the centuries the friends of the Sultan?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Napoleon to the Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.13-14-137">[137]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Napoleon had toppled the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a>, the effective rulers of Egypt under nominal Ottoman suzerainty, but still raised the French flag side by side with the Ottoman banner throughout the Egyptian territory, claiming his love for Islam, and saying that they were saving the Ottomans from the Mamluks. Selim III however immediately declared a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and sought the help of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, who both felt both threatened by Napoleon's conquests. On January 3, 1799, the Ottoman Empire allied with Russia, and two days later with Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Britain took the opportunity to ally with the Ottoman Empire in order to repel Napoleon's invasion, intervening militarily during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">siege of Acre</a> with Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Sidney_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sidney Smith">William Sidney Smith</a> in 1799, and under <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1801)" title="Battle of Abukir (1801)">Battle of Abukir</a> in 1801. By 1802, the French were completely vanquished in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.11-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_final,_but_short-lived,_alliance">A final, but short-lived, alliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: A final, but short-lived, alliance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SebastianiTassaert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SebastianiTassaert.jpg/170px-SebastianiTassaert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SebastianiTassaert.jpg/255px-SebastianiTassaert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SebastianiTassaert.jpg/340px-SebastianiTassaert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The French General <a href="/wiki/Horace_Sebastiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Sebastiani">Horace Sebastiani</a> negotiated the alliance with Selim III.</figcaption></figure> Soon however, in 1803, France and Great Britain were again at war, and Napoleon went to great lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. On its side, Russia vied for Ottoman favour, and succeeded in signing a Treaty of Defensive Alliance in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.11-139">[139]</a> Napoleon continued his efforts to win the Ottoman Empire to his cause. He sent General <a href="/wiki/Horace_Sebastiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Sebastiani">Horace Sebastiani</a> as envoy extraordinary. Napoleon promised to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.11-139">[139]</a> He wrote to the Sultan: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Are you blind to your own interests – have you ceased to reign? (...) If Russia has an army of 15,000 men at Corfu, do you think that it is directed against me? Armed vessels have the habit of hastening to Constantinople. Your dynasty is about to descend into oblivion... Trust only your true friend, France<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter from Napoleon to <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.11-139">[139]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg/170px-Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg/255px-Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg/340px-Jacques-Louis_David_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_Halet_Efendi_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman ambassador <a href="/wiki/Halet_Efendi" title="Halet Efendi">Halet Efendi</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="The Coronation of Napoleon">The Coronation of Napoleon</a> in 1804, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (detail).</figcaption></figure> In February 1806, following Napoleon's remarkable victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> in December 1805 and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismemberment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, Selim III finally refused to ratify the Russian and British alliances, and recognized Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France "our sincere and natural ally", and war with Russia and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> He also sent <a href="/wiki/Muhib_Efendi" title="Muhib Efendi">Muhib Efendi</a> to Paris as ambassador (1806–1811).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Selim III's decisions in favour of France triggered the 1806 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a> and the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a>. Selim III repelled the British fleet of <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Duckworth" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas Duckworth">John Thomas Duckworth</a> with the help of Sebastiani, but lost several major encounters against Russia, and he was finally toppled by his <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> as he was trying to reform his army, and replaced by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a>. Mustafa IV however, persisted with the Franco-Ottoman alliance, and sent ambassador <a href="/wiki/Halet_Efendi" title="Halet Efendi">Halet Efendi</a> to Paris to work out the details.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Concurrently, Napoleon also formed a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Persian_alliance" title="Franco-Persian alliance">Franco-Persian alliance</a> in 1807, through the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finkenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Finkenstein">Treaty of Finkenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In a final reversal however, Napoleon I finally vanquished Russia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a> in July 1807. The alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire was maintained, and a peace settlement was brokered between Russia and the Ottomans, but the territories the Ottomans had been promised (<a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>) through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> were never returned, although the Ottomans themselves had complied with their part of the agreement by moving their troops south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Faced with betrayal by Russia, and the failure of France to have the agreement enforced, the Ottoman Empire, now ruled by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, finally signed on 5 January 1809 a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Dardanelles" title="Treaty of the Dardanelles">Treaty of Peace, Commerce and Secret Alliance</a> with Great Britain, which was now at war with both France and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.15-145">[145]</a> In 1812, through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, the Ottoman Empire and Russia agreed to make peace, just as Russia was anxious to liberate this southern front in anticipation of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a>, with Russia keeping <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and the Ottomans regaining <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the post-Napoleonic world, at the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the Ottoman Empire was still recognized as an essential part of the European status quo.<a href="#cite_note-Karsh,_p.15-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimean_War_and_Syria">Crimean War and Syria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crimean War and Syria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg/220px-French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg/330px-French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg/440px-French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2973" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_Organique_(Mount_Lebanon)" title="Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon)">French expedition in Syria</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_d%27Hautpoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufort d'Hautpoul">Beaufort d'Hautpoul</a>, landing in <a href="/wiki/Beyrouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyrouth">Beyrouth</a> on 16 August 1860.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, a French-British-Ottoman alliance against Russia was signed on 12 March 1854.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In another example of cooperation, in 1860, France later intervened in the Ottoman territory of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle East, following massacres of <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Chesterman_32-148">[148]</a> At that time, France, led by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, claimed to continue its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Persian_alliance" title="Habsburg–Persian alliance">Habsburg–Persian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations,_1648%E2%80%931814" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations, 1648–1814">International relations, 1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Calvinism" title="Turco-Calvinism">Turco-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">France-Turkey Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-New_Turkes_p.49-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Turkes_p.49_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Turkes_p.49_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Turkes_p.49_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDimmockDimmock2005" class="citation book cs1">Dimmock, Matthew; Dimmock, Professor of Early Modern Studies Matthew (January 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx0BFlJd3lIC&pg=PA49">New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754650225" title="Special:BookSources/9780754650225"><bdi>9780754650225</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Turkes%3A+Dramatizing+Islam+and+the+Ottomans+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005-01-04&rft.isbn=9780754650225&rft.aulast=Dimmock&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Dimmock%2C+Professor+of+Early+Modern+Studies+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDx0BFlJd3lIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> R.C. Spooner, "The Habsburg-Valois Struggle" in G.R. Elton, ed. The New Cambridge modern history: - v.2 The Reformation, 1520-1559 (2nd ed. 1990) pp 377-400, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode00elto_126">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann1980" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Robert A. (November 26, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5iJ1tfLnnoC&pg=PA62">A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520042063" title="Special:BookSources/9780520042063"><bdi>9780520042063</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%2C+1526-1918&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980-11-26&rft.isbn=9780520042063&rft.aulast=Kann&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5iJ1tfLnnoC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_p.2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1923" class="citation web cs1">Miller, William (January 4, 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill">"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801-1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913"</a>. Cambridge [Eng.] : The University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+its+successors%2C+1801-1922.+Being+a+rev.+and+enl.+ed.+of+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1801-1913&rft.pub=Cambridge+%5BEng.%5D+%3A+The+University+Press&rft.date=1923-01-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomanempireitsmill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMUXKoIJYDUC&pg=PA209">C. J. Burckhardt, Richelieu vol. 2 (1947; English edition 1970); cited after Avner Ben-Zaken, Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660 (2010), p. 209</a>. A contemporary Swiss song by <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Gletting" title="Benedikt Gletting">Benedikt Gletting</a> called it the union of "the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">dolphin</a> and the crocodile". R. Schwarzenbach, Schweizerisches Archiv für Volksunde 74 (1978), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriman,_p.132-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.132_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.132_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.132_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.132_6-3">d</a> Merriman, p.132 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommynes1856" class="citation web cs1">Commynes, Philippe de (January 4, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-hkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67">"The Memoirs of Philip de Commines, Lord of Argenton: Containing the Histories of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. Kings of France and of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: To which is Added, The Scandalous Chronicle, Or Secret History of Louis XI"</a>. G. Bell and sons – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Philip+de+Commines%2C+Lord+of+Argenton%3A+Containing+the+Histories+of+Louis+XI.+and+Charles+VIII.+Kings+of+France+and+of+Charles+the+Bold%2C+Duke+of+Burgundy%3A+To+which+is+Added%2C+The+Scandalous+Chronicle%2C+Or+Secret+History+of+Louis+XI.&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+sons&rft.date=1856-01-04&rft.aulast=Commynes&rft.aufirst=Philippe+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-hkAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1846" class="citation web cs1">White, Charles (January 4, 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq90z2Ij6jsC&pg=PA139">"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844"</a>. H. Colburn – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Years+in+Constantinople%3A+Or%2C+Domestic+Manners+of+the+Turks+in+1844&rft.pub=H.+Colburn&rft.date=1846-01-04&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq90z2Ij6jsC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1846" class="citation web cs1">White, Charles (January 4, 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq90z2Ij6jsC&pg=PA147">"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844"</a>. H. Colburn – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Years+in+Constantinople%3A+Or%2C+Domestic+Manners+of+the+Turks+in+1844&rft.pub=H.+Colburn&rft.date=1846-01-04&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq90z2Ij6jsC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691613" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691613"><bdi>9780871691613</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691613&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halecki-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA309">The Cambridge History of Poland</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781001288024" title="Special:BookSources/9781001288024"><bdi>9781001288024</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Poland&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.isbn=9781001288024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN883AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Merriman" title="R. B. Merriman">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a> (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkMHta3C7LUC&pg=PA129">Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406772722" title="Special:BookSources/9781406772722"><bdi>9781406772722</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+1520-1566&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.isbn=9781406772722&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkMHta3C7LUC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkMHta3C7LUC&pg=PA81">Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406772722" title="Special:BookSources/9781406772722"><bdi>9781406772722</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+1520-1566&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.isbn=9781406772722&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkMHta3C7LUC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriman,_p.129-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.129_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman,_p.129_14-1">b</a> Merriman, p.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkMHta3C7LUC&pg=PA131">Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406772722" title="Special:BookSources/9781406772722"><bdi>9781406772722</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+1520-1566&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.isbn=9781406772722&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkMHta3C7LUC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReston2009" class="citation book cs1">Reston, James (January 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OW2Mv8P6kbEC&pg=RA1-PA359">Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594202254" title="Special:BookSources/9781594202254"><bdi>9781594202254</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+the+Faith%3A+Charles+V%2C+Suleyman+the+Magnificent%2C+and+the+Battle+for+Europe%2C+1520-1536&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2009-01-04&rft.isbn=9781594202254&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOW2Mv8P6kbEC%26pg%3DRA1-PA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold-Baker, Charles (January 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAMjuMw_5kC&pg=PA537">The Companion to British History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415260169" title="Special:BookSources/9780415260169"><bdi>9780415260169</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft.isbn=9780415260169&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNAMjuMw_5kC%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnier,_p.52-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.52_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.52_18-1">b</a> Garnier, p.52 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691613" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691613"><bdi>9780871691613</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691613&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, A. Mary F. (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wubz9RQxtIQC&pg=PA158">Margaret of Angouleme - Queen of Navarre</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406733648" title="Special:BookSources/9781406733648"><bdi>9781406733648</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+Angouleme+-+Queen+of+Navarre&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.isbn=9781406733648&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=A.+Mary+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwubz9RQxtIQC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knecht" title="Robert Knecht">Knecht, R. J.</a> (April 26, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvEBMIIcHQkC&pg=PA224">Francis I</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521278874" title="Special:BookSources/9780521278874"><bdi>9780521278874</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984-04-26&rft.isbn=9780521278874&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvEBMIIcHQkC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Crowley, p.66 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2008" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U09VIUxJkHwC&pg=RA1-PA134">Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443731454" title="Special:BookSources/9781443731454"><bdi>9781443731454</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+1520-1566&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.isbn=9781443731454&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU09VIUxJkHwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriman140-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman140_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman140_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriman140_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2008" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U09VIUxJkHwC&pg=RA1-PA135">Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443731454" title="Special:BookSources/9781443731454"><bdi>9781443731454</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+1520-1566&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.isbn=9781443731454&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU09VIUxJkHwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.11-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UbMK5eEC_p.11_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UbMK5eEC_p.11_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA11">Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275974701" title="Special:BookSources/9780275974701"><bdi>9780275974701</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-01-04&rft.isbn=9780275974701&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4vrUbMK5eEC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKo8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA68">"The Cambridge Modern History"</a>. CUP Archive. January 4, 1902 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1902-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKo8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw97-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw97_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA97">History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p.97ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291637" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291637"><bdi>9780521291637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+modern+Turkey+Ezel+Kural+Shaw+p.97ff&rft.date=1976-10-29&rft.isbn=9780521291637&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXd422lS6ezgC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1808" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Abel (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aitfFpzrDG8C&pg=PA541">The New Dictionary</a>. p. 541.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Dictionary&rft.pages=541&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaitfFpzrDG8C%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524171045/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko474DZc?url=http://www.geocities.com/melitahistoricab/19673.html">"An Objective Historical Perspective of the Siege of Malta of 1565"</a>. webcitation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/melitahistoricab/19673.html">the original</a> on 2024-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webcitation.org&rft.atitle=An+Objective+Historical+Perspective+of+the+Siege+of+Malta+of+1565&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmelitahistoricab%2F19673.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershlag1980" class="citation book cs1">Hershlag, Zvi Yehuda (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awoVAAAAIAAJ">Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004060618" title="Special:BookSources/9004060618"><bdi>9004060618</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Modern+Economic+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9004060618&rft.aulast=Hershlag&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawoVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Garnier, p.92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazee28-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Frazee28_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC">Catholics and Sultans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat1974" class="citation book cs1">Karpat, Kemal H. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orEfAAAAIAAJ">The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004039457" title="Special:BookSources/9004039457"><bdi>9004039457</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+State+and+Its+Place+in+World+History&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9004039457&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorEfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Garnier, p.92-93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe'_p.111-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europe'_p.111_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europe'_p.111_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europe'_p.111_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffman2002" class="citation book cs1">Goffman, Daniel (April 25, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA111">The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521459082" title="Special:BookSources/9780521459082"><bdi>9780521459082</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-04-25&rft.isbn=9780521459082&rft.aulast=Goffman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uJzjatjTL4C%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattingly155-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattingly155_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly1988" class="citation book cs1">Mattingly, Garrett (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-0cVoc_fmoC">Renaissance Diplomacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486255705" title="Special:BookSources/9780486255705"><bdi>9780486255705</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Diplomacy&rft.date=1988-01&rft.isbn=9780486255705&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-0cVoc_fmoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardProtheroLeathes2004" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Sir Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Sir Stanley Mordaunt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKo8AAAAIAAJ">"The Cambridge Modern History"</a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Sir+Adolphus+William&rft.au=Prothero%2C+George+Walter&rft.au=Leathes%2C+Sir+Stanley+Mordaunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKo8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setton_431-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_431_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_431_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_431_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_431_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_431_38-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691613" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691613"><bdi>9780871691613</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780871691613&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuJvd2Tyt8C_p.327_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C">The Cambridge History of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291354" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291354"><bdi>9780521291354</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521291354&rft.aulast=Lambton&rft.aufirst=Ann+Katherine+Swynford&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AuJvd2Tyt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1861" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBAMAAAAYAAJ">"The history of modern Europe"</a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+modern+Europe&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBAMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Garnier, p.151-153 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Ecouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'Ecouen">Musée d'Ecouen</a> exhibit </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> From Edith Garnier, "L'Alliance Impie", p.141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.wrlc.org/bitstream/1961/7189/1/PiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf">Anthony Carmen Piccirillo p.1</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H. G. (May 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCrxIMPiZ6AC&pg=PA180">A Short History of the World</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409725206" title="Special:BookSources/9781409725206"><bdi>9781409725206</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.isbn=9781409725206&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCrxIMPiZ6AC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2002" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kr (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_-PZIbW6QYC&pg=PA793">International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties by Nagendra Kr. Singh p.793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126104031" title="Special:BookSources/9788126104031"><bdi>9788126104031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopaedia+of+Islamic+dynasties+by+Nagendra+Kr.+Singh+p.793&rft.date=2002-09&rft.isbn=9788126104031&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_-PZIbW6QYC%26pg%3DPA793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA461">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691613" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691613"><bdi>9780871691613</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691613&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Garnier, p.210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnier,_p.211-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.211_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.211_48-1">b</a> Garnier, p.211 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Garnier, p.212 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Garnier, p.213 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Garnier, p.214-215 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Garnier, p.215 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2008" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Hugh James (October 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHYcKMBEb8sC&pg=PA138">A New General Biographical Dictionary</a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780559388538" title="Special:BookSources/9780559388538"><bdi>9780559388538</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+General+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008-10-04&rft.isbn=9780559388538&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Hugh+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHYcKMBEb8sC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lamb, p.228 </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_p.328-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_p.328_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_p.328_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_p.328_55-2">c</a> The Cambridge History of Islam, p.328 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2008" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Harold (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT35twmGf1IC&pg=PA229">Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443731447" title="Special:BookSources/9781443731447"><bdi>9781443731447</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+-+Sultan+of+the+East&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.isbn=9781443731447&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIT35twmGf1IC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Crowley, p.74 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2008" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (19 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA85">Piracy Angus Konstam, p.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846032400" title="Special:BookSources/9781846032400"><bdi>9781846032400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+Angus+Konstam%2C+p.85&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft.isbn=9781846032400&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSiyy1ZA-BsC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowley,_p.75-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley,_p.75_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley,_p.75_59-1">b</a> Crowley, p.75 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Yann Bouvier, p. 56-59 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Crowley, p.75-79 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Garnier, p.234 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnier,_p.240-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.240_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnier,_p.240_63-1">b</a> Garnier, p.240 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgood1995" class="citation book cs1">Elgood, Robert (November 15, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&pg=PA38">Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850439639" title="Special:BookSources/9781850439639"><bdi>9781850439639</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+of+the+Islamic+World%3A+In+the+Tareq+Rajab+Museum%2C+Kuwait&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1995-11-15&rft.isbn=9781850439639&rft.aulast=Elgood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepaMx7jSZjIC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA838">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691620" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691620"><bdi>9780871691620</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_66-1">b</a> The Cambridge history of Iran by William Bayne Fisher p.384ff </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassall" class="citation book cs1">Hassall, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gmhZ_DcyfYC&pg=PA224">Louis XIV amp the Zenith of the French Monarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780543960870" title="Special:BookSources/9780543960870"><bdi>9780543960870</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+amp+the+Zenith+of+the+French+Monarchy&rft.isbn=9780543960870&rft.aulast=Hassall&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gmhZ_DcyfYC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecouen_Museum_exhibit_68-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecouen_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecouen Museum">Ecouen Museum</a> exhibit[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State, Trans. P.J. Waley and D.P. Waley (New Haven: Yale U. P., 1956) 223-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Francois de la Noue, Discours Politiques et Militaires (Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1967) 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/fr/content/accueil-fr?mode=desktop">"Gallica"</a>. gallica.bnf.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gallica.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Gallica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Faccueil%2Ffr%2Fcontent%2Faccueil-fr%3Fmode%3Ddesktop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongArmstrongForbesArmstrong1954" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth (Tyler); Forbes, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth Tyler (January 4, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gok8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144">"Robert Estienne, Royal Printer"</a>. CUP Archive – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Estienne%2C+Royal+Printer&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1954-01-04&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Elizabeth+%28Tyler%29&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Elizabeth+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGok8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1861" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, Thomas Henry (January 4, 1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUA-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA605">"The History of Modern Europe from the Fall of Constantinople: In 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857"</a>. J. Murray – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Europe+from+the+Fall+of+Constantinople%3A+In+1453%2C+to+the+War+in+the+Crimea%2C+in+1857&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861-01-04&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUA-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Rouillard, Clarence D. The Turk in French History, Thought and Literature, 1520–1660 (Paris: Boivin & Compagnie, 1973) 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba" class="citation web cs1">Saliba, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.4.html">"Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?"</a>. columbia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Whose+Science+is+Arabic+Science+in+Renaissance+Europe%3F&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~gas1%2Fproject%2Fvisions%2Fcase1%2Fsci.4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilley-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilley2008" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEzBBwwzjXkC&pg=PA87">The Literature of the French Renaissance</a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780559890888" title="Special:BookSources/9780559890888"><bdi>9780559890888</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+French+Renaissance&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.isbn=9780559890888&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEzBBwwzjXkC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KsrAAAAYAAJ">"Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge"</a>. 1838 – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penny+Cyclopaedia+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.date=1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KsrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2003" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Henry (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LukUt8plM6gC">Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth-century France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802036896" title="Special:BookSources/9780802036896"><bdi>9780802036896</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Italianism+in+Sixteenth-century+France&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=9780802036896&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLukUt8plM6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1995" class="citation book cs1">Braudel, Fernand (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC">The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520203303" title="Special:BookSources/9780520203303"><bdi>9780520203303</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780520203303&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLPp63EKb9moC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (January 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_JaYpWSGUC&pg=PA177">European Warfare, 1494-1660</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415275323" title="Special:BookSources/9780415275323"><bdi>9780415275323</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Warfare%2C+1494-1660&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=9780415275323&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDz_JaYpWSGUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1839" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Sharon (January 4, 1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUhkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311">"The History of England: The history of England: reigns of Edward the Sixth-Mary-and Elizabeth. In two volumes"</a>. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England%3A+The+history+of+England%3A+reigns+of+Edward+the+Sixth-Mary-and+Elizabeth.+In+two+volumes&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1839-01-04&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUhkAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey'_p.106-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey'_p.106_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey'_p.106_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA106">History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey by Ezel Kural Shaw p.106</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291637" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291637"><bdi>9780521291637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+modern+Turkey+by+Ezel+Kural+Shaw+p.106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976-10-29&rft.isbn=9780521291637&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVmsI0P9RDUC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA692">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691620" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691620"><bdi>9780871691620</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC&pg=PA698">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691620" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691620"><bdi>9780871691620</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrUNi2m_qZAC%26pg%3DPA698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA841">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691620" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691620"><bdi>9780871691620</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984-01-04&rft.isbn=9780871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut2001" class="citation book cs1">Bulut, Mehmet (January 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gM7d3JMCMh4C&pg=PA112">Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period 1571-1699</a>. Uitgeverij Verloren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9065506551" title="Special:BookSources/9065506551"><bdi>9065506551</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman-Dutch+Economic+Relations+in+the+Early+Modern+Period+1571-1699&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft.isbn=9065506551&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgM7d3JMCMh4C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemal_H_p.53-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemal_H_p.53_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemal_H_p.53_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemal_H_p.53_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat1974" class="citation book cs1">Karpat, Kemal H. (January 4, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orEfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53">The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004039457" title="Special:BookSources/9004039457"><bdi>9004039457</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+State+and+Its+Place+in+World+History%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1974-01-04&rft.isbn=9004039457&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorEfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roland E. (January 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&pg=PA208">Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap : a Reflection on Christian Sharing</a>. Kirk House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932688078" title="Special:BookSources/9781932688078"><bdi>9781932688078</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+the+Gospel%3A+Bridging+the+Gap+%3A+a+Reflection+on+Christian+Sharing&rft.pub=Kirk+House+Publishers&rft.date=2005-01-04&rft.isbn=9781932688078&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roland+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjC7K1j_AT8C%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Goofman, p.110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman,_p.111-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman,_p.111_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman,_p.111_90-1">b</a> Goffman, p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Goffman p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies26-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies26_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies26_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies26_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XH4hghHo1qoC">Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239868" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239868"><bdi>9780415239868</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+on+the+Black+Sea+Steppe%2C+1500-1700&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780415239868&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXH4hghHo1qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC&pg=PA938">The Papacy and the Levant</a>, Kenneth M. Setton p.938. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerSmith1978" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey; Smith, Lesley M. (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6I9AAAAIAAJ">The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century</a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710088659" title="Special:BookSources/9780710088659"><bdi>9780710088659</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Crisis+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1978-01&rft.isbn=9780710088659&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Smith%2C+Lesley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6I9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker,_p.61-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_p.61_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_p.61_95-1">b</a> Parker, p.61 </li> <li id="cite_note-GJjSvehY5MC_p.311-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GJjSvehY5MC_p.311_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GJjSvehY5MC_p.311_96-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGJjSvehY5MC&pg=PA311">Divided by faith</a>, Benjamin J. Kaplan p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lea-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lea_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lea_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lea_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lea_97-3">d</a> The Moriscos of Spain: their conversion and expulsion, Henry Charles Lea <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7wHczu6E60C&pg=PA281">p. 281</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-U-kQJr-D_ikC_p.343-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U-kQJr-D_ikC_p.343_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U-kQJr-D_ikC_p.343_98-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-kQJr-D_ikC&pg=PA343">Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614</a> L. P. Harvey p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-Göçek-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Göçek_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Göçek_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocek1987" class="citation book cs1">Gocek, Fatma Muge (3 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDljPtPJLbkC">East Encounters West</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195364330" title="Special:BookSources/9780195364330"><bdi>9780195364330</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Encounters+West&rft.date=1987-12-03&rft.isbn=9780195364330&rft.aulast=Gocek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+Muge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDljPtPJLbkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranko1993" class="citation book cs1">Franko, Mark (30 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7g6AAAAIAAJ">Dance as Text</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521433921" title="Special:BookSources/9780521433921"><bdi>9780521433921</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+as+Text&rft.date=1993-04-30&rft.isbn=9780521433921&rft.aulast=Franko&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7g6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellman1998" class="citation book cs1">Bellman, Jonathan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qby_0YT72vcC">The Exotic In Western Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555533199" title="Special:BookSources/9781555533199"><bdi>9781555533199</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exotic+In+Western+Music&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781555533199&rft.aulast=Bellman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQby_0YT72vcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randall_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GmTBaDq-8EC&pg=PA343">"Peace treaties and international law in European history by Randall Lesaffer p.343ff"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+treaties+and+international+law+in+European+history+by+Randall+Lesaffer+p.343ff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4GmTBaDq-8EC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoalla2003" class="citation book cs1">Moalla, Asma (27 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGVu8HA4DhAC">The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte, 1777-1814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203987223" title="Special:BookSources/9780203987223"><bdi>9780203987223</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Regency+of+Tunis+and+the+Ottoman+Porte%2C+1777-1814&rft.date=2003-11-27&rft.isbn=9780203987223&rft.aulast=Moalla&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGVu8HA4DhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Göçek,_p.8-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Göçek,_p.8_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Göçek,_p.8_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocek1987" class="citation book cs1">Gocek, Fatma Muge (December 3, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDljPtPJLbkC&q=ottoman+alliance+%22Louis+XIV%22&pg=PA8">East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195364330" title="Special:BookSources/9780195364330"><bdi>9780195364330</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Encounters+West%3A+France+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987-12-03&rft.isbn=9780195364330&rft.aulast=Gocek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+Muge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDljPtPJLbkC%26q%3Dottoman%2Balliance%2B%2522Louis%2BXIV%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody2004" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (January 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mewtRI5CziUC&q=%22Van+Mour%22+first+orientalist&pg=PA75">Islam in Europe</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745631936" title="Special:BookSources/9780745631936"><bdi>9780745631936</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Europe&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004-01-26&rft.isbn=9780745631936&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmewtRI5CziUC%26q%3D%2522Van%2BMour%2522%2Bfirst%2Borientalist%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_p.3-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.3_106-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1966" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William (September 4, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaA18-u7mMMC&q=%22Henry+II%22+Ottoman+alliance&pg=PA2">The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927</a>. Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714619743" title="Special:BookSources/9780714619743"><bdi>9780714619743</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Its+Successors%2C+1801-1927&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=1966-09-04&rft.isbn=9780714619743&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaA18-u7mMMC%26q%3D%2522Henry%2BII%2522%2BOttoman%2Balliance%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> McCabe, p.233 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24">Historic cities of the Islamic world</a>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+cities+of+the+Islamic+world&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15388-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1864" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Henri (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ">Martin's History of France</a>. Walker, Wise & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ/page/n545">522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin%27s+History+of+France&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Walker%2C+Wise+%26+Co.&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhi2006" class="citation book cs1">Faroqhi, Suraiya (January 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMHwBktE9MMC&q=Franco-Ottoman+alliance&pg=PA73">The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111229" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111229"><bdi>9781845111229</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+World+Around+it&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft.isbn=9781845111229&rft.aulast=Faroqhi&rft.aufirst=Suraiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMHwBktE9MMC%26q%3DFranco-Ottoman%2Balliance%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZxUAnxOSxUC_p.52-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZxUAnxOSxUC_p.52_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZxUAnxOSxUC_p.52_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoye2008" class="citation book cs1">Stoye, John (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZxUAnxOSxUC&pg=PA52">The Siege of Vienna by John Stoye, p.52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933648637" title="Special:BookSources/9781933648637"><bdi>9781933648637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Vienna+by+John+Stoye%2C+p.52&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=9781933648637&rft.aulast=Stoye&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZxUAnxOSxUC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoye2008" class="citation book cs1">Stoye, John (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZxUAnxOSxUC&pg=PA53">The Siege of Vienna by John Stoye, p.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933648637" title="Special:BookSources/9781933648637"><bdi>9781933648637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Vienna+by+John+Stoye%2C+p.53&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=9781933648637&rft.aulast=Stoye&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZxUAnxOSxUC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (January 4, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&pg=PA171">The Balkans Since 1453</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655510" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655510"><bdi>9781850655510</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2000-01-04&rft.isbn=9781850655510&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah2003" class="citation book cs1">Farah, Caesar E. (November 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTlh8Z3_zR8C&pg=PA10">An Arab's Journey to Colonial Spanish America: The Travels of Elias al-Mûsili in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815607908" title="Special:BookSources/9780815607908"><bdi>9780815607908</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Arab%27s+Journey+to+Colonial+Spanish+America%3A+The+Travels+of+Elias+al-M%C3%BBsili+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.isbn=9780815607908&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Caesar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTlh8Z3_zR8C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Abigail (March 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYe7gOsBzDAC&pg=PA110">Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture 1681-1714</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199255207" title="Special:BookSources/9780199255207"><bdi>9780199255207</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+the+Creation+of+a+Whig+Literary+Culture+1681-1714&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.isbn=9780199255207&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYe7gOsBzDAC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1864" class="citation web cs1">Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay Baron (January 4, 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA303">"The History of England from the Accession of James II"</a>. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+II&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+%26+Green&rft.date=1864-01-04&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Babington+Macaulay+Baron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOMFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Göçek, p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goody,_p.75-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_p.75_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_p.75_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_p.75_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_p.75_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goody,_p.75_118-4">e</a> Goody, p.75 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanda2008" class="citation book cs1">Chanda, Nayan (October 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1nAT7g7iysC&pg=PA88">Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300134902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300134902"><bdi>978-0300134902</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+Together%3A+How+Traders%2C+Preachers%2C+Adventurers%2C+and+Warriors+Shaped+Globalization&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0300134902&rft.aulast=Chanda&rft.aufirst=Nayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1nAT7g7iysC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanda2008" class="citation book cs1">Chanda, Nayan (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1nAT7g7iysC">Bound Together</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300134902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300134902"><bdi>978-0300134902</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+Together&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-0300134902&rft.aulast=Chanda&rft.aufirst=Nayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1nAT7g7iysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlagdon1803" class="citation web cs1">Blagdon, Francis William (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWwDAAAAYAAJ">"Paris as it was and as it is"</a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+as+it+was+and+as+it+is&rft.date=1803&rft.aulast=Blagdon&rft.aufirst=Francis+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWwDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14">"The Industry of Nations: As Exemplified in the Great Exhibition of 1851"</a>. The Society. January 4, 1852 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Industry+of+Nations%3A+As+Exemplified+in+the+Great+Exhibition+of+1851&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1852-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxYLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan2007" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Samuel (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGAZVw0Ji88C">Sloan's Architecture - The Late Georgian Period</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406770261" title="Special:BookSources/9781406770261"><bdi>9781406770261</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sloan%27s+Architecture+-+The+Late+Georgian+Period&rft.date=2007-03&rft.isbn=9781406770261&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGAZVw0Ji88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Göçek, p.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhiMcGowanPamuk1997" class="citation book cs1">Faroqhi, Suraiya; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk, Sevket (28 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fYCLCZLETgC">An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521574556" title="Special:BookSources/9780521574556"><bdi>9780521574556</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.date=1997-04-28&rft.isbn=9780521574556&rft.aulast=Faroqhi&rft.aufirst=Suraiya&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+Sevket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fYCLCZLETgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA255">History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p.255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291637" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291637"><bdi>9780521291637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+modern+Turkey+Ezel+Kural+Shaw+p.255&rft.date=1976-10-29&rft.isbn=9780521291637&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXd422lS6ezgC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Professor Jeremy; Black, Jeremy (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF4k-6TH-FsC">From Louis XIV to Napoleon</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203006382" title="Special:BookSources/9780203006382"><bdi>9780203006382</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Louis+XIV+to+Napoleon&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=9780203006382&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Professor+Jeremy&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvF4k-6TH-FsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aksan-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjbYxqoJyZoC&pg=PA202">Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged</a>. Longman/Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582308077" title="Special:BookSources/9780582308077"><bdi>9780582308077</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars+1700-1870%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pub=Longman%2FPearson&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft.isbn=9780582308077&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjbYxqoJyZoC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlahakisMalaquiasBrooksWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Vlahakis, George; Malaquias, Isabel Maria Coelho de Oliveira; Brooks, Nathan M.; Wright, David; Gunergun, Feza; Regourd, M. Francois (January 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYbbZHvtJi8C&pg=PA92">Imperialism and Science: Social Impact and Interaction</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096732" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096732"><bdi>9781851096732</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Science%3A+Social+Impact+and+Interaction&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft.isbn=9781851096732&rft.aulast=Vlahakis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Malaquias%2C+Isabel+Maria+Coelho+de+Oliveira&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Nathan+M.&rft.au=Wright%2C+David&rft.au=Gunergun%2C+Feza&rft.au=Regourd%2C+M.+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYbbZHvtJi8C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_́gostonMasters2010" class="citation book cs1">A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (May 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA395">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110257" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110257"><bdi>9781438110257</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.isbn=9781438110257&rft.aulast=A+%CC%81goston&rft.aufirst=Ga+%CC%81bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarshKarsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (January 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilxxaKRKkC&pg=PA14">Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674005419" title="Special:BookSources/9780674005419"><bdi>9780674005419</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Sand%3A+The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1789-1923&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft.isbn=9780674005419&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Karsh%2C+Inari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBilxxaKRKkC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh,_p.9-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.9_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.9_132-1">b</a> Karsh, p.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonGrootBoogert2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander Hendrik de; Boogert, Maurits H. Van Den (January 4, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTriSqIW3AC&pg=PA230">Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004118543" title="Special:BookSources/9004118543"><bdi>9004118543</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+and+Rivals+in+the+East%3A+Studies+in+Anglo-Dutch+Relations+in+the+Levant+from+the+Seventeenth+to+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000-01-04&rft.isbn=9004118543&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Groot%2C+Alexander+Hendrik+de&rft.au=Boogert%2C+Maurits+H.+Van+Den&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdTriSqIW3AC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8pwY3oyi_sC&pg=PA29">Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440067365" title="Special:BookSources/9781440067365"><bdi>9781440067365</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=9781440067365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8pwY3oyi_sC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmanowsky1832" class="citation web cs1">Lehmanowsky, John Jacob (January 4, 1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKHSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4">"History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Etc"</a>. John A.M. Duncanson – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Napoleon%2C+Emperor+of+the+French%2C+King+of+Italy%2C+Etc&rft.pub=John+A.M.+Duncanson&rft.date=1832-01-04&rft.aulast=Lehmanowsky&rft.aufirst=John+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKHSAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creasy-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creasy_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creasy_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreasy1856" class="citation web cs1">Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (January 4, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWniAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA335">"History of Ottoman Turks: From the Beginning of Their Empire to the Present Time. Chiefly Founded on Von Hammer"</a>. R. Bentley – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Ottoman+Turks%3A+From+the+Beginning+of+Their+Empire+to+the+Present+Time.+Chiefly+Founded+on+Von+Hammer&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1856-01-04&rft.aulast=Creasy&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward+Shepherd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWniAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UbMK5eEC_p.13-14-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UbMK5eEC_p.13-14_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UbMK5eEC_p.13-14_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13">Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275974701" title="Special:BookSources/9780275974701"><bdi>9780275974701</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-01-04&rft.isbn=9780275974701&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4vrUbMK5eEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Karsh, p.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh,_p.11-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.11_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.11_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.11_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.11_139-3">d</a> Karsh, p.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Karsh, p.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjbYxqoJyZoC&pg=PA242">Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged</a>. Longman/Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582308077" title="Special:BookSources/9780582308077"><bdi>9780582308077</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars+1700-1870%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pub=Longman%2FPearson&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft.isbn=9780582308077&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjbYxqoJyZoC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Karsh, p.13-14 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2001" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC">The Islamic World in Decline</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275968915" title="Special:BookSources/9780275968915"><bdi>9780275968915</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Decline&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275968915&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzMJys65u9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Karsh, p.14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh,_p.15-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.15_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh,_p.15_145-1">b</a> Karsh, p.15 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2000" class="citation book cs1">Hale, William M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xLgtpBsovwC">Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714650715" title="Special:BookSources/9780714650715"><bdi>9780714650715</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy%2C+1774-2000&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780714650715&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xLgtpBsovwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldi2003" class="citation book cs1">Haldi, Stacy Bergstrom (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbKJLCcX2Z8C">Why Wars Widen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203011683" title="Special:BookSources/9780203011683"><bdi>9780203011683</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Wars+Widen&rft.date=2003-06&rft.isbn=9780203011683&rft.aulast=Haldi&rft.aufirst=Stacy+Bergstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbKJLCcX2Z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chesterman_32-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Chesterman_32_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterman2002" class="citation book cs1">Chesterman, Simon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNUPcfTOIJEC">Just War Or Just Peace?</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199257997" title="Special:BookSources/9780199257997"><bdi>9780199257997</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+War+Or+Just+Peace%3F&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780199257997&rft.aulast=Chesterman&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNUPcfTOIJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1938" class="citation book cs1">Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOopmtvrsOAC">France Overseas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714610245" title="Special:BookSources/9780714610245"><bdi>9780714610245</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+Overseas&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=9780714610245&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Ingram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOopmtvrsOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (2006) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC">Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Robert A. Kann A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04206-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04206-9">0-520-04206-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a> The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927 <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, (1927; reprinted 1966) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-1974-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-1974-4">0-7146-1974-4</a> (1st ed. 1913, 2nd ed. 1922)</li> <li>Roger Bigelow Merriman Suleiman the Magnificent 1520–1566 READ BOOKS, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-7272-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-7272-0">1-4067-7272-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ">The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III</a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-161-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-161-2"><bdi>0-87169-161-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+Sixteenth+Century+to+the+Reign+of+Julius+III&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87169-161-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fatma Müge Göçek East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US, 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504826-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504826-1">0-19-504826-1</a></li> <li>Jack Goody Islam in Europe Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3193-2">0-7456-3193-2</a></li> <li>McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008 Orientalism in early Modern France Berg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0">978-1-84520-374-0</a></li> <li>Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis The Cambridge History of Islam <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29135-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29135-6">0-521-29135-6</a></li> <li>Inari Karsh Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00541-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00541-4">0-674-00541-4</a></li> <li>Harold Lamb Suleiman the Magnificent – Sultan of the East READ BOOKS, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4437-3144-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4437-3144-7">1-4437-3144-7</a></li> <li>Daniel Goffman The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe Cambridge University Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45908-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45908-7">0-521-45908-7</a></li> <li>Roger Crowley, Empire of the sea, 2008 Faber & Faber <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23231-4">978-0-571-23231-4</a></li> <li>Garnier, Edith L'Alliance Impie Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-678-8">978-2-86645-678-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence">Interview</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccirillo,_Anthony_Carmen2009" class="citation web cs1">Piccirillo, Anthony Carmen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003223149/http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/1961/7189/1/PiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf">""A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty" The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/1961/7189/1/PiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Vile%2C+Infamous%2C+Diabolical+Treaty%22+The+Franco-Ottoman+Alliance+of+Francis+I+and+the+Eclipse+of+the+Christendom+Ideal&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Piccirillo%2C+Anthony+Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faladinrc.wrlc.org%2Fbitstream%2F1961%2F7189%2F1%2FPiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"> – Senior Honors Thesis in History</li> <li>Yann Bouvier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4679640/Recits_de_voyage_et_representation_de_lespace._La_Mediterranee_de_Jerome_Maurand_1500-1580_un_espace_vecu_Memoire_de_Master_Nice_2007_.pdf">« Récits de voyage et représentation de l'espace. La Méditerranée de Jérôme Maurand, un espace vécu »</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4679640/Recits_de_voyage_et_representation_de_lespace._La_Mediterranee_de_Jerome_Maurand_1500-1580_un_espace_vecu_Memoire_de_Master_Nice_2007_.pdf">Mémoire de Master, Dir. par Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire, Université de Nice, 2007, 292 p.</a></li> <li>Yann Bouvier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/859981/Antoine_Escalin_des_Aimars_1498_-1578_de_la_Garde-Adhemar_au_siege_de_Nice_le_parcours_dun_ambassadeur_de_Francois_Ier.pdf">« Antoine Escalin des Aimars (1498?–1578) – De la Garde-Adhémar au siège de Nice, le parcours d'un Ambassadeur de François Ier »</a>, Recherches Régionales, Nice, Conseil Général des Alpes-Maritimes, n°188, Octobre-décembre 2007, 28 pp.</li> <li>Mathieu Grenet, « Muslim missions to early modern France, c.1610-c.1780 : notes for a social history of cross-cultural diplomacy », <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a>, Vol. 19, No. 2-3 (2015): 223–244.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaccagni,_Michelle1980" class="citation journal cs1">Raccagni, Michelle (May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/french-economic-interests-in-the-ottoman-empire/7651DBF77265956D2CEF1D0985E27BDF">"The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 11 (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 339–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800054672">10.1017/S0020743800054672</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162665">162665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162224837">162224837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+French+Economic+Interests+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-376&rft.date=1980-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162224837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F162665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800054672&rft.au=Raccagni%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Ffrench-economic-interests-in-the-ottoman-empire%2F7651DBF77265956D2CEF1D0985E27BDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_De_Lamar1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, De Lamar (Winter 1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy". <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteenth_Century_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sixteenth Century Journal">The Sixteenth Century Journal</a>. 16 (4): 451–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2541220">10.2307/2541220</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541220">2541220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Turks+in+Sixteenth+Century+French+Diplomacy&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451-470&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2541220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2541220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jensen%2C+De+Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Ottoman+alliance" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbary_Corsairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template talk:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbary_Corsairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Corsairs">Barbary Corsairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis </a>(1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Battle of Cape Corvo</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Action of 3 October 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template talk:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> (1299–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gallipoli" title="Treaty of Gallipoli">Gallipoli (1403)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Selymbria" title="Treaty of Selymbria">Selymbria (1411)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_peace_treaty_(1419)" title="Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1419)">Venice (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Szeged (1444)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> (1453–1566)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1454)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1454)">Constantinople (1454)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Constantinople (1479)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1533)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1533)">Constantinople (1533)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Ottoman (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Adrianople (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Amasya (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1562)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1562)">Constantinople (1562)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> (1566–1703)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1568)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1568)">Adrianople (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1590)">Constantinople (1590)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Zitvatorok (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nasuh_Pasha" title="Treaty of Nasuh Pasha">Nasuh Pasha (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Busza" title="Peace of Busza">Busza (1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Serav" title="Treaty of Serav">Serav (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Khotyn" title="Treaty of Khotyn">Khotin (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Zuhab (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">Vasvár (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buchach" title="Treaty of Buchach">Buczacz (1672)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C5%BBurawno" title="Treaty of Żurawno">Żurawno (1676)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Bakhchisaray (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Karlowitz (1699)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">Constantinople (1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> (1703–1789)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Pruth (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Passarowitz (1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Constantinople (1724)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ahmet_Pasha" title="Treaty of Ahmet Pasha">Ahmet Pasha (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1736)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1736)">Constantinople (1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Belgrade (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Niş (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kerden" title="Treaty of Kerden">Kerden (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Küçük Kaynarca (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aynal%C4%B1kavak" title="Treaty of Aynalıkavak">Aynalıkavak (1779)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Modernization</a> (1789–1908)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova" title="Treaty of Sistova">Sistova (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Jassy (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish" title="Convention of El Arish">El Arish (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1800)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1800)">Constantinople (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Paris (1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Dardanelles" title="Treaty of the Dardanelles">Çanak (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Bucharest (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#First_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Adrianople (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Constantinople (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Hünkar İskelesi (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Convention of Kütahya">Kütahya (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Balta_Liman" title="Treaty of Balta Liman">Balta Liman (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">London (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#Second_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Paris (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Scutari" title="Convention of Scutari">Scutari (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">San Stefano (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Berlin (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Halepa (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophane_Agreement" title="Tophane Agreement">Tophane (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Constantinople (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1897)">Constantinople (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Fall</a> (1908–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Daan" title="Treaty of Daan">Daan (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War#Treaty_of_Ouchy" title="Italo-Turkish War">Ouchy (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">London (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Constantinople (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Athens (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">Armenian reforms (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_convention_(1915)" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman convention (1915)">Sofia (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Erzincan (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Brest-Litovsk (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Mudros (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres (1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Template:Treaties of Turkey">Treaties of Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&oldid=1259261207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&oldid=1259261207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Bilateral relations of the Ottoman Empire">Bilateral relations of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_France" title="Category:Military alliances involving France">Military alliances involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire">Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Category:Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_military_alliances" title="Category:16th-century military alliances">16th-century military alliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France%E2%80%93Turkey_military_relations" title="Category:France–Turkey military relations">France–Turkey military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Francis_I_of_France" title="Category:Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1530s_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1530s establishments in France">1530s establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1536_establishments_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire">1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France%E2%80%93Ottoman_Empire_relations" title="Category:France–Ottoman Empire relations">France–Ottoman Empire relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Turkey" title="Category:Military alliances involving Turkey">Military alliances involving Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2017">Articles with dead external links from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2024">Articles with dead external links from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 06:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco-Ottoman_alliance&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-8hdcf","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.220","walltime":"1.522","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11592,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":291176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14179,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":449186,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1175.222 1 -total"," 48.58% 570.932 1 Template:Reflist"," 33.26% 390.893 82 Template:Cite_book"," 12.59% 147.965 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.10% 106.951 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.58% 77.324 21 Template:Cite_web"," 4.59% 53.934 1 Template:Barbary_Corsairs"," 4.47% 52.499 12 Template:ISBN"," 4.32% 50.734 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 3.51% 41.206 3 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.625","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7035992,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-xqwvz","timestamp":"20241125093008","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Franco-Ottoman alliance","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franco-Ottoman_alliance","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2457631","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2457631","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-03-30T18:25:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T06:44:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fe\/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg","headline":"unprecedented alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Ottoman Empire"}</script> </body> </html>