CINXE.COM
Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus: Challenges and Solutions – Vaccine Studies
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus: Challenges and Solutions – Vaccine Studies</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vaccine Studies » Feed" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/vaccine-studies.com\/archive\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--color--accent-2: var(--accent-2);--wp--preset--color--accent-hover: var(--accent-hover);--wp--preset--color--highlight: var(--highlight);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/style.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-widget-areas-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/widget-areas.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <style id='generate-style-inline-css'> body{background-color:var(--base);color:var(--contrast);}a{color:#1b78e2;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:var(--accent-hover);}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-header .header-image{width:200px;}:root{--contrast:#212121;--contrast-2:#2f4468;--contrast-3:#878787;--base:#fafafa;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#242226;--accent-2:#1b78e2;--accent-hover:#35343a;--highlight:#83b0de;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-2-color{color:var(--accent-2);}:root .has-accent-2-background-color{background-color:var(--accent-2);}:root .has-accent-hover-color{color:var(--accent-hover);}:root .has-accent-hover-background-color{background-color:var(--accent-hover);}:root .has-highlight-color{color:var(--highlight);}:root .has-highlight-background-color{background-color:var(--highlight);}.gp-modal:not(.gp-modal--open):not(.gp-modal--transition){display:none;}.gp-modal--transition:not(.gp-modal--open){pointer-events:none;}.gp-modal-overlay:not(.gp-modal-overlay--open):not(.gp-modal--transition){display:none;}.gp-modal__overlay{display:none;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;z-index:10000;backdrop-filter:blur(3px);transition:opacity 500ms ease;opacity:0;}.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__overlay{opacity:1;}.gp-modal__container{max-width:100%;max-height:100vh;transform:scale(0.9);transition:transform 500ms ease;padding:0 10px;}.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__container{transform:scale(1);}.search-modal-fields{display:flex;}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{align-items:flex-start;padding-top:25vh;background:var(--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color);}.search-modal-form{width:500px;max-width:100%;background-color:var(--gp-search-modal-bg-color);color:var(--gp-search-modal-text-color);}.search-modal-form .search-field, .search-modal-form .search-field:focus{width:100%;height:60px;background-color:transparent;border:0;appearance:none;color:currentColor;}.search-modal-fields button, .search-modal-fields button:active, .search-modal-fields button:focus, .search-modal-fields button:hover{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:currentColor;width:60px;}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:Open Sans, sans-serif;font-size:17px;}.main-title{font-size:25px;}.widget-title{font-weight:600;}button:not(.menu-toggle),html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],.button,.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{font-size:15px;}h1{font-weight:600;font-size:40px;}h2{font-weight:600;font-size:30px;}h3{font-size:20px;}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:#ffffff;color:#3a3a3a;}.site-header a{color:#3a3a3a;}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:#ffffff;}.site-description{color:#757575;}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:var(--base);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:var(--contrast);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:var(--base-3);background-color:var(--contrast);}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus{color:var(--contrast);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:var(--base-3);background-color:var(--accent-hover);}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:var(--base-3);background-color:var(--contrast);}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:var(--base-3);}.inside-article a,.paging-navigation a,.comments-area a,.page-header a{color:var(--accent-2);}.inside-article a:hover,.paging-navigation a:hover,.comments-area a:hover,.page-header a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);}.entry-title a{color:var(--contrast);}.entry-title a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);}.entry-meta{color:var(--contrast-3);}.entry-meta a{color:var(--contrast);}.entry-meta a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);}h1{color:var(--contrast);}h2{color:var(--contrast);}h3{color:var(--contrast);}.sidebar .widget{background-color:#ffffff;}.sidebar .widget a{color:var(--contrast);padding:0px;}.sidebar .widget a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);}.sidebar .widget .widget-title{color:#000000;}.footer-widgets{color:var(--base-3);background-color:var(--contrast-2);}.footer-widgets a{color:var(--base-3);}.footer-widgets a:hover{color:var(--base-3);}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:var(--base-2);}.site-info{color:var(--contrast-2);}.site-info a{color:var(--contrast-2);}.site-info a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);}.footer-bar .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a{color:var(--accent-hover);}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:var(--contrast);background-color:#fafafa;border-color:var(--contrast);}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:var(--contrast-3);background-color:#ffffff;border-color:var(--contrast-3);}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--accent);}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--accent-hover);}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:var(--contrast);}}.inside-top-bar{padding:10px;}.inside-header{padding:40px;}.nav-below-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container, .nav-above-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container{padding:0px 20px 0px 20px;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:50px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:50px;}.separate-containers .paging-navigation{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-50px;width:calc(100% + 100px);max-width:calc(100% + 100px);}.one-container.right-sidebar .site-main,.one-container.both-right .site-main{margin-right:50px;}.one-container.left-sidebar .site-main,.one-container.both-left .site-main{margin-left:50px;}.one-container.both-sidebars .site-main{margin:0px 50px 0px 50px;}.one-container.archive .post:not(:last-child):not(.is-loop-template-item), .one-container.blog .post:not(:last-child):not(.is-loop-template-item){padding-bottom:50px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a{line-height:51px!important;}.navigation-search input[type="search"]{height:65px;}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:20px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:20px;}.widget-area .widget{padding:50px;}.inside-site-info{padding:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px;}.inside-site-info{padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-30px;width:calc(100% + 60px);max-width:calc(100% + 60px);}.one-container .site-main .paging-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:var(--base)!important;}.main-navigation.toggled .main-nav > ul{background-color:var(--base)!important;}}/* End cached CSS */.is-right-sidebar{width:30%;}.is-left-sidebar{width:25%;}.site-content .content-area{width:70%;}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav,.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation):not(.toggled) .main-nav > ul,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation .inside-navigation > *:not(.navigation-search):not(.main-nav){display:none;}.nav-align-right .inside-navigation,.nav-align-center .inside-navigation{justify-content:space-between;}} .dynamic-author-image-rounded{border-radius:100%;}.dynamic-featured-image, .dynamic-author-image{vertical-align:middle;}.one-container.blog .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child), .one-container.archive .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:0px;}.dynamic-entry-excerpt > p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px;} .main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a{transition: line-height 300ms ease}.main-navigation.toggled .main-nav > ul{background-color: var(--accent)}.sticky-enabled .gen-sidebar-nav.is_stuck .main-navigation {margin-bottom: 0px;}.sticky-enabled .gen-sidebar-nav.is_stuck {z-index: 500;}.sticky-enabled .main-navigation.is_stuck {box-shadow: 0 2px 2px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);}.navigation-stick:not(.gen-sidebar-nav) {left: 0;right: 0;width: 100% !important;}.nav-float-right .navigation-stick {width: 100% !important;left: 0;}.nav-float-right .navigation-stick .navigation-branding {margin-right: auto;}.main-navigation.has-sticky-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left: 10px;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-child-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress-child/style.css?ver=1724232554' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A300%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C700&display=auto&ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-blog-images-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/blog/functions/css/featured-images.min.css?ver=2.4.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-navigation-branding-css' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/navigation-branding-flex.min.css?ver=2.4.1' media='all' /> <style id='generate-navigation-branding-inline-css'> .main-navigation.has-branding .inside-navigation.grid-container, .main-navigation.has-branding.grid-container .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container){padding:0px 50px 0px 50px;}.main-navigation.has-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding img, .site-logo.mobile-header-logo img{height:65px;width:auto;}.navigation-branding .main-title{line-height:65px;}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation.has-branding.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items, .main-navigation.has-sticky-branding.navigation-stick.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items{margin-left:auto;}.navigation-branding{margin-right:auto;margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding .main-title, .mobile-header-navigation .site-logo{margin-left:10px;}.main-navigation.has-branding .inside-navigation.grid-container{padding:0px;}} </style> <script src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/70" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/poliovirus/vaccine-derived-poliovirus-challenges-and-solutions/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/?p=70' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fvaccine-studies.com%2Farchive%2Fpoliovirus%2Fvaccine-derived-poliovirus-challenges-and-solutions%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fvaccine-studies.com%2Farchive%2Fpoliovirus%2Fvaccine-derived-poliovirus-challenges-and-solutions%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-favi-icon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-favi-icon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-favi-icon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-favi-icon-270x270.png" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-70 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive post-image-above-header post-image-aligned-center sticky-menu-no-transition sticky-enabled both-sticky-menu right-sidebar nav-below-header separate-containers header-aligned-left dropdown-hover featured-image-active" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a> <nav class="auto-hide-sticky has-branding main-navigation nav-align-right has-menu-bar-items sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container"> <div class="navigation-branding"><div class="site-logo"> <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/" title="Vaccine Studies" rel="home"> <img class="header-image is-logo-image" alt="Vaccine Studies" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-logo.png" title="Vaccine Studies" width="737" height="164" /> </a> </div></div> <button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="gp-icon icon-menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span><span class="mobile-menu">Menu</span> </button> <div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-primary-menu" class=" menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-11" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-46" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-46"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/">Publication Trends</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/">Recent Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search/">Expert Search</a></li> </ul></div><div class="menu-bar-items"> <span class="menu-bar-item"> <a href="#" role="button" aria-label="Open search" data-gpmodal-trigger="gp-search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span></a> </span> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="site grid-container container hfeed" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-70" class="post-70 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-poliovirus tag-childhood-vaccines tag-health-systems tag-hygiene tag-immunizations tag-paralysis tag-physicals tag-polio-vaccine tag-poliovirus tag-vaccine-derivative-poliovirus tag-vaccine-derived-poliovirus tag-vdpvs" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_27_-min-scaled-e1727169383730.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus: Challenges and Solutions</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-24T14:46:29+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 24, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease that has been on the research agenda to eradicate for many years. Due to vigorous efforts in immunization, the incidence of WPV has reduced drastically all over the world. However, as WPV recedes, another form of the virus has emerged as a significant challenge: The type of poliovirus that may emerge from such post-vaccination acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and has been also acknowledged globally is the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). VDPVs result from the emergence of a new strain of poliovirus in the oral polio vaccine that is weakened but has become neurovirulent again. This is a new phenomenon to public health officials, as the tool given to eliminate polio can under certain circumstances provoke an outbreak. This article provides an analysis of VDPVs, the causes of their occurrence, and the complex measures that are being taken to deal with them.</span></p> <h3><b>Understanding Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (VDPV)</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">VDPVs develop from the oral polio vaccine, which has a live but weakened virus that for a long time has been administered orally. OPV is prepared from a weakened strain of the poliovirus; during vaccination, the virus multiplies in his intestines for a few days as it gives immunity to the child. At this stage, the virus also comes out in feces, causing a spread in areas with poor hygiene standards. In low immunization coverage communities, the excreted vaccine virus will go around the community, infecting the susceptible population. This virus, surprisingly, can mutate its genes within many cycles of infection to become a form that paralyzes people just like the wild poliovirus. These reverted strains are a type of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV).</span></p> <h3><b>Factors Contributing to VDPV Emergence</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several factors contribute to the emergence and spread of VDPVs:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several factors contribute to the emergence and spread of VDPVs: Several factors contribute to the emergence and spread of VDPVs:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Low Immunization Coverage:</strong> The major attributable risk factors include the following: Low coverage of immunization. Low vaccination levels permit the circulation of the vaccine virus for a longer period, and therefore, the chances of reversion to the original form are improved.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Sanitation and Hygiene:</strong> Their next administration is oral, and the flu inevitably spreads via the fecal-oral route due to poor sanitation and hygiene.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Mutation and Recombination:</strong> The process whereby new genes are developed in the vaccine virus is due to mutations as they continue to transfer from one individual to the other. Collectively, these changes may lead to the emergence of a virus that is fully capable of provoking an illness.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Immunocompromised Individuals:</strong> Immunocompromised patients are capable of shedding the virus for a long time due to the prolonged replication of the virus, thus increasing the rates of mutations.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/poliovirus" target="_blank" title="poliovirus - yearwise publication trends">poliovirus</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; width: max-content; text-align: center; } @media only screen and (max-width: 993px) { .Adblock-main { width: 100% !important; margin:auto } } .Adblock-main { width: 100%; margin:auto; background-color:#fff; } .Adblock-head { background: #42c251; padding: 12px 10px; } .Adblock-head h1, .Adblock-head h2 { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; text-align: center; font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 8px; } .Adblock-head h1 a{ color: #000; text-decoration: none; font-size:22px; padding:0px; } .Adblock-head h1 a:hover{ color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } .Ad-title{ margin-bottom: 1px; margin-top: 5px; text-align: center; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } .Ad-title a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } .Ad-title a:hover{ color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } .Ad-title1 { margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 15px; text-align: center; font-size: 18px; color: #000; } .Ad-title1 a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } .Ad-title1 a:hover{ color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } .Ad-subtitle { margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 15px; text-align: center; } .Ad-subtitle1 { margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; } .Ad-middle { border: solid 1px #ccc; padding-bottom: 20px; border-bottom: none; } .register-button { background-color: #283b39; color: #ffffff !important; padding: 10px 14px; border: none; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 14px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; margin-top: 15px; } .register-button span { color:#6dfe7e; } .register-button:hover { background-color: #161515; color:#fff; } .tablediv { width:100%; border: solid 1px #ccc; background:#fff; margin-bottom: 0px !important; } .tablediv th,.tablediv td{ font-size:13px!important; } .keywordsdiv { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; background: #f1f1f1; padding: 10px 15px; margin-top: 15px; border-radius: 5px; } .keywordsdiv a{ color: #276cb5; padding: 0; } .keywordsdiv a:hover{ color:#000; text-decoration:underline; } .pub-scroll{ max-height: 260px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } .chart-block { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; background:#fff; border:1px solid #ccc; } .chart-block .left, .chart-block .right { background-color: #fff; padding: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; } .chart-block .left { flex: 1 1 5%; /* Takes up 45% of the width, flexible */ padding-right:0px !important } .chart-block .right { flex: 1 1 45%; /* Takes up 45% of the width, flexible */ } /* Responsive adjustments */ @media (max-width: 768px) { .chart-block .left, .chart-block .right { flex: 1 1 100%; /* Stack vertically on smaller screens */ margin: 0 0 10px 0; padding-right:20px !important } .chart-block .right{ width:50% !important; border:solid 1px #ccc; } .pub-scroll{ max-height:100% !important; overflow-y: inherit; overflow-x: hidden; } } </style> <script src='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js'></script> <script> var chart = null; function displayResults(statistics) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results'); if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 173, "2015": 83, "2016": 112, "2017": 110, "2018": 105, "2019": 114, "2020": 179, "2021": 147, "2022": 183, "2023": 300, "2024": 117 }; var keywordsArray = ["Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus","Polio Eradication","Oral Polio Vaccine","Immunization Coverage","Surveillance","Inactivated Polio Vaccine","Novel Oral Polio Vaccine","Public Health"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h4><b>Global Distribution and Impact</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The effects of VDPVs have been devastating, particularly in areas of conflict, political instability, and heuristic health facilities. For instance, the latest news covers peaceful outbreaks in some Asian countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, and some African countries. However, these regions fail to achieve high immunization coverage and also have problems with sanitation and healthcare infrastructure. The circulation of VDPVs in these areas compromises the gains of polio eradication across the world.</span></p> <h4><b>Strategies to Combat VDPVs</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Addressing the challenges posed by VDPVs requires a multifaceted approach. Addressing the challenges posed by VDPVs requires a multifaceted approach:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Improving Immunization Coverage:</strong> Special emphasis should be placed on compliance with its full schedule in every child selected; polio would be easier to combat if it infected only one child in a thousand. The population with high rates of immunization is protected. from both WPV and VDPV. This comprises seasonal immunization, SIA, and special targeted campaigns in high-risk zones.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Switching to Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV):</strong> The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has advised the shift from OPV to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); the vaccine contains a bit of ‘dead’ virus that cannot foster the disease. This switch also minimizes the probability of the emergence of VDPV. Currently, numerous countries have included IPV in the immunization programs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Enhanced Surveillance:</strong> VDPV spreads are easier to track compared to other poliomyelitis varieties; however, it is crucial to identify and mitigate them as soon as possible. This entails enhancing AFP surveillance to look for any AFP cases and environmental surveillance in looking for poliovirus in sewage. These concepts can prevent the spread of disease, and if an outbreak occurs, rapid response teams can be used to stop the spread of the disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Development of Novel OPV:</strong> Researchers are also accustomed to using the oral polio vaccine; a newer version, nOPV2, has been created and is genetically more stable compared to OPV. This vaccine is designed to lessen the possibility of reverting to a virile strain while passing the advantages of oral immunization.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Strengthening Health Systems:</strong> Strengthening resilient health systems is a key component of both polio eradication as well as overall health system strengthening. This entails raising awareness among healthcare practitioners, enhancing the facilities, and having reliable, steady, and adequate sources of vaccines.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/poliovirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="poliovirus - yearwise publication list">poliovirus</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Qualitative real-time RT-PCR assay for nOPV2 poliovirus detection.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38885908", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses from Guatemalan wastewater isolated from human lung fibroblasts.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38959255", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Persistent Transmission of Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus - Somalia, January 2017-March 2024.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38935565", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Antiviral Activity of AgIO, a Unique Silver Compound.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932251", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Characterization of enteroviruses circulating among farm animals and children in Central African Republic.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38864685", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Identification of Poliovirus Receptor-like 3 Protein as a Prognostic Factor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39120328", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Coverage of the Combined DTaP-IPV\/Hib Vaccine Among Children Aged 2-18 Months - 9 PLADs, China, 2019-2021.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38854752", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "An efficient complementation system for replication of defective poliovirus mutants.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38837378", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Use for Polio Outbreak Response: A Global Effort for a Global Health Emergency.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38668228", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38662650", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Ligand-Free Silver Nanoparticles: An Innovative Strategy against Viruses and Bacteria.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38674764", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Caboxamycin Inhibits Heart Inflammation in a Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis Mouse Model.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38793559", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Thirty Years of Experience of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance for Polio - China, 1993-2022.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38736467", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Picornavirus VP3 protein induces autophagy through the TP53-BAD-BAX axis to promote viral replication.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38752369", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Serological responses to immunization during nephrosis in infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38756974", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in oral polio vaccine recipients: disproportionality analysis using VAERS and systematic review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38813942", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Vaccine Coverage at 36 Months and 7 Years by Parental Birth Country, Washington State.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38774987", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Mucosal immunity to poliovirus in children 0-15 years of age: A community-based study in Karachi, Pakistan in 2019.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38195177", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Non-Polio Enteroviruses Isolated by Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance Laboratories in the Russian Federation in 1998-2021: Distinct Epidemiological Features of Types.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38257835", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Evaluation of the environmental polio surveillance system-Northern Region, Ghana, 2021.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38422061", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus","Polio Eradication","Oral Polio Vaccine","Immunization Coverage","Surveillance","Inactivated Polio Vaccine","Novel Oral Polio Vaccine","Public Health"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Case Studies and Regional Responses</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Afghanistan and Pakistan:</strong> These countries are the only ones still considered endemic for the wild poliovirus type and have experienced at least VDPV1 epidemics. Measures that are taken to reduce polio in these areas include the provision of immunization to children, a process that entails difficulties because of political turmoil and strife in many African countries. For such endeavors to bear fruit, it is crucial to have the support of local health authorities, backed up by the international community.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Africa:</strong> Some of the African countries have reported outbreaks of cVDPV. In response, there have been collaborative approaches to upturn immunization and the incorporation of nOPV2 in outbreak response strategies. There have also been enhancements of surveillance in the African region that enable early identification of poliovirus and quick response.</span></p> <h3><b>Challenges in Implementation</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of course, some difficulties appear when the mentioned strategies are being practiced. High levels of immunization, however, in hard-to-reach places such as remote areas and conflict-prone areas require going through various challenges as far as access is concerned as well as trust. Another challenge is vaccine hesitancy, which is found in people’s reluctance to adhere to vaccination programs out of perceived fear or adherence to cultural norms. Moreover, due to financial and resource limitations, many of the lower-income countries are likely to experience a dilemma in procuring new vaccines and technologies.</span></p> <h3><b>The Future of Polio Eradication</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The polio fight is at a tipping point. Even though the global transmission of wild poliovirus is on the verge of being interrupted, the occurrence of VDPVs is another complex situation. Maintenance of such commitment, advancement of development of subsequent generations of vaccines, as well as further reinforcement of health systems, are believed to be major to tackling these challenges. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The issues that have been highlighted in the fight against polio will also be very useful in the fight against other infectious diseases, hence enhancing world health.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">VDPVs demonstrate the factors involved in the process of elimination of a disease uniquely focused on at the worldwide level. Hence, the researchers point out that the measures should be more encompassing and dynamic, which focus not only on the biomedical aspect of the virus but also on the social, economic, and physical structures. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vaccination, changing over to safer vaccines, and efforts in improving the methods of surveillance and analysis for polio have brought into focus VDPVs, about which the world community can substantially reduce the risks for the close arrival of a polio-free world.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li> <div class="citation-text">Stehling-Ariza T, Wilkinson AL, Diop OM, Jorba J, Asghar H, Avagnan T, Grabovac V, Johnson T, Joshi S, Kfutwah AKW, Sangal L, Sharif S, Wahdan A, Tallis GF, Kovacs SD. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289657/">Surveillance To Track Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication – Worldwide, 2021-2022.</a> MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jun 9;72(23):613-620. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7223a1. PMID: 37289657; PMCID: PMC10328463.</div> </li> <li>Sadigh, K.S., 2022. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7103a3.htm">Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication―Afghanistan, january 2020–november 2021.</a> <i>MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</i>, <i>71</i>.</li> <li>Alleman, M.M., 2021. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7049a1.htm">Update on vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks—worldwide, January 2020–June 2021.</a> <i>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</i>, <i>70</i>.</li> <li>Bigouette, J.P., 2021. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7034a1.htm?s%E2%80%94cid=mm7034a1%E2%80%94w">Progress toward polio eradication—worldwide, January 2019–June 2021.</a> <i>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</i>, <i>70</i>.</li> <li>Chard, A.N., 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925a4.htm">Progress toward polio eradication—worldwide, January 2018–March 2020.</a> <i>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</i>, <i>69</i>.</li> <li>Thompson, K.M., Kalkowska, D.A. and Badizadegan, K., 2022. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881365/">Polio health economics: assessing the benefits and costs of polio, non-polio, and integrated activities of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.</a> <i>Gates Open Research</i>, <i>6</i>.</li> <li>Kalkowska, D.A., Pallansch, M.A., Cochi, S.L. and Thompson, K.M., 2021. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/224/9/1529/6246102">Updated characterization of poliovirus transmission in Pakistan and Afghanistan and the impacts of different outbreak response vaccine options.</a> <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>, <i>224</i>(9), pp.1529-1538.</li> <li>Thompson, K.M. and Kalkowska, D.A., 2021. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/risa.13665">An updated economic analysis of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.</a> <i>Risk Analysis</i>, <i>41</i>(2), pp.393-406.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">poliovirus</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "p10SK4wBWBy50K-rNNjb": { "aid": "p10SK4wBWBy50K-rNNjb", "name": "M. Levine", "citation_count": 56462, "hindex": 116, "paper_count": 799, "affiliation": "Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ", "email": "mlevine@som.umaryland.edu", "slug_tail": "m-levine" }, "e87dK4wBWBy50K-rLGnR": { "aid": "e87dK4wBWBy50K-rLGnR", "name": "E. Wimmer", "citation_count": 27759, "hindex": 89, "paper_count": 361, "affiliation": "Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA. ", "email": "eckard.wimmer@stonybrook.edu", "slug_tail": "e-wimmer" }, "6-_-KowBWBy50K-rDzrE": { "aid": "6-_-KowBWBy50K-rDzrE", "name": "H. Schuitemaker", "citation_count": 28204, "hindex": 85, "paper_count": 442, "affiliation": "Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ", "email": "HSchuite@its.jnj.com", "slug_tail": "h-schuitemaker" }, "_uwwK4wBWBy50K-rFt63": { "aid": "_uwwK4wBWBy50K-rFt63", "name": "S. Plotkin", "citation_count": 25203, "hindex": 79, "paper_count": 725, "affiliation": "University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA 18907, USA. ", "email": "stanley.plotkin@vaxconsult.com", "slug_tail": "s-plotkin" }, "lqTwKowBWBy50K-rEqdY": { "aid": "lqTwKowBWBy50K-rEqdY", "name": "R. Andino", "citation_count": 20014, "hindex": 73, "paper_count": 210, "affiliation": "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. ", "email": "raul.andino@ucsf.edu", "slug_tail": "r-andino" }, "WMNcK4wBWBy50K-rogIU": { "aid": "WMNcK4wBWBy50K-rogIU", "name": "G. Leroux-Roels", "citation_count": 14515, "hindex": 65, "paper_count": 432, "affiliation": "Centre for Vaccinology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. ", "email": "Geert.LerouxRoels@UGent.be", "slug_tail": "g-leroux-roels" }, "J1HhKowBWBy50K-rX5eW": { "aid": "J1HhKowBWBy50K-rX5eW", "name": "A. Allende", "citation_count": 12511, "hindex": 63, "paper_count": 256, "affiliation": "Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Food Science and Technology Department, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Spain. ", "email": "aallende@cebas.csic.es", "slug_tail": "a-allende" }, "MUG9K4wBWBy50K-raKos": { "aid": "MUG9K4wBWBy50K-raKos", "name": "C. Cameron", "citation_count": 13872, "hindex": 61, "paper_count": 266, "affiliation": "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. ", "email": "craig_cameron@med.unc.edu", "slug_tail": "c-cameron" }, "2kH4K4wBWBy50K-r0OCY": { "aid": "2kH4K4wBWBy50K-r0OCY", "name": "B. Semler", "citation_count": 11865, "hindex": 60, "paper_count": 201, "affiliation": "Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA ", "email": "blsemler@uci.edu", "slug_tail": "b-semler" }, "avirK4wBWBy50K-rqhRl": { "aid": "avirK4wBWBy50K-rqhRl", "name": "K. Hanada", "citation_count": 10056, "hindex": 56, "paper_count": 238, "affiliation": "Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-9640, Japan. ", "email": "hanak@nih.go.jp", "slug_tail": "k-hanada" }, "wEW-K4wBWBy50K-rJ9LH": { "aid": "wEW-K4wBWBy50K-rJ9LH", "name": "R. Sutter", "citation_count": 10553, "hindex": 56, "paper_count": 221, "affiliation": "Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland. ", "email": "sutterr@who.int", "slug_tail": "r-sutter" }, "w5nSK4wBWBy50K-rQnm5": { "aid": "w5nSK4wBWBy50K-rQnm5", "name": "J. Hogle", "citation_count": 10943, "hindex": 56, "paper_count": 204, "affiliation": "Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ", "email": "james_hogle@hms.harvard.edu", "slug_tail": "j-hogle" }, "YeBkK4wBWBy50K-rq2q_": { "aid": "YeBkK4wBWBy50K-rq2q_", "name": "C. Wilke", "citation_count": 13525, "hindex": 55, "paper_count": 263, "affiliation": "Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; ", "email": "wilke@austin.utexas.edu", "slug_tail": "c-wilke" }, "P7TXK4wBWBy50K-rkbTA": { "aid": "P7TXK4wBWBy50K-rkbTA", "name": "V. Agol", "citation_count": 9076, "hindex": 54, "paper_count": 246, "affiliation": "Institute of Poliomyelitis, M. P. Chumakov Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia. ", "email": "agol@belozersky.msu.ru", "slug_tail": "v-agol" }, "ocj2KowBWBy50K-r1MMk": { "aid": "ocj2KowBWBy50K-r1MMk", "name": "P. Damme", "citation_count": 10877, "hindex": 54, "paper_count": 289, "affiliation": "Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. ", "email": "pierre.vandamme@uantwerpen.be", "slug_tail": "p-damme" }, "ui64K4wBWBy50K-rgUVd": { "aid": "ui64K4wBWBy50K-rgUVd", "name": "S. Moghimi", "citation_count": 13163, "hindex": 52, "paper_count": 199, "affiliation": "School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. ", "email": "seyed.moghimi@ncl.ac.uk", "slug_tail": "s-moghimi" }, "sMRcK4wBWBy50K-r01-N": { "aid": "sMRcK4wBWBy50K-r01-N", "name": "N. Grassly", "citation_count": 14482, "hindex": 52, "paper_count": 180, "affiliation": "Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. ", "email": "n.grassly@imperial.ac.uk", "slug_tail": "n-grassly" }, "j9-lK4wBWBy50K-rS8la": { "aid": "j9-lK4wBWBy50K-rS8la", "name": "E. Sciutto", "citation_count": 6996, "hindex": 49, "paper_count": 246, "affiliation": "Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City, Mexico. ", "email": "edda@unam.mx", "slug_tail": "e-sciutto" }, "TKEiK4wBWBy50K-rKwzm": { "aid": "TKEiK4wBWBy50K-rKwzm", "name": "B. Futcher", "citation_count": 12521, "hindex": 45, "paper_count": 102, "affiliation": "Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA. ", "email": "bruce.futcher@stonybrook.edu", "slug_tail": "b-futcher" }, "ou2pK4wBWBy50K-rpBlL": { "aid": "ou2pK4wBWBy50K-rpBlL", "name": "S. Uchiyama", "citation_count": 7008, "hindex": 45, "paper_count": 334, "affiliation": "Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan. ", "email": "suchi@bio.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp", "slug_tail": "s-uchiyama" }, "TT55K4wBWBy50K-r4p_O": { "aid": "TT55K4wBWBy50K-r4p_O", "name": "K. Murali-Krishna", "citation_count": 15160, "hindex": 44, "paper_count": 97, "affiliation": "ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. ", "email": "murali.kaja@emory.edu", "slug_tail": "k-murali-krishna" }, "RQE0K4wBWBy50K-rMI8K": { "aid": "RQE0K4wBWBy50K-rMI8K", "name": "M. Ackerman", "citation_count": 6260, "hindex": 44, "paper_count": 183, "affiliation": "Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH. ", "email": "Margaret.e.ackerman@dartmouth.edu", "slug_tail": "m-ackerman" }, "hBpxK4wBWBy50K-rSUxV": { "aid": "hBpxK4wBWBy50K-rSUxV", "name": "E. Choi", "citation_count": 6256, "hindex": 44, "paper_count": 301, "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ", "email": "eunchangmd@yuhs.ac", "slug_tail": "e-choi" }, "g58hK4wBWBy50K-rzC0K": { "aid": "g58hK4wBWBy50K-rzC0K", "name": "K. Thompson", "citation_count": 6211, "hindex": 43, "paper_count": 229, "affiliation": "Kid Risk, Columbus, OH 43215, USA. ", "email": "kimt@kidrisk.org", "slug_tail": "k-thompson" }, "SmyEK4wBWBy50K-r7nDF": { "aid": "SmyEK4wBWBy50K-r7nDF", "name": "G. Fragoso", "citation_count": 5486, "hindex": 42, "paper_count": 196, "affiliation": "Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City, Mexico ", "email": "gladis@unam.mx", "slug_tail": "g-fragoso" }, "5J9VK4wBWBy50K-rY7zk": { "aid": "5J9VK4wBWBy50K-rY7zk", "name": "K. Chumakov", "citation_count": 5232, "hindex": 42, "paper_count": 183, "affiliation": "FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States; Global Virus Network Center of Excellence, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States. ", "email": "konstantin.chumakov@fda.hhs.gov", "slug_tail": "k-chumakov" }, "6Rc4K4wBWBy50K-r9-s5": { "aid": "6Rc4K4wBWBy50K-r9-s5", "name": "J. Weiner", "citation_count": 7091, "hindex": 42, "paper_count": 119, "affiliation": "Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. ", "email": "joshua-weiner@uiowa.edu", "slug_tail": "j-weiner" }, "MiK2K4wBWBy50K-rIUkg": { "aid": "MiK2K4wBWBy50K-rIUkg", "name": "R. Clemens", "citation_count": 7750, "hindex": 41, "paper_count": 141, "affiliation": "Global Research in Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ", "email": "clemens.ralf@outlook.com", "slug_tail": "r-clemens" }, "JamVK4wBWBy50K-rEKvI": { "aid": "JamVK4wBWBy50K-rEKvI", "name": "F. Delpeyroux", "citation_count": 4486, "hindex": 41, "paper_count": 121, "affiliation": "Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 de Biologie des Virus Ent\u00e9riques, Paris, France ", "email": "francis.delpeyroux@pasteur.fr", "slug_tail": "f-delpeyroux" }, "eGNHK4wBWBy50K-r8bW6": { "aid": "eGNHK4wBWBy50K-r8bW6", "name": "M. Haber", "citation_count": 7294, "hindex": 38, "paper_count": 121, "affiliation": "Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. ", "email": "mhaber@emory.edu", "slug_tail": "m-haber" }, "C0LfKowBWBy50K-rJYAI": { "aid": "C0LfKowBWBy50K-rJYAI", "name": "B. Kirkpatrick", "citation_count": 5328, "hindex": 38, "paper_count": 130, "affiliation": "UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. ", "email": "beth.kirkpatrick@med.uvm.edu", "slug_tail": "b-kirkpatrick" }, "7Y3rKowBWBy50K-r90dT": { "aid": "7Y3rKowBWBy50K-r90dT", "name": "O. Diop", "citation_count": 4206, "hindex": 37, "paper_count": 104, "affiliation": "Polio Eradication, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. ", "email": "diopo@who.int", "slug_tail": "o-diop" }, "U7FYK4wBWBy50K-rsHia": { "aid": "U7FYK4wBWBy50K-rsHia", "name": "N. Ganguly", "citation_count": 8480, "hindex": 37, "paper_count": 735, "affiliation": "Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation, New Delhi, India ", "email": "ganguly.nk@aherf.net", "slug_tail": "n-ganguly" }, "A_arK4wBWBy50K-rXIdw": { "aid": "A_arK4wBWBy50K-rXIdw", "name": "A. Zaidi", "citation_count": 25130, "hindex": 37, "paper_count": 113, "affiliation": "Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Pakistan. ", "email": "Anita.zaidi@aku.edu", "slug_tail": "a-zaidi" }, "-xIEK4wBWBy50K-rrbIR": { "aid": "-xIEK4wBWBy50K-rrbIR", "name": "J. Muyembe\u2010Tamfum", "citation_count": 6097, "hindex": 37, "paper_count": 141, "affiliation": "Institut National de Recherche Bio-M\u00e9dicale, Kinshasa-Gombe BP 1197, Congo. ", "email": "jjmuyembet@gmail.com", "slug_tail": "j-muyembe-tamfum" }, "LDQKK4wBWBy50K-rwES7": { "aid": "LDQKK4wBWBy50K-rwES7", "name": "A. Bavdekar", "citation_count": 4961, "hindex": 36, "paper_count": 161, "affiliation": "Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India. ", "email": "a.bavdekar@kemhrcpune.org", "slug_tail": "a-bavdekar" }, "U40eK4wBWBy50K-rL0QT": { "aid": "U40eK4wBWBy50K-rL0QT", "name": "Y. Tohya", "citation_count": 4043, "hindex": 34, "paper_count": 194, "affiliation": "Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan. ", "email": "tohya.yukinobu@nihon-u.ac.jp", "slug_tail": "y-tohya" }, "nAnUKowBWBy50K-rbJqf": { "aid": "nAnUKowBWBy50K-rbJqf", "name": "H. Shirasawa", "citation_count": 3616, "hindex": 34, "paper_count": 154, "affiliation": "Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. ", "email": "sirasawa@faculty.chiba-u.jp", "slug_tail": "h-shirasawa" }, "u8EoK4wBWBy50K-rpcGk": { "aid": "u8EoK4wBWBy50K-rpcGk", "name": "A. Rimoin", "citation_count": 5114, "hindex": 33, "paper_count": 144, "affiliation": "Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. ", "email": "arimoin@ucla.edu", "slug_tail": "a-rimoin" }, "ie0wK4wBWBy50K-rPsEB": { "aid": "ie0wK4wBWBy50K-rPsEB", "name": "Liuyu Huang", "citation_count": 2670, "hindex": 32, "paper_count": 123, "affiliation": "Institute for Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China. ", "email": "huangliuyuly@163.com", "slug_tail": "liuyu-huang" }, "4zr3K4wBWBy50K-rP3W-": { "aid": "4zr3K4wBWBy50K-rP3W-", "name": "W. Weldon", "citation_count": 8420, "hindex": 32, "paper_count": 106, "affiliation": "Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, 30329, United States. ", "email": "wiw4@cdc.gov", "slug_tail": "w-weldon" }, "VC_bKowBWBy50K-rmEIz": { "aid": "VC_bKowBWBy50K-rmEIz", "name": "Changgui Li", "citation_count": 5932, "hindex": 32, "paper_count": 127, "affiliation": "Division of Respiratory Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. ", "email": "qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn", "slug_tail": "changgui-li" }, "rPysK4wBWBy50K-rh9Ma": { "aid": "rPysK4wBWBy50K-rh9Ma", "name": "J. Wilmshurst", "citation_count": 3263, "hindex": 32, "paper_count": 173, "affiliation": "Department of Paediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa. ", "email": "jo.wilmshurst@uct.ac.za", "slug_tail": "j-wilmshurst" }, "24kcK4wBWBy50K-r91YQ": { "aid": "24kcK4wBWBy50K-r91YQ", "name": "G. Belov", "citation_count": 2945, "hindex": 31, "paper_count": 67, "affiliation": "Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA ", "email": "gbelov@umd.edu", "slug_tail": "g-belov" }, "BS-4K4wBWBy50K-rwpwe": { "aid": "BS-4K4wBWBy50K-rwpwe", "name": "B. Blondel", "citation_count": 2395, "hindex": 31, "paper_count": 69, "affiliation": "Institut Pasteur, Biology of Enteric Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France. ", "email": "bruno.blondel@pasteur.fr", "slug_tail": "b-blondel" }, "DgUCK4wBWBy50K-rLrr5": { "aid": "DgUCK4wBWBy50K-rLrr5", "name": "G. Trueba", "citation_count": 3699, "hindex": 31, "paper_count": 154, "affiliation": "Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador ", "email": "gtrueba@usfq.edu.ec", "slug_tail": "g-trueba" }, "BnDmKowBWBy50K-rOkYF": { "aid": "BnDmKowBWBy50K-rOkYF", "name": "L. Shulman", "citation_count": 2779, "hindex": 31, "paper_count": 98, "affiliation": "Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. ", "email": "lester.shulman@sheba.health.gov.il", "slug_tail": "l-shulman" }, "-afwKowBWBy50K-rjrTy": { "aid": "-afwKowBWBy50K-rjrTy", "name": "Y. Lo", "citation_count": 3198, "hindex": 30, "paper_count": 78, "affiliation": "Office of the World Health Organization Representative to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, 4th Floor, Prima 8, Block 3508, Jalan, Teknokrat 6, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. ", "email": "loy@who.int", "slug_tail": "y-lo" }, "oB8GK4wBWBy50K-r4i2r": { "aid": "oB8GK4wBWBy50K-r4i2r", "name": "J. Wilce", "citation_count": 3124, "hindex": 30, "paper_count": 142, "affiliation": "Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Australia. ", "email": "jackie.wilce@monash.edu", "slug_tail": "j-wilce" }, "zR1xK4wBWBy50K-r3d3j": { "aid": "zR1xK4wBWBy50K-r3d3j", "name": "J. Meschke", "citation_count": 2802, "hindex": 30, "paper_count": 108, "affiliation": "Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA E-mail: ", "email": "meaganja@uw.edu", "slug_tail": "j-meschke" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus","Polio Eradication","Oral Polio Vaccine","Immunization Coverage","Surveillance","Inactivated Polio Vaccine","Novel Oral Polio Vaccine","Public Health"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/category/poliovirus/" rel="category tag">Poliovirus</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"/><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/childhood-vaccines/" rel="tag">childhood vaccines</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/health-systems/" rel="tag">health systems</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/hygiene/" rel="tag">Hygiene</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/immunizations/" rel="tag">immunizations</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/paralysis/" rel="tag">Paralysis</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/physicals/" rel="tag">physicals</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/polio-vaccine/" rel="tag">polio vaccine</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/poliovirus/" rel="tag">poliovirus</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/vaccine-derivative-poliovirus/" rel="tag">vaccine derivative poliovirus</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/vaccine-derived-poliovirus/" rel="tag">vaccine derived poliovirus</a>, <a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/tag/vdpvs/" rel="tag">VDPVs</a></span> <nav id="nav-below" class="post-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> <div class="nav-previous"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow-left"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M178.425 138.212c0 2.265-1.133 4.813-2.832 6.512L64.276 256.001l111.317 111.277c1.7 1.7 2.832 4.247 2.832 6.513 0 2.265-1.133 4.813-2.832 6.512L161.43 394.46c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.514 2.832-2.266 0-4.816-1.133-6.515-2.832L16.407 262.514c-1.699-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.513 0-2.265 1.133-4.813 2.832-6.512l131.994-131.947c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.831 6.515-2.831 2.265 0 4.815 1.132 6.514 2.831l14.163 14.157c1.7 1.7 2.832 3.965 2.832 6.513z" fill-rule="nonzero" /></svg></span><span class="prev"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/rna-vaccines/the-evolution-and-impact-of-rna-based-vaccines-in-modern-medicine/" rel="prev">The Evolution and Impact of RNA-Based Vaccines in Modern Medicine</a></span></div><div class="nav-next"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow-right"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M178.425 256.001c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.832 6.515L43.599 394.509c-1.7 1.7-4.248 2.833-6.514 2.833s-4.816-1.133-6.515-2.833l-14.163-14.162c-1.699-1.7-2.832-3.966-2.832-6.515 0-2.266 1.133-4.815 2.832-6.515l111.317-111.316L16.407 144.685c-1.699-1.7-2.832-4.249-2.832-6.515s1.133-4.815 2.832-6.515l14.163-14.162c1.7-1.7 4.249-2.833 6.515-2.833s4.815 1.133 6.514 2.833l131.994 131.993c1.7 1.7 2.832 4.249 2.832 6.515z" fill-rule="nonzero" /></svg></span><span class="next"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/vaccine-storage/cof-based-nanomaterials-for-vaccine-storage-and-transport/" rel="next">COF-Based Nanomaterials for Vaccine Storage and Transport</a></span></div> </nav> </footer> </div> </article> </main> </div> <div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar" id="right-sidebar"> <div class="inside-right-sidebar"> <aside id="block-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_block widget_search"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/" class="wp-block-search__button-outside wp-block-search__text-button wp-block-search" ><label class="wp-block-search__label" for="wp-block-search__input-1" >Search</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper " ><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-1" placeholder="" value="" type="search" name="s" required /><button aria-label="Search" class="wp-block-search__button wp-element-button" type="submit" >Search</button></div></form></aside><aside id="block-3" class="widget inner-padding widget_block"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recent Posts</h2><ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/vaccine-exemptions/ethical-and-legal-implications-of-vaccine-exemptions-in-the-us/">Ethical and Legal Implications of Vaccine Exemptions in the US</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/liver-diseases/the-role-of-vaccines-in-preventing-liver-diseases/">The Role of Vaccines in Preventing Liver Diseases</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/measles-vaccination/the-efficacy-of-measles-vaccination-a-review-of-historical-and-recent-outbreaks/">The Efficacy of Measles Vaccination: A Review of Historical and Recent Outbreaks</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/malaria-vaccine/innovative-approaches-to-malaria-vaccine-development/">Innovative Approaches to Malaria Vaccine Development</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/vaccine-development/genomic-approaches-to-vaccine-development/">Genomic Approaches to Vaccine Development</a></li> </ul></div></div></aside><aside id="block-4" class="widget inner-padding widget_block"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recent Comments</h2><div class="no-comments wp-block-latest-comments">No comments to show.</div></div></div></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer footer-bar-active footer-bar-align-right"> <footer class="site-info" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope> <div class="inside-site-info grid-container"> <div class="footer-bar"> <aside id="nav_menu-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-41" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-41"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-40"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/terms-and-conditions/">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-38"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37"><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/about-us/">About us</a></li> </ul></div></aside> </div> <div class="copyright-bar"> © 2024 Vaccine Studies </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script id="generate-a11y">!function(){"use strict";if("querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window){var e=document.body;e.addEventListener("mousedown",function(){e.classList.add("using-mouse")}),e.addEventListener("keydown",function(){e.classList.remove("using-mouse")})}}();</script> <div class="gp-modal gp-search-modal" id="gp-search"> <div class="gp-modal__overlay" tabindex="-1" data-gpmodal-close> <div class="gp-modal__container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-modal-form" action="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/"> <label for="search-modal-input" class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</label> <div class="search-modal-fields"> <input id="search-modal-input" type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button aria-label="Search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg></span></button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/js/sticky.min.js?ver=2.4.1" id="generate-sticky-js"></script> <!--[if lte IE 11]> <script src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/classList.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-classlist-js"></script> <![endif]--> <script id="generate-menu-js-extra"> var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":"1","openSubMenuLabel":"Open Sub-Menu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Sub-Menu"}; </script> <script src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/menu.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-menu-js"></script> <script src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/dist/modal.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-modal-js"></script> </body> </html>