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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Atoll" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Atoll" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and size</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_size-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and size subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_atolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_atolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>List of atolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_atolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_by_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_by_the_Royal_Society_of_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Investigation by the Royal Society of London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_by_the_Royal_Society_of_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atoll</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Атолл – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Атолл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A" title="شعب حلقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب حلقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol%C3%B3n" title="Atolón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atolón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yku%C3%A3ir%C5%A9" title="Ykuãirũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ykuãirũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/San-%C3%B4%CD%98-t%C3%B3" title="San-ô͘-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="San-ô͘-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="एटॉल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एटॉल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Ατόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol%C3%B3n" title="Atolón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atolón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolo" title="Atolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoloi" title="Atoloi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atoloi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آب‌سنگ حلقوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌سنگ حلقوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atall" title="Atall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%B4%88" title="환초 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환초" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Օղակղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օղակղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="प्रवालद्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवालद्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolo" title="Atolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollo" title="Atollo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atollo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hringrif" title="Hringrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hringrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollo" title="Atollo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atollo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C" title="אטול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ატოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Атолл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атолл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolli" title="Atolli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atolli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Атолл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атолл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollum" title="Atollum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atollum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atols" title="Atols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolas" title="Atolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അടോലുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടോലുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ატოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атоллсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атоллсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8C_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလယ်၌ ရေငန်အိုင်ရှိသော သန္တာကျောက်ကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလယ်၌ ရေငန်အိုင်ရှိသော သန္တာကျောက်ကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol_(geologie)" title="Atol (geologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atol (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="प्रवालद्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रवालद्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%A4%81" title="環礁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環礁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atole" title="Atole – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Atole" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2l" title="Atòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੋਲ ਮੂੰਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੋਲ ਮੂੰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B" title="អាតុល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាតុល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Атолл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атолл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoli" title="Atoli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atoli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollu" title="Atollu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Atollu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ڇليدار ٻيٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇليدار ٻيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolli" title="Atolli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atolli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atoll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karang" title="Karang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="பவளத் தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பவளத் தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="อะทอลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะทอลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Атолл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атолл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercan_adas%C4%B1" title="Mercan adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mercan adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Атол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جزیرہ مرجانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ مرجانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato%C5%82on" title="Atołon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Atołon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BA%A1n_san_h%C3%B4_v%C3%B2ng" title="Rạn san hô vòng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rạn san hô vòng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atol" title="Atol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%A4%81" title="環礁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="環礁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%A4%81" title="環礁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="環礁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%A4%81" title="環礁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="環礁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ring-shaped coral reef</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Atoll_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atoll (disambiguation)">Atoll (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG/220px-Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG/330px-Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG/440px-Tetiaroa_from_sky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The atoll of <a href="/wiki/Teti%CA%BBaroa" title="Tetiʻaroa">Tetiʻaroa</a> in French Polynesia</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>atoll</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a ring-shaped island, including a <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> rim that encircles a <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>. There may be <a href="/wiki/Coral_island" title="Coral island">coral islands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a> on the rim.<sup id="cite_ref-Migon2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migon2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blakegh1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakegh1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 60">: 60 </span></sup> Atolls are located in warm <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> parts of the oceans and seas where corals can develop. Most of the approximately 440 atolls in the world are in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. </p><p>Two different, well-cited models, the subsidence model and the antecedent <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> model, have been used to explain the development of atolls.<sup id="cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DroxlerOthers2021a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s subsidence model,<sup id="cite_ref-darwincr1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwincr1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formation of an atoll is explained by the sinking of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> around which a coral fringing reef has formed. Over geologic time, the volcanic island becomes extinct and eroded as it subsides completely beneath the surface of the ocean. As the volcanic island subsides, the coral fringing reef becomes a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier reef">barrier reef</a> that is detached from the island. Eventually, reef and the small coral islets on top of it are all that is left of the original island, and a lagoon has taken the place of the former volcano. The lagoon is not the former volcanic crater. For the atoll to persist, the coral reef must be maintained at the sea surface, with coral growth matching any relative change in sea level (sinking of the island or rising oceans).<sup id="cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DroxlerOthers2021a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative model for the origin of atolls is called the antecedent karst model. In the antecedent karst model, the first step in the formation of an atoll is the development of a flat top, mound-like coral reef during the subsidence of an oceanic island of either volcanic or nonvolcanic origin below sea level. Then, when relative sea level drops below the level of the flat surface of coral reef, it is exposed to the atmosphere as a flat topped island which is dissolved by rainfall to form limestone <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a>. Because of hydrologic properties of this karst, the rate of dissolution of the exposed coral is lowest along its rim and the rate of dissolution increases inward to its maximum at the center of the island. As a result, a saucer shaped island with a raised rim forms. When relative sea level submerges the island again, the rim provides a rocky core on which coral grow again to form the islands of an atoll and the flooded bottom of the saucer forms the lagoon within them.<sup id="cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DroxlerOthers2021a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purdy1974a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdy1974a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>atoll</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> word <span title="Dhivehi-language romanization"><i lang="dv-Latn">atholhu</i></span> (<span title="Dhivehi-language text"><span lang="dv" dir="rtl">އަތޮޅު</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="dv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈat̪oɭu]</a></span>). Dhivehi is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. The word's first recorded English use was in 1625 as <i>atollon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> coined the term in his monograph, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i>. He recognized the word's indigenous origin and defined it as a "circular group of coral islets", synonymously with "lagoon-island".<sup id="cite_ref-darwincr1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwincr1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>More modern definitions of <i>atoll</i> describe them as "annular reefs enclosing a lagoon in which there are no <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a> other than reefs and <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> composed of reef <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "in an exclusively morphological sense, [as] a ring-shaped ribbon reef enclosing a lagoon".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_size">Distribution and size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 440 atolls in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the world's atolls are in the Pacific Ocean (with concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotu_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu Islands">Tuamotu Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_the_Maldives" title="Atolls of the Maldives">atolls of the Maldives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Islands_(Seychelles)" title="Outer Islands (Seychelles)">Outer Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>). In addition, Indonesia also has several atolls spread across the archipelago, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taka_Bonerate_Islands" title="Taka Bonerate Islands">Taka Bonerate Islands</a>, and atolls in the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a>. The Atlantic Ocean has no large groups of atolls, other than eight atolls east of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> department of <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andres and Providencia</a> in the Caribbean. </p><p>Reef-building corals will thrive only in warm <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> waters of oceans and seas, and therefore atolls are found only in the tropics and subtropics. The northernmost atoll in the world is <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a> at 28°25′ N, along with other atolls of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>. The southernmost atolls in the world are <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Reef" title="Elizabeth Reef">Elizabeth Reef</a> at 29°57′ S, and nearby <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Reef" title="Middleton Reef">Middleton Reef</a> at 29°27′ S, in the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>, both of which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a> Territory. The next southerly atoll is <a href="/wiki/Ducie_Island" title="Ducie Island">Ducie Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> Group, at 24°41′ S. The atoll closest to the Equator is <a href="/wiki/Aranuka" title="Aranuka">Aranuka</a> of Kiribati. Its southern tip is just 13 km (8 mi) north of the Equator. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> is sometimes claimed as the "northernmost atoll" at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of 32°18′ N. At this latitude, coral reefs would not develop without the warming waters of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. However, Bermuda is termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-atoll" title="Pseudo-atoll">pseudo-atoll</a></i> because its general form, while resembling that of an atoll, has a very different origin of formation. </p><p>In most cases, the land area of an atoll is very small in comparison to the total area. Atoll islands are low lying, with their elevations less than 5 metres (16 ft). Measured by total area, <a href="/wiki/Lifou" title="Lifou">Lifou</a> (1,146 km<sup>2</sup>, 442 sq mi) is the largest <a href="/wiki/Raised_coral_atoll" title="Raised coral atoll">raised coral atoll</a> of the world, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell Island</a> (660 km<sup>2</sup>, 250 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More sources, however, list <a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Kiritimati</a> as the largest atoll in the world in terms of land area. It is also a raised coral atoll (321 km<sup>2</sup>, 124 sq mi land area; according to other sources even 575 km<sup>2</sup>, 222 sq mi), 160 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi) main lagoon, 168 km<sup>2</sup> (65 sq mi) other lagoons (according to other sources 319 km<sup>2</sup>, 123 sq mi total lagoon size). </p><p>The geological formation known as a <a href="/wiki/Reef_knoll" title="Reef knoll">reef knoll</a> refers to the elevated remains of an ancient atoll within a limestone region, appearing as a hill. The second largest atoll by dry land area is <a href="/wiki/Aldabra" title="Aldabra">Aldabra</a>, with 155 km<sup>2</sup> (60 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Huvadhu_Atoll" title="Huvadhu Atoll">Huvadhu Atoll</a>, situated in the southern region of the Maldives, holds the distinction of being the largest atoll based on the sheer number of islands it comprises, with a total of 255 individual islands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/660px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/990px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg/1320px-On_the_structure_and_distribution_of_coral_reefs_BHL40453231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3745" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Map from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s 1842 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> showing the world's major groups of atolls and coral reefs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_atolls">List of atolls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of atolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable static-row-numbers sort-under col1right"> <caption style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Largest atolls by total area (lagoon plus reef and dry land)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Position </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width: 4em;">Land area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width: 4em;">Total area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Great_Chagos_Bank" title="Great Chagos Bank">Great Chagos Bank</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=6.17_S_72_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°10′S</span> <span class="longitude">72°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.17°S 72.00°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.17; 72.00</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">12,642 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Reed Bank </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=11.45_N_116.9_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">116°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.45°N 116.90°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.45; 116.90</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8,866 </td> <td>Submerged, at shallowest 9 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank" title="Macclesfield Bank">Macclesfield Bank</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=16_N_114.5_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.00°N 114.50°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.00; 114.50</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,448 </td> <td>Submerged, at shallowest 9.2 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">North Bank </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=9.07_S_60.2_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°04′S</span> <span class="longitude">60°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.07°S 60.20°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.07; 60.20</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>North of <a href="/wiki/Saya_de_Malha_Bank" title="Saya de Malha Bank">Saya de Malha Bank</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,800 </td> <td>Submerged, at shallowest <10 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Bank" title="Rosalind Bank">Rosalind Bank</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=16.43_N_80.52_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°31′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.43°N 80.52°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.43; -80.52</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,500 </td> <td>Submerged, at shallowest 7.3 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thiladhunmathi" title="Thiladhunmathi">Thiladhunmathi</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=6.73_N_73.04_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.73°N 73.04°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.73; 73.04</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,850 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_Islands" title="Chesterfield Islands">Chesterfield Islands</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=19.35_S_158.66_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°21′S</span> <span class="longitude">158°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.35°S 158.66°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.35; 158.66</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><10 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,500 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Huvadhu_Atoll" title="Huvadhu Atoll">Huvadhu Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=0.5_N_73.3_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°18′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.50°N 73.30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.50; 73.30</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">38.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,152 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Chuuk Lagoon</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=7.42_N_151.78_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">151°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.42°N 151.78°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.42; 151.78</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, Micronesia </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,152 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sabalana_Islands" title="Sabalana Islands">Sabalana Islands</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=6.75_S_118.83_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">118°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.75°S 118.83°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.75; 118.83</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,694 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lihou_Reef_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve">Lihou Reef</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=17.42_S_151.67_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°25′S</span> <span class="longitude">151°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.42°S 151.67°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.42; 151.67</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,529 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bassas_de_Pedro" title="Bassas de Pedro">Bassas de Pedro</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=13.08_N_72.42_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.08°N 72.42°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.08; 72.42</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,474 </td> <td>Submerged, at shallowest 16.4 m </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ardasier Bank </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=7.71_N_114.25_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°15′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.71°N 114.25°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.71; 114.25</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,347 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=9.19_N_167.47_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">167°28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.19°N 167.47°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.19; 167.47</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">16.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,304 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Diamond Islets Bank </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=17.42_S_150.96_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°25′S</span> <span class="longitude">150°58′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.42°S 150.96°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.42; 150.96</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,282 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_Atoll" title="Namonuito Atoll">Namonuito Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=8.67_N_150_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">150°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.67°N 150.00°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.67; 150.00</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, Micronesia </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,267 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Atoll" title="Ari Atoll">Ari Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=3.86_N_72.83_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°52′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.86°N 72.83°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">3.86; 72.83</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,252 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=25.42_N_170.59_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">170°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.42°N 170.59°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.42; -170.59</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,934 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rangiroa" title="Rangiroa">Rangiroa</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=15.13_S_147.65_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°08′S</span> <span class="longitude">147°39′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.13°S 147.65°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.13; -147.65</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,762 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kolhumadulu_Atoll" title="Kolhumadulu Atoll">Kolhumadulu Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=2.37_N_73.12_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°07′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.37°N 73.12°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.37; 73.12</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,617 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kaafu_Atoll" title="Kaafu Atoll">Kaafu Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=4.42_N_73.5_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.42°N 73.50°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.42; 73.50</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,565 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java Atoll</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=5.27_S_159.35_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°16′S</span> <span class="longitude">159°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.27°S 159.35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-5.27; 159.35</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1500 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lifou_Island" title="Lifou Island">Lifou</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=20.97_S_167.23_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°58′S</span> <span class="longitude">167°14′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.97°S 167.23°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.97; 167.23</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1146 </td> <td>Raised atoll with no lagoon </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=11.67_S_160.17_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°40′S</span> <span class="longitude">160°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.67°S 160.17°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-11.67; 160.17</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">660 </td> <td>Raised atoll with no lagoon </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Kiritimati</a> </th> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atoll&params=1.85_N_157.4_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">157°24′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.85°N 157.4°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.85; -157.4</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">312 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">640 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penrhyn atoll"><img alt="Penrhyn atoll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg/120px-Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg/180px-Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg/240px-Penrhyn_Aerial_EFS_1280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_(atoll)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn (atoll)">Penrhyn</a> atoll</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA satellite image of some of the atolls of the Maldives, which consists of 1,322 islands arranged into 26 atolls"><img alt="NASA satellite image of some of the atolls of the Maldives, which consists of 1,322 islands arranged into 26 atolls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg/93px-Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg/140px-Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg/187px-Maldives.visibleearth.nasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image of some of the <a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_the_Maldives" title="Atolls of the Maldives">atolls of the Maldives</a>, which consists of 1,322 islands arranged into 26 atolls</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nukuoro from space. Courtesy NASA"><img alt="Nukuoro from space. Courtesy NASA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg/120px-Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg/180px-Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg/240px-Nukuoro_ISS013-E-28610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a> from space. Courtesy <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Roques.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Los Roques Archipelago in Venezuela, the largest marine national park in Latin America,[12] from space. Courtesy NASA"><img alt="Los Roques Archipelago in Venezuela, the largest marine national park in Latin America,[12] from space. Courtesy NASA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Los_Roques.png/120px-Los_Roques.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Los_Roques.png/180px-Los_Roques.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Los_Roques.png/240px-Los_Roques.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a> in Venezuela, the largest marine national park in Latin America,<sup id="cite_ref-inparques1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inparques1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from space. Courtesy <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the coast of Bikini Atoll from above"><img alt="View of the coast of Bikini Atoll from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/120px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/180px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/240px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> from above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raa Atoll in Maldives"><img alt="Raa Atoll in Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg/120px-Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg/180px-Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg/240px-Maamigili_Island_Raa_Atoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raa_Atoll" title="Raa Atoll">Raa Atoll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaafu Atoll in Maldives"><img alt="Kaafu Atoll in Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg/120px-Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg/180px-Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg/240px-Guriadhoo-2019-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4682" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kaafu_Atoll" title="Kaafu Atoll">Kaafu Atoll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation<span class="anchor" id="Darwin_Point"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef#Formation" title="Coral reef">Coral reef § Formation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bora_Bora_(16542797633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg/220px-Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg/330px-Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg/440px-Bora_Bora_%2816542797633%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Bora_Bora" title="Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a>, French Polynesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg/220px-South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg/330px-South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg/440px-South_Tarawa_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarawa_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarawa Atoll">Tarawa Atoll</a>, Federated States of Micronesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikini_Atoll.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bikini_Atoll.png/220px-Bikini_Atoll.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bikini_Atoll.png/330px-Bikini_Atoll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bikini_Atoll.png/440px-Bikini_Atoll.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a>, Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1842, Charles Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-darwincr1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwincr1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explained the creation of coral atolls in the southern Pacific Ocean based upon observations made during a five-year voyage aboard HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836. Darwin's explanation suggests that several tropical island types: from high volcanic island, through barrier reef island, to atoll, represented a sequence of gradual subsidence of what started as an oceanic volcano. He reasoned that a fringing coral reef surrounding a volcanic island in the tropical sea will grow upward as the island subsides (sinks), becoming an "almost atoll", or barrier reef island, as typified by an island such as Aitutaki in the Cook Islands, and Bora Bora and others in the Society Islands. The fringing reef becomes a barrier reef for the reason that the outer part of the reef maintains itself near sea level through biotic growth, while the inner part of the reef falls behind, becoming a lagoon because conditions are less favorable for the coral and calcareous algae responsible for most reef growth. In time, subsidence carries the old volcano below the ocean surface and the barrier reef remains. At this point, the island has become an atoll. </p><p>As formulated by J. E. Hoffmeister,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmeister1930a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmeister1930a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F. S. McNeil,<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil1954a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil1954a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. G. Prudy,<sup id="cite_ref-Purdy1974a_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdy1974a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others, the antecedent karst model argues that atolls are <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> features that are the direct result of the interaction between subsidence and preferential karst dissolution that occurred in the interior of flat topped coral reefs during exposure during glacial lowstands of sea level. The elevated rims along an island created by this preferential karst dissolution become the sites of coral growth and islands of atolls when flooded during interglacial highstands. </p><p>The research of A. W. Droxler and others<sup id="cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DroxlerOthers2021a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports the antecedent karst model as they found that the morphology of modern atolls are independent of any influence of an underlying submerged and buried island and are not rooted to an initial fringing reef/barrier reef attached to a slowly subsiding volcanic edifice. In fact, the Neogene reefs underlying the studied modern atolls overlie and completely bury the subsided island are all non-atoll, flat-topped reefs. In fact, they found that atolls did not form doing the subsidence of an island until MIS-11, Mid-Brunhes, long after the many the former islands had been completely submerged and buried by flat topped reefs during the Neogene. </p><p>Atolls are the product of the growth of tropical marine organisms, and so these islands are found only in warm tropical waters. Volcanic islands located beyond the warm water temperature requirements of <a href="/wiki/Hermatypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermatypic">hermatypic</a> (reef-building) organisms become <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> as they subside, and are eroded away at the surface. An island that is located where the ocean water temperatures are just sufficiently warm for upward reef growth to keep pace with the rate of subsidence is said to be at the <b>Darwin Point</b>. Islands in colder, more polar regions evolve toward seamounts or <a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">guyots</a>; warmer, more equatorial islands evolve toward atolls, for example <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a>. However, ancient atolls during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> appear to exhibit different growth and evolution patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atoll_forming-volcano.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Darwin's theory starts with a volcanic island which becomes extinct"><img alt="Darwin's theory starts with a volcanic island which becomes extinct" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Atoll_forming-volcano.png/109px-Atoll_forming-volcano.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Atoll_forming-volcano.png/163px-Atoll_forming-volcano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Atoll_forming-volcano.png/217px-Atoll_forming-volcano.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Darwin's theory starts with a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> which becomes extinct</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png" class="mw-file-description" title="As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a fringing reef, often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef"><img alt="As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a fringing reef, often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png/120px-Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png/180px-Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png/240px-Atoll_forming-Fringing_reef.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reef</a>, often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png" class="mw-file-description" title="As the subsidence continues the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef farther from the shore with a bigger and deeper lagoon inside"><img alt="As the subsidence continues the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef farther from the shore with a bigger and deeper lagoon inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png/120px-Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png/180px-Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png/240px-Atoll_forming-Barrier_reef.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As the subsidence continues the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef farther from the shore with a bigger and deeper <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> inside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atoll_forming-Atoll.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ultimately the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon"><img alt="Ultimately the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Atoll_forming-Atoll.png/120px-Atoll_forming-Atoll.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Atoll_forming-Atoll.png/180px-Atoll_forming-Atoll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Atoll_forming-Atoll.png/240px-Atoll_forming-Atoll.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ultimately the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon</div> </li> </ul> <p>Coral atolls are important as sites where <a href="/wiki/Dolomitization" title="Dolomitization">dolomitization</a> of calcite occurs. Several models have been proposed for the dolomitization of <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> within them. They are the evaporative, seepage-reflux, mixing-zone, burial, and seawater models. Although the origin of replacement <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomites</a> remains problematic and controversial, it is generally accepted that seawater was the source of magnesium for dolomitization and the fluid in which calcite was dolomitized to form the dolomites found within atolls. Various processes have been invoked to drive large amounts of seawater through an atoll in order for dolomitization to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WheelerOthers1999a_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WheelerOthers1999a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SuzkiOthers2006a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuzkiOthers2006a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_by_the_Royal_Society_of_London">Investigation by the Royal Society of London</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Investigation by the Royal Society of London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wake_Island_air.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wake_Island_air.JPG/220px-Wake_Island_air.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wake_Island_air.JPG/330px-Wake_Island_air.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wake_Island_air.JPG/440px-Wake_Island_air.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Aerial overview of the <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> atoll, part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896, 1897 and 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> carried out drilling on <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> atoll in <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> for the purpose of investigating the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of coral reefs">formation of coral reefs</a>. They wanted to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">the structure and distribution of coral reefs</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in the Pacific. </p><p>The first expedition in 1896 was led by Professor <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Sollas" title="William Johnson Sollas">William Johnson Sollas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. Geologists included <a href="/wiki/Walter_George_Woolnough" title="Walter George Woolnough">Walter George Woolnough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. Professor Edgeworth David led the expedition in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-davidcm1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidcm1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third expedition in 1898 was led by Alfred Edmund Finckh.<sup id="cite_ref-finckhae1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finckhae1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cantrellc1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cantrellc1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rodgerska1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodgerska1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baratal_limestone" title="Baratal limestone">Baratal limestone</a>, sometimes described as the oldest known atoll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_island" title="Coral island">Coral island</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/atoll">"atoll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=atoll&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fatoll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migon2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Migon2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigoń2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Migo%C5%84" title="Piotr Migoń">Migoń, Piotr</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TI55urJYyEC"><i>Geomorphological Landscapes of the World</i></a>. Springer. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3055-9"><bdi>978-90-481-3055-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphological+Landscapes+of+the+World&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3055-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TI55urJYyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blakegh1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blakegh1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="blakegh-1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blake, Gerald Henry, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vpdl5O3myGEC"><i>World Boundary Series</i></a>. Vol. 5 Maritime Boundaries. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08835-0"><bdi>978-0-415-08835-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Boundary+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08835-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpdl5O3myGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DroxlerOthers2021a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroxlerOthers2021a_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Droxler, A.W. and Jorry, S.J., 2021. <i>The Origin of Modern Atolls: Challenging Darwin's Deeply Ingrained Theory.</i> <i>Annual Review of Marine Science</i>, 13, pp.537–573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darwincr1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darwincr1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-darwincr1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-darwincr1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="darwincr-1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles R</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F271&pageseq=1"><i>The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Smith,_Elder_%26_Co." title="Smith, Elder & Co.">Smith Elder and Co</a> – via Darwin Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+and+distribution+of+coral+reefs.+Being+the+first+part+of+the+geology+of+the+voyage+of+the+Beagle%2C+under+the+command+of+Capt.+Fitzroy%2C+R.N.+during+the+years+1832+to+1836&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith+Elder+and+Co&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF271%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdy1974a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purdy1974a_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdy1974a_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Purdy, E. G., 1974. <i>Reef configurations, cause and effect</i>. In Laporte, L. F. (ed.), <i>Reefs in Time and Space</i>. <i>Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication</i> 18, pp. 9–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeil (1954, p. 396).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbridge (1950, p. 341).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watts2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts,_T.2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Watts, T. (2019). "Science, Seamounts and Society". <i>Geoscientist</i>. August 2019: 10–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoscientist&rft.atitle=Science%2C+Seamounts+and+Society&rft.volume=August+2019&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Watts%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/MISINFORMATION.htm">"Misinformation about Islands"</a>. worldislandinfo.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misinformation+about+Islands&rft.pub=worldislandinfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldislandinfo.com%2FMISINFORMATION.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/reposit/2001/2001075.pdf">"Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(spreadsheet)</span>. The Geological Society of America. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atoll+Area%2C+Depth+and+Rainfall&rft.pub=The+Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Frock.geosociety.org%2Fpub%2Freposit%2F2001%2F2001075.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inparques1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inparques1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="inparques-1" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424204206/http://www.inparques.gob.ve/index.php?parques=view&codigo=pn_0009&sec=2">"Archipiélago de Los Roques"</a> (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inparques.gob.ve/index.php?parques=view&codigo=pn_0009&sec=2">the original</a> on 2008-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archipi%C3%A9lago+de+Los+Roques&rft.place=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Parques+%28INPARQUES%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inparques.gob.ve%2Findex.php%3Fparques%3Dview%26codigo%3Dpn_0009%26sec%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmeister1930a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmeister1930a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmeister, J.E., 1930. <i>Erosion of elevated fringing coral reefs</i>. <i>Geological Magazine</i>, 67(12), pp.549–554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil1954a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil1954a_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacNeil, F.S., 1954. <i>The shape of atolls; an inheritance from subaerial erosion forms</i>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>, 252(7), pp.402–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBialikSamankassouMeilijsonWaldmann2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bialik, Or M.; Samankassou, Elias; Meilijson, Aaron; Waldmann, Nicolas D.; Steinberg, Josh; Karcz, Kul; Makovsky, Yizhaq (January 2021). "Short-lived early Cenomanian volcanic atolls of Mt. Carmel, northern Israel". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>411</b>: 105805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SedG..41105805B">2021SedG..41105805B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2020.105805">10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228873675">228873675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Short-lived+early+Cenomanian+volcanic+atolls+of+Mt.+Carmel%2C+northern+Israel&rft.volume=411&rft.pages=105805&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228873675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2020.105805&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SedG..41105805B&rft.aulast=Bialik&rft.aufirst=Or+M.&rft.au=Samankassou%2C+Elias&rft.au=Meilijson%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Waldmann%2C+Nicolas+D.&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Josh&rft.au=Karcz%2C+Kul&rft.au=Makovsky%2C+Yizhaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-YamaniJohnBell2022" class="citation journal cs1">El-Yamani, Mahmoud S.; John, Cédric M.; Bell, Rebecca (16 May 2022). "Stratigraphic evolution and karstification of a Cretaceous Mid-Pacific atoll (Resolution Guyot) resolved from core-log-seismic integration and comparison with modern and ancient analogues". <i>Basin Research</i>. <b>34</b> (5): 1536–1566. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BasR...34.1536E">2022BasR...34.1536E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbre.12670">10.1111/bre.12670</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F98098">10044/1/98098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248223664">248223664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basin+Research&rft.atitle=Stratigraphic+evolution+and+karstification+of+a+Cretaceous+Mid-Pacific+atoll+%28Resolution+Guyot%29+resolved+from+core-log-seismic+integration+and+comparison+with+modern+and+ancient+analogues&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1536-1566&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F98098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248223664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbre.12670&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022BasR...34.1536E&rft.aulast=El-Yamani&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+S.&rft.au=John%2C+C%C3%A9dric+M.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd1997a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budd, D.A., 1997. <i>Cenozoic dolomites of carbonate islands: their attributes and origin</i>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>, 42(1–2), pp.1–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WheelerOthers1999a-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WheelerOthers1999a_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, C.W., Aharon, P. and Ferrell, R.E., 1999. <i>Successions of late Cenozoic platform dolomites distinguished by texture, geochemistry, and crystal chemistry; Niue, South Pacific</i>. <i>Journal of Sedimentary Research</i>, 69(1), pp.239–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuzkiOthers2006a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuzkiOthers2006a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzuki, Y., Iryu, Y., Inagaki, S., Yamada, T., Aizawa, S. and Budd, D.A., 2006. <i>Origin of atoll dolomites distinguished by geochemistry and crystal chemistry: Kita-daito-jima, northern Philippine Sea</i>. <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>, 183(3–4), pp.181–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidcm1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davidcm1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="davidcm-1" class="citation book cs1">David, <b>Cara</b> (Caroline Martha) (1899). <i>Funafuti or Three Months On A Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-151-25616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-151-25616-4"><bdi>978-1-151-25616-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funafuti+or+Three+Months+On+A+Coral+Atoll%3A+an+unscientific+account+of+a+scientific+expedition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-1-151-25616-4&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=%27%27%27Cara%27%27%27+%28Caroline+Martha%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finckhae1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finckhae1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="finckhae-1" class="citation news cs1">Finckh, Dr. Alfred Edmund (11 September 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17092086">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. NSW: National Library of Australia. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=TO+THE+EDITOR+OF+THE+HERALD.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1934-09-11&rft.aulast=Finckh&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Alfred+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article17092086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cantrellc1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cantrellc1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cantrellc-1" class="citation book cs1">Cantrell, Carol (1996). "Alfred Edmund Finckh (1866–1961)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/finckh-alfred-edmund-10180/text17987"><i>Finckh, Alfred Edmund (1866–1961)</i></a>. National Centre of Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2012</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+Edmund+Finckh+%281866%E2%80%931961%29&rft.btitle=Finckh%2C+Alfred+Edmund+%281866%E2%80%931961%29&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Ffinckh-alfred-edmund-10180%2Ftext17987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodgerska1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rodgerska1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="rodgerska-1" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, K A; Cantrell, Carol (1987). "Alfred Edmund Finckh 1866–1961: Leader of the 1898 Coral Reef Boring Expedition to Funafuti". <i>Historical Records of Australian Science</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 393–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FHR9890740393">10.1071/HR9890740393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617111">11617111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Records+of+Australian+Science&rft.atitle=Alfred+Edmund+Finckh+1866%E2%80%931961%3A+Leader+of+the+1898+Coral+Reef+Boring+Expedition+to+Funafuti&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-403&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FHR9890740393&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617111&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=K+A&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtoll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dobbs, David. 2005. <i>Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral</i>. Pantheon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42161-0">0-375-42161-0</a></li> <li>Fairbridge, R. W. 1950. "Recent and Pleistocene coral reefs of Australia". <i>J. Geol.</i>, 58(4): 330–401.</li> <li>McNeil, F. S. 1954. "Organic reefs and banks and associated detrital sediments". <i>Amer. J. Sci.</i>, 252(7): 385–401.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoll&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atoll" class="extiw" title="commons:Atoll"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Atoll</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coexploration.org/bbsr/coral/html/body_reef_formation.htm">Formation of Bermuda reefs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/darwinvolcano.html">Darwin's Volcano</a> – a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/media/supp_coral04a.html">NOAA National Ocean Service Education – Coral Atoll Animation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/threecorals.html">NOAA National Ocean Service – What are the three main types of coral reefs?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chromoscience.com/research-article-predicting-coral-recruitment-in-palaus-complex-reef-archipelago/?frame-nonce=cbd595819e">Research Article: Predicting Coral Recruitment in Palau's Complex Reef Archipelago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920232708/https://chromoscience.com/research-article-predicting-coral-recruitment-in-palaus-complex-reef-archipelago/?frame-nonce=cbd595819e">Archived</a> 2021-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.fiu.edu/gis/goldberg/atolls">World Atolls, Goldberg 2016: A global map containing all atolls</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Pillar_coral" title="Pillar coral">Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">Table</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_coral" title="Elkhorn coral">Elkhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staghorn_coral" title="Staghorn coral">Staghorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rugosa" title="Rugosa">Rugose</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Tabulata" title="Tabulata">Tabulate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/140px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/210px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/280px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Octocorallia" title="Octocorallia">Octocorallia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_coral" title="Bamboo coral">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_coral" title="Blue coral">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe_coral" title="Organ pipe coral">Organ pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyonacea" title="Alcyonacea">Sea fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">Sea pens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">Cay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesophotic_coral_reef" title="Mesophotic coral reef">mesophotic coral reef</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">Fringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microatoll" title="Microatoll">Microatoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Coral_Reefs" title="Census of Coral Reefs">Census of Coral Reefs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catlin_Seaview_Survey" title="Catlin Seaview Survey">Catlin Seaview Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_and_groove_formation" title="Spur and groove formation">Spur and groove formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef#Distribution" title="Coral reef">Coral regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reefs" title="List of reefs">List of reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_coral_reefs" title="African coral reefs">African coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Reef" title="Amazon Reef">Amazon Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros, Bahamas">Andros, Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Reef" title="Apo Reef">Apo Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_wildlife_of_Baa_Atoll" title="Marine wildlife of Baa Atoll">Baa Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef" title="Belize Barrier Reef">Belize Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_coral_coast" title="East African coral coast">East African coral coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_in_India" title="Coral reefs in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Jamaica" title="Coral reefs of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Kiribati" title="Coral reefs of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Maldives" title="Wildlife of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Barrier_Reef_System" title="Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System">Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_barrier_reef" title="New Caledonian barrier reef">New Caledonia barrier reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningaloo_Coast" title="Ningaloo Coast">Ningaloo Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_in_non-tropical_regions" title="Coral in non-tropical regions">Non-tropical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulley_Ridge" title="Pulley Ridge">Pulley Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_coral_reefs" title="Southeast Asian coral reefs">Southeast Asian coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu" title="Coral reefs of Tuvalu">Tuvalu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabiji" title="Yabiji">Yabiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coral diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_band_disease" title="Black band disease">Black band disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_eroding_band" title="Skeletal eroding band">Skeletal eroding band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_coral_tissue_loss_disease" title="Stony coral tissue loss disease">Stony coral tissue loss disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_band_disease" title="White band disease">White band disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pox_disease" title="White pox disease">White pox disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Environmental issues with coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_protection" title="Coral reef protection">Coral reef protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_restoration" title="Coral reef restoration">Coral reef restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_of_coral_reefs" title="Resilience of coral reefs">Reef resilience</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_organizations" title="Coral reef organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coral_Reef_Society" title="International Coral Reef Society">International Coral Reef Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">Project AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Ball_Foundation" title="Reef Ball Foundation">Reef Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbiotic algae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">Zooxanthellae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphidinium" title="Amphidinium">Amphidinium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_coral" title="Aquaculture of coral">Aquaculture of coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_dermatitis" title="Coral dermatitis">Coral dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_rag" title="Coral rag">Coral rag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_sand" title="Coral sand">Coral sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">Coralline algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_coral" title="Fire coral">Fire coral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" title="Category:Physical oceanography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physical oceanography">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coastal_geography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater 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