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.infobox-header>.nowrap{margin:0 8px}</style>Cyclone Mahina was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Australia by death toll">deadliest cyclone in recorded Australian history</a>, and also potentially the most intense <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> ever recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Mahina struck <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Bay" title="Bathurst Bay">Bathurst Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">colonial Queensland</a>, on 4 March 1899, and its winds and enormous <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> combined to kill more than 300 people.<a href="#cite_note-bid-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australia's_deadliest-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox ib-weather-event"><caption class="infobox-title">Cyclone Mahina</caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg/220px-Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg/440px-Storm_path_of_Cyclone_Mahina%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1459"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The cyclone's path.</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddd;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Meteorological history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissipated</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1899 (1899-03-11)</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1267561331"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #C0C0C0"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Unknown-strength storm</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest pressure</th><td class="infobox-data">914 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a>); 26.99 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a> (Unofficially estimated as 880 mbar, being the lowest pressure in the Southern Hemisphere, pending review)</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="background-color: #00000022; color: inherit;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Overall effects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">307–410</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Damage</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 0.8em;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="#cite_note-bid-1">[1]</a></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr>Part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_region_cyclones_before_1900" title="List of Australian region cyclones before 1900">Pre-1900 Australian region cyclone seasons</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> While the Australian <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialised_Meteorological_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre</a> of the basin, estimates Mahina's peak central pressure to be 914 hPa (26.99 inHg), the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> is currently considering an application from Queensland scientists and researchers to have this value upgraded to 880 hPa (25.99 inHg), based on data from post-storm analysis. This would officially make Mahina the most intense cyclone recorded to have hit the Australian mainland, and the most intense tropical cyclone recorded making landfall anywhere in the world,<a href="#cite_note-bid-1">[1]</a> as well as the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, a title currently held by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Winston" title="Cyclone Winston">Cyclone Winston</a>. Cyclone Mahina also produced the largest storm surge on record, generating a 13-metre-high (43-foot) surge.<a href="#cite_note-bid-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Impact">1 Impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Casualties">2 Casualties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath">3 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Barometric_pressure_estimates">4 Barometric pressure estimates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Popular_culture">5 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Tropical Cyclone Mahina struck Australia on 4 March 1899,<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> with a likely minimum central pressure of 880 hectopascals (26 inHg).<a href="#cite_note-Mahina_surge_record-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bid-1">[1]</a> Mahina ranks among the most intense cyclones ever observed in the Southern Hemisphere and almost certainly as the most intense cyclone ever observed off the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern states of Australia</a> in recorded history.<a href="#cite_note-cyclone-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australia's_deadliest-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Lindley_Wragge" title="Clement Lindley Wragge">Clement Lindley Wragge</a>, Government Meteorologist for <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, pioneered the naming of such storms and gave this storm its name, Mahina. Storms of such intensity occur extremely rarely. Scientists identified two other <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale#Category_4" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Category 4</a> or 5 super-cyclones that struck Australia, in the first half of the 19th century, from their effects on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>. This same research shows that on average, such super-cyclones occur in the region only once every two or three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A pearling fleet, based at <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thursday Island, Queensland">Thursday Island, Queensland</a>, was anchored in or near the bay before the storm. Within an hour, the storm drove much of the fleet ashore or onto the Great Barrier Reef; other vessels sank at their anchorages. Four schooners and the manned Channel Rock <a href="/wiki/Lightship" title="Lightship">lightship</a> were lost. A further two schooners were wrecked but later re-floated. The fleets lost 54 <a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">luggers</a>, and a further 12 were wrecked but re-floated. People later rescued more than 30 survivors of the wrecked vessels from the shore; however, the storm killed more than 400 people, mostly non-European immigrant crew members.<a href="#cite_note-whit-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A depiction of the schooner Crest of the Wave in the storm was later sketched in a painting.<a href="#cite_note-Crest_of_the_Wave-10">[10]</a> A large storm surge, reportedly 13 metres (43 ft) high, swept across <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_Bay" title="Princess Charlotte Bay">Princess Charlotte Bay</a> and then inland about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), destroying anything left of the <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Bay" title="Bathurst Bay">Bathurst Bay</a> pearling fleet and the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> An eyewitness, <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a> J. M. Kenny, reported that a 48-foot (15 m) storm surge swept over their camp at Barrow Point atop a 40-foot (12 m)-high ridge and reached 3 miles (4.8 km) inland, the largest storm surge ever recorded. However, reviewing the evidence for this surge, some scientists modeled a surge only 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height,<a href="#cite_note-nott-12">[12]</a> based on the official 914-hectopascal (27.0 inHg) central pressure. They also surveyed the area, seeking wave-cut <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> and deposits characteristic of storm events, but found none higher than 5 metres (16 ft). Of the 48-foot (15 m) surge, they suggested an incorrectly cited ground level or an involvement of freshwater (rain) flooding. A later study considers this conclusion likely premature and questions the barometer reading as unreliable and not representative of the actual lowest pressure. This subsequent study also examined new evidence of exceptionally high storm surge and inundation.<a href="#cite_note-Nott_2014-13">[13]</a> The cyclone continued southwest over <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, emerging over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>, before doubling back and dissipating on 10 March.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Casualties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The exact number of casualties is not known, as many deaths were not recorded. Estimates range between 307 and 410.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> In September 1899, the Queensland Marine Department published a list of 247 known fatalities. The Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages has 283 registered deaths attributed to the cyclone, including 250 on pearling ships. One of the pearling fleet owners estimated another 30 people not officially registered as crew were killed and not reported to the Cooktown Registrar.<a href="#cite_note-BDM2015-15">[15]</a> Eleven crew members of the ship Sagitta were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> Around 100 <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> were killed<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> but not recorded, as Aboriginal people were not counted as part of the population at the time. They had tried to help shipwrecked men, but the back surge caught them and swept them into the sea. Only eight Aboriginal people were recorded among the casualties, all of whom died on shore.<a href="#cite_note-BDM2015-15">[15]</a> The Queensland Historical Atlas reported the death toll as "307 pearl divers and sailors and an unreported number of Aborigines".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> People found thousands of fish and some sharks and dolphins several kilometres (miles) inland, and the storm embedded rocks into trees and bushes. On <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_(Queensland)" title="Flinders Island (Queensland)">Flinders Island (Queensland)</a>, people found dolphins on the 15.2-metre (50 ft) cliffs; however, this finding does not necessarily indicate a surge of this height;<a href="#cite_note-nott-12">[12]</a> on this exposed site, wave run-up readily can produce these results even within the more modest calculated surge. At <a href="/wiki/Cape_Melville" title="Cape Melville">Cape Melville</a>, survivors erected a memorial stone to "The Pearlers" lost to the cyclone, naming 11 Europeans but only citing "over 300 coloured men" for the other seamen.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> The Anglican church on <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thursday Island, Queensland">Thursday Island, Queensland</a>, also commemorates this disaster. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Barometric_pressure_estimates">Barometric pressure estimates</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Barometric pressure estimates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em"> <caption><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_intense_tropical_cyclones#Australian_region" title="List of the most intense tropical cyclones">Most intense Australian cyclones</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Cyclone </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Min. pressure </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gwenda" title="Cyclone Gwenda">Gwenda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="1998–99 Australian region cyclone season">1999</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">900 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> (26.58 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Inigo" title="Cyclone Inigo">Inigo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2002–03 Australian region cyclone season">2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_George" title="Cyclone George">George</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2006–07 Australian region cyclone season">2007</a> </td> <td>902 hPa (26.64 inHg) </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Orson" title="Cyclone Orson">Orson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="1988–89 Australian region cyclone season">1989</a> </td> <td>904 hPa (26.70 inHg)<a href="#cite_note-904mbar-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Marcus" title="Cyclone Marcus">Marcus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2017–18 Australian region cyclone season">2018</a> </td> <td> 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone Theodore">Theodore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="1993–94 Australian region cyclone season">1994</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">910 hPa (26.87 inHg) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Vance" title="Cyclone Vance">Vance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="1998–99 Australian region cyclone season">1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Fay" title="Cyclone Fay">Fay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2003–04 Australian region cyclone season">2004</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Glenda" title="Cyclone Glenda">Glenda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2005–06 Australian region cyclone season">2006</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Source: Australian <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a><a href="#cite_note-BoM_TC_Database-21">[21]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> Contemporary reports vary considerably in the reported lowest barometric pressures. The pressure recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> Olive reasonably consistently show her lowest pressure recorded: 29.60 to 29.10 inches of mercury (1,000 to 985 hPa)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> or between 29.00 and 29.10 inches of mercury (982 and 985 hPa).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In a further variant, "during the lull in the hurricane, the barometer on the Olive recorded" 29.70 to 29.10 inches of mercury (1,010 to 985 hPa).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Most sources record the schooner Crest of the Wave observation as 27 inches of mercury (914 hPa).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> More modern reports of an 18 inches of mercury (610 hPa) observation on a vessel in the eye of Mahina are unrealistic (the most intense tropical cyclone, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Tip" title="Typhoon Tip">Typhoon Tip</a>, had a central pressure 260 hectopascals (7.68 inHg) higher).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> One author<a href="#cite_note-whit-8">[8]</a> accepted the 29.1 inches of mercury (985 hPa) report from the Olive and the 27 inches of mercury (914 hPa) report from the Crest of the Wave, seemingly unaware of the discrepant reports. He estimated the track of the cyclone from the damage reports, placing it directly over the position of the Crest of the Wave. The Olive to the north missed the centre. The separation between these schooners explains the difference between their respective pressure measurements. He calculated the centre pressure, standardised for temperature, as 914 hectopascals (13.26 psi).<a href="#cite_note-whit-8">[8]</a> A study in 2014 found that the actual lowest pressure of the storm was around 880 hectopascals (26 inHg), based upon modeling of meteorological variables needed to induce the potentially world-record-setting surge height of 13 metres (43 ft). This surge closely matches new evidence on storm depositions and accounts actually reported to two other captains, and in a letter from an eyewitness to his parents, of a reading of 26 inches of mercury (880 hPa). This study considers the apparently third-hand report of 27 inches of mercury (914 hPa) an unreliable measurement made possibly five hours prior to passage of the eye.<a href="#cite_note-Nott_2014-13">[13]</a> In comparison, the tiny <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Tracy" title="Cyclone Tracy">Cyclone Tracy</a> devastated <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> in 1974, with a central pressure of 950 hectopascals (28 inHg). Barometric pressure this low at mean sea level also likely caused Cyclone Mahina to create such an intense, phenomenal, claimed world-record storm surge that was not immediately known afterward. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In 2008, Ian Townsend published The Devil's Eye: a novel as a historical fiction novel based on Cyclone Mahina. The novel was developed as part of his research fellowship at the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Queensland_colonial_election" title="1899 Queensland colonial election">1899 Queensland colonial election</a>, which occurred during the same month</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a> – The deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide, on record</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Flores_cyclone" title="1973 Flores cyclone">1973 Flores cyclone</a> – The deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Winston" title="Cyclone Winston">Cyclone Winston</a> (2016) – The most intense modern tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bid-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bid_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bid_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bid_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bid_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bid_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerr2014" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Jack (26 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/cyclone-mahina/5964342">"Tropical Cyclone Mahina: Bid to have deadly March 1899 weather event upgraded in record books"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202458/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/cyclone-mahina/5964342">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. 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Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+deadliest+natural+disaster+revealed+%E2%80%93+from+1899&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fenvironment%2Fweather%2Faustralias-deadliest-natural-disaster-revealed--from-1899-20150304-13vbe1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/eastern.shtml#history">"Tropical Cyclones in Queensland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Bureau of Meteorology">Australian Bureau of Meteorology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520043950/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/eastern.shtml#history">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. 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Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Measured+Tropical+Cyclone+Seas&rft.place=Banff%2C+Alberta%2C+Canada&rft.date=2002-09-04&rft.au=Buchan%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Tron%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Lemm+A.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waveworkshop.org%2F7thWaves%2FPapers%2FBuchan_etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoM_TC_Database-21"><a href="#cite_ref-BoM_TC_Database_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/clim_data/IDCKMSTM0S.csv">"Australian Tropical Cyclone Database"</a> (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Tropical+Cyclone+Database&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclim_data%2FIDCKMSTM0S.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> A guide on how to read the database is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/database/TC_Database_Structure_Oct2011.pdf">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29436768">"Queensland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a>. South Australia. 14 March 1899. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127080608/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29436768">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Queensland&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1899-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article29436768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3689989">"The Late Hurricane"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brisbane Courier">The Brisbane Courier</a>. Vol. LV, no. 12, 845. Queensland, Australia. 14 March 1899. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127102443/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3689989">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brisbane+Courier&rft.atitle=The+Late+Hurricane&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=12%2C+845&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1899-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article3689989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32457780">"The Hurricane in the North"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie_Western_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgoorlie Western Argus">Kalgoorlie Western Argus</a>. Vol. V, no. 225. Western Australia. 16 March 1899. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126150323/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32457780">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kalgoorlie+Western+Argus&rft.atitle=The+Hurricane+in+the+North&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=225&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1899-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article32457780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "The Queensland Hurricane". The Sydney Morning Herald, p5 13 March 1899. on line at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14204581">"14 Mar 1899 - THE QUEENSLAND HURRICANE. - Trove"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 14 March 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127110358/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14204581">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=14+Mar+1899+-+THE+QUEENSLAND+HURRICANE.+-+Trove&rft.date=1899-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article14204581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "The Queensland Hurricane". South Australian Register, p6, 14 March 1899. Available on line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54427620">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54427620</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717070351/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/54427620">Archived</a> 17 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Hurricane in the North". The Brisbane Courier, p8, 18 March 1899. Available on line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3690283">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3690283</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717070353/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3690283">Archived</a> 17 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Cairns Post 20 November 2008, p17. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2011/10/21/out-of-the-port-lecture-cyclone-mahina/">"Out of the Port Lecture: Cyclone Mahina"</a>. John Oxley Library blog. 21 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022232630/http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2011/10/21/out-of-the-port-lecture-cyclone-mahina/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Oxley+Library+blog&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Port+Lecture%3A+Cyclone+Mahina&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.slq.qld.gov.au%2Fjol%2F2011%2F10%2F21%2Fout-of-the-port-lecture-cyclone-mahina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShay,_JohnShay,_Bev1999" class="citation cs2">Shay, John; Shay, Bev (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200331714">The greatest of all cyclones : Bathurst Bay – 1899</a> (Limited ed.), Cooktown and District Historical Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+greatest+of+all+cyclones+%3A+Bathurst+Bay+%E2%80%93+1899&rft.edition=Limited&rft.pub=Cooktown+and+District+Historical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Shay%2C+John&rft.au=Shay%2C+Bev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F200331714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend,_Ian2008" class="citation cs2">Townsend, Ian (2008), The devil's eye : a novel, Fourth Estate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8366-7"><bdi>978-0-7322-8366-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+devil%27s+eye+%3A+a+novel&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7322-8366-7&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mahina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyclone_Mahina" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cyclone Mahina">Cyclone Mahina</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaghan,_Jeff2011" class="citation cs2">Callaghan, Jeff (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardenup.org/umbraco/customContent/media/639_ButhurstBay_Cyclone_1899.pdf">Case study : the Bathurst Bay Hurricane, March 1899</a> (PDF), Brisbane, Qld Harden Up Protecting Queensland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022230105/http://hardenup.org/umbraco/customContent/media/639_ButhurstBay_Cyclone_1899.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2017, retrieved 23 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+study+%3A+the+Bathurst+Bay+Hurricane%2C+March+1899&rft.pub=Brisbane%2C+Qld+Harden+Up+Protecting+Queensland&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Callaghan%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhardenup.org%2Fumbraco%2FcustomContent%2Fmedia%2F639_ButhurstBay_Cyclone_1899.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16417355">The pearling disaster, 1899 : a memorial</a>, 1899, retrieved 23 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pearling+disaster%2C+1899+%3A+a+memorial&rft.date=1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F16417355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclone+Mahina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajem.infoservices.com.au/downloads/AJEM-15-01-04">How high was the storm surge from Tropical Cyclone Mahina? by Jonathan Nott, James Cook University, & Matthew Hayne, Australian Geological Survey Organisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=SLQ&docId=slq_digitool400021">Video: The 1899 Pearling fleet disaster</a> – an account by Ian Townsend. Created as part of the Queensland Stories project, State Library of Queensland, Australia. (4 minutes; Windows Media Player, RealPlayer)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112120245/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/natural-disasters">Natural disasters in Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108013943/http://www.disaster.qld.gov.au/disasters/cyc_history.asp">Australia's worst cyclone disasters – Queensland State Disaster Management Group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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