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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treblinka_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Treblinka I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treblinka_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treblinka_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treblinka_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Treblinka II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treblinka_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Killing process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Killing_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Killing process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Killing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polish_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Polish Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Jews_and_Romani_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Jews_and_Romani_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foreign Jews and Romani people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Jews_and_Romani_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Gas chambers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cremation_pits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cremation_pits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cremation pits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cremation_pits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_the_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_the_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization of the camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_the_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treblinka_prisoner_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treblinka_prisoner_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Treblinka prisoner uprising </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treblinka_prisoner_uprising-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treblinka prisoner uprising subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treblinka_prisoner_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day_of_the_revolt_and_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_of_the_revolt_and_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Day of the revolt and survivors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_of_the_revolt_and_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 After the uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_command_of_Treblinka_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_command_of_Treblinka_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Operational command of Treblinka II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_command_of_Treblinka_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational command of Treblinka II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_command_of_Treblinka_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irmfried_Eberl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irmfried_Eberl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Irmfried Eberl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irmfried_Eberl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franz_Stangl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franz_Stangl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Franz Stangl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franz_Stangl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treblinka_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treblinka_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Treblinka song </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treblinka_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurt_Franz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurt_Franz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Kurt Franz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurt_Franz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Soviets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Soviets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Arrival of the Soviets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arrival_of_the_Soviets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arrival of the Soviets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Soviets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_attempts_at_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attempts_at_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Early attempts at preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attempts_at_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_the_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_the_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Construction of the memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_the_memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Victims </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Victims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Victims subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 First estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_exhibits_and_affidavits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_exhibits_and_affidavits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Court exhibits and affidavits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_exhibits_and_affidavits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Höfle_Telegram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Höfle_Telegram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Höfle Telegram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Höfle_Telegram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Table of estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treblinka_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treblinka_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Treblinka trials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treblinka_trials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treblinka trials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treblinka_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material_gain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_gain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Material gain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_gain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Archaeological studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_of_the_Living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_of_the_Living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 March of the Living </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_of_the_Living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Reinhard_leadership_and_Treblinka_commandants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Reinhard_leadership_and_Treblinka_commandants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Operation Reinhard leadership and Treblinka commandants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Reinhard_leadership_and_Treblinka_commandants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Footnotes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Footnotes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Treblinka extermination camp</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka-verdelgingskamp" title="Treblinka-verdelgingskamp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Treblinka-verdelgingskamp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="معسكر تريبلينكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر تريبلينكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Treblinka ölüm düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Treblinka ölüm düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трэблінка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэблінка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трэблінка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трэблінка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Треблинка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Треблинка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentraci%C3%B3_de_Treblinka" title="Camp de concentració de Treblinka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp de concentració de Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhlazovac%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Treblinka" title="Vyhlazovací tábor Treblinka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhlazovací tábor Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_udryddelseslejr" title="Treblinka udryddelseslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Treblinka udryddelseslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernichtungslager_Treblinka" title="Vernichtungslager Treblinka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vernichtungslager Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_h%C3%A4vituslaager" title="Treblinka hävituslaager – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Treblinka hävituslaager" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Τρεμπλίνκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Τρεμπλίνκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_exterminio_de_Treblinka" title="Campo de exterminio de Treblinka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de exterminio de Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_(ekstermejo)" title="Treblinka (ekstermejo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Treblinka (ekstermejo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اردوگاه مرگ تربلینکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه مرگ تربلینکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27extermination_de_Treblinka" title="Centre d'extermination de Treblinka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre d'extermination de Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_(konsintraasjekamp)" title="Treblinka (konsintraasjekamp) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Treblinka (konsintraasjekamp)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EB%B8%94%EB%A7%81%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%86%8C" title="트레블링카 강제 수용소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트레블링카 강제 수용소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Տրեբլինկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրեբլինկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Treblinka" title="Koncentracijski logor Treblinka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_pemusnahan_Treblinka" title="Kamp pemusnahan Treblinka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp pemusnahan Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_sterminio_di_Treblinka" title="Campo di sterminio di Treblinka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di sterminio di Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="טרבלינקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרבלינקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinkas_n%C4%81ves_nometne" title="Treblinkas nāves nometne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Treblinkas nāves nometne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinkai_megsemmis%C3%ADt%C5%91t%C3%A1bor" title="Treblinkai megsemmisítőtábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Treblinkai megsemmisítőtábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Треблинка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Треблинка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഉന്മൂലനത്താവളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഉന്മൂലനത്താവളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_penghapusan_Treblinka" title="Kem penghapusan Treblinka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kem penghapusan Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_(concentratiekamp)" title="Treblinka (concentratiekamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Treblinka (concentratiekamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="ट्रेब्लिन्का स्याइगु क्याम्प – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ट्रेब्लिन्का स्याइगु क्याम्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="トレブリンカ強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トレブリンカ強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Treblinka" title="Camp de Treblinka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp de Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_w_Treblince" title="Obóz zagłady w Treblince – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obóz zagłady w Treblince" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_exterminare_Treblinka" title="Lagărul de exterminare Treblinka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de exterminare Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Треблинка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Треблинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_i_p%C3%ABrq%C3%ABndrimit_Treblinka" title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Treblinka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treblinka extermination camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhladzovac%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Treblinka" title="Vyhladzovací tábor Treblinka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vyhladzovací tábor Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijsko_tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De_Treblinka" title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Treblinka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логор Треблинка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Треблинка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logor_smrti_Treblinka" title="Logor smrti Treblinka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logor smrti Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_(f%C3%B6rintelsel%C3%A4ger)" title="Treblinka (förintelseläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Treblinka (förintelseläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ค่ายมรณะแตรบลิงกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายมรณะแตรบลิงกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_imha_kamp%C4%B1" title="Treblinka imha kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Treblinka imha kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Треблінка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Треблінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%A7y_di%E1%BB%87t_Treblinka" title="Trại hủy diệt Treblinka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại hủy diệt Treblinka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="טרעבלינקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טרעבלינקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%A1%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E8%90%A5" title="特雷布林卡灭绝营 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特雷布林卡灭绝营" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Treblinka_extermination_camp&params=52_37_52_N_22_03_11_E_region:PL-MA_type:landmark">52°37′52″N 22°03′11″E / 52.63111°N 22.05306°E / 52.63111; 22.05306</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Treblinka (disambiguation)">Treblinka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the labor camp, see <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_labor_camp" title="Treblinka labor camp">Treblinka labor camp</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Treblinka</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG/225px-Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG/338px-Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG/450px-Treblinka_-_Rail_tracks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Concrete blocks marking the path of the former <a href="/wiki/Spur_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur line">railway spur</a> at Treblinka</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Treblinka extermination camp is located in Poland"><img alt="Treblinka extermination camp is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/240px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/360px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/480px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.521%;left:77.131%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Treblinka extermination camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Treblinka within Poland</div>Show map of Poland</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Treblinka extermination camp is located in Central Europe"><img alt="Treblinka extermination camp is located in Central Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/240px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/360px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/480px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1245" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.853%;left:89.027%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Treblinka extermination camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Treblinka extermination camp (Central Europe)</div>Show map of Central Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Treblinka_extermination_camp&params=52_37_52_N_22_03_11_E_region:PL-MA_type:landmark">52°37′52″N 22°03′11″E / 52.63111°N 22.05306°E / 52.63111; 22.05306</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Near <a href="/wiki/Treblinka,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> (German-occupied Poland)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a> (death camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a> (gas chambers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li> <li>Schönbronn Company, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li>Schmidt–Münstermann, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> branch<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201420-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198737-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a> (11 July 1942 – 26 August 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a> (1 September 1942 – August 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a> (August 1943 – November 1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First built</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1942 – July 1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1942 – October 1943 (1943-10)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011125-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of gas chambers</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Jews (mostly Polish), <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Est. 1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">Est. 700,000–900,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Closed in late 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazar" title="Richard Glazar">Richard Glazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Gold" title="Artur Gold">Artur Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chil_Rajchman" title="Chil Rajchman">Chil Rajchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Jankiel Wiernik</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945-6">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg" title="Samuel Willenberg">Samuel Willenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable books</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik#A_Year_in_Treblinka" title="Jankiel Wiernik">A Year in Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny#Books" title="Gitta Sereny">Into That Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki#Memoir_published_in_1977" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Old and New Memories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg#Postwar_years" title="Samuel Willenberg">Revolt in Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazar#Treblinka" title="Richard Glazar">Trap with a Green Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chil_Rajchman#The_Last_Jew_of_Treblinka:_A_Memoir" title="Chil Rajchman">The Last Jew of Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" title="Category:The Holocaust">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: black;font-size:160%;; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1707" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> on selection ramp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, May 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">Major perpetrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="padding:0.4em 0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators during World War II</a></dt></dl> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></dt></dl></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">People with disabilities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Ghettos</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilnius</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe_during_World_War_II" title="List of Jewish ghettos in Europe during World War II">List of selected ghettos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Camps</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treblinka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz I">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaspils concentration camp">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate#The_Holocaust" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckermark_concentration_camp" title="Uckermark concentration camp">Uckermark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Transit and collection camps</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#World_War_II_camps" title="Internment camps in France">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Amersfoort" title="Kamp Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Slovakia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Divisions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Extermination methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_van" title="Gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Atrocities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom#Germany_and_Nazi-occupied_Europe" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plung%C4%97_massacre" title="Plungė massacre">Plungė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzi%C5%82%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Radziłów pogrom">Radziłów pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv (Lvov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Erntefest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Conference" title="Mogilev Conference">Mogilev Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation "Reinhard"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mordowicz" title="Czesław Mordowicz">Czesław Mordowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tabeau" title="Jerzy Tabeau">Jerzy Tabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs">Sonderkommando photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Organization_Union" title="Military Organization Union">Military Organization Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_by_Members_of_the_United_Nations" title="Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations">Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Displaced persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Liberated_Jews" title="Central Committee of the Liberated Jews">Central Committee of the Liberated Jews</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportations of French Jews to death camps</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_survivors_of_Sobibor" title="List of survivors of Sobibor">Survivors of Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp">Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism" title="List of victims of Nazism">Victims of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Holocaust" title="Bibliography of the Holocaust">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Bibliography of Nazi Germany">Bibliography of Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism versus intentionalism</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_memorial_days" title="Holocaust memorial days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template talk:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Treblinka (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[trɛˈbliŋka]</a>) was the second-deadliest <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camp</a> to be built and operated by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198737-2">[2]</a> It was in a forest north-east of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Treblinka,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship">village of Treblinka</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a>. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>, the deadliest phase of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013151-7">[6]</a> During this time, it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were murdered in its gas chambers,<a href="#cite_note-Roca-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> along with 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romani-10">[9]</a> More Jews were murdered at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel1998173-11">[10]</a> Managed by the German <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki guards</a> – recruited from among Soviet <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a> to serve with the Germans – the camp consisted of two separate units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning201752,_77,_79,_80-12">[11]</a> Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp (<a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">Arbeitslager</a>) whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the cremation pits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201490-13">[12]</a> Between 1941 and 1944, more than half of its 20,000 inmates were murdered via shootings, hunger, disease and mistreatment.<a href="#cite_note-Maranda-161-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECywiński2013-15">[14]</a> The second camp, Treblinka II, was an extermination camp (Vernichtungslager), referred to euphemistically as the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka by the Nazis. A small number of Jewish men who were not murdered immediately upon arrival became members of its <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý2014153,_370-16">[15]</a> whose jobs included being forced to bury the victims' bodies in mass graves. These bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres along with the bodies of new victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005BBC-17">[16]</a> Gassing operations at Treblinka II ended in October 1943 following a revolt by the prisoners in early August. Several Trawniki guards were killed and 200 prisoners escaped from the camp;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinfeld201343-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011110-19">[18]</a> almost a hundred survived the subsequent pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-Śląski-PAX-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Easton-21">[20]</a> The camp was dismantled in late 1943. A farmhouse for a watchman was built on the site and the ground ploughed over in an attempt to hide the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946405-22">[21]</a> In the postwar <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, the government bought most of the land where the camp had stood, and built a large stone memorial there between 1959 and 1962. In 1964, Treblinka was declared a national monument of Jewish martyrdom<a href="#cite_note-calque-23">[b]</a> in a ceremony at the site of the former gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011122-24">[22]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">the first German trials</a> were held regarding the crimes committed at Treblinka by former <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS members</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Communism_in_Poland_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Communism in Poland (1989)">end of communism in Poland</a> in 1989, the number of visitors coming to Treblinka from abroad increased. An exhibition centre at the camp opened in 2006. It was later expanded and made into a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a> Regional Museum.<a href="#cite_note-memorialmuseums.org-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWiMT-26">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, most of the 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> were rounded up and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">confined to newly established ghettos</a> by the Nazis. The system was intended to isolate the Jews from the outside world in order to facilitate their exploitation and abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Trunk-27">[25]</a> The supply of food was inadequate, living conditions were cramped and unsanitary, and Jews had no way to earn money. Malnutrition and lack of medicine led to soaring mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-28">[26]</a> In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">initial victories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> over the Soviet Union inspired plans for the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">German colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, including all territory within the new district of <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> held near Berlin on 20 January 1942, new plans were outlined for the genocide of Jews, known as the "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> The extermination programme was codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[d]</a> and was separate from the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> mass-murder operations in Eastern Europe, in which half a million Jews had already been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-CFCA-33">[29]</a> Treblinka was one of three secret extermination camps set up for Operation Reinhard; the other two were <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-35">[31]</a> All three were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> disguised as shower rooms, for the murder of entire transports of people. The method was established following a pilot project of mobile extermination conducted at <a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a> that began operating in 1941 and used <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a>. Chełmno (German: Kulmhof) was a testing ground for the establishment of faster methods of murdering and <a href="/wiki/Cremation#World_War_II" title="Cremation">incinerating</a> bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Golden2003-36">[32]</a> It was not a part of Reinhard, which was marked by the construction of stationary facilities for mass murder.<a href="#cite_note-Yad_Vashem-Chelmno-37">[33]</a> Treblinka was the third extermination camp of Operation Reinhard to be built, following Bełżec and Sobibór, and incorporated lessons learned from their construction.<a href="#cite_note-Arad-1984/pdf-38">[34]</a> Alongside the Reinhard camps, mass-murder facilities using <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> were developed at the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camp</a> in March 1942,<a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-35">[31]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a> between March and June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg2003942,_955Bunker_I_and_II-39">[35]</a> Nazi plans to murder Polish Jews from across the General Government during Aktion Reinhard were overseen in occupied Poland by <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a>, a deputy of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the SS, in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Fischel2010-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006401-41">[37]</a> The Operation Reinhard camps reported directly to Himmler.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The staff of Operation Reinhard, most of whom had been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">Action T4</a> "involuntary euthanasia" programme,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2002684,_686-43">[39]</a> used T4 as a framework for the construction of new facilities.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Most of the Jews who were murdered in the Reinhard camps came from ghettos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008306-45">[41]</a> The Operation Reinhard camps reported directly to Himmler, and not to the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">concentration camps inspector</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saul-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/220px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/330px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/440px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Treblinka in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> with Nazi <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> marked with black and white skulls. <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> territory: centre. <a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">District of Galicia</a>: lower–right. <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia#World_War_II" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>: lower–left.</figcaption></figure> The two parallel camps of Treblinka were built 80 km (50 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987247-48">[44]</a> Before World War II, it was the location of a gravel mining enterprise for the production of concrete, connected to most of the major cities in central Poland by the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82kinia_G%C3%B3rna" title="Małkinia Górna">Małkinia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Soko%C5%82%C3%B3w_Podlaski" title="Sokołów Podlaski">Sokołów Podlaski</a> railway junction and the <a href="/wiki/Treblinka,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship">Treblinka village</a> station. The mine was owned and operated by the Polish industrialist Marian Łopuszyński, who added the new 6 km (3.7 mi) railway track to the existing line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201135-49">[45]</a> When the German SS took over Treblinka I, the quarry was already equipped with heavy machinery that was ready to use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_Justice1994-50">[46]</a> Treblinka was well-connected but isolated enough,<a href="#cite_note-52">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201176-53">[48]</a> halfway between some of the largest Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok Ghetto</a>, the capital of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a>. The Warsaw Ghetto had 500,000 Jewish inmates,<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> and the Białystok Ghetto had about 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-28">[26]</a> Treblinka was divided into two separate camps 2 km (1.2 mi) apart. Two engineering firms, the Schönbronn Company of Leipzig and the Warsaw branch of Schmidt–Münstermann, oversaw the construction of both camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201420-1">[1]</a> Between 1942 and 1943, the extermination centre was further redeveloped with a <a href="/wiki/Crawler_excavator" title="Crawler excavator">crawler excavator</a>. New gas chambers constructed of brick and cement mortar were freshly erected, and mass cremation <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyres</a> were also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-ARC-mapping-55">[50]</a> The perimeter was enlarged to provide a buffer zone, making it impossible to approach the camp from the outside. The number of trains caused panic among the residents of nearby settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005BBC-17">[16]</a> They would likely have been killed if caught near the railway tracks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011405-56">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treblinka_I">Treblinka I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_labor_camp" title="Treblinka labor camp">Treblinka labor camp</a></div> Opened on 1 September 1941 as a forced-labour camp (<a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">Arbeitslager</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201174-57">[52]</a> Treblinka I replaced an ad hoc company established in June 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a> Ernst Gramss. A new barracks and barbed wire fencing 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high were erected in late 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201136-58">[53]</a> To obtain the workforce for Treblinka I, civilians were sent to the camp en masse for real or imagined offences, and sentenced to hard labour by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> office in Sokołów, which was headed by Gramss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201149,_56-59">[54]</a> The average length of a sentence was six months, but many prisoners had their sentences extended indefinitely. Twenty thousand people passed through Treblinka I during its three-year existence. About half of them were murdered there via exhaustion, hunger and disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201174''Summary''-60">[55]</a> Those who survived were released after serving their sentences; these were generally Poles from nearby villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011368–369,_380-61">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg/220px-German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg/330px-German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg/440px-German_ID_issued_to_a_worker_who_was_posted_to_the_Malkinia_train_station_near_Treblinka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>German ID issued to a worker who was posted to the Malkinia train station near Treblinka. He was in charge of supplying coal to the trains going to and leaving from the death camp.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg/220px-Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg/330px-Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg/440px-Treblinka_I_Arbeitslager_2-12-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp</figcaption></figure> At any given time, Treblinka I had a workforce of 1,000–2,000 prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201136-58">[53]</a> most of whom worked 12- to 14-hour shifts in the large quarry and later also harvested wood from the nearby forest as fuel for the open-air crematoria in Treblinka II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201490-13">[12]</a> There were German, Czech and French Jews among them, as well as Poles captured in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">łapankas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[f]</a> farmers unable to deliver food requisitions, hostages trapped by chance, and people who attempted to harbour Jews outside the Jewish ghettos or who performed restricted actions without permits. Beginning in July 1942, Jews and non-Jews were separated. Women mainly worked in the sorting barracks, where they repaired and cleaned military clothing delivered by freight trains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201135–57-64">[58]</a> while most of the men worked at the gravel mine. There were no work uniforms, and inmates who lost their own shoes were forced to go barefoot or scavenge them from dead prisoners. Water was rationed, and punishments were regularly delivered at roll-calls. From December 1943 the inmates were no longer carrying any specific sentences. The camp operated officially until 23 July 1944, when the imminent arrival of Soviet forces led to its abandonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201135–57-64">[58]</a> During its entire operation, Treblinka I's commandant was Sturmbannführer <a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201136-58">[53]</a> He ran the camp with several SS men and almost 100 Hiwi guards. The quarry, spread over an area of 17 ha (42 acres), supplied road construction material for German military use and was part of the strategic road-building programme in the war with the Soviet Union. It was equipped with a mechanical digger for shared use by both Treblinka I and II. Eupen worked closely with the SS and German police commanders in Warsaw during the deportation of Jews in early 1943 and had prisoners brought to him from the Warsaw Ghetto for the necessary replacements. According to <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a>, the local station master, Eupen often murdered prisoners by "taking shots at them, as if they were partridges". A widely feared overseer was <a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a> Franz Schwarz, who killed prisoners with a pickaxe or hammer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201144,_74-65">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treblinka_II">Treblinka II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg/220px-Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg/330px-Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg/440px-Treblinka_Memorial_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at Treblinka II, with 17,000 quarry stones symbolising <a href="/wiki/Gravestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravestones">gravestones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MWiMT-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">Inscriptions</a> indicate places of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a> departures, which carried at least 5,000 victims each, and selected ghettos from across Poland.</figcaption></figure> Treblinka II (officially the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka) was divided into three parts: Camp 1 was the administrative compound where the guards lived, Camp 2 was the receiving area where incoming transports of prisoners were offloaded, and Camp 3 was the location of the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[g]</a> All three parts were built by two groups of German Jews recently expelled from Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and imprisoned at the Warsaw Ghetto (a total of 238 men from 17 to 35 years of age).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201177chapt._3:1-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a>, the head of construction, brought in German Jews because they could speak German. Construction began on 10 April 1942,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201177chapt._3:1-68">[61]</a> when Bełżec and Sobibór were already in operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008289-70">[63]</a> The entire death camp, which was either 17 ha (42 acres)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201177chapt._3:1-68">[61]</a> or 13.5 ha (33 acres) in size (sources vary),<a href="#cite_note-Sokołów-Treblinka_II-71">[64]</a> was surrounded by two rows of barbed-wire fencing 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) high. This fence was later woven with pine tree branches to obstruct the view of the camp from outside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201178section_2-72">[65]</a> More Jews were brought in from surrounding settlements to work on the new railway ramp within the Camp 2 receiving area, which was ready by June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201177chapt._3:1-68">[61]</a> The first section of Treblinka II (Camp 1) was the Wohnlager administrative and residential compound; it had a telephone line. The main road within the camp was paved and named Seidel Straße<a href="#cite_note-73">[h]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Unterscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Unterscharführer">Unterscharführer</a> Kurt Seidel, the SS corporal who supervised its construction. A few side roads were lined with gravel. The main gate for road traffic was erected on the north side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201179–80-74">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">Barracks</a> were built with supplies delivered from Warsaw, Sokołów Podlaski, and <a href="/wiki/Kos%C3%B3w_Lacki" title="Kosów Lacki">Kosów Lacki</a>. There were a kitchen, a bakery, and dining rooms; all were equipped with high-quality items taken from Jewish ghettos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201177chapt._3:1-68">[61]</a> The Germans and Ukrainians each had their own sleeping quarters, positioned at an angle for better control of all entrances. There were also two barracks behind an inner fence for the Jewish work commandos, known as <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommandos">Sonderkommandos</a>. SS-Untersturmführer Kurt Franz set up a small <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a> in the centre next to his horse stables, containing two foxes, two peacocks and a <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> (introduced in 1943).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201179–80-74">[66]</a> Smaller rooms were built as laundry, <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker">cobblers</a>, and for woodworking and medical aid. Closest to the SS quarters were separate barracks for the Polish and Ukrainian women who served, cleaned, and worked in the kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201179–80-74">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_(1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg/400px-Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg/600px-Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg/800px-Treblinka_II_aerial_photo_%281944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>The 1944 aerial photo of Treblinka II after efforts at "clean-up", or disguising its role as a death camp. The new farmhouse and livestock building are visible to the lower left.<a href="#cite_note-ARC_2005-75">[67]</a> The photograph is overlaid with outlines of already-dismantled structures (marked in red/orange). On the left are the SS and Hiwi (Trawniki) guards' living quarters (1), with barracks defined by the surrounding walkways. At the bottom (2) are the railway ramp and unloading platform (centre), marked with the red arrow. The "road to heaven"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> is marked with a dashed line. The undressing barracks for men and women, surrounded by a solid fence with no view of the outside, are marked with two rectangles. The location of the new, big gas chambers (3) is marked with a large X. The burial pits, dug with a <a href="/wiki/Crawler_excavator" title="Crawler excavator">crawler excavator</a>, are marked in light yellow.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Nota_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2_Nota_8.jpg/220px-2_Nota_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2_Nota_8.jpg/330px-2_Nota_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2_Nota_8.jpg/440px-2_Nota_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>Page 7 from "<a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski%27s_Note" title="Raczyński's Note">Raczyński's Note</a>" with Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibór extermination camps identified- Part of the official note of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, 10 December 1942.</figcaption></figure> The next section of Treblinka II (Camp 2, also called the lower camp or Auffanglager), was the receiving area where the railway unloading ramp extended from the Treblinka line into the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201180section_3-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yeger-78">[70]</a> There was a long and narrow platform surrounded by barbed-wire fencing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmV0ZBQAAQBAJpgPA28_28–29]-79">[71]</a> A new building, erected on the platform, was disguised as a railway station complete with a wooden clock and fake rail terminal signs. SS-<a href="/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer" title="Scharführer">Scharführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hirtreiter" title="Josef Hirtreiter">Josef Hirtreiter</a>, who worked on the unloading ramp was known for being especially cruel; he grabbed crying toddlers by their feet and smashed their heads against wagons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2002342-80">[72]</a> Behind a second fence, about 100 m (330 ft) from the track, there were two large barracks used for undressing, with a cashier's booth where money and jewelry were collected, ostensibly for safekeeping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011100-81">[73]</a> Jews who resisted were taken away or beaten to death by the guards. The area where the women and children were shorn of their hair was on the other side of the path from the men. All buildings in the lower camp, including the barber barracks, contained the piled up clothing and belongings of the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011100-81">[73]</a> Behind the station building, further to the right, there was a Sorting Square where all baggage was first collected by the Lumpenkommando. It was flanked by a fake infirmary called "Lazarett", with the <a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> sign on it. It was a small barracks surrounded by barbed wire, where the sick, old, wounded and "difficult" prisoners were taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmV0ZBQAAQBAJpgPA23_pp._23–24]-82">[74]</a> Directly behind the "Lazarett" shack, there was an open excavation pit seven metres (23 ft) deep. These prisoners were led to the edge of the pit<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> and shot one at a time by <a href="/wiki/Blockf%C3%BChrer" title="Blockführer">Blockführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Willi_Mentz" title="Willi Mentz">Willi Mentz</a>, nicknamed "Frankenstein" by the inmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011100-81">[73]</a> Mentz single-handedly killed thousands of Jews,<a href="#cite_note-ARC-84">[76]</a> aided by his supervisor, <a href="/wiki/August_Miete" title="August Miete">August Miete</a>, who was called the "Angel of Death" by the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987122,_194-85">[77]</a> The pit was also used to burn old worn-out clothes and identity papers deposited by new arrivals at the undressing area.<a href="#cite_note-Yeger-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011100-81">[73]</a> The third section of Treblinka II (Camp 3, also called the upper camp) was the main killing zone, with gas chambers at its centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> It was completely screened from the railway tracks by an earth bank built with the help of a mechanical digger. This mound was elongated in shape, similar to a retaining wall, and can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Treblinka#Organization_of_the_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">a sketch</a> produced during the 1970 trial of Treblinka II commandant <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a>. On the other sides, the zone was camouflaged from new arrivals like the rest of the camp, using tree branches woven into barbed wire fences by the Tarnungskommando (the work detail led out to collect them).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbLisciotto2007-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201189-88">[80]</a> From the undressing barracks, a fenced-off path led through the forested area to the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> The SS cynically called it die Himmelstraße ("the road to heaven")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> or der Schlauch ("the tube").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201183-89">[81]</a> For the first eight months of the camp's operation, the excavator was used to dig burial ditches on both sides of the gas chambers; these ditches were 50 m (160 ft) long, 25 m (82 ft) wide, and 10 m (33 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbLisciotto2007-87">[79]</a> In early 1943, they were replaced with cremation <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyres</a> up to 30 m (98 ft) long, with rails laid across the pits on concrete blocks. The 300 prisoners who operated the upper camp lived in separate barracks behind the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201184-90">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Killing_process">Killing process</h2></div> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> in which prisoners were used as forced labour, <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> such as Treblinka had only one function: to murder those sent there. To prevent incoming victims from realising its nature, Treblinka II was disguised as a transit camp for deportations further east, complete with fake train schedules, a fake train-station clock with hands painted on it, names of destinations,<a href="#cite_note-ARC_-_Treblinka_History-91">[83]</a> a fake ticket window, and the sign "Ober Majdan",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946379-92">[84]</a> a code word for Treblinka commonly used to deceive prisoners arriving from Western Europe. Majdan was a prewar landed estate 5 km (3.1 mi) away from the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201181-93">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_Jews">Polish Jews</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg/220px-Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg/330px-Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg/440px-Umschlagplatz_loading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jews being loaded onto trains to Treblinka at the Warsaw Ghetto's <a href="/wiki/Umschlagplatz" title="Umschlagplatz">Umschlagplatz</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">mass deportation</a> of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto began on 22 July 1942 with the first transportation of 6,000 people. The gas chambers began to be operated the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201194-94">[86]</a> For the next two months, deportations from Warsaw continued daily, via two shuttle trains (the second one, from 6 August 1942),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201192-95">[87]</a> each carrying about 4,000 to 7,000 people crying for water. No other trains were allowed to stop at the Treblinka station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201198-96">[88]</a> The first daily trains came in the early morning, often after an overnight wait, and the second, in mid-afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201194-94">[86]</a> All new arrivals were sent immediately to the undressing area by the Bahnhofskommando squad that managed the arrival platform, and from there to the gas chambers. According to German records, including the <a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">official report</a> by SS-<a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a>, 265,000 Jews were transported in <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">freight trains</a> from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka during the period from 22 July to 12 September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-uprising-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourt_of_Assizes1965excerpts-98">[90]</a> The Polish railway was very heavily used. An average of 420 German military trains were passing through every 24 hours on top of internal traffic already in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Bochen-99">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a>' passage to their destination was routinely delayed; some transports took many days to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195-100">[92]</a> Hundreds of prisoners were murdered by exhaustion, suffocation and thirst while in transit to the camp in the overcrowded wagons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432-101">[93]</a> In extreme cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a> transport of 6,000 Jews travelling only a 125 km (78 mi) distance, up to 90 percent of people were already dead when the sealed doors were opened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195-100">[92]</a> From September 1942 on, both Polish and foreign Jews were greeted with a brief verbal announcement. An earlier signboard with directions was removed because it was clearly insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> The deportees were told that they had arrived at a transit point on the way to Ukraine and needed to shower and have their clothes disinfected before receiving work uniforms and new orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Jews_and_Romani_people">Foreign Jews and Romani people</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg/170px-DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg/255px-DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg/340px-DR_Class_52.80_entering_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Standard <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust locomotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRB_Class_52" title="DRB Class 52">DRB Class 52</a></figcaption></figure> Treblinka received transports of almost 20,000 foreign Jews between October 1942 and March 1943, including 8,000 from the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> via <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt">Theresienstadt</a>, and over 11,000 from Bulgarian-occupied <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a> following an agreement with the Nazi-allied Bulgarian government.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> They had train tickets and arrived predominantly in passenger carriages with considerable luggage, travel foods and drinks, all of which were taken by the SS to the food storage barracks. The provisions included such items as smoked mutton, speciality breads, wine, cheese, fruit, tea, coffee, and sweets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945-6">[5]</a> Unlike Polish Jews arriving in Holocaust trains from nearby ghettos in cities like <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a>, and those of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Bialystok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Bialystok">Bezirk Bialystok</a>, the foreign Jews received a warm welcome upon arrival from an SS man (either <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stadie" title="Otto Stadie">Otto Stadie</a> or Willy Mätzig),<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196–100-103">[95]</a> after which they were murdered like the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> Treblinka was mainly used for the murder of Polish Jews, Bełżec was used to murder Jews from Austria and the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, and Sobibór was used to murder Jews from France and the Netherlands. Auschwitz-Birkenau was used to murder Jews from almost every other country in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-centers-104">[96]</a> The frequency of arriving transports slowed down in winter.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-105">[97]</a> The decoupled locomotive went back to the Treblinka station or to the layover yard in Małkinia for the next load,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195-100">[92]</a> while the victims were pulled from the carriages onto the platform by Kommando Blau, one of the Jewish work details forced to assist the Germans at the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> They were led through the gate amidst chaos and screaming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196–100-103">[95]</a> They were separated by gender behind the gate; women were pushed into the undressing barracks and barber on the left, and men were sent to the right. All were ordered to tie their shoes together and strip. Some kept their own towels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945-6">[5]</a> The Jews who resisted were taken to the "Lazarett", also called the "Red Cross infirmary", and shot behind it. Women had their hair cut off; therefore, it took longer to prepare them for the gas chambers than men.<a href="#cite_note-Yeger-78">[70]</a> The hair was used in the manufacture of socks for <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> crews and hair-felt footwear for the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Reichsbahn-109">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-CID-110">[101]</a> Most of those murdered at Treblinka were Jews, but about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> were also murdered there. Like the Jews, the Romani were first rounded up and sent to the ghettos. At a conference on 30 January 1940 it was decided that all 30,000 Romani living in Germany proper were to be deported to former Polish territory. Most of these were sent to Jewish ghettos in the General Government, such as those in Warsaw and Łódź. As with the Jews, most Romani who went to Treblinka were murdered in the gas chambers, although some were shot. The majority of the Jews living in ghettos were sent to Bełżec, Sobibór, or Treblinka to be murdered; most of the Romani living in the ghettos were shot on the spot. There were no known Romani escapees or survivors from Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-Romani-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_chambers">Gas chambers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoefletelegram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoefletelegram.jpg/220px-Hoefletelegram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoefletelegram.jpg/330px-Hoefletelegram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoefletelegram.jpg/440px-Hoefletelegram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Höfle Telegram">Höfle Telegram</a>, a decoded telegram to Berlin from the deputy commander of Aktion Reinhard, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a>, 15 January 1943, listing the number of arrivals in Aktion Reinhard extermination camps. In this document, the 1942 total for Treblinka of 71355 is considered to be a transcription error for 713,555, which would yield a total of 1,274,166, matching the total in the telegram.</figcaption></figure> After undressing, newly arrived Jews were beaten with whips to drive them towards the gas chambers; hesitant men were treated particularly brutally. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>, the commandant at Auschwitz, contrasted the practice at Treblinka of deceiving the victims about the showers with his own camp's practice of telling them they had to go through a "delousing" process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1981969[httpwwwfordhameduhalsallmod1946Hoesshtml_Affidavit]_(Hoess,_Nuremberg)-111">[102]</a> According to the postwar testimony of some SS officers, men were always gassed first, while women and children waited outside the gas chambers for their turn. During this time, the women and children could hear the sounds of suffering from inside the chambers, and they became aware of what awaited them, which caused panic, distress, and even involuntary defecation.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-105">[97]</a> Many survivors of the Treblinka camp testified that an officer known as '<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_(Treblinka_guard)" title="Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)">Ivan the Terrible</a>' was responsible for operating the gas chambers in 1942 and 1943. While Jews were awaiting their fate outside the gas chambers, Ivan the Terrible allegedly tortured, beat, and murdered many of them. Survivors witnessed Ivan beat victims' heads open with a pipe, cut victims with a sword or a bayonet, cut off noses and ears, and gouge out eyes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> One survivor testified that Ivan murdered an infant by bashing it against a wall;<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> another claimed that he raped a young girl before cutting her abdomen open and letting her bleed to death.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> The gas chambers were completely enclosed by a high wooden fence. Originally, they consisted of three interconnected barracks 8 m (26 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide, disguised as showers. They had double walls insulated by earth packed down in between. The interior walls and ceilings were lined with roofing paper. The floors were covered with tin-plated sheet metal, the same material used for the roof. Solid wooden doors were insulated with rubber and bolted from the outside by heavy cross-bars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> According to Stangl, a train transport of about 3,000 people could be "processed" in three hours. In a 14-hour workday, 12,000 to 15,000 people were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987120-115">[106]</a> After the new gas chambers were built, the duration of the killing process was reduced to an hour and a half.<a href="#cite_note-ARC_-_Treblinka_History-91">[83]</a> The victims were murdered via gas, using the exhaust fumes conducted through pipes from an engine of a <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> tank.<a href="#cite_note-120">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmV0ZBQAAQBAJpgPA28_28–29]-121">[111]</a> SS-Scharführer <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fuchs" title="Erich Fuchs">Erich Fuchs</a> was responsible for installing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198731-122">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVL-Reinhard5-123">[113]</a> The engine was brought in by the SS at the time of the camp's construction and housed in a room with a generator that supplied the camp with electricity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> The tank engine exhaust pipe ran just below the ground and opened into all three gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> The fumes could be seen seeping out. After about 20 minutes the bodies were removed by dozens of Sonderkommandos, placed onto carts and wheeled away. The system was imperfect and required a lot of effort;<a href="#cite_note-JVL-Reinhard5-123">[113]</a> trains that arrived later in the day had to wait on layover tracks overnight at Treblinka, Małkinia, or <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B3lka_Okr%C4%85glik" title="Wólka Okrąglik">Wólka Okrąglik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201198-96">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg/170px-Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg/255px-Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg/340px-Deportation_to_Treblinka_from_ghetto_in_Siedlce_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Deportation of 10,000 Polish Jews to Treblinka during the liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">ghetto in Siedlce</a> beginning 23 August 1942<a href="#cite_note-statistics-124">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> Between August and September 1942, a large new building with a concrete foundation was built from bricks and mortar under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a>, who had supervised the construction of gas chambers for the <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">Action T4</a> involuntary euthanasia program. It contained 8–10 gas chambers, each of which was 8 by 4 m (26 by 13 ft), and it had a corridor in the centre. Stangl supervised its construction and brought in building materials from the nearby village of Małkinia by dismantling factory stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201182-86">[78]</a> During this time victims continued to arrive daily and were led naked past the building site to the original gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Arad-1984/pdf-38">[34]</a> The new gas chambers became operational after five weeks of construction, equipped with two fume-producing engines instead of one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201184-90">[82]</a> The metal doors, which had been taken from Soviet military bunkers around Białystok, had portholes through which it was possible to observe the dead before removing them.<a href="#cite_note-Yeger-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201184-90">[82]</a> Stangl said that the old gas chambers were capable of murdering 3,000 people in three hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987120-115">[106]</a> The new ones had the highest possible capacity of any gas chambers in the three Reinhard death camps and could murder up to 22,000<a href="#cite_note-Sumler-125">[115]</a> or 25,000<a href="#cite_note-Ainsztein-126">[116]</a> people every day, a fact which Globocnik once boasted about to <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a>, a fellow SS officer from Disinfection Services.<a href="#cite_note-Gerstein-127">[117]</a> The new gas chambers were seldom used to their full capacity; 12,000–15,000 victims remained the daily average.<a href="#cite_note-Sumler-125">[115]</a> The killing process at Treblinka differed significantly from the method used at Auschwitz and Majdanek, where the poison gas <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> (hydrogen cyanide) was used. At Treblinka, Sobibór, and Bełżec, the victims were murdered by suffocation and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> from engine exhaust in stationary gas chambers. At <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, they were carried within two specially equipped and engineered trucks, driven at a scientifically calculated speed so as to murder the Jews inside it during the trip, rather than force the drivers and guards to murder them at the destination. After visiting Treblinka on a guided tour, Auschwitz commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> concluded that using exhaust gas was inferior to the cyanide used at his extermination camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1981967–968-128">[118]</a> The chambers became silent after 12 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988244-129">[119]</a> and were closed for 20 minutes or less.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Jankiel Wiernik</a>, who survived the 1943 prisoner uprising and escaped, when the doors of the gas chambers had been opened, the bodies of the victims were standing and kneeling rather than lying down, due to the severe overcrowding. Dead mothers embraced the bodies of their children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011102-131">[121]</a> Prisoners who worked in the Sonderkommandos later testified that the dead frequently let out a last gasp of air when they were extracted from the chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> Some victims showed signs of life during the disposal of the corpses, but the guards routinely refused to react.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cremation_pits">Cremation pits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg/220px-Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg/330px-Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg/440px-Treblinka_Cremation_Pit_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Stone memorial resembling one of the original cremation pits where the bodies were burned. It is a flat grave marker constructed of crushed and cemented black basalt symbolising burnt charcoal. The actual human ashes were mixed with sand and spread over an area of 2.2 ha (5.4 acres).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECywiński2013-15">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> The Germans became aware of the political danger associated with the mass burial of corpses in April 1943 after they discovered the graves of Polish victims of the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> carried out by the Soviets near Smolensk. The bodies of the 10,000 Polish officers executed by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> were well preserved despite their long burial.<a href="#cite_note-Zawodny-77-132">[122]</a> The Germans formed the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Commission" title="Katyn Commission">Katyn Commission</a> to prove that the Soviets were solely responsible, and used radio broadcast and newsfilm to alert the Allies to this war crime.<a href="#cite_note-ipn_eng_katyn-133">[123]</a> Subsequently, the Nazi leadership, concerned about covering up their own crimes, issued the secret orders to exhume the corpses buried at death camps and burn them. The cremations began shortly after Himmler's visit to the camp in late February or early March 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987300–301-134">[124]</a> To incinerate bodies, large cremation pits were constructed at Camp 3 within Treblinka II.<a href="#cite_note-136">[k]</a> The burning pyres were used to cremate the new corpses along with the old ones, which had to be dug up as they had been buried during the first six months of the camp's operation. Built under the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Floss" title="Herbert Floss">Herbert Floß</a>, the camp's cremation expert, the pits consisted of railroad rails laid as grates on blocks of concrete. The bodies were placed on rails over wood, splashed with petrol, and burned. It was a harrowing sight, according to Jankiel Wiernik, with the bellies of pregnant women exploding from boiling <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011104–105-137">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik194513-138">[127]</a> He wrote that "the heat radiating from the pits was maddening."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik194513-138">[127]</a> The bodies burned for five hours, without the ashing of bones. The pyres operated 24 hours a day. Once the system had been perfected, 10,000–12,000 bodies at a time could be incinerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011104–105-137">[126]</a> The open air burn pits were located east of the new gas chambers and refuelled from 4 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945chapt._13-139">[128]</a> (or after 5 a.m. depending on work-load) to 6 p.m. in roughly 5-hour intervals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201191-140">[129]</a> The current camp memorial includes a flat grave marker resembling one of them. It is constructed from melted basalt and has a concrete foundation. It is a symbolic grave,<a href="#cite_note-Rescue-141">[130]</a> as the Nazis spread the actual human ashes, mixed with sand, over an area of 2.2 ha (5.4 acres).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECywiński2013-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_of_the_camp">Organization of the camp</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg/220px-Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg/330px-Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg/440px-Treblinka_-_Bredow_Mentz_M%C3%B6ller_Hirtreiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> from Treblinka (from left): <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bredow" title="Paul Bredow">Paul Bredow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willi_Mentz" title="Willi Mentz">Willi Mentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%B6ller_(SS_officer)" title="Max Möller (SS officer)">Max Möller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hirtreiter" title="Josef Hirtreiter">Josef Hirtreiter</a></figcaption></figure> The camp was operated by 20–25 German and Austrian members of the <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> and 80–120 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany#W" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Wachmänner</a> ("watchmen") guards who had been trained at a special SS facility in the <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki concentration camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Poland; all Wachmänner guards were trained at Trawniki. The guards were mainly ethnic German <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a> from the east and Ukrainians,<a href="#cite_note-Procknow-35-142">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198721-143">[132]</a> with some Russians, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, Moldovans, Latvians, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asians</a>, all of whom had served in the Red Army. They were enlisted by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Streibel" title="Karl Streibel">Karl Streibel</a>, the commander of the Trawniki camp, from the prisoner of war (POW) camps for Soviet soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillenberg1989158-144">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning201752-145">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198745–46-147">[135]</a> The degree to which their recruitment was voluntary remains disputed; while conditions in the camps for Soviet POWs were dreadful, some Soviet POWs collaborated with the Germans even before cold, hunger, and disease began devastating the POW camps in mid-September 1941.<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> The work at Treblinka was carried out under threat of death by Jewish prisoners organised into specialised work details. At the Camp 2 Auffanglager receiving area each squad had a different coloured triangle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201191-140">[129]</a> The triangles made it impossible for new arrivals to try to blend in with members of the work details. The blue unit (Kommando Blau) managed the rail ramp and unlocked the freight wagons. They met the new arrivals, carried out people who had died en route, removed bundles, and cleaned the wagon floors. The red unit (Kommando Rot), which was the largest squad, unpacked and sorted the belongings of victims after they had been "processed".<a href="#cite_note-151">[m]</a> The red unit delivered these belongings to the storage barracks, which were managed by the yellow unit (Kommando Gelb), who separated the items by quality, removed the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Star of David</a> from all outer garments, and extracted any money sewn into the linings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011103-152">[139]</a> The yellow unit was followed by the Desinfektionskommando, who disinfected the belongings, including sacks of hair from women who had been murdered there. The Goldjuden unit ("gold Jews") collected and counted banknotes and evaluated the gold and jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201189-88">[80]</a> A different group of about 300 men, called the Totenjuden ("Jews for the dead"), lived and worked in Camp 3 across from the gas chambers. For the first six months they took the corpses away for burial after gold teeth had been extracted. Once cremation began in early 1943 they took the corpses to the pits, refuelled the pyres, crushed the remaining bones with mallets, and collected the ashes for disposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_Justice1994-50">[46]</a> Each trainload of "deportees" brought to Treblinka consisted of an average of sixty heavily guarded wagons. They were divided into three sets of twenty at the layover yard. Each set was processed within the first two hours of backing onto the ramp, and was then made ready by the Sonderkommandos to be exchanged for the next set of twenty wagons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201197-153">[140]</a> Members of all work units were continuously beaten by the guards and often shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad2018249–250-154">[141]</a> Replacements were selected from the new arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad2018149-155">[142]</a> There were other work details which had no contact with the transports: the Holzfällerkommando ("woodcutter unit") cut and chopped firewood, and the Tarnungskommando ("disguise unit") camouflaged the structures of the camp. Another work detail was responsible for cleaning the common areas. The Camp 1 Wohnlager residential compound contained barracks for about 700 Sonderkommandos which, when combined with the 300 Totenjuden living across from the gas chambers, brought their grand total to roughly one thousand at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201189–91-156">[143]</a> Many Sonderkommando prisoners hanged themselves at night. Suicides in the Totenjuden barracks occurred at the rate of 15 to 20 per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945Chapter_7-157">[144]</a> The work crews were almost entirely replaced every few days; members of the old work detail were murdered except for the most resilient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad2018256-158">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treblinka_prisoner_uprising">Treblinka prisoner uprising</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_uprising_(Z%C4%85becki_1943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg/220px-Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg/330px-Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg/440px-Treblinka_uprising_%28Z%C4%85becki_1943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Burning Treblinka II perimeter during the prisoner uprising, 2 August 1943. Barracks were set ablaze, including a tank of petrol which exploded setting fire to the surrounding structures. This clandestine photograph was taken by <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early 1943, an underground Jewish resistance organisation was formed at Treblinka with the goal of seizing control of the camp and escaping to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-remember-me-159">[146]</a> The planned revolt was preceded by a long period of secret preparations. The clandestine unit was first organised by a former Jewish captain of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Chor%C4%85%C5%BCycki" title="Julian Chorążycki">Julian Chorążycki</a>, who was described by fellow plotter <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rajzman" title="Samuel Rajzman">Samuel Rajzman</a> as noble and essential to the action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201199-160">[147]</a> His organising committee included Zelomir Bloch (leadership),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECywiński2013-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Masarek" title="Rudolf Masarek">Rudolf Masaryk</a>, Marceli Galewski, Samuel Rajzman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> Dr. Irena Lewkowska ("Irka",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987219-161">[148]</a> from the sick bay for the <a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Hiwis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Maranda-161-14">[13]</a> Leon Haberman, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Sztajer" title="Chaim Sztajer">Chaim Sztajer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[149]</a> Hershl (Henry) Sperling from <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, and several others.<a href="#cite_note-Treblinka-Defiance-163">[150]</a> Chorążycki (who treated the German patients)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987219-161">[148]</a> killed himself with poison on 19 April 1943 when faced with imminent capture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> so that the Germans could not discover the plot by torturing him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987273-164">[151]</a> The next leader was another former Polish Army officer, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Berek_Lajcher" title="Berek Lajcher">Berek Lajcher</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[n]</a> who arrived on 1 May. Born in Częstochowa, he had practised medicine in <a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyszków">Wyszków</a> and was expelled by the Nazis to <a href="/wiki/Wegr%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wegrów">Wegrów</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinfeld201341-166">[152]</a> The date of the revolt was initially set for 15 June 1943, but it had to be postponed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945chapt._11-167">[153]</a> A fighter smuggled a grenade in one of the early May trains carrying captured rebels from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987275-168">[154]</a> which had begun on 19 April 1943. When he detonated it in the undressing area, the SS and guards were thrown into a panic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011107–108-169">[155]</a> After the explosion, Treblinka received only about 7,000 Jews from the capital for fear of similar incidents;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2007-170">[156]</a> the remaining 42,000 Warsaw Jews were deported to <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-uprising-97">[89]</a> The burning of unearthed corpses continued at full speed until the end of July.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">[43]</a> The Treblinka II conspirators became increasingly concerned about their future as the amount of work for them began to decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011110-19">[18]</a> With fewer transports arriving, they realised "they were next in line for the gas chambers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008292-171">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_of_the_revolt_and_survivors">Day of the revolt and survivors</h3></div> The uprising was launched on the hot summer day of 2 August 1943 (Monday, a regular day of rest from gassing), when a group of Germans and 40 Ukrainians drove off to the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">River Bug</a> to swim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> The conspirators silently unlocked the door to the arsenal near the train tracks, with a key that had been duplicated earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> They had stolen 20–25 rifles, 20 hand grenades, and several pistols,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> and delivered them in a cart to the gravel work detail. At 3:45 p.m., 700 Jews launched an insurgency that lasted for 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011110-19">[18]</a> They set buildings ablaze, exploded a tank of petrol, and set fire to the surrounding structures. A group of armed Jews attacked the main gate, and others attempted to climb the fence. Machine-gun fire from about 25 Germans and 60 Ukrainian Trawnikis resulted in near-total slaughter. Lajcher was killed along with most of the insurgents. About 200 Jews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinfeld201343-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011110-19">[18]</a> escaped from the camp.<a href="#cite_note-172">[o]</a> Half of them were killed after a chase in cars and on horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> The Jews did not cut the phone wires,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> and Stangl called in hundreds of German reinforcements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008292-171">[157]</a> who arrived from four towns and set up roadblocks along the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011110-19">[18]</a> Partisans of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Polish: Home Army) transported some of the surviving escapees across the river<a href="#cite_note-Śląski-PAX-20">[19]</a> and others like Sperling ran 30 km (19 mi) and were then <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">helped and fed by Polish villagers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> Of those who broke through, around 70 are known to have survived until the end of the war,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Easton-21">[20]</a> including the future authors of published Treblinka memoirs: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazar" title="Richard Glazar">Richard Glazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chil_Rajchman" title="Chil Rajchman">Chil Rajchman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Jankiel Wiernik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg" title="Samuel Willenberg">Samuel Willenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-remember-me-159">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG/220px-Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG/330px-Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG/440px-Samuel_Willenberg_Treblinka_2_sierpnia_2013_01b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption>Survivor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg" title="Samuel Willenberg">Samuel Willenberg</a> presenting his drawings of Treblinka II in the Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at the site of the camp. On the right, the "Lazarett" killing station.</figcaption></figure> Among the Jewish prisoners who escaped after setting fire to the camp, there were two 19-year-olds, Samuel Willenberg and <a href="/wiki/Kalman_Taigman" title="Kalman Taigman">Kalman Taigman</a>, who had both arrived in 1942 and had been forced to work there under the threat of death. Taigman died in 2012<a href="#cite_note-174">[p]</a> and Willenberg in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-175">[159]</a> Taigman stated of his experience, "It was hell, absolutely hell. A normal man cannot imagine how a living person could have lived through it – killers, natural-born killers, who without a trace of remorse just murdered every little thing."<a href="#cite_note-2_survivors_remain-176">[160]</a> Willenberg and Taigman emigrated to Israel after the war and devoted their last years to retelling the story of Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-179">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-2_survivors_remain-176">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inquisitr-Treblinka-180">[163]</a> Escapees Hershl Sperling and Richard Glazar both suffered from <a href="/wiki/Survivor_guilt" title="Survivor guilt">survivor guilt</a> syndrome and eventually killed themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-76">[68]</a> Chaim Sztajer, who was 34 at the time of the uprising, had survived 11 months as a Sonderkommando in Treblinka II and was instrumental in the coordination of the uprising between the two camps.<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[149]</a> Following his escape in the uprising, Sztajer survived for over a year in the forest before the liberation of Poland. Following the war, he migrated to Israel and then to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a> where later in life he constructed from memory a model of Treblinka which is currently displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Holocaust_Museum_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre">Jewish Holocaust Centre</a> in Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-181">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_uprising">After the uprising</h3></div> After the revolt, Stangl met the head of Operation Reinhard, Odilo Globocnik, and inspector <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a> in Lublin, and decided not to draft a report, as no native Germans had died putting down the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011111-182">[165]</a> Stangl wanted to rebuild the camp, but Globocnik told him it would be closed down shortly and Stangl would be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> to help fight the partisans there. The Nazi high command may have felt that Stangl, Globocnik, Wirth, and other Reinhard personnel knew too much and wanted to dispose of them by sending them to the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2002741–742-183">[166]</a> With almost all the Jews from the German ghettos (established in Poland) murdered, there would have been little point in rebuilding the facility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008293-184">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> had enough capacity to fulfil the Nazis' remaining extermination needs, rendering Treblinka redundant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987640-185">[168]</a> The camp's new commandant <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a>, formerly its deputy commandant, took over in August. After the war he testified that gassings had stopped by then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987247-48">[44]</a> In reality, despite the extensive damage to the camp, the gas chambers were intact, and the murder of Polish Jews continued. Speed was reduced, with only ten wagons rolled onto the ramp at a time, while the others had to wait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a> The last two rail transports of Jews were brought to the camp for gassing from the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok Ghetto</a> on 18 and 19 August 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201128-187">[170]</a> They consisted of 76 wagons (37 the first day and 39 the second), according to a communiqué published by the Office of Information of the Armia Krajowa, based on observation of Holocaust trains passing through the village of Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013249-188">[171]</a> The 39 wagons that came to Treblinka on 19 August 1943 were carrying at least 7,600 survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Białystok Ghetto Uprising">Białystok Ghetto Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011111-182">[165]</a> On 19 October 1943, Operation Reinhard was terminated by a letter from Odilo Globocnik. The following day, a large group of Jewish Arbeitskommandos who had worked on dismantling the camp structures over the previous few weeks were loaded onto the train and transported, via <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a> to be gassed on 20 October 1943.<a href="#cite_note-ARC_-_Treblinka_History-91">[83]</a> Franz followed Globocnik and Stangl to Trieste in November. Clean-up operations continued over the winter. As part of these operations, Jews from the surviving work detail dismantled the gas chambers brick-by-brick and used them to erect a farmhouse on the site of the camp's former bakery. Globocnik confirmed its purpose as a secret guard post for a Nazi-Ukrainian agent to remain behind the scenes, in a letter he sent to Himmler from Trieste on 5 January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a> A Hiwi guard called Oswald Strebel, a Ukrainian Volksdeutscher (ethnic German), was given permission to bring his family from Ukraine for "reasons of surveillance", wrote Globocnik; Strebel had worked as a guard at Treblinka II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013249-188">[171]</a> He was instructed to tell visitors that he had been farming there for decades, but the local Poles were well aware of the existence of the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008294-189">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_command_of_Treblinka_II">Operational command of Treblinka II</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irmfried_Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irmfried_Eberl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irmfried_Eberl.jpg/170px-Irmfried_Eberl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Irmfried_Eberl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a>, the first commandant of Treblinka II, removed because of his alleged incompetence in running the camp</figcaption></figure> SS-Obersturmführer <a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a> was appointed the camp's first commandant on 11 July 1942. He was a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bernburg_Euthanasia_Centre" title="Bernburg Euthanasia Centre">Bernburg Euthanasia Centre</a> and the only physician-in-chief to command an extermination camp during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432-101">[93]</a> According to some, his poor organisational skills caused the operation of Treblinka to turn disastrous; others point out that the number of transports that were coming in reflected the Nazi high command's wildly unrealistic expectations of Treblinka's ability to "process" these prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198787-190">[173]</a> The early gassing machinery frequently broke down due to overuse, forcing the SS to shoot Jews assembled for suffocation. The workers did not have enough time to bury them, and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a> were overflowing.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> According to the testimony of his colleague Unterscharführer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hingst" title="Hans Hingst">Hans Hingst</a>, Eberl's ego and thirst for power exceeded his ability: "So many transports arrived that the disembarkation and gassing of the people could no longer be handled."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198787-190">[173]</a> On incoming Holocaust trains to Treblinka, many of the Jews locked inside correctly guessed what was going to happen to them.<a href="#cite_note-Chrostowski-191">[174]</a> The odour of decaying corpses could be smelled up to 10 km (6.2 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005BBC-17">[16]</a> Oskar Berger, a Jewish eyewitness, one of about 100 people who escaped during the 1943 uprising, told of the camp's state when he arrived there in August 1942: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When we were unloaded, we noticed a paralysing view – all over the place there were hundreds of human bodies. Piles of packages, clothes, suitcases, everything in a mess. German and Ukrainian SS-men stood at the corners of the barracks and were shooting blindly into the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-Chrostowski-191">[174]</a></blockquote> When Globocnik made a surprise visit to Treblinka on 26 August 1942 with Christian Wirth and Wirth's adjutant from Bełżec, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a>, Eberl was dismissed on the spot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008291-192">[175]</a> Among the reasons for dismissal were: incompetently disposing of the tens of thousands of dead bodies, using inefficient methods of murder, and not properly concealing the mass-murder. Eberl was transferred to Berlin, closer to operational headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Eberl-193">[176]</a> where the main architect of the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler, had just stepped up the pace of the programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005BBC-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny201398-194">[177]</a> Globocnik assigned Wirth to remain in Treblinka temporarily to help clean up the camp.<a href="#cite_note-Eberl-193">[176]</a> On 28 August 1942, Globocnik suspended deportations. He chose Franz Stangl, who had been the commandant of the Sobibór extermination camp, to assume command of the camp as Eberl's successor. Stangl had a reputation as a competent administrator with a good understanding of the project's objectives, and Globocnik trusted that he would be capable of resuming control.<a href="#cite_note-Eberl-193">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franz_Stangl">Franz Stangl</h3></div> Stangl arrived at Treblinka in late August 1942. He replaced Eberl on 1 September. Years later, Stangl described what he first saw when he came on the scene, in a 1971 interview with <a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Gitta Sereny</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The road ran alongside the railway. When we were about fifteen, twenty minutes' drive from Treblinka, we began to see corpses by the line, first just two or three, then more, and as we drove into Treblinka station, there were what looked like hundreds of them – just lying there – they'd obviously been there for days, in the heat. In the station was a train full of Jews, some dead, some still alive ... that too, looked as if it had been there for days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013157-195">[178]</a> </blockquote> Stangl reorganised the camp, and the transports of Warsaw and Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom Ghetto</a> began to arrive again on 3 September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> According to Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a>, Stangl wanted the camp to look attractive, so he ordered the paths paved in the Wohnlager administrative compound. Flowers were planted along Seidel Straße as well as near the SS living quarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987186-196">[179]</a> He ordered that all arriving prisoners should be greeted by the SS with a verbal announcement translated by the working Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Eberl-193">[176]</a> The deportees were told that they were at a transit point on the way to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988246-83">[75]</a> Some of their questions were answered by Germans wearing lab coats as tools for deception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196-197">[180]</a> At times Stangl carried a whip and wore a white uniform, so he was nicknamed the "White Death" by prisoners. Although he was directly responsible for the camp's operations, according to his own testimony Stangl limited his contact with Jewish prisoners as much as possible. He claimed that he rarely interfered with the cruel acts perpetrated by his subordinate officers at the camp.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich-198">[181]</a> He became desensitised to the murders, and came to perceive prisoners not as humans but merely as "cargo" that had to be destroyed, he said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987186-196">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treblinka_song">Treblinka song</h4></div> According to postwar testimonies, when transports were temporarily halted, then-deputy commandant Kurt Franz wrote lyrics to a song meant to celebrate the Treblinka extermination camp. In reality, prisoner Walter Hirsch wrote them for him. The melody came from something Franz remembered from <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>. The music was upbeat, in the key of <a href="/wiki/D_(musical_note)" title="D (musical note)">D major</a>. The song was taught to Jews assigned to work in the Sonderkommando.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190section_2-199">[182]</a> They were forced to memorise it by nightfall of their first day at the camp.<a href="#cite_note-200">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[184]</a> Unterscharführer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Suchomel" title="Franz Suchomel">Franz Suchomel</a> recalled the lyrics as follows: "We know only the word of the Commander. / We know only obedience and duty. / We want to keep working, working, / until a bit of luck beckons us some time. Hurrah!"<a href="#cite_note-perp-202">[185]</a> A musical ensemble was formed, under duress, by <a href="/wiki/Artur_Gold" title="Artur Gold">Artur Gold</a>, a popular Jewish <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_in_the_Interbellum" title="Polish culture in the Interbellum">prewar composer</a> from Warsaw. He arranged the theme to the Treblinka song for the 10-piece prisoner orchestra which he conducted. Gold arrived in Treblinka in 1942 and played music in the SS mess hall at the Wohnlager on German orders. He died during the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190-203">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurt_Franz">Kurt Franz</h3></div> After the Treblinka revolt in August 1943, and termination of Operation Reinhard in October 1943, Stangl went with Globocnik to Trieste in northern Italy where SS reinforcements were needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987371-204">[187]</a> The third and last Treblinka II commandant was <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a>, nicknamed "Lalka" by the prisoners (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: the doll) because he had "an innocent face".<a href="#cite_note-Berliner/Biala-205">[188]</a> According to survivor testimonies, Franz shot and beat prisoners to death for minor infractions or had his dog Barry tear them to pieces.<a href="#cite_note-HRP-HS-206">[189]</a> He managed Treblinka II until November 1943. The subsequent clean-up of the Treblinka II perimeter was completed by prisoners of nearby Treblinka I Arbeitslager in the following months. Franz's deputy was <a href="/wiki/Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptscharführer">Hauptscharführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_K%C3%BCttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Küttner">Fritz Küttner</a>, who maintained a network of informers among the prisoners and did the hands-on murders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201186-207">[190]</a> Kurt Franz maintained a photo album against orders never to take photographs inside Treblinka. He named it Schöne Zeiten ("Good Times"). His album is a rare source of images illustrating the mechanised grave digging, brickworks in Małkinia and the Treblinka zoo, among others. Franz was careful not to photograph the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201186-207">[190]</a> The Treblinka I gravel mine functioned at full capacity under the command of Theodor van Eupen until July 1944, with new forced labourers sent to him by Kreishauptmann Ernst Gramss from Sokołów.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201149-208">[191]</a> The mass shootings continued into 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a> With Soviet troops closing in, the last 300 to 700 prisoners disposing of the incriminating evidence were executed by Trawnikis in late July 1944, long after the camp's official closure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987373–375-209">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">[43]</a> Strebel, the ethnic German who had been installed in the farmhouse built in place of the camp's original bakery using bricks from the gas chambers, set fire to the building and fled to avoid capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_of_the_Soviets">Arrival of the Soviets</h2></div> In late July 1944, Soviet forces approached from the east. The departing Germans, who had already destroyed most direct evidence of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocidal intent</a>, burned surrounding villages to the ground, including 761 buildings in <a href="/wiki/Poniatowo,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka_County" title="Poniatowo, Ostrów Mazowiecka County">Poniatowo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosty%C5%84" title="Prostyń">Prostyń</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%85dy,_Gmina_Ma%C5%82kinia_G%C3%B3rna" title="Grądy, Gmina Małkinia Górna">Grądy</a>. Many families were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201130graph_1-210">[193]</a> The fields of grain that had once fed the SS were burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011402-211">[194]</a> On 19 August 1944, German forces blew up the church in Prostyń and its bell tower, the last defensive strongpoint against the Red Army in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Rytel-Andrianik/Prostyń-212">[195]</a> When the Soviets entered Treblinka on 16 August, the extermination zone had been levelled, ploughed over, and planted with <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987247-48">[44]</a> What remained, wrote visiting Soviet war correspondent <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a>, were small pieces of bone in the soil, human teeth, scraps of paper and fabric, broken dishes, jars, shaving brushes, rusted pots and pans, cups of all sizes, mangled shoes, and lumps of human hair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946406-213">[196]</a> The road leading to the camp was pitch black. Until mid-1944 human ashes (up to 20 carts every day) had been regularly strewn by the remaining prisoners along the road for 2 km (1.2 mi) in the direction of Treblinka I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946402-214">[197]</a> When the war ended, destitute and starving locals started walking up the Black Road (as they began to call it) in search of man-made nuggets shaped from melted gold in order to buy bread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011378-215">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_attempts_at_preservation">Early attempts at preservation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg/170px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg/255px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg/340px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a><figcaption>Treblinka memorial in 2018. Plaque states <a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">never again</a> in several languages.</figcaption></figure> The new Soviet-installed government did not preserve evidence of the camp. The scene was not legally protected at the conclusion of World War II. In September 1947, 30 students from the local school, led by their teacher Feliks Szturo and priest Józef Ruciński, collected larger bones and skull fragments into farmers' wicker baskets and buried them in a single mound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011416,_418-216">[199]</a> The same year the first remembrance committee Komitet Uczczenia Ofiar Treblinki (KUOT; Committee for the Remembrance of the Victims of Treblinka) formed in Warsaw, and launched a design competition for the memorial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011117-217">[200]</a> Stalinist officials allocated no funding for the design competition nor for the memorial, and the committee disbanded in 1948; by then many survivors had left the country. In 1949, the town of Sokołów Podlaski protected the camp with a new fence and gate. A work crew with no archaeological experience was sent in to landscape the grounds. In 1958, after the end of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinism in Poland">Stalinism in Poland</a>, the Warsaw provincial council declared Treblinka to be a place of martyrology.<a href="#cite_note-calque-23">[b]</a> Over the next four years, 127 ha (310 acres) of land that had formed part of the camp was purchased from 192 farmers in the villages of Prostyń, Grądy, Wólka Okrąglik and <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Maliszewa" title="Nowa Maliszewa">Nowa Maliszewa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011118-218">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_of_the_memorial">Construction of the memorial</h3></div> The construction of a monument 8 m (26 ft) in height designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Dusze%C5%84ko" title="Franciszek Duszeńko">Franciszek Duszeńko</a> was inaugurated on 21 April 1958 with the laying of the cornerstone at the site of the former gas chambers. The sculpture represents the trend toward large avant-garde forms introduced in the 1960s throughout Europe, with a granite tower cracked down the middle and capped by a mushroom-like block carved with abstract reliefs and Jewish symbols.<a href="#cite_note-Marcuse-Genre-219">[202]</a> Treblinka was declared a national monument of martyrology on 10 May 1964 during an official ceremony attended by 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-220">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011122-24">[22]</a> The monument was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Kliszko" title="Zenon Kliszko">Zenon Kliszko</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Sejm of the Republic of Poland</a>, in the presence of survivors of the Treblinka uprising from Israel, France, Czechoslovakia and Poland. The camp custodian's house (built nearby in 1960)<a href="#cite_note-custodian-222">[s]</a> was turned into an exhibition space following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Communism_in_Poland_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Communism in Poland (1989)">collapse of communism in Poland</a> in 1989 and the retirement of the custodian; it opened in 2006. It was later expanded and made into a branch of the Siedlce Regional Museum.<a href="#cite_note-memorialmuseums.org-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWiMT-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg/220px-Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg/330px-Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg/440px-Boxcar_monument_Yad_Vashem_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>The Holocaust "Güterwagen" wagon holding an average of 100 victims, <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a></figcaption></figure> There are many estimates of the total number of people murdered at Treblinka; most scholarly estimates range from 700,000 to 900,000,<a href="#cite_note-Roca-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> meaning that more Jews were murdered at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp except for Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel1998173-11">[10]</a> The Treblinka museum in Poland states that at least 800,000 people were murdered at Treblinka;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> Israel's Holocaust museum, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, puts the number at 870,000; and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> gives a range of 870,000 to 925,000.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_estimates">First estimates</h3></div> The first estimate of the number of people murdered at Treblinka came from <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a>, a Soviet war reporter who visited Treblinka in July 1944 as the Soviet forces marched westward across Poland. He published an article called "The Hell Called Treblinka", which appeared in the November 1944 issue of Znamya, a monthly Russian literary magazine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005434-223">[204]</a> In the article, he claimed that 3 million people had been murdered at Treblinka. He may not have been aware that the short station platform at Treblinka II greatly reduced the number of wagons that could be unloaded at one time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005457-224">[205]</a> and may have been adhering to the Soviet trend of exaggerating Nazi crimes for propaganda purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> In 1947, the Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukaszkiewicz" title="Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz">Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz</a> gave an estimate of 780,000 murders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011113-225">[206]</a> based on the accepted record of 156 transports with an average of 5,000 prisoners each.<a href="#cite_note-Stein-226">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_exhibits_and_affidavits">Court exhibits and affidavits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daily deportations to Treblinka"><img alt="Daily deportations to Treblinka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg/440px-Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg/660px-Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg/880px-Daily_deportations_to_Treblinka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Daily deportations to Treblinka</figcaption></figure> The Treblinka trials of the 1960s took place in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and produced the two official West German estimates. During the 1965 trial of Kurt Franz, the Court of Assize in Düsseldorf concluded that at least 700,000 people were murdered at Treblinka, following a report by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Helmut Krausnick</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_History_(Munich)" title="Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)">Institute of Contemporary History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nizkor.org-135">[125]</a> During Franz Stangl's trial in 1969, the same court reassessed the number to be at least 900,000 after new evidence from Dr. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Scheffler_(historian)" title="Wolfgang Scheffler (historian)">Wolfgang Scheffler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonat197914-227">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> A chief witness for the prosecution at Düsseldorf in the 1965, 1966, 1968 and 1970 trials was <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a>, who was employed by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as a rail traffic controller at Treblinka village from 22 May 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Ząbecki_1977-228">[209]</a> In 1977 he published his book Old and New Memories,<a href="#cite_note-Wiścicki-MHP-229">[210]</a> in which he used his own records to estimate that at least 1,200,000 people were murdered at Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonat197914-227">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabecki-Treblinka-230">[211]</a> His estimate was based on the maximum capacity of a trainset during the Grossaktion Warsaw of 1942 rather than its yearly average.<a href="#cite_note-The_Ministry-231">[212]</a> The original German <a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">waybills</a> in his possession did not have the number of prisoners listed.<a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> Ząbecki, a Polish member of railway staff before the war, was one of the few non-German witnesses to see most transports that came into the camp; he was present at the Treblinka station when the first Holocaust train arrived from Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Zabecki-Treblinka-230">[211]</a> Ząbecki was a member of the Armia Krajowa (Polish: Home Army), which formed most of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a>, and kept a daily record of the extermination transports. He also clandestinely photographed the burning Treblinka II perimeter during the uprising in August 1943. Ząbecki witnessed the last set of five enclosed freight wagons carrying Sonderkommandos to the Sobibór gas chambers on 20 October 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Grzesik-Lublin_2011-233">[214]</a> In 2013, his son Piotr Ząbecki wrote an article about him for Życie Siedleckie that revised the number to 1,297,000.<a href="#cite_note-Piotr-234">[215]</a> Ząbecki's daily records of transports to the camp, and demographic information regarding the number of people deported from each ghetto to Treblinka, were the two main sources for estimates of the death toll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> In his 1987 book Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Israeli historian Yitzhak Arad stated that at least 763,000 people were murdered at Treblinka between July 1942 and April 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987223-235">[216]</a> A considerable number of other estimates followed: see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Table_of_estimates">table</a> (below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Höfle_Telegram">Höfle Telegram</h3></div> A further source of information became available in 2001. The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Höfle Telegram">Höfle Telegram</a> was an encrypted message sent to Berlin on 31 December 1942 by Operation Reinhard deputy commander <a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a>, detailing the number of Jews deported by DRB to each of the Operation Reinhard death camps up to that point. Discovered among declassified documents in Britain, it shows that by the official count of the German Transport Authority 713,555 Jews were sent to Treblinka in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-HöfleTelegram-236">[217]</a> The number of murders was probably higher, according to the Armia Krajowa communiqués.<a href="#cite_note-238">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011112-186">[169]</a> On the basis of the telegram and additional undated German evidence for 1943 listing 67,308 people deported, historian Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk calculated that by the official DRB count, 780,863 people were brought by Deutsche Reichsbahn to Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2012note_53-239">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_estimates">Table of estimates</h3></div> <dl><dd><table style="font-size: 90%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: middle;" class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Estimate </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Source </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Notes </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Year </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Work<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>at least 700,000</td> <td>Helmut Krausnick</td> <td>first West German estimate; used during trial of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></td> <td>1965</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-d'Història-240">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 700,000</td> <td>Adalbert Rückerl</td> <td>Director of the Central Authority for Investigation into Nazi Crime in <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny201312-241">[221]</a></td> <td>N/A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 700,000</td> <td>Joseph Billig</td> <td>French historian</td> <td>1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>700,000–800,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Madajczyk" title="Czesław Madajczyk">Czesław Madajczyk</a></td> <td>Polish historian</td> <td>1970</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>700,000–900,000</td> <td>Robin O'Neil</td> <td>from Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide; Hitler's answer to the Jewish Question, published by JewishGen Yizkor Books Project</td> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-d'Història-240">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>713,555</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Höfle Telegram">Höfle Telegram</a></td> <td>discovered in 2001; official Nazi estimate up to the end of 1942</td> <td>1942</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HöfleTelegram-236">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 750,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Michael Berenbaum</a></td> <td>from his encyclopedia entry on Treblinka</td> <td>2012</td> <td>Encyclopædia Britannica<a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum-242">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 750,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a></td> <td>American Holocaust historian</td> <td>1985</td> <td>The Destruction of European Jews </td></tr> <tr> <td>780,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukaszkiewicz" title="Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz">Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz</a></td> <td>Polish historian responsible for the first estimate of the number of murders based on 156 transports with 5,000 prisoners each, published in his monograph Obóz zagłady w Treblince</td> <td>1947</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>780,863</td> <td>Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk</td> <td>cited by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>; combines Hölfe Telegram with undated German evidence from 1943</td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2012408-243">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 800,000</td> <td>Treblinka camp museum</td> <td>uses Franciszek Ząbecki's evidence and evidence from the ghettos</td> <td>N/A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>850,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a></td> <td>Israeli historian who estimates 763,000 deaths between July 1942 and April 1943 alone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987223-235">[216]</a></td> <td>1983</td> <td>Treblinka, Hell and Revolt<a href="#cite_note-Arad-1983-244">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 850,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a></td> <td>British historian</td> <td>1993</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>870,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></td> <td>Israel's Holocaust museum</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-245">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>870,000 to 925,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Holocaust Museum">United States Holocaust Museum</a></td> <td>from "Treblinka: Chronology" article; excludes the deaths from forced labour in Treblinka I</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>876,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></td> <td>738,000 Jews from the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>; 107,000 from <a href="/wiki/Bialystok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bialystok">Bialystok</a>; 29,000 Jews from elsewhere in Europe; and 2,000 Gypsies</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005550-246">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 900,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Scheffler_(historian)" title="Wolfgang Scheffler (historian)">Wolfgang Scheffler</a></td> <td>second West German estimate; used during trial of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>912,000</td> <td>Manfred Burba</td> <td>German historian</td> <td>2000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>at least 1,200,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a></td> <td>Polish eyewitness</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Old and New Memories </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,297,000</td> <td>Piotr Ząbecki</td> <td>revision of Franciszek Ząbecki's estimate by his son Piotr</td> <td>2013</td> <td>He was a humble man<a href="#cite_note-Piotr-234">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,582,000</td> <td>Ryszard Czarkowski</td> <td>Polish historian</td> <td>1989</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,000,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a></td> <td>Soviet reporter</td> <td>1946</td> <td>The Hell of Treblinka </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>The information in the rows with an empty last column comes from Dam im imię na wieki, page 114.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011114-9">[8]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treblinka_trials">Treblinka trials</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/220px--Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="566" data-mwtitle="Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm/Samuel_Raizman_and_Avraham_Suzkever_testify_at_Nuremberg_Trial.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Treblinka survivor Samuel Raizman testifies before the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a>, 27 February 1946</figcaption></figure> The first major trial for war crimes committed at Treblinka was held in Düsseldorf between 12 October 1964 and 24 August 1965, preceded by the 1951 trial of SS-Scharführer Josef Hirtreiter, which was triggered by charges of war crimes unrelated to his service at the camp.<a href="#cite_note-248">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny201311-249">[228]</a> The trial was delayed due to the decreased interest by the United States and the Soviet Union in prosecuting German war crimes with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008747–748-250">[229]</a> Many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under West German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simon_Wiesenthal_Center-251">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-252">[231]</a> In 1964 and 1965, eleven former SS camp personnel were brought to trial by West Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERückerl1972132-253">[232]</a> including commandant Kurt Franz. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, along with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Artur Matthes</a> (Totenlager) and Willi Mentz and August Miete (both from Lazarett). <a href="/wiki/Gustav_M%C3%BCnzberger" title="Gustav Münzberger">Gustav Münzberger</a> (gas chambers) received 12 years, Franz Suchomel (gold and money) 7 years, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stadie" title="Otto Stadie">Otto Stadie</a> (operation) 6 years, Erwin Lambert (gas chambers) 4 years, and Albert Rum (Totenlager) 3 years. Otto Horn (corpse detail) was acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-ARC_Trials-254">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a> The second commandant of Treblinka II, Franz Stangl, escaped with his wife and children from Austria to Brazil in 1951. Stangl found work at a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013354-256">[235]</a> His role in the mass murder of Jews was known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for his arrest until 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Simon_Wiesenthal_Center-251">[230]</a> Stangl was registered under his real name at the Austrian consulate in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013354-256">[235]</a> It took another six years before Nazi hunter <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a> tracked him down and triggered his arrest. After his extradition from Brazil to West Germany, Stangl was tried for the murders of around 900,000 people. He admitted to the murders but argued: "My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty." Stangl was found guilty on 22 October 1970, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died of heart failure in prison in Düsseldorf on 28 June 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a> Between the 1940s and early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> prosecuted 21 people for crimes committed at Treblinka. All of them were executed or died in prison.<a href="#cite_note-257">[236]</a> In 1986, the Soviet Union tried another Treblinka guard, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a>. Fedorenko had been deported to the Soviet Union after his crimes were exposed, resulting in him being stripped of his American citizenship. Fedorenko was sentenced to death and executed in 1987. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_gain">Material gain</h3></div> The theft of cash and valuables, collected from the victims of gassing, was conducted by the higher-ranking SS men on an enormous scale. It was a common practice among the concentration camps' top echelon everywhere; two <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camp</a> commandants, <a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Florstedt" title="Hermann Florstedt">Florstedt</a>, were tried and executed by the SS for the same offence in April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-majdanek-2_Wykaz-258">[237]</a> When the top-ranking officers went home, they would sometimes request a private locomotive from Klinzman and Emmerich<a href="#cite_note-259">[v]</a> at the Treblinka station to transport their personal "gifts" to Małkinia for a connecting train. Then, they would drive out of the camp in cars without any incriminating evidence on their person, and later arrive at Małkinia to transfer the goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011116-260">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[w]</a> The overall amount of material gain by Nazi Germany is unknown except for the period between 22 August and 21 September 1942, when there were 243 wagons of goods sent and recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011116-260">[238]</a> Globocnik delivered a written tally to Reinhard headquarters on 15 December 1943 with the SS profit of <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmarks">ℛℳ</a> 178,745,960.59, including 2,909.68 kg (93,548 ozt) of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, 18,733.69 kg (602,302 ozt; 41,300.7 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, 1,514 kg (48,700 ozt) of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and 249,771.50 American dollars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011116-260">[238]</a> as well as 130 diamond solitaires, 2,511.87 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">carats</a> (502.374 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_(diamond_cut)" title="Brilliant (diamond cut)">brilliants</a>, 13,458.62 carats (2.692 kg) of diamonds, and 114 kg (251 lb) of pearls. The amount of loot Globocnik stole is unknown; Suchomel claimed in court to have filled a box with one million Reichsmarks for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011117-217">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_studies">Archaeological studies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_tile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Treblinka_tile.jpg/220px-Treblinka_tile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Treblinka_tile.jpg/330px-Treblinka_tile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/75/Treblinka_tile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>One of the tiles found during the archaeological dig, providing the first physical evidence for the existence of the gas chambers at Treblinka</figcaption></figure> Neither the Jewish religious leaders in Poland nor the authorities allowed archaeological excavations at the camp out of respect for the dead. Approval for a limited archaeological study was issued for the first time in 2010 to a British team from <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire University">Staffordshire University</a> using non-invasive technology and <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a> remote sensing. The soil resistance was analysed at the site with <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">ground-penetrating radar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INN-2014-263">[240]</a> Features that appeared to be structural were found, two of which were thought to be the remains of the gas chambers, and the study was allowed to continue.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2012-264">[241]</a> The archaeological team performing the search discovered three new mass graves. The remains were reinterred out of respect for the victims. At the second dig the findings included yellow tiles stamped with a <a href="/wiki/Star_(heraldry)#Terminology" title="Star (heraldry)">pierced mullet star</a> resembling a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, and building foundations with a wall. The star was soon identified as the logo of Polish <a href="/wiki/Opoczno_S.A." title="Opoczno S.A.">ceramics factory manufacturing floor tiles</a>, founded by Jan Dziewulski and brothers Józef and Władysław Lange (Dziewulski i Lange – D<big>✡</big>L since 1886), nationalised and renamed under communism after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Oszczęda-265">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budziński-266">[243]</a> As explained by forensic archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Sturdy_Colls" title="Caroline Sturdy Colls">Caroline Sturdy Colls</a>, the new evidence was important because the second gas chambers built at Treblinka were housed in the only brick building in the camp; Colls claimed that this provides the first physical evidence for their existence. In his memoir describing his stay in the camp, survivor Jankiel Wiernik says that the floor in the gas chambers (which he helped build) was made of similar tiles.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2014-267">[244]</a> The discoveries became a subject of the 2014 documentary by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SCh-youtube-268">[245]</a> More forensic work has been planned.<a href="#cite_note-Pappas2014-269">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="March_of_the_Living">March of the Living</h2></div> Treblinka museum receives most visitors per day during the annual <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a> educational programme which brings young people from around the world to Poland, to explore the remnants of the Holocaust. The visitors whose primary destination is the march at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, visit Treblinka in the preceding days. In 2009, 300 Israeli students attended the ceremony led by Eli Shaish from the Ministry of Education.<a href="#cite_note-270">[247]</a> In total 4,000 international students visited.<a href="#cite_note-271">[248]</a> In 2013 the number of students who came, ahead of the Auschwitz commemorations, was 3,571. In 2014, 1,500 foreign students visited.<a href="#cite_note-272">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Reinhard_leadership_and_Treblinka_commandants">Operation Reinhard leadership and Treblinka commandants</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_responsible_for_the_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="List of people responsible for the Treblinka extermination camp">List of people responsible for the Treblinka extermination camp</a></div> <dl><dd><table style="font-size: 90%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: middle;" class="wikitable" width="98%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Name </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Rank </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Function and Notes </th> <th style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE">Citation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f8" colspan="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>Operation Reinhard leadership</big>      </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a> and SS-Polizeiführer at the time (captain and SS Police Chief)</td> <td>head of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt20003,_92-273">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></td> <td>SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain)</td> <td>coordinator of Operation Reinhard</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200010-274">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></td> <td>SS-Hauptsturmführer at the time (captain)</td> <td>inspector for Operation Reinhard</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200014-275">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">Obersturmführer</a> at the time (first lieutenant)</td> <td>head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200014-275">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Unterscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Unterscharführer">Unterscharführer</a> (corporal)</td> <td>head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers)</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200019-276">[253]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f8" colspan="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>Treblinka commandants</big>      </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a> (major), Commandant of Treblinka I <a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">Arbeitslager</a>, 15 November 1941 – July 1944 (cleanup)</td> <td>head of the forced-labour camp</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Chodzko-list-277">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></td> <td class="nowrap">|transferred to Berlin due to incompetence</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></td> <td class="nowrap">|transferred to Treblinka from <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor extermination camp</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a> (second lieutenant), last Commandant of Treblinka II, August (gassing) – November 1943</td> <td>promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f8" colspan="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>Deputy commandants</big>      </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Karl_P%C3%B6tzinger" title="Karl Pötzinger">Karl Pötzinger</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Oberscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberscharführer">Oberscharführer</a> (staff sergeant), Deputy commandant of Treblinka II</td> <td>head of cremation</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbLisciotto2007-87">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></td> <td>SS-<a href="/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer" title="Scharführer">Scharführer</a> (sergeant), Deputy commandant</td> <td>chief of the extermination area</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVL-278">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987121-279">[256]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Treblinka" title="Operation Treblinka">Operation Treblinka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Yitzhak Arad gives his name as Jacob Wiernik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987209-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-calque-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calque_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calque_23-1">b</a> "Place of martyrology" is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> borrowed from the popular Polish phrase "Miejsce Martyrologii Żydów", which was introduced by the Act of Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) on 2 July 1947 in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECywiński2013-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Wehrmacht is German for "Defence Force". It was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The operation was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, Himmler's deputy and predecessor as head of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a>. Heydrich died in a Czech hospital, a few days after being wounded in an attack by members of the Czech resistance on 27 May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198720,_31-31">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> All three Reinhard camps (Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka) were built in rural forest complexes of the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> to hide their existence and complete the illusion that they were transit points for deportations to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198727,_84-51">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lapanka is Polish for "roundup" and in this situation refers to the widespread German practice of capturing non-German civilians ambushed at random.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The order was reversed by Yankel (Jankiel) Wiernik in his book A Year in Treblinka (1945); he named the receiving area of Treblinka II as Camp 1, and the gassing zone (where he worked) as Camp 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945chapt._10-66">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The ß, called Eszett or scharfes s ("sharp s") in German, is roughly equivalent to ss. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsche_Reichsbahn-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsche_Reichsbahn_109-0">^</a> The Deutsche Reichsbahn, (German Reich Railway<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> or German Imperial Railway,<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a>) was the German national railway created from the railways of the individual states of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Witnesses who had closer experiences to the actual gassing engine share a large agreement that they were run by gasoline/petrol, while those witnesses with only an indirect hearsay knowledge of the engine were more likely to identify it as diesel.<a href="#cite_note-Critique-116">[107]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> More recent research in newly-opened archives has shown that gasoline engines, and not diesel engines, were used in Treblinka, Belzec and Sobibor. Direct eyewitness evidence supports this conclusion. It is a simple matter of new information becoming available.<a href="#cite_note-Emory-117">[108]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Water pipes that conducted the poisonous gas to the shower heads ran along the ceiling creating the illusion of a shower as in the simulated shower rooms. In Sobibor and Treblinka they applied the same system to produce carbon monoxide using heavy gasoline engines.<a href="#cite_note-Cymet263-118">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blox-119">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> according to court judgement of the 1st Treblinka trial in Düsseldorf,<a href="#cite_note-nizkor.org-135">[125]</a> in the case main proceedings the number of cremation pyres could not be established exactly. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men#Known_names_of_Trawnikis_serving_at_death_camps" title="Trawniki men">list of known Hiwi guards</a> with relevant commentary. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The term durchgeschleust or "processed" to describe the annihilation of Jews in the occupied Eastern territories appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, who had objected to the word Sonderbehandlung or "special treatment" being used for death since 1939 (following Heydrich's 20 September 1939 telegram to the Gestapo).<a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> He was remembered by survivors as either "Dr Lecher",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">[120]</a> or "Dr Leichert".<a href="#cite_note-remember-me-159">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Two hundred is the number accepted by Polish historians and the Treblinka camp museum; the Holocaust Encyclopedia lists 300, instead.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-102">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> With Taigman's death <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 27 July 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Erec-Kalman-173">[158]</a> and Willenberg became the last survivor.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Easton-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> There was also a revolt at Sobibór two months later,<a href="#cite_note-interviews-177">[161]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> on 7 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderwerff-178">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Translation from Polish: The official unveiling of the monument took place on 10 May 1964. At this time, the name was introduced of the Mausoleum of the Fight and Martyrdom. The ceremony was attended by 30,000 people. ... Original: "Oficjalne odsłonięcie pomnika odbyło się 10 maja 1964 r. Przyjęto wtedy nazwę tego miejsca – 'Mauzoleum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince'. W wydarzeniu tym uczestniczyło ok. 30 tys. osób. ... Odsłonięcia dokonał wicemarszałek Sejmu PRL – <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Kliszko" title="Zenon Kliszko">Zenon Kliszko</a>. Wśród zebranych byli więźniowie Treblinki II: <a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Jankiel Wiernik</a> z Izraela, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazar" title="Richard Glazar">Richard Glazar</a> z Czechosłowacji, Berl Duszkiewicz z Francji i Zenon Gołaszewski z Polski."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011122-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-custodian-222"><a href="#cite_ref-custodian_222-0">^</a> The custodian and the first director of the Treblinka camp museum was Tadeusz Kiryluk, who was originally from Wólka Okrąglik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011121-221">[203]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> communiqués were published by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny" title="Biuletyn Informacyjny">Biuletyn Informacyjny</a> newspaper (BI) on behalf of the exiled <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government in London</a>. It was the most widely read Underground publication in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grzegorz_Mazur-237">[218]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> The Treblinka trials were preceded by the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> trial of SS-Scharführer Josef Hirtreiter, who was charged with complicity in the gassing of patients at the <a href="/wiki/Hadamar_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadamar Killing Facility">Hadamar Killing Facility</a>. Further investigation revealed that he had supervised the undressing of prisoners at Treblinka and personally killed many children (see also: <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_Trials#The_Hirtreiter_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka Trials">The Hirtreiter trial</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013372-247">[227]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Rudolf Emmerich and Willi Klinzman were the two native German railwaymen posted at the Treblinka station after the gas chambers went into operation. Their express role was to direct the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust trains</a> to the death camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201197-153">[140]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Ząbecki's</a> court testimonies at <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Düsseldorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.J._H.E.A.R.T2007Trials-255">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2014102-261">[239]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201420-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201420_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbChocholatý201420_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebbChocholatý2014">Webb & Chocholatý 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198737-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad198737_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad198737_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011125-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011125_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987209-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987209_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiernik1945">Wiernik 1945</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013151-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny2013151_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSereny2013">Sereny 2013</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roca-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roca_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roca_8-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoca2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roca, Xavier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/HMiC/article/download/186946/243582">"Comparative Efficacy of the Extermination Methods in Auschwitz and Operation Reinhard"</a> (PDF). 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Memorial Museums.org. Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161036/http://memorialmuseums.org/eng/staettens/view/59/treblinka-museum-of-struggle-and-martyrdom">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Museums.org&rft.atitle=Treblinka+Museum+of+Struggle+and+Martyrdom&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorialmuseums.org%2Feng%2Fstaettens%2Fview%2F59%2FTreblinka-Museum-of-Struggle-and-Martyrdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWiMT-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWiMT_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWiMT_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWiMT_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopówka,_Edward2010" class="citation web cs1">Kopówka, Edward (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=203&Itemid=129">"The Memorial"</a>. Treblinka. Nigdy wiecej, Siedlce 2002, pp. 5–54. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince. Oddział Muzeum Regionalnego w Siedlcach [Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at Treblinka. Division of the Regional Museum in Siedlce]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019060357/http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=203&Itemid=129">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treblinka.+Nigdy+wiecej%2C+Siedlce+2002%2C+pp.+5%E2%80%9354.&rft.atitle=The+Memorial&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.au=Kop%C3%B3wka%2C+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treblinka.bho.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D203%26Itemid%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trunk-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Trunk_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrunk2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Trunk" title="Isaiah Trunk">Trunk, Isaiah</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugVsNrbMSx4C&q=%22Although+Nazi+propaganda%22">Establishment of the Ghetto</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253347556" title="Special:BookSources/0253347556"><bdi>0253347556</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527095131/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugVsNrbMSx4C&q=%22Although+Nazi+propaganda%22">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishment+of+the+Ghetto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0253347556&rft.aulast=Trunk&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugVsNrbMSx4C%26q%3D%2522Although%2BNazi%2Bpropaganda%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaqueurTydor_Baumel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a>; Tydor Baumel, Judith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPbr0XzlTzcC&q=Warsaw+caloric+rations">The Holocaust Encyclopedia</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 260–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300138113" title="Special:BookSources/0300138113"><bdi>0300138113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0300138113&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Tydor+Baumel%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPbr0XzlTzcC%26q%3DWarsaw%2Bcaloric%2Brations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1954" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Philip (January 1954). "The Jewish Ghettos of the Nazi Era". 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Oxford University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195045238" title="Special:BookSources/0195045238"><bdi>0195045238</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814021153/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&pg=PA270">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Fate+of+European+Jewry%2C+1932%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0195045238&rft.aulast=Yahil&rft.aufirst=Leni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_aRvKpLUf0C%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArad1999" class="citation book cs1">Arad, Yitzhak (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belzecsobibortre00arad_0">Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka</a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belzecsobibortre00arad_0/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-25321305-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-25321305-3"><bdi>0-25321305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belzec%2C+Sobibor%2C+Treblinka&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-25321305-3&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelzecsobibortre00arad_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashem2013" class="citation web cs1">Yad Vashem (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205724.pdf">"Aktion Reinhard"</a> (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215130625/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205724.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. 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Shoah Resource Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060828/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205915.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013. 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(17 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBZP92xwUUC&pg=PA99">Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7485-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7485-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231132408/http://books.google.com/books?id=EzBZP92xwUUC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013. 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Routledge: 453–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.1991.9993722">10.1080/01419870.1991.9993722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11652073">11652073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Racism+as+Social+Policy%3A+the+Nazi+Euthanasia+Program%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.1991.9993722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11652073&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008306-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008306_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-saul-46"><a href="#cite_ref-saul_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (2007). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Years_of_Extermination:_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Jews,_1939%E2%80%931945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (page does not exist)">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945</a>. HarperCollins. pp. 346–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019043-9"><bdi>978-0-06-019043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Extermination%3A+Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019043-9&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-Treblinka-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Treblinka_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Treblinka_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Treblinka_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Treblinka_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Treblinka_47-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2013" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084809/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193">"Treblinka"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft.pub=US+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourt_of_Assizes1965excerpts-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourt_of_Assizes1965excerpts_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCourt_of_Assizes1965">Court of Assizes 1965</a>, excerpts. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bochen-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Bochen_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntoni_Bochen2015" class="citation web cs1">Antoni Bochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolejnictwo-polskie.pl/historia-kolei-w-polsce/ii-wojna-%C5%9Bwiatowa/okupacja-1939-1945/">"Okupacja 1939–1945"</a>. Kolejnictwo polskie: II wojna swiatowa. Urząd Transportu Kolejowego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106221659/http://www.kolejnictwo-polskie.pl/historia-kolei-w-polsce/ii-wojna-%C5%9Bwiatowa/okupacja-1939-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kolejnictwo+polskie%3A+II+wojna+swiatowa&rft.atitle=Okupacja+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Antoni+Bochen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolejnictwo-polskie.pl%2Fhistoria-kolei-w-polsce%2Fii-wojna-%25C5%259Bwiatowa%2Fokupacja-1939-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201195_100-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 95: Samuel Rajzman testimony. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2009432_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_102-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2013" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605123023/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007257">"Treblinka: Chronology"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007257">the original</a> (Internet Archive) on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2013. <q>Deportations from Theresienstadt and Bulgarian-occupied territory among others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treblinka%3A+Chronology&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196–100-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196–100_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196–100_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, pp. 96–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-centers-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ushmm-centers_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2012" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120917165840/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005372">"Deportations to Killing Centers"</a>. Holocaust History. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005372">the original</a> on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+History&rft.atitle=Deportations+to+Killing+Centers&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoah-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_105-1">b</a> Lanzmann 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Zeller, Thomas (2007). Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930–1970, Bergbahn Books, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-309-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-309-1">978-1-84545-309-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Germany's Economy, Currency and Finance: A Study Addressed by Order of the German Government to the Committees of Experts, as Appointed by the Reparations Commission. Zentral-Verlag G.M.B.H., 1924, pp. 4, 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Anastasiadou, Irene (2011). Constructing Iron Europe: Transnationalism and Railways in the Interbellum, Amsterdam University Press, p. 134. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-392-6">978-90-5260-392-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CID-110"><a href="#cite_ref-CID_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComité_International_de_Dachau1978" class="citation book cs1">Comité International de Dachau (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKF9-nkObTYC">Plate 282</a>. Comité International de Dachau. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87490-528-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-87490-528-4"><bdi>3-87490-528-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427034548/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKF9-nkObTYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015. <q>Directive sent to all concentration camp commanders from SS-Gruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a> in 1942.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plate+282&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Dachau&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-87490-528-4&rft.au=Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Dachau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKF9-nkObTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1981969[httpwwwfordhameduhalsallmod1946Hoesshtml_Affidavit]_(Hoess,_Nuremberg)-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1981969[httpwwwfordhameduhalsallmod1946Hoesshtml_Affidavit]_(Hoess,_Nuremberg)_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1981">Shirer 1981</a>, p. 969, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1946Hoess.html">Affidavit</a> (Hoess, Nuremberg). </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> In the Matter of the Extradition of John DEMJANJUK, A.K.A. John Ivan Demjanjuk, A.K.A. John Ivan Demyanyuk. 603 F. Supp. 1468. (United States District Court, N.D. Ohio, E.D. 1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/30df5b6e5cfb0aa8cd1be09ce1c0b102">"Survivor Calls Ivan 'Worst Devil of All Treblinka'"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142910/https://apnews.com/30df5b6e5cfb0aa8cd1be09ce1c0b102">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Survivor+Calls+Ivan+%27Worst+Devil+of+All+Treblinka%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F30df5b6e5cfb0aa8cd1be09ce1c0b102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZylbersztajn2018" class="citation book cs1">Zylbersztajn, Malka (2018). L' Chaim: the exceptional life of Chaim Sztajer. Elsternwick, Vic: Jewish Holocaust Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9875188-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9875188-6-6"><bdi>978-0-9875188-6-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088425969">1088425969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27+Chaim%3A+the+exceptional+life+of+Chaim+Sztajer&rft.place=Elsternwick%2C+Vic&rft.pub=Jewish+Holocaust+Centre&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088425969&rft.isbn=978-0-9875188-6-6&rft.aulast=Zylbersztajn&rft.aufirst=Malka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987120-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987120_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987120_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 120: Stangl trial testimony. </li> <li id="cite_note-Critique-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Critique_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonMuehlenkampMyersRomanov2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Jonathan; Muehlenkamp, Roberto; Myers, Jason; Romanov, Sergey; Terry, Nicholas (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BelzecSobiborTreblinka.HolocaustDenialAndOperationReinhard.ACritique">"The Gassing Engine: Diesel or Gasoline"</a>. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard (1st ed.). p. 316. With optional direct download as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/BelzecSobiborTreblinka.HolocaustDenialAndOperationReinhard.ACritique/BelzecSobiborTreblinkaHolocaustControversies.pdf">PDF file, 5.3 MB</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gassing+Engine%3A+Diesel+or+Gasoline&rft.btitle=Belzec%2C+Sobibor%2C+Treblinka.+Holocaust+Denial+and+Operation+Reinhard&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Muehlenkamp%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Myers%2C+Jason&rft.au=Romanov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Terry%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBelzecSobiborTreblinka.HolocaustDenialAndOperationReinhard.ACritique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emory-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Emory_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipstadt2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_E._Lipstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah E. Lipstadt">Lipstadt, Deborah E.</a>; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/ds6-engines-used/">"Holocaust Denial on Trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, Institute for Jewish Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121232729/https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/ds6-engines-used/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Denial+on+Trial&rft.pub=Emory+University%2C+Institute+for+Jewish+Studies.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lipstadt&rft.aufirst=Deborah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fdebunking-denial%2Fds6-engines-used%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cymet263-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Cymet263_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCymet2010" class="citation book cs1">Cymet, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp7DZigCaDcC&q=Erich%20Fuchs%20a%20200%20horsepower%2C%20water%20cooled%20V-8%20gasoline%20engine&pg=PA263">History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church</a>. Lexington Books. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739132937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739132937"><bdi>978-0739132937</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp7DZigCaDcC&q=Erich%20Fuchs%20a%20200%20horsepower%2C%20water%20cooled%20V-8%20gasoline%20engine&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Vs.+Apologetics%3A+The+Holocaust%2C+the+Third+Reich%2C+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0739132937&rft.aulast=Cymet&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPp7DZigCaDcC%26q%3DErich%2520Fuchs%2520a%2520200%2520horsepower%252C%2520water%2520cooled%2520V-8%2520gasoline%2520engine%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blox-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Blox_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbDmCwAAQBAJ&q=inexactitude">Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198208723" title="Special:BookSources/0198208723"><bdi>0198208723</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071233/https://books.google.com/books?id=fbDmCwAAQBAJ&q=inexactitude">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020. <q>... details [regarding the Holocaust victims] are all accurate. The only inexactitude again involved the methods of murder.[p.119]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+on+Trial%3A+War+Crimes+Trials+and+the+Formation+of+Holocaust+History+and+Memory&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198208723&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbDmCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinexactitude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmV0ZBQAAQBAJpgPA28_28–29]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmV0ZBQAAQBAJpgPA28_28–29]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb2014">Webb 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198731-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad198731_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 31: Testimony of SS Scharführer Erich Fuchs in the Sobibór-Bolender trial, Düsseldorf. </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-Reinhard5-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-Reinhard5_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-Reinhard5_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcVay,_Kenneth1984" class="citation web cs1">McVay, Kenneth (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/reinhard.html#5">"The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp"</a>. Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055409/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/reinhard.html#5">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies%2C+XVI&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+the+Treblinka+Extermination+Camp&rft.date=1984&rft.au=McVay%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Freinhard.html%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-124"><a href="#cite_ref-statistics_124-0">^</a> Statistical data: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/">"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208215116/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/">Archived</a> 8 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of the Polish Jews">Museum of the History of the Polish Jews</a> , as well as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html">"Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015055255/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html">Archived</a> 15 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (in Polish) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm">"Ghetto List"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214124022/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Michael Peters of ARC. Accessed 8 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumler-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumler_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumler_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumler,_David_E.1973" class="citation book cs1">Sumler, David E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-Y7AAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+maximum+capacity+of+the+camp+was+probably+the+22000+executions+in+twenty-+four+hours%22">A history of Europe in the twentieth century</a>. Dorsey Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-256-01421-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-256-01421-3"><bdi>0-256-01421-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071455/https://books.google.com/books?id=e-Y7AAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+maximum+capacity+of+the+camp+was+probably+the+22000+executions+in+twenty-+four+hours%22">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Dorsey+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-256-01421-3&rft.au=Sumler%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-Y7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bmaximum%2Bcapacity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcamp%2Bwas%2Bprobably%2Bthe%2B22000%2Bexecutions%2Bin%2Btwenty-%2Bfour%2Bhours%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainsztein-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Ainsztein_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAinsztein,_Reuben2008" class="citation book cs1">Ainsztein, Reuben (2008) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-1mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Treblinka+25%2C000%22">Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe</a> (Google Books snippet view). University of Michigan (reprint). p. 917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-236-15490-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-236-15490-6"><bdi>978-0-236-15490-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503040505/https://books.google.com/books?ei=XWW2UrfyGNjtoASaw4HgDA&id=L-1mAAAAMAAJ&dq=Treblinka+maximum+gassing+capacity&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Treblinka+25,000%22">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Resistance+in+Nazi-Occupied+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=917&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+%28reprint%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-236-15490-6&rft.au=Ainsztein%2C+Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-1mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Treblinka%2B25%252C000%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerstein-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerstein_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangowski,_Jürgen2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langowski, Jürgen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ns-archiv.de/verfolgung/gerstein/gerstein-bericht.php">"Der Gerstein-Bericht"</a> [Gerstein Report by Obersturmführer Kurt Gerstein]. Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus (in German). NS-Archiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910222434/http://www.ns-archiv.de/verfolgung/gerstein/gerstein-bericht.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2013. <q>Original text of the <a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a> signed at Tübingen (Württemberg), Gartenstraße 24, den 4. Mai 1945. Gerstein betrayed the SS and sought to leak information about the Holocaust to the Allies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dokumente+zum+Nationalsozialismus&rft.atitle=Der+Gerstein-Bericht&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Langowski%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ns-archiv.de%2Fverfolgung%2Fgerstein%2Fgerstein-bericht.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1981967–968-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1981967–968_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1981">Shirer 1981</a>, pp. 967–968: Affidavit 5 April 1946 (Hoess, Nuremberg). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee1988244-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlee1988244_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlee1988">Klee 1988</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajzman1945U.S._Congress_130-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRajzman1945">Rajzman 1945</a>, U.S. Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011102-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011102_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zawodny-77-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Zawodny-77_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZawodny1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_K._Zawodny" title="Janusz K. Zawodny">Zawodny, Janusz K.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27886543">Death in the Forest: The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre</a>. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 15, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00849-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00849-9"><bdi>978-0-268-00849-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605002045/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27886543">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Forest%3A+The+Story+of+the+Katyn+Forest+Massacre&rft.pages=15%2C+77&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-268-00849-9&rft.aulast=Zawodny&rft.aufirst=Janusz+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D27886543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn_eng_katyn-133"><a href="#cite_ref-ipn_eng_katyn_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKużniar-Plota2004" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/2/77/Decision_to_commence_investigation_into_Katyn_Massacre.html">"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre"</a> (Press release). Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+to+commence+investigation+into+Katyn+Massacre&rft.pub=Departmental+Commission+for+the+Prosecution+of+Crimes+against+the+Polish+Nation&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%BCniar-Plota&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fen%2F2%2F77%2FDecision_to_commence_investigation_into_Katyn_Massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987300–301-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987300–301_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-nizkor.org-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nizkor.org_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nizkor.org_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923030356/http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html">"First Treblinka Trial"</a>. Excerpts From Judgments. Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations. 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Excerpts+From+Judgments&rft.atitle=First+Treblinka+Trial&rft.date=1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Ffaqs%2Freinhard%2Freinhard-faq-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> Source: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Donat" title="Alexander Donat">Donat, Alexander</a> (1979), The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary, New York, pp. 296–316. Decision of the Düsseldorf County Court (AZ-LG Düsseldorf: II-931638, p. 49 ff.) in translation </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011104–105-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011104–105_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011104–105_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik194513-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik194513_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik194513_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiernik1945">Wiernik 1945</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945chapt._13-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiernik1945chapt._13_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiernik1945">Wiernik 1945</a>, chapt. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201191-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201191_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201191_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rescue-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Rescue_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1987" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb">The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War</a>. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0348-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-0348-7"><bdi>0-8050-0348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+the+Jews+of+Europe+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8050-0348-7&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory0000gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Procknow-35-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Procknow-35_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProcknow2011" class="citation book cs1">Procknow, Gregory (2011). Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers. Francis & Bernard Publishing. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9868374-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9868374-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9868374-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recruiting+and+Training+Genocidal+Soldiers&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Francis+%26+Bernard+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9868374-0-1&rft.aulast=Procknow&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198721-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad198721_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillenberg1989158-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillenberg1989158_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillenberg1989">Willenberg 1989</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning201752-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning201752_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2017">Browning 2017</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad198745–46-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad198745–46_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Peter (Spring 2011). "Foot Soldiers of the Final Solution: The Trawniki Training Camp and Operation Reinhard". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 25 (1). 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka/treblinkarememberme.html">"Alphabetical Listing of [better known] Treblinka Survivors and Victims"</a>. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team H.E.A.R.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019021234/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka/treblinkarememberme.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabetical+Listing+of+%5Bbetter+known%5D+Treblinka+Survivors+and+Victims&rft.pub=Holocaust+Education+%26+Archive+Research+Team+H.E.A.R.T&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Archer%2C+Noah+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Far%2Ftreblinka%2Ftreblinkarememberme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> Also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922022111/http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?Itemid=48&id=48&option=com_content&task=view">The list of Treblinka survivors, with expert commentary in Polish</a>. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896040097" title="Special:BookSources/0896040097"><bdi>0896040097</bdi></a>. Source of data: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Donat" title="Alexander Donat">Donat</a> (1979), The death camp Treblinka. New York, pp. 279–291. 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Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>Source: Arad, Donat, Sereny et al.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treblinka+Death+Camp&rft.atitle=The+Removal+of+Dr+Eberl+and+the+Re-Organisation+of+the+Camp+%E2%80%93+August+1942&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Webb%2C+Chris&rft.au=Smart%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Far%2Ftreblinka%2Fcamprestructure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny201398-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny201398_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSereny2013">Sereny 2013</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny2013157-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny2013157_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSereny2013">Sereny 2013</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987186-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987186_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987186_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201196_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wistrich-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich_198-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Robert S. Wistrich</a>. Who's Who in Nazi Germany, pp. 295–296. Macmillan, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190section_2-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190section_2_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 90, section 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Claude Lanzmann (director, <a href="/wiki/Shoah_(film)" title="Shoah (film)">Shoah</a>, New Yorker Films, 1985, DVD disc 3, ch. 1; Claude Lanzmann, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust, New York: Pantheon Books, 1985, 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> For more about the song, see Erin McGlothlin, "The Voice of the Perpetrator, the Voices of the Survivors", in Erin Heather McGlothlin, Jennifer M. Kapczynski (eds.), Persistent Legacy: The Holocaust and German Studies, Rochester: Campden House, 2016, 40–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-perp-202"><a href="#cite_ref-perp_202-0">^</a> Suchomel's lyrics in German: "Wir kennen nur das Wort des Kommandanten / und nur Gehorsamkeit und Pflicht / Wir wollen weiter, weiter leisten / bis daß das kleine Glück uns einmal winkt. Hurrah!" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_Brumlik1986" class="citation web cs1">Von Brumlik, Micha (17 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13518094.html">"Der zähe Schaum der Verdrängung"</a>. Der Spiegel. Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924235014/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13518094.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Der+z%C3%A4he+Schaum+der+Verdr%C3%A4ngung&rft.date=1986-02-17&rft.aulast=Von+Brumlik&rft.aufirst=Micha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-13518094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb,_Chris2007" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/arperpsspeak.html">"The Perpetrators Speak"</a>. Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka Death Camps. H.E.A.R.T HolocaustResearchProject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906021944/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/arperpsspeak.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belzec%2C+Sobibor+%26+Treblinka+Death+Camps&rft.atitle=The+Perpetrators+Speak&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Webb%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Far%2Farperpsspeak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201190_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987371-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987371_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berliner/Biala-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Berliner/Biala_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein,_JoelWebb,_Chris" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Joel; Webb, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/berliner.html">"Meir Berliner – A Brave act of Resistance at Treblinka – Revolt & Resistance"</a>. Treblinka. HolocaustResearchProject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170811004455/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/berliner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treblinka&rft.atitle=Meir+Berliner+%E2%80%93+A+Brave+act+of+Resistance+at+Treblinka+%E2%80%93+Revolt+%26+Resistance&rft.au=Stein%2C+Joel&rft.au=Webb%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Frevolt%2Fberliner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> Also in: <a href="#CITEREFBryant2014">Bryant (2014)</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRP-HS-206"><a href="#cite_ref-HRP-HS_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein,_JoelWebb,_Chris" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Joel; Webb, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/survivor/sperling.html">"Hershl Sperling – Personal Testimony of the Treblinka Death Camp"</a>. Treblinka. 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Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treblinka&rft.atitle=Hershl+Sperling+%E2%80%93+Personal+Testimony+of+the+Treblinka+Death+Camp&rft.au=Stein%2C+Joel&rft.au=Webb%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fsurvivor%2Fsperling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> Also in: <a href="#CITEREFBryant2014">Bryant (2014)</a>, p. 103, testimonies of Jakob Jakubowicz and Leo Lewi in Düsseldorf, 1964. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201186-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201186_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201186_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201149-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201149_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987373–375-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987373–375_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, pp. 373–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201130graph_1-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik201130graph_1_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 30, graph 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011402-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011402_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rytel-Andrianik/Prostyń-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Rytel-Andrianik/Prostyń_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRytel-Andrianik2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034718/http://parafia-prostyn.drohiczyn.opoka.org.pl/ktrojca2.html">"Kościoły Św.Trójcy"</a>. Historia parafii Prostyń [History of Prostyń congregation] (in Polish). Drohiczyn Learned Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parafia-prostyn.drohiczyn.opoka.org.pl/ktrojca2.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+parafii+Prosty%C5%84+%5BHistory+of+Prosty%C5%84+congregation%5D&rft.atitle=Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y+%C5%9Aw.Tr%C3%B3jcy&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rytel-Andrianik&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparafia-prostyn.drohiczyn.opoka.org.pl%2Fktrojca2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946406-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946406_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman1946">Grossman 1946</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946402-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman1946402_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman1946">Grossman 1946</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011378-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011378_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011416,_418-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011416,_418_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, pp. 416, 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011117-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011117_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011117_217-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011118-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011118_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcuse-Genre-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcuse-Genre_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse,_Harold2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marcuse, Harold (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/histpublications/files/07917-2010marcuseahrforumholocaustmemorialsgenre.pdf">"Holocaust Memorials: The Emergence of a Genre"</a> (PDF file, direct download 26.3 MB). American Historical Review: 35–36 of current PDF document. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220140057/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/histpublications/files/07917-2010marcuseahrforumholocaustmemorialsgenre.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013. <q>Beginning with the Buchenwald memorial and numerous designs for the Birkenau competition, and continuing with the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_des_Martyrs_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation">Île de la Cité</a> in Paris, Treblinka, and Yad Vashem near Jerusalem, such experiential spaces have become a hallmark of major Holocaust memorials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Memorials%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Genre&rft.pages=35-36+of+current+PDF+document&rft.date=2010-02&rft.au=Marcuse%2C+Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Fprojects%2Fhistpublications%2Ffiles%2F07917-2010marcuseahrforumholocaustmemorialsgenre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011121-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011121_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005434-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005434_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman2005">Grossman 2005</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005457-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman2005457_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman2005">Grossman 2005</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011113-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011113_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011">Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011</a>, p. 113: Ryszard Czarkowski, Cieniom Treblinki [To Shadows of Treblinka], Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-07724-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-07724-X">83-11-07724-X</a>; and Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz, "Obóz zagłady Treblinka," in: Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, I, 1946, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS.D._Stein2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">S.D. Stein, ed. (2 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008222717/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/gcpoltreb1.htm">"The Treblinka Extermination Camp"</a>. Source: German Crimes in Poland. Volume I. Published by the Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. Warsaw, 1946. HLSS Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+German+Crimes+in+Poland.+Volume+I.+Published+by+the+Central+Commission+for+Investigation+of+German+Crimes+in+Poland.+Warsaw%2C+1946&rft.atitle=The+Treblinka+Extermination+Camp&rft.date=2000-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2Fgenocide%2Fgcpoltreb1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonat197914-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonat197914_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonat197914_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonat1979">Donat 1979</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ząbecki_1977-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Ząbecki_1977_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZąbecki1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Ząbecki, Franciszek</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130820031136/http://www.swistak.pl/a6143172,Wspomnienia-dawne-i-nowe-Franciszek-Zabecki.html">Wspomnienia dawne i nowe</a> [Old and New Memories] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX</a>. p. 148. PB 7495/77. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. <q>Book description with digitized text samples at Swistak.pl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wspomnienia+dawne+i+nowe&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=PAX&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Z%C4%85becki&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swistak.pl%2Fa6143172%2CWspomnienia-dawne-i-nowe-Franciszek-Zabecki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiścicki-MHP-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiścicki-MHP_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiścicki,_Tomasz2013" class="citation web cs1">Wiścicki, Tomasz (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzhp.pl/artykuly/1059/stacja-tuz-obok-piekla-treblinka-w-relacji-franciszka-zabeckiego.html">"Stacja tuż obok piekła. Treblinka w relacji Franciszka Ząbeckiego"</a> [Train station to hell. Treblinka retold by Franciszek Ząbecki]. Muzeum Historii Polski (Museum of Polish history). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052152/http://www.muzhp.pl/artykuly/1059/stacja-tuz-obok-piekla-treblinka-w-relacji-franciszka-zabeckiego.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013. <q>Source: <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a>, "Wspomnienia dawne i nowe", Pax Publishing, Warsaw 1977</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stacja+tu%C5%BC+obok+piek%C5%82a.+Treblinka+w+relacji+Franciszka+Z%C4%85beckiego&rft.pub=Muzeum+Historii+Polski+%28Museum+of+Polish+history%29&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.au=Wi%C5%9Bcicki%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzhp.pl%2Fartykuly%2F1059%2Fstacja-tuz-obok-piekla-treblinka-w-relacji-franciszka-zabeckiego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabecki-Treblinka-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zabecki-Treblinka_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zabecki-Treblinka_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS.J._C.L._H.E.A.R.T2007" class="citation web cs1">S.J. C.L. H.E.A.R.T (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/zabecki.html">"Franciszek Zabecki – The Station Master at Treblinka. Eyewitness to the Revolt – 2 August 1943"</a>. H.E.A.R.T. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325042843/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/zabecki.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H.E.A.R.T&rft.atitle=Franciszek+Zabecki+%E2%80%93+The+Station+Master+at+Treblinka.+Eyewitness+to+the+Revolt+%E2%80%93+2+August+1943&rft.date=2007&rft.au=S.J.+C.L.+H.E.A.R.T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Frevolt%2Fzabecki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ministry-231"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ministry_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBet_ha-mishpaṭ_ha-meḥozi_(Jerusalem)1994" class="citation book cs1">Bet ha-mishpaṭ ha-meḥozi (Jerusalem) (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JDjAAAAMAAJ&q=5%2C000+train+per+day">The trial of Adolf Eichmann: record of proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem, Volume 5</a>. Trust for the Publ. of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial. p. 2158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652790149" title="Special:BookSources/9789652790149"><bdi>9789652790149</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212729/https://books.google.com/books?id=-JDjAAAAMAAJ&q=5%2C000+train+per+day">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trial+of+Adolf+Eichmann%3A+record+of+proceedings+in+the+District+Court+of+Jerusalem%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=2158&rft.pub=Trust+for+the+Publ.+of+the+Proceedings+of+the+Eichmann+Trial&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789652790149&rft.au=Bet+ha-mishpa%E1%B9%AD+ha-me%E1%B8%A5ozi+%28Jerusalem%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JDjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D5%252C000%2Btrain%2Bper%2Bday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_EducationArchive_Research_Team2007" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017001752/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinka/trebdocs.html">"Documents Related to the Treblinka Death Camp"</a>. Holocaust Research Project.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinka/trebdocs.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014. <q>Bundesarchiv – Fahrplanordnung 567.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+Related+to+the+Treblinka+Death+Camp&rft.pub=Holocaust+Research+Project.org&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Holocaust+Education&rft.au=Archive+Research+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.net%2Far%2Ftreblinka%2Ftrebdocs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grzesik-Lublin_2011-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Grzesik-Lublin_2011_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrzesik,_Julian2011" class="citation web cs1">Grzesik, Julian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150246/http://alija.4me.pl/pdf/PK-%20%20Zaglada%20Zydow.pdf">"Holocaust – Zaglada Zydów (1939–1945)"</a> (PDF). Liber Duo S.C. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alija.4me.pl/pdf/PK-%20%20Zaglada%20Zydow.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2013. <q>Source: Ząbecki, Franciszek, "Wspomnienia dawne i nowe", Warszawa 1977. s. 94–95</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+%E2%80%93+Zaglada+Zyd%C3%B3w+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Liber+Duo+S.C.&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Grzesik%2C+Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falija.4me.pl%2Fpdf%2FPK-%2520%2520Zaglada%2520Zydow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotr-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotr_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotr_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Ząbecki2013" class="citation web cs1">Piotr Ząbecki (12 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219001325/http://zyciesiedleckie.pl/zyciowe-sprawy/7509-byl-skromnym-czlowiekiem">"Był skromnym człowiekiem"</a> [He was a humble man]. Życie Siedleckie. p. 21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zyciesiedleckie.pl/zyciowe-sprawy/7509-byl-skromnym-czlowiekiem#">the original</a> on 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+skromnym+cz%C5%82owiekiem&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=%C5%BBycie+Siedleckie&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.au=Piotr+Z%C4%85becki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzyciesiedleckie.pl%2Fzyciowe-sprawy%2F7509-byl-skromnym-czlowiekiem%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987223-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987223_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987223_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-HöfleTelegram-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HöfleTelegram_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HöfleTelegram_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitteTyas2001" class="citation journal cs1">Witte, Peter; Tyas, Stephen (Winter 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F15.3.468">"A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essays+and+Articles&rft.atitle=The+ZWZ-AK+Bureau+of+Information+and+Propaganda&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Grzegorz+Mazur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F13%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2012note_53-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2012note_53_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2012">Snyder 2012</a>, note 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-d'Història-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d'Història_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d'Història_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoca2010" class="citation web cs1">Roca, Xavier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/HMiC/article/download/186946/243582">"Comparative Efficacy of the Extermination Methods in Auschwitz and Operation Reinhard"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 7 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revista+HMiC%2C+vol.+VIII&rft.atitle=Comparative+Efficacy+of+the+Extermination+Methods+in+Auschwitz+and+Operation+Reinhard&rft.pages=p.+202+%284%2F15+in+current+document%29&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1696-4403&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2FHMiC%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F186946%2F243582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny201312-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny201312_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSereny2013">Sereny 2013</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berenbaum, Michael. "Treblinka". 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Retrieved 29 July 2014. <q>The total number of victims killed in Treblinka was 850,000 (Yitzhak Arad, Treblinka, Hell and Revolt, Tel Aviv, 1983, pp 261–265.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operation+Reinhard%3A+Extermination+Camps+of+Belzec%2C+Sobibor+and+Treblinka&rft.atitle=The+%22Final+Solution%22&rft.au=Kenneth+McVay&rft.au=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Freinhard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/this_month/resources/treblinka.asp">"Treblinka"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treblinka%3A+Revealing+the+hidden+graves+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.date=2012-01-22&rft.aulast=Sturdy+Colls&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16657363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oszczęda-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Oszczęda_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOszczęda2008" class="citation web cs1">Oszczęda, Waldemar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403033029/http://opoczno.republika.pl/bajka.htm">"How it was with the Opoczno 'treasures'"</a> [Jak to z opoczyńskimi "skarbami" było]. Source: B. & Wł. Baranowski, J. 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Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+B.+%26+W%C5%82.+Baranowski%2C+J.+Kolo%C5%84ski+%281970%29%2C+%22Katalog+zabytk%C3%B3w+budownictwa+przemys%C5%82owego+w+Polsce%22%2C+PAN&rft.atitle=How+it+was+with+the+Opoczno+%27treasures%27&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Oszcz%C4%99da&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopoczno.republika.pl%2Fbajka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Budziński-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Budziński_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Budziński2009" class="citation web cs1">Paweł Budziński (22 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opoczno-top.pl/artykul,Towarzystwo_Akcyjne_Dziewulski_i_Lange,1781.html">"Towarzystwo Akcyjne Dziewulski i Lange"</a>. "Z rozwoju przemysłu ceramicznego. Dwie fabryki Tow. Akc. Dziewulski i Lange." Świat, nr 1/1908. Tygodnik Opoczyński TOP nr 51 (650) weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415060349/http://www.opoczno-top.pl/artykul,Towarzystwo_Akcyjne_Dziewulski_i_Lange,1781.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Z+rozwoju+przemys%C5%82u+ceramicznego.+Dwie+fabryki+Tow.+Akc.+Dziewulski+i+Lange.%22+%C5%9Awiat%2C+nr+1%2F1908&rft.atitle=Towarzystwo+Akcyjne+Dziewulski+i+Lange&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Budzi%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opoczno-top.pl%2Fartykul%2CTowarzystwo_Akcyjne_Dziewulski_i_Lange%2C1781.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News-2014-267"><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News-2014_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2014" class="citation web cs1">Boyle, Alan (29 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/archaeologists-delicately-dig-nazi-death-camp-secrets-treblinka-n66241">"Archaeologists Delicately Dig Up Nazi Death Camp Secrets at Treblinka"</a>. NBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221406/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/archaeologists-delicately-dig-nazi-death-camp-secrets-treblinka-n66241">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+Delicately+Dig+Up+Nazi+Death+Camp+Secrets+at+Treblinka&rft.pub=NBC&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Farchaeologists-delicately-dig-nazi-death-camp-secrets-treblinka-n66241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCh-youtube-268"><a href="#cite_ref-SCh-youtube_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVbmDfTv1nc">Treblinka: Hitler's Killing Machine: Excavating a Secret Gas Chamber</a> (YouTube video, 4.52 minutes). Smithsonian Channel. 25 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aVbmDfTv1nc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treblinka%3A+Hitler%27s+Killing+Machine%3A+Excavating+a+Secret+Gas+Chamber&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Channel&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaVbmDfTv1nc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappas2014-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Pappas2014_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPappas2014" class="citation news cs1">Pappas, Stephanie (31 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/nazi-death-camp-treblinka-excavated-archaeologists_n_5062114.html">"First Excavation Of Nazi Death Camp Treblinka Reveals New Horrors"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331193835/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/nazi-death-camp-treblinka-excavated-archaeologists_n_5062114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=First+Excavation+Of+Nazi+Death+Camp+Treblinka+Reveals+New+Horrors&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F03%2F31%2Fnazi-death-camp-treblinka-excavated-archaeologists_n_5062114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.S.K.2009" class="citation web cs1">J.S.K. (23 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211653/http://mazowieckie.pl/pl/aktualnosci/aktualnosci/5278,Marsz-Zywych-w-Treblince.html">"Marsz Żywych w Treblince"</a>. Aktualności. Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mazowieckie.pl/pl/aktualnosci/aktualnosci/5278,Marsz-Zywych-w-Treblince.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aktualno%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=Marsz+%C5%BBywych+w+Treblince&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.au=J.S.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmazowieckie.pl%2Fpl%2Faktualnosci%2Faktualnosci%2F5278%2CMarsz-Zywych-w-Treblince.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMWiMT2009" class="citation web cs1">MWiMT (29 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?searchword=Marsz&option=com_search&Itemid=">"13. Marsz Żywych"</a>. 16–26 kwietnia około 4 tysięcy młodych Żydów z różnych krajów świata odwiedziło Treblinkę. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa Treblinka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122336/http://www.treblinka.bho.pl/index.php?searchword=Marsz&option=com_search&Itemid=">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=16%E2%80%9326+kwietnia+oko%C5%82o+4+tysi%C4%99cy+m%C5%82odych+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w+z+r%C3%B3%C5%BCnych+kraj%C3%B3w+%C5%9Bwiata+odwiedzi%C5%82o+Treblink%C4%99&rft.atitle=13.+Marsz+%C5%BBywych&rft.date=2009-04-29&rft.au=MWiMT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treblinka.bho.pl%2Findex.php%3Fsearchword%3DMarsz%26option%3Dcom_search%26Itemid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSławomir_Tomaszewski2014" class="citation web cs1">Sławomir Tomaszewski (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812223337/http://zyciesiedleckie.pl/zyciowe-sprawy/8400">"Marsz Żywych w Treblince"</a> [March of the Living in Treblinka]. Sokołów Podlaski. Życie Siedleckie.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zyciesiedleckie.pl/zyciowe-sprawy/8400">the original</a> on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soko%C5%82%C3%B3w+Podlaski&rft.atitle=Marsz+%C5%BBywych+w+Treblince&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.au=S%C5%82awomir+Tomaszewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzyciesiedleckie.pl%2Fzyciowe-sprawy%2F8400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt20003,_92-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlatt20003,_92_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlatt2000">Blatt 2000</a>, pp. 3, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200010-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlatt200010_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlatt2000">Blatt 2000</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200014-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlatt200014_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlatt200014_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlatt2000">Blatt 2000</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlatt200019-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlatt200019_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlatt2000">Blatt 2000</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chodzko-list-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Chodzko-list_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChodzko,_Mieczyslaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Chodzko, Mieczyslaw (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Szbrk6rrYUC&q=%22Willi+Post%22%2C&pg=PA216">Évadé de Treblinka</a>. Editions Le Manuscrit. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-304-23223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-304-23223-3"><bdi>978-2-304-23223-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814191235/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Szbrk6rrYUC&q=%22Willi+Post%22%2C&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89vad%C3%A9+de+Treblinka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Editions+Le+Manuscrit&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-304-23223-3&rft.au=Chodzko%2C+Mieczyslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Szbrk6rrYUC%26q%3D%2522Willi%2BPost%2522%252C%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-278"><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/treblinkatest.html">"Excerpts from testimonies of Nazi SS-men at Treblinka: Stangl, Mentz, Franz & Matthes"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526104419/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/treblinkatest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>Source: Yitzhak Arad 1987; E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess 1988 (The Good Old Days)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+testimonies+of+Nazi+SS-men+at+Treblinka%3A+Stangl%2C+Mentz%2C+Franz+%26+Matthes&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Ftreblinkatest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1987121-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1987121_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArad1987">Arad 1987</a>, p. 121. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArad1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Arad, Yitzhak</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belzecsobibortre00arad">Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253342937" title="Special:BookSources/0253342937"><bdi>0253342937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belzec%2C+Sobibor%2C+Treblinka%3A+The+Operation+Reinhard+Death+Camps&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0253342937&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelzecsobibortre00arad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArad2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Arad, Yitzhak</a> (2018). The Operation Reinhard Death Camps: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka (Revised and expanded ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253025302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253025302"><bdi>978-0253025302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operation+Reinhard+Death+Camps%3A+Belzec%2C+Sobibor%2C+Treblinka&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0253025302&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher</a> (2017) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4ztAAAAMAAJ&q=Streibel+Soviet+auxiliaries">Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland</a>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 52, 77, 79, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060190132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060190132"><bdi>978-0060190132</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003114103/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4ztAAAAMAAJ&q=Streibel+Soviet+auxiliaries">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Men%3A+Reserve+Police+Battalion+101+and+the+Final+Solution+in+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52%2C+77%2C+79%2C+80&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0060190132&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4ztAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DStreibel%2BSoviet%2Bauxiliaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlatt2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blatt" title="Thomas Blatt">Blatt, Thomas Toivi</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk8tAQAAIAAJ">Sobibor: The Forgotten Revolt</a>. H.E.P. pp. 3, 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9649442-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9649442-0-0"><bdi>0-9649442-0-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814021155/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk8tAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sobibor%3A+The+Forgotten+Revolt&rft.pages=3%2C+92&rft.pub=H.E.P.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9649442-0-0&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Toivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJk8tAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-j7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955–1966</a>. University of Tennessee Press. pp. 100–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621900498" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621900498"><bdi>978-1621900498</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003114112/https://books.google.com/books?id=k-j7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+to+Genocide%3A+The+Operation+Reinhard+Death+Camp+Trials%2C+1955%E2%80%931966&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1621900498&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-j7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourt_of_Assizes1965" class="citation cs2">Court of Assizes (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628050659/http://shamash.org/holocaust/denial/treblinka.txt">Excerpts from Judgments (Urteilsbegründung)</a>, Düsseldorf: shamash.org, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamash.org/holocaust/denial/treblinka.txt">the original</a> on 28 June 2016, retrieved 8 September 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excerpts+from+Judgments+%28Urteilsbegr%C3%BCndung%29&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pub=shamash.org&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Court+of+Assizes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamash.org%2Fholocaust%2Fdenial%2Ftreblinka.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCywiński2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Cywi%C5%84ski" title="Piotr Cywiński">Cywiński, Piotr</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diapositive.pl/treblinka.htm">"Treblinka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute" title="Adam Mickiewicz Institute">Adam Mickiewicz Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111429/http://www.diapositive.pl/treblinka.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treblinka&rft.pub=Adam+Mickiewicz+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cywi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diapositive.pl%2Ftreblinka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Cywi%C5%84ski" title="Piotr Cywiński">Cywiński, Piotr M. A.</a> (2013) [2009]. Gideon; Bielawski, Krzysztof; Shalom, Yarek; Ciechomska, Anita; Płoszaj, Margaret; Rusiniak-Karwat, Martyn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201332/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/treblinka/13,miejsca-martyrologii/1174/?ver=32233">"Miejsce Martyrologii Żydów w Treblince"</a> [Place of Jewish Martyrology at Treblinka]. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/treblinka/13,miejsca-martyrologii/1174/?ver=32233">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Shtetl&rft.atitle=Miejsce+Martyrologii+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w+w+Treblince&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cywi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr+M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztetl.org.pl%2Fpl%2Farticle%2Ftreblinka%2F13%2Cmiejsca-martyrologii%2F1174%2F%3Fver%3D32233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonat1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Donat" title="Alexander Donat">Donat, Alexander</a> (1979). The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-5008-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-5008-5"><bdi>0-8052-5008-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Camp+Treblinka%3A+A+Documentary&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8052-5008-5&rft.aulast=Donat&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_Trilogy" title="The Third Reich Trilogy">The Third Reich at War</a>. 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Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29879-3"><bdi>0-313-29879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-29879-3&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KaCGDUys50C&pg=PP1">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945</a>. HarperCollins. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-198000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-198000-8"><bdi>978-0-06-198000-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025139/https://books.google.com/books?id=7KaCGDUys50C&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. 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Beevor, Antony; Vinogradova, Luba (eds.). A Writer At War. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42458-7"><bdi>978-0-307-42458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Writer+At+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42458-7&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Hilberg, Raul</a> (2003) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HinIpmliz2MC&pg=PA948">The Destruction of the European Jews</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press: Third edition. Vol. I, II, and III. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300095929" title="Special:BookSources/0300095929"><bdi>0300095929</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003114139/https://books.google.com/books?id=HinIpmliz2MC&pg=PA948">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. 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New York: The Free Press: Konecky Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56852-133-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56852-133-2"><bdi>1-56852-133-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144700/http://books.google.com/books?id=ACWKeRF49UYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Old+Days%3A+the+Holocaust+as+Seen+by+Its+Perpetrators+and+Bystanders&rft.place=New+York%3A+The+Free+Press&rft.pub=Konecky+Konecky&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-56852-133-2&rft.aulast=Klee&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACWKeRF49UYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kop%C3%B3wka" title="Edward Kopówka">Kopówka, Edward</a>; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf">Dam im imię na wieki</a> [I will give them an Everlasting Name] (PDF) (in Polish), Biblioteka Drohiczyńska, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7257-497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7257-497-8"><bdi>978-83-7257-497-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010231757/http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2014, retrieved 16 August 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dam+im+imi%C4%99+na+wieki&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Drohiczy%C5%84ska&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-7257-497-8&rft.aulast=Kop%C3%B3wka&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Rytel-Andrianik%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com%2Fembnp%2Fpages%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F2011-09%2Fdam_ime_na_wieki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Levy" title="Alan Levy">Levy, Alan</a> (2002). Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File. London: Constable & Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-607-7"><bdi>978-1-84119-607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Hunter%3A+The+Wiesenthal+File&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-607-7&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2"><bdi>978-93-297-0037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+SS+and+German+Police%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+CA&rft.pub=R.+James+Bender&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-93-297-0037-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rees, Laurence (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/about/transcripts_3.html">"Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Factories of Death"</a>, BBC History of World War II, vol. Episode 3, KCET, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120112154/http://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/about/transcripts_3.html">archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020, retrieved 17 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+of+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Auschwitz%3A+Inside+the+Nazi+State.+Factories+of+Death&rft.volume=Episode+3&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fauschwitz%2Fabout%2Ftranscripts_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajzman1945" class="citation cs2">Rajzman, Samuel (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603181612/http://holocaust-history.org/operation-reinhard/uprising-in-treblinka.shtml">Uprising in Treblinka</a>, American House Committee on Foreign Affairs (courtesy of holocaust-history.org), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaust-history.org/operation-reinhard/uprising-in-treblinka.shtml">the original</a> on 3 June 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uprising+in+Treblinka&rft.pub=American+House+Committee+on+Foreign+Affairs+%28courtesy+of+holocaust-history.org%29&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Rajzman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaust-history.org%2Foperation-reinhard%2Fuprising-in-treblinka.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRückerl1972" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rückerl, Adalbert (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K23zAAAAMAAJ">NS-Prozesse</a> (in German), Karlsruhe, Germany: Verlag C F Muller, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3788020156" title="Special:BookSources/978-3788020156"><bdi>978-3788020156</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025140/https://books.google.com/books?id=K23zAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022, retrieved 20 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NS-Prozesse&rft.place=Karlsruhe%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+C+F+Muller&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-3788020156&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCckerl&rft.aufirst=Adalbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK23zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSereny2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IshTvCJsgZQC">Into That Darkness: From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-4967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-4967-7"><bdi>978-1-4464-4967-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819125012/https://books.google.com/books?id=IshTvCJsgZQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+That+Darkness%3A+From+Mercy+Killing+to+Mass+Murder&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-4967-7&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIshTvCJsgZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirer1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-62420-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-62420-2"><bdi>0-671-62420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-671-62420-2&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcyygAACAAJ">Treblinka Survivor: The Life and Death of Hershl Sperling</a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5618-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-5618-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123072616/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcyygAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treblinka+Survivor%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+Hershl+Sperling&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5618-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQcyygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCP6WKJwVr8C">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03147-4"><bdi>978-0-465-03147-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416053416/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCP6WKJwVr8C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03147-4&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCP6WKJwVr8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS.J._H.E.A.R.T2007" class="citation cs2">S.J. H.E.A.R.T (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802080640/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/treblinkatrial.html">The Treblinka Death Camp Trials</a>, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/treblinkatrial.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2012, retrieved 8 September 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treblinka+Death+Camp+Trials&rft.pub=Holocaust+Education+%26+Archive+Research+Team&rft.date=2007&rft.au=S.J.+H.E.A.R.T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Ftrials%2Ftreblinkatrial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_Justice1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516184820/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/10/10.F3d.338.85-3435.html">From the Record of Interrogation of the Defendant Pavel Vladimirovich Leleko</a>, Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, Appendix 3: 144/179, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/10/10.F3d.338.85-3435.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2010, retrieved 3 November 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Record+of+Interrogation+of+the+Defendant+Pavel+Vladimirovich+Leleko&rft.pages=Appendix+3%3A+144%2F179&rft.pub=Court+of+Appeals%2C+Sixth+Circuit&rft.date=1994&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulk.resource.org%2Fcourts.gov%2Fc%2FF3%2F10%2F10.F3d.338.85-3435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"> Original: the Fourth Department of the <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> Directorate of Counterintelligence of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front" title="2nd Belorussian Front">2nd Belorussian Front</a>, USSR (1978). Acquired by OSI in 1994</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2014" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0ZBQAAQBAJ">The Treblinka Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-0546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-0546-5"><bdi>978-3-8382-0546-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023181323/https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0ZBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treblinka+Death+Camp%3A+History%2C+Biographies%2C+Remembrance&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-0546-5&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmV0ZBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebbChocholatý2014" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Chris; Chocholatý, Michal (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">The Treblinka Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3838205465" title="Special:BookSources/978-3838205465"><bdi>978-3838205465</bdi></a>. Forest and Camouflage Brigades (Waldkommando & Tarnungskommando). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003114238/https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treblinka+Death+Camp%3A+History%2C+Biographies%2C+Remembrance&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3838205465&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Chocholat%C3%BD%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmV0ZBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebbLisciotto2007" class="citation cs2">Webb, Chris; Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414232216/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka.html">Treblinka Death Camp History</a>, H.E.A.R.T – Holocaust & Education Archive Research Team, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2013, retrieved 10 September 2013, <q>Source: Arad, Hilberg, Donat, Sereny, Willenberg, Glazar, Chrostowski, and Encyclopaedia of The Holocaust.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treblinka+Death+Camp+History&rft.pub=H.E.A.R.T+%E2%80%93+Holocaust+%26+Education+Archive+Research+Team&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Lisciotto%2C+Carmelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Far%2Ftreblinka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinfeld2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weinfeld, Roman (May–June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/172115010/Jedno-tylko-%C5%BCycie-%E2%80%93-Berek-Lajcher-by-Roman-Weinfeld">"Jedno tylko życie – Berek Lajcher"</a> [One only life – Berek Lajcher]. Midrasz (in Polish). 173 (3). Warsaw: 36–43. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midrasz&rft.atitle=Jedno+tylko+%C5%BCycie+%E2%80%93+Berek+Lajcher&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2013-05%2F2013-06&rft.aulast=Weinfeld&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F172115010%2FJedno-tylko-%25C5%25BCycie-%25E2%2580%2593-Berek-Lajcher-by-Roman-Weinfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiernik1945" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Wiernik, Jankiel</a> (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zchor.org/treblink/wiernik.htm">"A year in Treblinka"</a>, Verbatim translation from Yiddish, American Representation of the General Jewish Workers' Union of Poland, Fourteen chapters; digitized by Zchor.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121165414/http://www.zchor.org/treblink/wiernik.htm">archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017, retrieved 24 August 2013, <q>The first ever published <a href="/wiki/Eye-witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye-witness">eye-witness</a> report by an escaped prisoner of the camp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verbatim+translation+from+Yiddish&rft.atitle=A+year+in+Treblinka&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Wiernik&rft.aufirst=Jankiel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zchor.org%2Ftreblink%2Fwiernik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillenberg1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg" title="Samuel Willenberg">Willenberg, Samuel</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mbZAAAAMAAJ&q=Treblinka">Surviving Treblinka</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16261-2"><bdi>978-0-631-16261-2</bdi></a>. Google Books search inside. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025140/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mbZAAAAMAAJ&q=Treblinka">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Treblinka&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16261-2&rft.aulast=Willenberg&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mbZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTreblinka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2007" class="citation cs2">Young, Clancy (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522164956/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinkadaytoday.html">Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day</a>, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, H.E.A.R.T, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinkadaytoday.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2013, retrieved 31 October 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treblinka+Death+Camp+Day-by-Day&rft.pub=Holocaust+Education+%26+Archive+Research+Team%2C+H.E.A.R.T&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Clancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.net%2Far%2Ftreblinkadaytoday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm">Europe: A History</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0"><bdi>0-06-097468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-06-097468-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreblinka+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka.html">Treblinka Death Camp</a> at Holocaust Education Archive & Research Team (HEART)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/treblinka-extermination-camp">Treblinka Extermination Camp</a> at the Jewish Virtual Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ai360.pl/panoramy/936">Virtual tour</a> of Treblinka Extermination Camp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/t/613-treblinka/116-sites-of-martyrdom/51688-treblinka-ii-death-camp">Treblinka Death Camp</a> at the Museum of the History of Polish Jews, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a></li> <li>Chronicles of Terror – Repository (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chroniclesofterror.pl/dlibra/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=62&search_value1=Treblinka+%E2%80%93+extermination+camp">Original depositions of Polish citizens who testified before the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland after World War II</a> including former <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a> prisoners, bystanders, and Jews who escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust trains</a> to Treblinka. Center for Totalitarian Studies, Warsaw. (in Polish and English)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template talk:Treblinka extermination camp"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treblinka extermination camp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treblinka_extermination_camp1925" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treblinka extermination camp</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Treblinka">Timeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_responsible_for_Treblinka_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="List of individuals responsible for Treblinka extermination camp">List of individuals responsible</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Julius_H%C3%B6fle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Julius Höfle">Hermann Julius Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hermann_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwin Hermann Lambert">Erwin Hermann Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolfgang_Thomalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Wolfgang Thomalla">Richard Wolfgang Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a> <ul><li>11 July to 26 August 1942</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Paul_Stangl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Paul Stangl">Franz Paul Stangl</a> <ul><li>1 September 1942 to August 1943</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hubert_Franz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Hubert Franz">Kurt Hubert Franz</a> <ul><li>August to November 1943</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Arthur_Matthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Arthur Matthes">Heinrich Arthur Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_P%C3%B6tzinger" title="Karl Pötzinger">Karl Pötzinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_M%C3%BCnzberger" title="Gustav Münzberger">Gustav Münzberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schmidt_(SS_officer)" title="Fritz Schmidt (SS officer)">Fritz Schmidt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bredow" title="Paul Bredow">Paul Bredow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Floss" title="Herbert Floss">Herbert Floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fritz_Erhard_Fuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Erich Fritz Erhard Fuchs">Erich Fritz Erhard Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hingst" title="Hans Hingst">Hans Hingst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Hirtreiter" title="Josef Hirtreiter">Josef Hirtreiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_K%C3%BCttner" title="Kurt Küttner">Kurt Küttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Mentz" title="Willi Mentz">Willi Mentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Miete" class="mw-redirect" title="August Wilhelm Miete">August Wilhelm Miete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%B6ller_(SS_officer)" title="Max Möller (SS officer)">Max Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stadie" title="Otto Stadie">Otto Stadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stengelin" title="Ernst Stengelin">Ernst Stengelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Suchomel" title="Franz Suchomel">Franz Suchomel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_(Treblinka_guard)" title="Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)">Ivan the Terrible</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a> a</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shalayev" title="Nikolay Shalayev">Nikolay Shalayev</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Trawnikis</a>" a</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Prominent victims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Arndt_(actor)" title="Ernst Arndt (actor)">Ernst Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Breiter" title="Yitzchok Breiter">Yitzchok Breiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_Carneri" title="Amalia Carneri">Amalia Carneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Chor%C4%85%C5%BCycki" title="Julian Chorążycki">Julian Chorążycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finkelstein" title="Samuel Finkelstein">Samuel Finkelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Gold" title="Artur Gold">Artur Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Holcman" title="Ludwik Holcman">Ludwik Holcman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Horovitz" title="Stefanie Horovitz">Stefanie Horovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berek_Lajcher" title="Berek Lajcher">Berek Lajcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryka_%C5%81azowert%C3%B3wna" title="Henryka Łazowertówna">Henryka Łazowertówna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Lerer" title="Yechiel Lerer">Yechiel Lerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Lowy" title="Yitzchak Lowy">Yitzchak Lowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pullman" title="Simon Pullman">Simon Pullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Spigel" title="Natan Spigel">Natan Spigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symche_Trachter" title="Symche Trachter">Symche Trachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Zalcwasser" title="Zygmunt Zalcwasser">Zygmunt Zalcwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidia_Zamenhof" title="Lidia Zamenhof">Lidia Zamenhof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Resistance</li><li>Survivors</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazar" title="Richard Glazar">Richard Glazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Milgrom" class="mw-redirect" title="David Milgrom">David Milgrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chil_Rajchman" title="Chil Rajchman">Chil Rajchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rajzman" title="Samuel Rajzman">Samuel Rajzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Sztajer" title="Chaim Sztajer">Chaim Sztajer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_Taigman" title="Kalman Taigman">Kalman Taigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankiel_Wiernik" title="Jankiel Wiernik">Jankiel Wiernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willenberg" title="Samuel Willenberg">Samuel Willenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Z%C4%85becki" title="Franciszek Ząbecki">Franciszek Ząbecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Aftermath</li><li>Memorials</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman#The_Hell_of_Treblinka" title="Vasily Grossman">The Hell of Treblinka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.3em;padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"><div><div style="padding-left:2px; padding-right:2px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>a Alleged</li> <li>b Numbering 90 to 120</li></ul> </div></div><div style="width:100%;background:white;height:2px;margin:2px 0;"></div><div style="padding-left:2px; padding-right:2px;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Death camps: <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li><li>Treblinka</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland697" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland697" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs">Sonderkommando photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1939" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1939" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152010#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148880117">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/637390/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4254372-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050218">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954059h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954059h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49287901">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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