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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_and_basic_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_and_basic_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants and basic syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_and_basic_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_vowel_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_vowel_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels and vowel diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_vowel_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Syllabic consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Closed syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semivowels_and_their_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semivowels_and_their_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Semivowels and their diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semivowels_and_their_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunct_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunct_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Conjunct consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunct_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murda_and_mahaprana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murda_and_mahaprana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Murda and mahaprana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murda_and_mahaprana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_letters_in_loan_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_letters_in_loan_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Additional letters in loan words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_letters_in_loan_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pepadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pepadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span><i>Pepadan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pepadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Balinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Balinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with Balinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Balinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Usage in other languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_in_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage in other languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sundanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sundanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madurese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madurese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Madurese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madurese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthographical_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographical_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Orthographical guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographical_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Digital collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitized_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitized_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Digitized manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitized_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Javanese script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="जावाई लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जावाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتابة جاوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة جاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aksara Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_javan%C3%A8s" title="Alfabet javanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet javanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanische_Schrift" title="Javanische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Javanische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_javan%C3%A9s" title="Alfabeto javanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto javanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_alfabeto" title="Java alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Java alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="الفبای جاوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_javanaise" title="Écriture javanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture javanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="자와 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="जावाई लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_giavanese" title="Alfabeto giavanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto giavanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Carakan" title="Aksara Carakan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Carakan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="იავური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იავური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Carakan_Madhur%C3%A2" title="Aksara Carakan Madhurâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aksara Carakan Madhurâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Јаванско писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаванско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Jawa" title="Tulisan Jawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ジャワ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk_skrift" title="Javanesisk skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Javanesisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="جاوی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="جاوايي ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاوايي ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_jawajskie" title="Pismo jawajskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo jawajskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Яванское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яванское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavalainen_kirjaimisto" title="Jaavalainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaavalainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk_skrift" title="Javanesisk skrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese script</a>, or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Javanese<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Aksara Jawa</i></span></li><li><span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">Åksårå Jåwå</i></span></li></ul></div><span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Java">ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aksara_Jawa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/220px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/330px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/440px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500s</span> CE – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879704?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Javanese</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese alphabet">Balinese alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Batak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak alphabet">Batak alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin scripts</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lontara_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara alphabet">Lontara alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Java</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(361)</span>, Javanese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Javanese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA980.pdf"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A980</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A9DF</span></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/40px-Javanese_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/60px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/80px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains letters from the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Javanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Javanese characters.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Javanese script</b> (natively known as <i>Aksara Jawa</i>, <i>Hanacaraka</i>, <i>Carakan</i>, and <i>Dentawyanjana</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s traditional scripts developed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. The script is primarily used to write the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese language</a>, but in the course of its development has also been used to write several other regional languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, the regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, as well as the historical languages <a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>. It heavily influenced the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese script</a> from which the system for <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a> developed. Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts from at least the mid-16th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> until the mid-20th century CE, before it was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today, the script is taught in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta Special Region</a> as well as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Java Province">Central Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited function in everyday use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Javanese script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> writing system which consists of 20 to 33 basic letters, depending on the language being written. Like other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>, each letter (called an <i>aksara</i>) represents a syllable with the inherent vowel /a/ or /ɔ/ which can be changed with the placement of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> around the letter. Each letter has a conjunct form called <i>pasangan</i>, which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous letter. Traditionally, the script is written without spaces between words (<i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i>) but is interspersed with a group of decorative <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese script's evolutionary history can be traced fairly well because significant amounts of inscriptional evidence left behind allowed for <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphical</a> studies to be carried out. The oldest root of Javanese script is the <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> script which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> in Southern and Southeast Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries. The Pallava script, in turn, evolved into Kawi script, which was actively used throughout Indonesia's Hindu-Buddhist period between the 8th and 15th centuries. In various parts of Indonesia, Kawi script would then evolve into Indonesia's various traditional scripts, one of them being Javanese script.<sup id="cite_ref-holle_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Javanese script seen today evolved from Kawi script between the 14th and 15th centuries, a period in which Java began to receive significant Islamic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161–162_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161–162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 15th until the mid-20th centuries, Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts spanning a wide range of themes. Javanese script was used throughout the island at a time when there was no easy means of communication between remote areas and no impulse towards standardization. As a result, there is a huge variety of historical and local styles of Javanese writing throughout the ages. The great differences between regional styles make the "Javanese script" appear like a family of scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javanese writing traditions were especially cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">Kraton</a> environment in Javanese cultural centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>. However, Javanese texts are known to be made and used by various layers of society with varying usage intensities between regions. In <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, for example, the script was mainly used by the Sundanese nobility (<i>ménak</i>) due to the political influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most Sundanese people within the same time period more commonly used the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a> which was adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javanese writing tradition also relied on periodic copying due to the deterioration of writing materials in the tropical Javanese climate; as a result, many physical manuscripts that are available now are 18th or 19th century copies, though their contents can usually be traced to far older prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161–162_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161–162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Serat Yusuf</i> in <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">palm leaf</a> (<i>lontar</i>) form, Tropenmuseum collection</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_yusuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg/250px-Serat_yusuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg/375px-Serat_yusuf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Serat Yusuf</i> in paper codex form, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Sonobudoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Sonobudoyo">Museum Sonobudoyo</a> collection</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Javanese script has been written with numerous media that have shifted over time. Kawi script, which is ancestral to Javanese script, is often found on stone inscriptions and copper plates. Everyday writing in Kawi was done in <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">palm leaf form</a> (ocally known as <i>lontar</i>), which are processed leaves of the tal palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Borassus flabellifer</a></i>). Each <i>lontar</i> leaf has the shape of a slim rectangle 2.8 to 4 cm in width and varies in length between 20 and 80 cm. Each leaf can only accommodate around 4 lines of writing, which are incised horizontally with a small knife and then blackened with soot to increase readability. This media has a long history of attested use all over South and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> began to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. This introduction is related to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the region, since Islamic writing traditions were supported by the use of paper and <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> manuscript. As Java began to receive significant Islamic influence in the 15th century, coinciding with the period in which Kawi script began to transition into the modern Javanese script, paper became widespread in Java while the use of <i>lontar</i> only persisted in a few regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165–167_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165–167-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two kinds of paper that are commonly used in Javanese manuscript: locally produced paper called <i>daluang</i>, and imported paper. <i>Daluang</i> (also spelled <i>dluwang</i>) is a paper made from the beaten bark of the <i>saéh</i> tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i>). Visually, <i>daluang</i> can be easily differentiated from regular paper by its distinctive brown tint and fibrous appearance. A well made <i>daluang</i> has a smooth surface and is quite durable against manuscript damage commonly associated with tropical climates, especially insect damage. Meanwhile, a coarse <i>daluang</i> has a bumpy surface and tends to break easily. <i>Daluang</i> is commonly used in manuscripts produced by Javanese <a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)"><i>kraton</i></a> (palaces) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a></i> (Islamic boarding schools) between the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-tey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most imported paper in Indonesian manuscripts came from Europe. In the beginning, only a few scribes were able to use European paper due to its high price—paper made using European methods at the time could only be imported in limited numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colonial administration, the use of European paper had to be supplemented with Javanese <i>daluang</i> and imported Chinese paper until at least the 19th century. As the paper supply increased due to growing imports from Europe, scribes in palaces and urban settlements gradually opted to use European paper as the primary medium for writing, while <i>daluang</i> paper was increasingly associated with <i>pesantren</i> and rural manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165–167_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165–167-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the increase of European paper supply, attempts to create Javanese printing type began, spearheaded by several European figures. With the establishment of printing technology in 1825, materials in Javanese script could be mass-produced and became increasingly common in various aspects of pre-independence Javanese life, from letters, books, and newspapers, to magazines, and even advertisements and paper currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154–158_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154–158-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_Selarasa_(1804)_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_(page_128_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/400px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/600px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/800px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15486" data-file-height="8807" /></a><figcaption>Details of <i>Serat Selarasa</i> manuscript copied in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, 1804. The two leftmost figures can be seen reciting a text.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 15th century until the mid-20th century, Javanese script was used by all layers of Javanese society for writing day-to-day and literary texts with a wide range of theme and content. Due to the significant influence of oral tradition, reading in pre-independence Javanese society was usually a performance; Javanese literature texts are almost always composed in metrical verses that are designed to be recited, thus Javanese texts are not only judged by their content and language, but also by the merit of their melody and rhythm during recitation sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167–169_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167–169-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javanese poets are not expected to create new stories and characters; instead the role of the poet is to rewrite and recompose existing stories into forms that cater to local taste and prevailing trends. As a result, Javanese literary works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Panji_tales" title="Panji tales">Cerita Panji</a></i> do not have a single authoritative version referenced by all others; instead, the <i>Cerita Panji</i> is a loose collection of numerous tales with various versions bound together by the common thread of the Panji character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature genres with the longest attested history are Sanskrit epics such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, which have been recomposed since the Kawi period and introduced hundreds of familiar characters in Javanese <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> stories today, including <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Srikandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha" title="Ghatotkacha">Ghatotkacha</a> and many others. Since the introduction of Islam, characters of Middle-Eastern provenance such as <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah" title="Hikayat Amir Hamzah">Amir Hamzah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Prophet Joseph</a> have also been frequent subjects of writing. There are also local characters, usually set in Java's semi-legendary past, such as <a href="/wiki/Panji_tales" title="Panji tales">Prince Panji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damar_Wulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Damar Wulan">Damar Wulan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calon_Arang" title="Calon Arang">Calon Arang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172–175_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172–175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When studies of Javanese language and literature began to attract European attention in the 19th century, an initiative to create a Javanese <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> began to take place in order to mass-produce and quickly disseminate Javanese literary materials. One of the earliest attempts to create a movable Javanese type was by Paul van Vlissingen. His typeface was first put in use in the <i>Bataviasche Courant</i> newspaper's October 1825 issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While lauded as a considerable technical achievement, many at the time felt that Vlissingen's design was a coarse copy of the fine Javanese hand used in literary texts, and so this early attempt was further developed by numerous other people to varying degrees of success as the study of Javanese developed over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136–140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136–140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, Taco Roorda completed his typeface, known as <a href="/wiki/Tuladha_Jejeg" title="Tuladha Jejeg">Tuladha Jejeg</a>, based on the hand of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakartan</a> scribes<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some European typographical elements mixed in. Roorda's font garnered positive feedback and soon became the main choice to print any Javanese text. From then, reading materials in printed Javanese using Roorda's typeface became widespread among the Javanese populace and were widely used in materials other than literature. The establishment of print technology gave rise to a printing industry which, for the next century, produced various materials in printed Javanese, from administrative papers and school books, to mass media such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajaw%C3%A8n_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajawèn (magazine) (page does not exist)">Kajawèn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajawen_(majalah)" class="extiw" title="id:Kajawen (majalah)">id</a>]</span> magazine which was entirely printed in Javanese in all of its articles and columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154–158_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154–158-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astuti_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astuti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In government administration, Javanese script was part of the multilingual legal text on the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Indies_gulden" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Indies gulden">Netherlands Indies gulden</a> banknotes circulated by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Java" title="Bank of Java">Bank of Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Some examples of use</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_jatipustaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening pages of Serat Jatipustaka copied in 1830, Denver Museum collection"><img alt="Opening pages of Serat Jatipustaka copied in 1830, Denver Museum collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/120px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/180px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/240px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Opening pages of <i>Serat Jatipustaka</i> copied in 1830, Denver Museum collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening page of Babad Tanah Jawi copied in 1862, Library of Congress collection"><img alt="Opening page of Babad Tanah Jawi copied in 1862, Library of Congress collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/120px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/180px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/240px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Opening page of <i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i> copied in 1862, Library of Congress collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese type sample from the Amsterdam type foundry, 1910"><img alt="A Javanese type sample from the Amsterdam type foundry, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/120px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/180px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/240px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A Javanese type sample from the <a href="/wiki/Lettergieterij_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettergieterij Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> type foundry, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cover of Kajawèn magazine, issue 65, 16 August 1933"><img alt="Cover of Kajawèn magazine, issue 65, 16 August 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/120px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/180px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/240px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cover of <i>Kajawèn</i> magazine, issue 65, 16 August 1933 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Serat kekancingan, a document issued by the Kraton of Yogyakarta in 1935, Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum collection"><img alt="Serat kekancingan, a document issued by the Kraton of Yogyakarta in 1935, Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-120px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-180px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-240px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Serat kekancingan</i>, a document issued by the <a href="/wiki/Kraton_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraton Yogyakarta">Kraton of Yogyakarta</a> in 1935, Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Serat Babad Tuban published by Tan Khoen Swie in 1936"><img alt="Serat Babad Tuban published by Tan Khoen Swie in 1936" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf/page1-120px-Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf/page1-180px-Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf/page1-240px-Serat_Babad_Tuban.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Serat Babad Tuban</i> published by <a href="/wiki/Tan_Khoen_Swie" title="Tan Khoen Swie">Tan Khoen Swie</a> in 1936</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As literacy rates and the demand for reading materials increased at the beginning of the 20th century, Javanese publishers paradoxically began to decrease the amount of Javanese script publication due to a practical and economic consideration: printing any text in Javanese script at the time required twice the amount of paper compared to the same text rendered in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">the Latin alphabet</a>, making Javanese texts more expensive and time-consuming to produce. In order to lower production costs and keep book prices affordable to the general populace, many publishers (such as the government-owned <a href="/wiki/Balai_Pustaka" title="Balai Pustaka">Balai Pustaka</a>) gradually prioritized publications in the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Javanese population at the time maintained the use of Javanese script in various aspects of everyday life. It was, for example, considered more polite to write a letter using Javanese script, especially one addressed toward an elder or superior. Many publishers, including Balai Pustaka, continued to print books, newspapers, and magazines in Javanese script due to sufficient, albeit declining, demand. The use of Javanese script only started to drop significantly during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a> beginning in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers attribute this sudden decline to prohibitions issued by the Japanese government banning the use of native script in the public sphere, though no documentary evidence of such a ban has yet been found.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the use of Javanese script did decline significantly during the Japanese occupation and it never recovered its previous widespread use in post-independence Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary usage, Javanese script is still taught as part of the local curriculum in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Java Province">Central Java</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Java_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="East Java Province">East Java Province</a>. Several local newspapers and magazines have columns written in Javanese script, and the script can frequently be seen on public signage. However, many contemporary attempts to revive Javanese script are symbolic rather than functional; there are no longer, for example, periodicals like the <i>Kajawèn</i> magazine that publish significant content in Javanese script. Most Javanese people today know the existence of the script and recognize a few letters, but it is rare to find someone who can read and write it meaningfully.<sup id="cite_ref-wahab_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wahab-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, as recently as 2019, it is not uncommon to see Javanese script signage in public places with numerous misspellings and basic mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hurdles in revitalizing the use of Javanese script includes information technology equipment that does not support correct rendering of Javanese script, lack of governing bodies with sufficient competence to consult on its usage, and lack of typographical explorations that may intrigue contemporary viewers. Nevertheless, attempts to revive the script are still being conducted by several communities and public figures who encourage the use of Javanese script in the public sphere, especially with digital devices.<sup id="cite_ref-radar_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese script contains around 45 letters. Over the course of its development, some letters have become obsolete and are only used in certain contexts. As such, it is common to divide the letters in several groups based on their function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_and_basic_syllables">Consonants and basic syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants and basic syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A basic letter in Javanese script is called an <i>aksara</i> which represents a syllable. The <i>aksara wyanjana</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ) are consonant letters with an inherent vowel, either /a/ or /ɔ/. As a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmi-derived script</a>, Javanese script originally had 33 <i>wyanjana</i> letters to write the 33 consonants found in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mardikawi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardikawi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet"> <caption><i>Aksara wyanjana</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unvoiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvoiced consonant">Unvoiced</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">Voiced</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ka</i></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦑ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">kha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ga</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">gha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦔ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṅa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ha/a</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-ha_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr class="letters-lo"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦕ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ca</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦖ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">cha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦗ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ja</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦙ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">jha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦚ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ña</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦪ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ya</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦯ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">śa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦛ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṭa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦜ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṭha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦝ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ḍa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦞ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ḍha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦟ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṇa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦫ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ra</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦰ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṣa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦠ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ta</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦡ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦢ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">da</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦣ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦤ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">na</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦭ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">la</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦱ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦥ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦦ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦧ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ba</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦨ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">bha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦩ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ma</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦮ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ha-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ha_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">may represent /ha/ or /a/ in the Kawi language</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The modern Javanese script only uses 20 consonants and 20 basic letters known as [ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦔ꧀ꦭꦼꦒꦺꦤ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> Modern Javanese script is commonly arranged in the <i>hanacaraka</i> sequence, a <a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">pangram</a> whose name is derived from its first five letters, similar to the word "alphabet" which comes from the first two letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201113–14_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201113–14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sequence has been used at least the 15th century, when the island of Java started to receive significant Islamic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085–6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085–6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous interpretations on the supposed philosophical and esoteric qualities of the <i>hanacaraka</i> sequence, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635–41_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635–41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is often linked to the myth of <a href="/wiki/Aji_Saka" title="Aji Saka">Aji Saka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968–11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968–11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651–58_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651–58-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet"> <caption><i>Hana caraka (modern sequence)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦤ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">na</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦕ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ca</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦫ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ra</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ka</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">hana caraka</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'There were (two) emissaries.' </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦢ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">da</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦠ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ta</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦱ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦮ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦭ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">la</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">data sawala</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'They began to fight.' </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦥ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦝ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦗ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ja</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦪ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ya</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦚ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ña</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">padha jayanya</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Their valor was equal' </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦩ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ma</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ga</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦧ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ba</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦛ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦔ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṅa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦩꦒꦧꦛꦔ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">maga bathanga</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'They both fell dead.' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_vowel_diacritics">Vowels and vowel diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels and vowel diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese vowel letters can be used to represent independent or word-initial vowels. A vowel sound following a consonant is written by adding ta diacritic, or dependent form of a vowel to a basic syllable (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦔꦤ꧀</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sandhangan</i></span>), which modifies the letter's inherent vowel sound. Vowel diacritics are known as <i>sandhangan swara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ</span></span>). Conventionally, a word-initial vowel is written by adding the appropriate diacritics to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span>⟩</span>, which serves as a null consonant, but in modern spelling, the independent vowels may also be used, especially to disambiguate whether <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span>⟩</span> should be aspirated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213–15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213–15-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with the <i>wyanjana</i> letters, the modern Javanese language does not use the whole inventory of vowels. Only short vowels and vowel diacritics are taught and used in contemporary Javanese, while long vowels and their diacritics are used in Sanskrit and Kawi. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107446436">.mw-parser-output .wikitable.plain-row-headers th[scope=row],.mw-parser-output .wikitable.plain-row-headers th[scope=rowgroup]{font-weight:normal;text-align:left}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-lo plain-row-headers letters-violet"> <caption><i>Aksara swara</i> with their <i>sandhangan swara</i> and examples with <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ and ꦏ</span>⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219–24_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219–24-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Short </th> <th colspan="6">Long </th></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦄ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦆ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦈ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦌ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦎ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦄꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦇ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦈꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦍ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦎꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">-</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">wulu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦶ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">suku</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦸ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">taling</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦺ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">taling-tarung</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦺꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-left"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">pepet</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦼ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">tarung</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">wulu melik</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦷ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">suku mendut</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦹ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">dirga muré</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦻ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">dirga muré-tarung</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦻꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">pepet-tarung</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦼꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">a</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦶ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">i</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦸ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">u</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦺ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">é</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦺꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">o</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦼ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">e</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ā</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦷ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ī</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦹ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ū</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦻ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ai</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦭꦻꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">au</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲꦼꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">eu</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ka</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦶ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ki</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦸ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ku</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦺ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ké</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦺꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ko</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦼ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ke</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kā</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦷ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kī</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦹ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kū</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦻ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kai</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦻꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kau</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦼꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">keu</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabic_consonants">Syllabic consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syllabic consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable letters-violet letters-lo" align="left" style="margin-right: 1em"> <caption>Aksara gantèn </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦉ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṛ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rə/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦊ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ḷ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lə/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦉꦴ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ṝ</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦋ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ḹ</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><i>Pa cerek</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦉ⟩</span>, <i>pa cerek dirgha</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦉꦴ⟩</span>, <i>nga lelet</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦊ⟩</span>, and <i>nga lelet raswadi</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦋ⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonants</a> that are primarily used in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When adapted to other languages, the function and pronunciation of these letters tend to vary. In modern Javanese, <i>pa cerek</i> and <i>nga lelet</i> are mandatory shorthand for combinations of <i>ra + e</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦫ + ◌ ꦼ → ꦉ⟩</span> and <i>la + e</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꦭ + ◌ ꦼ → ꦊ⟩</span>. Both letters are usually re-categorized into their own class called <i>aksara gantèn</i> in modern tables. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_syllables">Closed syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Closed syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closed syllables are written by adding diacritics to base syllables (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦚꦶꦒꦼꦒꦶꦁ ꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sandhangan panyigeging wanda</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224–28_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224–28-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet letters-lo"> <caption>Panyigeging vanda </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">panyangga</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦀ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> <sup id="cite_ref-nasal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">cecek</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦁ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-ng</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">layar</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦂ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-r</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">wignyan</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦃ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">pangkon</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦀ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kam</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦁ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kang</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦂ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦃ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kah</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ꧀</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">k</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semivowels_and_their_diacritics">Semivowels and their diacritics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Semivowels and their diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonant clusters containing a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> are written by adding a diacritic (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sandhangan wyanjana</i></span>) to the base syllable. </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet letters-lo"> <caption><i>Sandhangan wyanjana</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229–32_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229–32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">keret</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦽ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-re-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">pèngkal</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦾ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-y-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box letters-left"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">cakra</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦿ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-r-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">panjingan la</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦭ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-l-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th> <th class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">gembung</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦮ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">-w-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦽ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kre</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦾ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kya</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏꦿ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kra</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ꧀ꦭ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kla</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ꧀ꦮ</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">kwa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunct_consonants">Conjunct consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conjunct consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inherent vowel of each basic letter can be suppressed with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a>, natively known as <i>pangkon</i>. However, the <i>pangkon</i> is not normally used in the middle of a word or sentence. For closed syllables in such positions, a conjunct form called <i>pasangan</i> (ꦥꦱꦔꦤ꧀) is used instead. Every basic letter has a <i>pasangan</i> counterpart, and if a <i>pasangan</i> is attached to a base letter, the inherent vowel of the attached letter is nullified. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20082_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20082-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-lo letters-wide"> <caption><i>Nglegena pasagnan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦲ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet letters-left"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦤ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦤ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">na</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦕ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦕ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ca</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦫ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦫ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ra</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦏ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ka</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦢ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">da</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦠ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦠ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦱ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">sa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦮ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦮ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">wa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦭ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦭ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">la</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦥ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦣ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦝ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">dha</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦗ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦗ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ja</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦪ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦪ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ya</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦚ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦚ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ña</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦩ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦩ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ma</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦒ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ga</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦧ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦧ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ba</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦡ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦛ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">tha</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦔ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦔ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">nga</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murda_and_mahaprana">Murda and mahaprana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Murda and mahaprana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the original letters that originally represented sounds absent in modern Javanese have been repurposed as honorific letters (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦩꦸꦂꦢ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">aksara murda</i></span>) which are used for in writing the respected personal names of respected figures, be they legendary, such as <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦨꦶꦩ</span></span></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bima</a></i></span> or real, such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦦꦑꦸꦨꦸꦮꦟ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakubuwana">Pakubuwana</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211–13_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211–13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 20 basic letters, only nine have corresponding <i>murda</i> forms. Because of this, the use of <i>murda</i> is not identical to the capitalization of <a href="/wiki/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper names">proper names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211–13_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211–13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the first syllable of a name does not have a <i>murda</i> form, the next syllable that does can be written as a <i>murda</i>. Highly respected names may be written completely in <i>murda</i>, or with as many <i>murda</i> as possible, but in essence, the use of <i>murda</i> is optional and may be inconsistent in traditional texts. For example, the name <i>Gani</i> can be spelled as <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦒꦤꦶ</span> (without <i>murda</i>), <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦓꦤꦶ</span> (with a <i>murda</i> on the first syllable), or <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦓꦟꦶ</span> with every syllable as a <i>murda</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet letters-left"> <caption><i>Aksara murda</i> and their corresponding <i>pasangan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aksara murda </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦟ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">na</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦖ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ca</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦬ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ra</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-ragung_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragung-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦑ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ka</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦡ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ta</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦯ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦦ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦘ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">nya</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ga</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦨ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ba</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr class="letters-lo"> <th>Pasangan </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦟ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦖ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ch</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-ca_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦬ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦑ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦡ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦯ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦦ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦘ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦓ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦨ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ragung-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ragung_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">not widely known as other murda letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ca_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">only attested in conjunct form,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the glyph for its basic letter is a contemporary reconstruction</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The remaining letters that are not classified as <i>nglegéna</i> or repurposed as <i>murda</i> are <i>aksara mahaprana</i>, letters that are used in Sanskrit and Kawi texts but obsolete in modern Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081–2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-lo letters-violet"> <caption><i>Aksara mahaprana</i> and <i>pasagnan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦣ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">da</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦰ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">sa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦞ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦙ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ja</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦜ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦣ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦰ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦞ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦙ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧀ꦜ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_letters_in_loan_words">Additional letters in loan words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional letters in loan words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese script includes a number of additional letters used to write sounds found in words found in loanwords (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦫꦺꦏꦤ꧀</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">aksara rékan</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216–17_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216–17-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters were initially developed to write <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> loanwords, later adapted to write <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> loanwords, and in contemporary usage are also used to write <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> loanwords. Most <i>rékan</i> letters are formed by adding the <i>cecak telu</i> diacritic to the letters that are considered closest-sounding to the foreign sound in question. For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥ꦳</span>⟩</span> (fa) is formed by adding a <i>cecak telu</i> diacritic <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꦳</span>⟩</span> to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥ</span>⟩</span> (pa). The combination of <i>wyanjana</i> letter and corresponding foreign sounds for each <i>rékan</i> may be different between sources.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some <i>aksara rékan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr class="letters-violet"> <th>Javanese </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ḥa</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">kha</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">qa</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦐ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-kasak_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasak-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">dza</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦢ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">sya</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦱ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">fa/va</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦥ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">za</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦗ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">gha</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦒ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ʾa</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦔ꦳</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr class="letters-green"> <th>Arabic </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ح</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">خ</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ق</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ذ</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ش</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ف</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ز</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">غ</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:150%;">ع</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kasak-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kasak_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">only used in the <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak language</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese script has its own numerals (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲꦁꦏ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">angka</i></span>) that behave similarly to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic numeral">Arabic numerals</a>. However, most Javanese numerals has the exact same glyph as several basic letters, for example the numeral 1 ꧑ and <i>wyanjana</i> letter ga ꦒ, or the numeral 8 ꧘ and <i>murda</i> letter pa ꦦ. To avoid confusion, numerals that are used in the middle of sentences must be surrounded by <i>pada pangkat</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇ ꧇</span>⟩</span> or <i>pada lingsa</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧈ ꧈</span>⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244–45_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244–45-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>tanggal 17 Juni</i> ("the date 17 June") is written<br /> <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:120%;">ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:deeppink">꧇</span>꧑꧗<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:deeppink">꧇</span>ꦗꦸꦤꦶ</span></span><br />or<br /> <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:120%;">ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:deeppink">꧈</span>꧑꧗<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:deeppink">꧈</span>ꦗꦸꦤꦶ</span></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable letters-lo letters-violet"> <caption><i>Angka</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">0</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧐</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">1</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧑</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">2</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧒</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">3</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧓</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">4</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧔</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">5</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧕</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">6</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧖</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">7</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧗</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">8</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧘</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">9</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧙</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Javanese texts are written with no spaces between words (<i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i>) with several punctuation marks called <i>pada</i> (ꦥꦢ). </p> <table class="wikitable letters-tall letters-violet"> <caption>Common punctuation </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧈</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">lingsa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧉</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">lungsi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧊</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">adeg</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧋</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">adeg-adeg</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧌...꧍</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pisélèh</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧁...꧂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">rerenggan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧇</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pangkat</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꧏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">rangkap</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In contemporary teaching, the most frequently used punctuations are <i>pada adeg-adeg</i>, <i>pada lingsa</i>, and <i>pada lungsi</i>, which are used to open paragraphs (similar to <a href="/wiki/Pillcrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillcrow">pillcrows</a>), separating sentences (similar to <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a>), and ending sentences (similar to <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stops</a>). <i>Pada adeg</i> and <i>pada pisélèh</i> may be used to indicate insertion in the middle of sentences similar to <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">parentheses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a>, while <i>pada pangkat</i> has a similar function to the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. <i>Pada rangkap</i> is sometimes used as an <a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark" title="Iteration mark">iteration mark</a> for reduplicated words (for example <i>kata-kata</i> ꦏꦠꦏꦠ → <i>kata2</i> ꦏꦠꧏ)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several punctuation marks do not have Latin equivalents and are often decorative in nature with numerous variant shapes, for example the <i>rerenggan</i> which is sometimes used to enclose titles. In epistolary usage, several punctuations are used in the beginning of letters and may also be used to indicate the social status of the letter writer; from the lowest <i>pada andhap</i>, to middle <i>pada madya</i>, and the highest <i>pada luhur</i>. <i>Pada guru</i> is sometimes used as a neutral option without social connotation, while <i>pada pancak</i> is used to end a letter. However this is a generalized function. In practice, similar to <i>rerenggan</i> these epistolary punctuation marks are often decorative and optional with various shape used in different regions and by different scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-lo letters-wide letters-violet"> <caption>Epistolary marks </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧃</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">andhap</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧄</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">madya</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧅</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">luhur</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧋꧆꧋</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">guru</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧉꧆꧉</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pancak</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When errors occurred during manuscript copying, several Kraton scribes used special correction marks instead of crossing out the erroneous parts: <i>tirta tumétès</i> normally found in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> manuscripts, and <i>isèn-isèn</i> found in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> manuscripts. These correction marks are directly applied following the erroneous part before the scribe continued writing. For example, if a scribe wanted to write <i>pada luhur</i> ꦥꦢꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ but accidentally wrote <i>pada hu</i> ꦥꦢꦲꦸ before realizing the mistake, this word may be corrected into <i>pada hu···luhur</i> ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧞꧞꧞ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ or ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧟꧟꧟ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet"> <caption>Correction marks </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧞꧞꧞</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">tirta tumétès</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">꧟꧟꧟</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">isèn-isèn</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pepadan"><i>Pepadan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pepadan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the regular punctuation, one of Javanese texts' distinctive characteristics is <i>pepadan</i> (<span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦥꦼꦥꦢꦤ꧀</span></span>), a series of highly ornate verse marks. </p><p>The series of punctuation marks that forms <i>pepadan</i> have numerous names in traditional texts. Behrend (1996) divides <i>pepadan</i> into two general groups: the minor <i>pada</i> which consist of a single mark, and the major <i>pada</i> which are composed of several marks. Minor <i>pada</i> are used to indicate divisions of poetic stanzas, which usually appear every 32 or 48 syllables depending on the poetic metre. Major <i>pada</i> are used to demarcate a change of canto (which includes a change of the metre, rhythm, and mood of the recitation) occurring every 5 to 10 pages, though this may vary considerably depending on the structure of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javanese guides often list three kinds of major <i>pada</i>: <i>purwa pada</i> <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅</span></span> which is used in the beginning of the first canto, <i>madya pada</i> <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">꧅ ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ ꧅</span></span> which is used in between different cantos, and <i>wasana pada</i> <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">꧅ ꦆ ꧅</span></span> which is used in the end of the final canto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084–5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But due to the large variety of shapes between manuscripts, these three punctuations are essentially treated as a single punctuation in most Javanese manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pepadan</i> is one of the most prominent elements in a typical Javanese manuscript and they almost always highly decorative, incorporating calligraphy, coloring, and even gilding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189–190_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189–190-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In luxurious royal manuscripts, the shape of the <i>pepadan</i> may even contain visual puns that gave clues to the readers regarding the canto of the text; a <i>pepadan</i> with wings or bird figure resembling a crow (called <i>dhandhang</i> in Javanese) indicates the <i>dhandhanggula</i> metre, while <i>pepadan</i> with elements of a goldfish indicates the <i>maskumambang</i> metre (literally "gold floating on water"). One of the scribal centers with the most elaborate and ornate <i>pepadan</i> is the scriptorium of <a href="/wiki/Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Pakualaman</a> in Yogyakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pepadan from Serat, minor pada ꧅"><img alt="Pepadan from Serat, minor pada ꧅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/180px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/270px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/360px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pepadan from Serat, minor pada <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pepadan from Babad Mataram, minor pada ꧅"><img alt="Pepadan from Babad Mataram, minor pada ꧅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/180px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/270px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/360px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pepadan from Babad Mataram, minor pada <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pepadan from Serat Jayalengkara, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅"><img alt="Pepadan from Serat Jayalengkara, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/180px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/270px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/360px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pepadan from Serat Jayalengkara, major pada <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pepadan from serat selarasa, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅"><img alt="Pepadan from serat selarasa, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/180px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/270px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/360px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pepadan from serat selarasa, major pada <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="File:Pepadan from jatikusuma, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅"><img alt="File:Pepadan from jatikusuma, major pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/180px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/270px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/360px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">File:Pepadan from jatikusuma, major pada <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅</span></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excerpt from the <i>Treatise on Cats</i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀ꦏꦠꦸꦫꦁꦒꦤ꧀ꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">Serat Katuranggan Kucing</i></span>), printed in 1871 with modern Javanese language and spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Javanese script</dt></dl> <p><span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅ꦭꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦲꦮꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦲꦶꦉꦁꦱꦢꦪ꧈ ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦏꦶꦮꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ꧈ ꦊꦏ꧀ꦱꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦫꦥꦿꦪꦺꦴꦒ꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦿꦲꦶꦤꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦠꦶꦤꦼꦏꦤꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦼꦢꦾꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁꦲꦸꦠꦩ꧈ <br /> ꧅ꦲꦗꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦭꦸꦫꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶꦉꦁꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦁ꧈ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦲꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦭꦩꦠ꧀ꦠꦺ꧈ ꦱꦼꦏꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦁꦠꦸꦏꦂꦫꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦝꦣꦁꦱꦸꦁꦏꦮ꧈ ꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦃꦫꦶꦗꦼꦏꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦫꦔꦥꦲ꧈</span></span></span> </p> <dl><dt>Romanized</dt></dl> <p><span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">Lamun sira ngingu kucing, awaké ireng sadaya, lambung kiwa tèmbong putih, leksan nira prayoga, aran wulan krahinan, tinekanan sasedyan nira ipun, yèn buṇḍel langkung utama.<br /> Aja sira ngingu kucing, lurik ireng buntut panjang, punika awon lamaté, sekelan sring tukaran, aran ḍaḍang sungkawa, pan adoh rijeki nipun, yèn buṇḍel nora ngapa.</i></span> </p> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <p>A completely black cat with a white patch on its left belly is called <i>Harvest Moon</i>. It is a cat that brings good fortune and the fulfilment of all wishes. It is better if it is bobtailed.<br /> A dark striped cat with a long tail should not be kept as a pet. Such a cat is called <i>Mourning Crow</i>. You would encounter frequent arguments and limited wealth. But if it is bobtailed, then there is no problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Balinese">Comparison with Balinese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comparison with Balinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closest relative to Javanese script is the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese script</a>. As direct descendants of Kawi script, Javanese and Balinese still retain many similarities in terms of basic glyph shape for each letter. One noticeable difference between both scripts is in their orthography: modern Balinese orthography is more conservative in nature than its modern Javanese counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Modern Balinese retains Sanskrit and Kawi conventions that are no longer used in modern Javanese. For example, the word <i>désa</i> (village) is written in Javanese as <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢꦺꦱ</span>. In Balinese, as a Sanskrit loanword, it retains its original spelling: <i>déśa</i> <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ᬤᬾᬰ</span>. One reason for this spelling practice is to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Homophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophones">homophones</a> in writing.</li> <li>Javanese spelling uses <i>aksara murda</i>, or honorific letters, while Balinese does not.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some Javanese letters and their Balinese equivalents </caption> <tbody><tr class="letters-violet letters-lo"> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ha</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦲ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">na</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦤ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ca</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦕ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ra</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦫ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ka</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦏ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">a</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦄ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ā</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦄ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">i</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦆ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ī</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦇ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">u</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦈ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">ū</div><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"><span style="font-size:150%;">ꦈꦴ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr class="letters-pink letters-lo"> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226572168">.mw-parser-output .script-bali{font-family:"Noto Sans Balinese","Tantular Bali","Noto Serif Balinese","Aksara Bali"}</style><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬳ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬦ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬘ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬭ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬓ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬅ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬆ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬇ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬈ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬉ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᬊ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_other_languages">Usage in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Usage in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundanese">Sundanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sundanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cacarakan (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦕꦫꦏ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1193359075">.mw-parser-output .script-sunda{font-family:"Sundanese Unicode 2013","Noto Sans Sundanese","Sundanese Unicode"}</style><span lang="su" class="script-sunda" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᮎᮎᮛᮊᮔ᮪</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sundanese-language romanization"><i lang="su-Latn">cacarakan</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'similar to carakan'), a version of Javanese script tailored to the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese language</a>, was officially used from the 16th to 20th centuries. Today, there are still several places which use <span title="Sundanese-language text"><i lang="su">cacarakan</i></span>. Sundanese spelling has several differences from Javanese. </p> <ul><li>The Sundanese includes the vowel [ɨ] <i>eu</i>, which does not exist in Javanese. It is written as ꦼꦴ or ◌ꦼꦵ.</li> <li>A word-initial vowel in Sundanese is usually written with one of the independent vowel letters (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <i lang="su">aksara sora</i>) instead of by adding diacritics to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span>⟩</span>. For example, <i>a</i> is written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄ</span>⟩</span> Sundanese, instead of ꦲ in as in Javanese. It is possible to write word-initial [i] as either <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄꦶ</span>⟩</span> <i>or</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦆ</span>⟩</span>, as in Javanese.</li> <li>The consonant [ɲ] <i>ny</i> is written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦤꦾ</span>⟩</span> (i.e. <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦤ + ꦾ</span>) rather than <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦚ</span>⟩</span>.</li> <li>Sundanese does not use the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦞ</span>, ḍha⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦛ</span>, tha⟩</span> as Sundanese does not distinguish between <i>ḍa</i> and <i>ḍha</i> or between <i>ta</i> and <i>tha</i>.</li></ul> <p>In Sundanese, the letter /i/ is written with a series of letters with added diacritics. In Javanese, no special vowels are used for the sound /e/, while in Sundanese, an independent /e/ is written as a <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄ</span>⟩</span> plus a <i>pepet</i> diacritic <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄꦼ</span>⟩</span>. An independent /ɨ/ is written the same way, with an additional <i>tarung</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄꦼꦴꦵ</span>⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄꦼꦵ</span>⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madurese">Madurese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Madurese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Madurese-language text"><i lang="mad">Carakan Madhurâ</i></span>, 'Maduran carakan' or <span title="Madurese-language text"><i lang="mad">carakan Jhâbân</i></span>, 'script from Javanese' is very similar to Javanese <i>hanacakara</i>. However, in the Madurese language, there is no difference in the use of aspirated and unaspirated consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Javanese, every consonant carries an inherent /a/ or /ɔ/ vowel; in Madurese, the inherent vowel is /a/ or /ɤ/. Another difference is the use of the <i>wignyan</i> diacritic <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦃ</span>⟩</span>, which in Javanese functions as an <i>-h</i> final consonant, but in Madurese represents a glottal stop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_(Unicode_block)" title="Javanese (Unicode block)">Javanese (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Javanese script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2. </p><p>The Unicode block for Javanese is U+A980–U+A9DF. There are 91 code points for Javanese script: 53 letters, 19 punctuation marks, 10 numbers, and 9 vowels: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Javanese_(Unicode_block)" title="Javanese (Unicode block)">Javanese</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA980_grey"><a href="#endnote_UA980_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA980.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A98x </td> <td title="U+A980: JAVANESE SIGN PANYANGGA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦀ</span> </td> <td title="U+A981: JAVANESE SIGN CECAK"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦁ</span> </td> <td title="U+A982: JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦂ</span> </td> <td title="U+A983: JAVANESE SIGN WIGNYAN"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦃ</span> </td> <td title="U+A984: JAVANESE LETTER A"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦄ</span> </td> <td title="U+A985: JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦅ</span> </td> <td title="U+A986: JAVANESE LETTER I"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦆ</span> </td> <td title="U+A987: JAVANESE LETTER II"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦇ</span> </td> <td title="U+A988: JAVANESE LETTER U"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦈ</span> </td> <td title="U+A989: JAVANESE LETTER PA CEREK"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦉ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98A: JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦊ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98B: JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET RASWADI"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦋ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98C: JAVANESE LETTER E"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦌ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98D: JAVANESE LETTER AI"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦍ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98E: JAVANESE LETTER O"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦎ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98F: JAVANESE LETTER KA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A99x </td> <td title="U+A990: JAVANESE LETTER KA SASAK"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦐ</span> </td> <td title="U+A991: JAVANESE LETTER KA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦑ</span> </td> <td title="U+A992: JAVANESE LETTER GA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦒ</span> </td> <td title="U+A993: JAVANESE LETTER GA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦓ</span> </td> <td title="U+A994: JAVANESE LETTER NGA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦔ</span> </td> <td title="U+A995: JAVANESE LETTER CA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦕ</span> </td> <td title="U+A996: JAVANESE LETTER CA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦖ</span> </td> <td title="U+A997: JAVANESE LETTER JA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦗ</span> </td> <td title="U+A998: JAVANESE LETTER NYA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦘ</span> </td> <td title="U+A999: JAVANESE LETTER JA MAHAPRANA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦙ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99A: JAVANESE LETTER NYA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦚ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99B: JAVANESE LETTER TTA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦛ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99C: JAVANESE LETTER TTA MAHAPRANA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦜ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99D: JAVANESE LETTER DDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦝ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99E: JAVANESE LETTER DDA MAHAPRANA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦞ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99F: JAVANESE LETTER NA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Ax </td> <td title="U+A9A0: JAVANESE LETTER TA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦠ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A1: JAVANESE LETTER TA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦡ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A2: JAVANESE LETTER DA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦢ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A3: JAVANESE LETTER DA MAHAPRANA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦣ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A4: JAVANESE LETTER NA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦤ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A5: JAVANESE LETTER PA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦥ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A6: JAVANESE LETTER PA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦦ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A7: JAVANESE LETTER BA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦧ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A8: JAVANESE LETTER BA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦨ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A9: JAVANESE LETTER MA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦩ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AA: JAVANESE LETTER YA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦪ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AB: JAVANESE LETTER RA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦫ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AC: JAVANESE LETTER RA AGUNG"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦬ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AD: JAVANESE LETTER LA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦭ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AE: JAVANESE LETTER WA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦮ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AF: JAVANESE LETTER SA MURDA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Bx </td> <td title="U+A9B0: JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦰ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B1: JAVANESE LETTER SA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦱ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B2: JAVANESE LETTER HA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦲ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B3: JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦳</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B4: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦴ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B5: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦵ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B6: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦶ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B7: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU MELIK"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦷ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B8: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦸ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B9: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU MENDUT"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦹ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BA: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TALING"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦺ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BB: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN DIRGA MURE"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦻ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BC: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦼ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BD: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN KERET"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦽ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BE: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN PENGKAL"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦾ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BF: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN CAKRA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꦿ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Cx </td> <td title="U+A9C0: JAVANESE PANGKON"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧀</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C1: JAVANESE LEFT RERENGGAN"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧁</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C2: JAVANESE RIGHT RERENGGAN"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧂</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C3: JAVANESE PADA ANDAP"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧃</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C4: JAVANESE PADA MADYA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧄</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C5: JAVANESE PADA LUHUR"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧅</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C6: JAVANESE PADA WINDU"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧆</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C7: JAVANESE PADA PANGKAT"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧇</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C8: JAVANESE PADA LINGSA"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧈</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C9: JAVANESE PADA LUNGSI"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧉</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CA: JAVANESE PADA ADEG"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧊</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CB: JAVANESE PADA ADEG ADEG"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧋</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CC: JAVANESE PADA PISELEH"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧌</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CD: JAVANESE TURNED PADA PISELEH"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧍</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+A9CF: JAVANESE PANGRANGKEP"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Dx </td> <td title="U+A9D0: JAVANESE DIGIT ZERO"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧐</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D1: JAVANESE DIGIT ONE"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧑</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D2: JAVANESE DIGIT TWO"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧒</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D3: JAVANESE DIGIT THREE"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧓</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D4: JAVANESE DIGIT FOUR"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧔</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D5: JAVANESE DIGIT FIVE"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧕</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D6: JAVANESE DIGIT SIX"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧖</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D7: JAVANESE DIGIT SEVEN"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧗</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D8: JAVANESE DIGIT EIGHT"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧘</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D9: JAVANESE DIGIT NINE"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧙</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+A9DE: JAVANESE PADA TIRTA TUMETES"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧞</span> </td> <td title="U+A9DF: JAVANESE PADA ISEN-ISEN"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'"> ꧟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA980_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UA980_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stone inscription from around 18th century in the Kyai Tumenggung Pusponegoro grave complex, Gresik"><img alt="A stone inscription from around 18th century in the Kyai Tumenggung Pusponegoro grave complex, Gresik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_tekst_Grissee_TMnr_60046661.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stone inscription from around 18th century in the Kyai Tumenggung Pusponegoro grave complex, <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A page from Serat Jaya Lengkara Wulang copied in 1803, British Library collection"><img alt="A page from Serat Jaya Lengkara Wulang copied in 1803, British Library collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg/120px-Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg/180px-Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg/240px-Serat_jayalengkara_wulang_02v-03r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A page from <i>Serat Jaya Lengkara Wulang</i> copied in 1803, British Library collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mss_jav_28_f013v.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A page from Serat Damar Wulan copied in 1804, British Library collection"><img alt="A page from Serat Damar Wulan copied in 1804, British Library collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/120px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/180px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/240px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A page from <i>Serat Damar Wulan</i> copied in 1804, British Library collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IND-(NethEastInd)-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_(1846)_unsigned_remainder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Gulden/Rupiah scrip issued by Dutch East Indies in 1846, value spelled in Latin, Pégon, and Javanese script"><img alt="Five Gulden/Rupiah scrip issued by Dutch East Indies in 1846, value spelled in Latin, Pégon, and Javanese script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/120px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/180px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/240px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Five Gulden/Rupiah <a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in 1846, value spelled in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pégon</a>, and Javanese script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromartani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bromartani newspaper, the first newspaper printed in Javanese language and script, circulating between 1855 and 1856"><img alt="Bromartani newspaper, the first newspaper printed in Javanese language and script, circulating between 1855 and 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/120px-Bromartani.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/180px-Bromartani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/240px-Bromartani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bromartani newspaper, the first newspaper printed in Javanese language and script, circulating between 1855 and 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of a book commemorating the ascension of Queen Wilhelmina, printed in Semarang in 1898"><img alt="Title page of a book commemorating the ascension of Queen Wilhelmina, printed in Semarang in 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg/120px-Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg/180px-Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg/240px-Book_title_commemorating_Wilhelmina%27s_ascension-Semarang_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page of a book commemorating the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a>, printed in <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> in 1898 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_bratayudha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A page from Serat Bratayudha (an episode of Mahabharata) copied in 1902, Widya Budaya collection"><img alt="A page from Serat Bratayudha (an episode of Mahabharata) copied in 1902, Widya Budaya collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Serat_bratayudha.jpg/120px-Serat_bratayudha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Serat_bratayudha.jpg/180px-Serat_bratayudha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Serat_bratayudha.jpg/240px-Serat_bratayudha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A page from <i>Serat Bratayudha</i> (an episode of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>) copied in 1902, Widya Budaya collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening pages of Serat Damar Wulan copied around the 18th century, British Library collection"><img alt="Opening pages of Serat Damar Wulan copied around the 18th century, British Library collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg/120px-Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg/180px-Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg/240px-Serat_damar_wulan_f.2r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="3107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opening pages of <i>Serat Damar Wulan</i> copied around the 18th century, British Library collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An advertisement for Droste's Cacao"><img alt="An advertisement for Droste's Cacao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg/120px-Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg/180px-Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg/240px-Javanese_advertisement_-_droste%27s_cacao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An advertisement for Droste's Cacao</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An advertisement for Osram light bulb"><img alt="An advertisement for Osram light bulb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg/120px-Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg/180px-Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg/240px-Javanese_advertisement_-_lampoe_osram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a> light bulb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_(1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5 Gulden paper currency issued by the Bank of Java in 1937, with multilingual forgery warnings, including one in Javanese language and script"><img alt="5 Gulden paper currency issued by the Bank of Java in 1937, with multilingual forgery warnings, including one in Javanese language and script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg/120px-IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg/180px-IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg/240px-IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_%281937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5 Gulden paper currency issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Java" title="Bank of Java">Bank of Java</a> in 1937, with multilingual forgery warnings, including one in Javanese language and script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pakubuwana X inscription commemorating the construction of several gateways in Surakarta in 1938"><img alt="Pakubuwana X inscription commemorating the construction of several gateways in Surakarta in 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/120px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/180px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/240px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakubuwana X">Pakubuwana X</a> inscription commemorating the construction of several gateways in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> in 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A patrol car used by the Public Health Service (Dienst der Volksgezondheid) c. 1925"><img alt="A patrol car used by the Public Health Service (Dienst der Volksgezondheid) c. 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A patrol car used by the Public Health Service (<i>Dienst der Volksgezondheid</i>) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1925</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_(1946).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100 Gulden paper currency issued by the Bank of Java in 1946, the last Gulden series that contains Javanese script. Later reprinted in 1950"><img alt="100 Gulden paper currency issued by the Bank of Java in 1946, the last Gulden series that contains Javanese script. Later reprinted in 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg/120px-Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg/180px-Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg/240px-Netherlands_Indies-94-De_Javasche_Bank-100_Gulden_%281946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5074" data-file-height="5201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 Gulden paper currency issued by the Bank of Java in 1946, the last Gulden series that contains Javanese script. Later reprinted in 1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_(Road_sign_in_Surakarta).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A street sign in Surakarta. The word jendral in the sign has been misspelled and should have used taling in accordance to how it is pronounced in Javanese, jèndral"><img alt="A street sign in Surakarta. The word jendral in the sign has been misspelled and should have used taling in accordance to how it is pronounced in Javanese, jèndral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/120px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/180px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/240px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A street sign in Surakarta. The word <i>jendral</i> in the sign has been misspelled and should have used <i>taling</i> in accordance to how it is pronounced in Javanese, <i>jèndral</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary merchandise with design elements containing Javanese script"><img alt="Contemporary merchandise with design elements containing Javanese script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/120px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/180px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/240px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary merchandise with design elements containing Javanese script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yogyakarta Sultanate coat of arms with the Hamengkubuwana royal monogram in Javanese script"><img alt="The Yogyakarta Sultanate coat of arms with the Hamengkubuwana royal monogram in Javanese script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/120px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/180px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/240px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a> coat of arms with the Hamengkubuwana <a href="/wiki/Royal_monogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal monogram">royal monogram</a> in Javanese script</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_literature" title="Javanese literature">Javanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuladha_Jejeg" title="Tuladha Jejeg">Tuladha Jejeg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VOC established a paper mill in Java between 1665–1681. However, the mill was not able to fulfill paper demands of the island and so stable paper supply continued to rely in shipments from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-tey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among 19th century European scholars, the style of the <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakartan</a> scribes is agreed as the most refined among the various regional Javanese hand. So much so that prominent Javanese scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._F._C._Gericke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. F. C. Gericke (page does not exist)">J. F. C. Gericke</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.F.C._Gericke" class="extiw" title="id:J.F.C. Gericke">id</a>]</span> frequently suggested that the Surakartan style should be used as the ideal shape to which a proper Javanese type design could be based upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149–154_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149–154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1920, the director of Balai Poestaka <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._A._Rinkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. A. Rinkes (page does not exist)">D. A. Rinkes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.A._Rinkes" class="extiw" title="id:D.A. Rinkes">id</a>]</span> wrote in a foreword for the Javanese book catalog in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen">Bataviaasch Genootschap</a> as follow:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="nl" class="poem"> <p>Bovendien is voor den druk het Latijnsche lettertype gekozen, hetgeen de zaak voor Europeesche gebruikers aanzienlijk vergemakkelijkt, voor Inlandsche belangstellended geenszins een bezwaar oplevert, aangezien de Javaansche taal, evenals bereids voor het Maleisch en het Soendaneesch gebleken is, zeker niet minder duidelijk in Latijnsch type dan in het Javaansche schrift is weer te geven. Daarbij zijn de kosten daarmede ongeveer <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> van druk in Javaansch karakter, aangezien drukwerk in dat type, dat bovendien niet ruim voorhanden is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> à 2 x kostbaarder (en tijdroovender) uitkomt dan in Latijnsch type, mede doordat het niet op de zetmachine kan worden gezet, en een pagina Javaansch type sleechts ongeveer de helft aan woorden bevat van een pagina van denzelfden tekst in Latijnsch karakter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen199383_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen199383-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Furthermore, a choice was made for printing in roman letter-type, which considerably simplifies matters for European users, and for interested Natives presents no difficulty at all, seeing that the Javanese language, just as has already been shown for Malay and Sundanese, can be rendered no less clearly in roman type than in the Javanese script. In this way the costs are about one third of printing in Javanese characters, seeing that printing in that type, which furthermore is not readily available, is one and a half times to twice as expensive (and more time-consuming) than in roman type, also because it cannot be set on a setting-machine, and one page of Javanese type only contains about half the number of words on one page of the same text in roman script. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Poerwa Soewignja dan Wirawangsa (1920:4), quoted by Molen (1993:83) </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Robson (2011:25) </td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In comparison, during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation of Cambodia</a> of the same time period, the Japanese government banned the Khmer romanization scheme proposed by the earlier French colonial government and restored the use of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a> as the official script of Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasal_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">usually used in transcription of Balinese lontars for writing the sacred syllable <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">ong</a></i> ꦎꦀ</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poerwadarminta, W.J.S (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4G5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Baoesastra Djawa</i></a> (in Javanese). Batavia: J.B. Wolters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834803496" title="Special:BookSources/0834803496"><bdi>0834803496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baoesastra+Djawa&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=J.B.+Wolters&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=0834803496&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W.J.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4G5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, pp. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, pp. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holle-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holle_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolle1882" class="citation journal cs1">Holle, K F (1882). 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Robson, Stuart Owen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/ojed/"><i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i></a>. Nijhoff. p. 143, entry 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024761786" title="Special:BookSources/9024761786"><bdi>9024761786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=143%2C+entry+4&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9024761786&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=Petrus+Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fojed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoetmulder1982" class="citation book cs1">Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). 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Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6024242282" title="Special:BookSources/978-6024242282"><bdi>978-6024242282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naskah-naskah+Skriptorium+Pakualaman&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-6024242282&rft.aulast=Saktimulya&rft.aufirst=Sri+Ratna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gb-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gb_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gb" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfRhOG2SfNoC&pg=PP7"><i>Serat: katoerangganing koetjing saha ngalamat solah ing koetjing kang awon miwak kang sahe</i></a> (in Javanese). Semarang, Indonesia: GCT Van Dorp & Co. 1871. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat%3A+katoerangganing+koetjing+saha+ngalamat+solah+ing+koetjing+kang+awon+miwak+kang+sahe&rft.place=Semarang%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=GCT+Van+Dorp+%26+Co&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfRhOG2SfNoC%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinggen1993" class="citation book cs1">Tinggen, I Nengah (1993). <i>Pedoman Perubahan Ejaan Bahasa Bali dengan Huruf Latin dan Huruf Bali</i>. Singaraja: UD. Rikha. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedoman+Perubahan+Ejaan+Bahasa+Bali+dengan+Huruf+Latin+dan+Huruf+Bali&rft.place=Singaraja&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=UD.+Rikha&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Tinggen&rft.aufirst=I+Nengah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpen1994" class="citation book cs1">Simpen, I Wayan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YrlOwAACAAJ&q=Simpen,+I+Wayan.+Pasang+Aksara+Bali"><i>Pasang Aksara Bali</i></a>. Upada Sastra. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasang+Aksara+Bali&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Upada+Sastra&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Simpen&rft.aufirst=I+Wayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YrlOwAACAAJ%26q%3DSimpen%2C%2BI%2BWayan.%2BPasang%2BAksara%2BBali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutjaja2006" class="citation book cs1">Sutjaja, I Gusti Made (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqRkAAAAMAAJ&q=kamus+inggris+bali+indonesia"><i>Kamus Inggris, Bali, Indonesia</i></a>. Lotus Widya Suari bekerjasama dengan Penerbit Univ. Udayana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798286855" title="Special:BookSources/9798286855"><bdi>9798286855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Inggris%2C+Bali%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=Lotus+Widya+Suari+bekerjasama+dengan+Penerbit+Univ.+Udayana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9798286855&rft.aulast=Sutjaja&rft.aufirst=I+Gusti+Made&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqRkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkamus%2Binggris%2Bbali%2Bindonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiliaan1897">Kiliaan 1897</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArps1999" class="citation journal cs1">Arps, B (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/15216">"How a Javanese Gentleman put his Library in Order"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>155</b> (3): 416–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003871">10.1163/22134379-90003871</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F15216">1887/15216</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=How+a+Javanese+Gentleman+put+his+Library+in+Order&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-469&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F15216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003871&rft.aulast=Arps&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F15216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrend1993" class="citation journal cs1">Behrend, T E (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017542">"Manuscript Production in Nineteenth Century Java. Codicology and the Writing of Javanese Literary History"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>149</b> (3): 407–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003115">10.1163/22134379-90003115</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Manuscript+Production+in+Nineteenth+Century+Java.+Codicology+and+the+Writing+of+Javanese+Literary+History&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-437&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003115&rft.aulast=Behrend&rft.aufirst=T+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F41017542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrend1996" class="citation book cs1">Behrend, T E (1996). "Textual Gateways: the Javanese Manuscript Tradition". In Ann Kumar; John H. McGlynn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma"><i>Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia</i></a>. Jakarta: Lontar Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834803496" title="Special:BookSources/0834803496"><bdi>0834803496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textual+Gateways%3A+the+Javanese+Manuscript+Tradition&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+The+Writing+Traditions+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Lontar+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0834803496&rft.aulast=Behrend&rft.aufirst=T+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filluminationswri0000kuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Everson, Michael (6 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916231034/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2</i> (N3319R3). Unicode. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iso%2FIec+Jtc1%2FSc2%2FWg2&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Javanese+script+in+the+UCS&rft.issue=N3319R3&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiliaan1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiliaan, H. N. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2lMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Madoereesche Spraakkunst</i></a> (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madoereesche+Spraakkunst&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=Landsdrukkerij&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Kiliaan&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2lMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolen1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Molen, Willem van der (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FNTAAAACAAJ&q=javaans+schrift"><i>Javaans Schrift</i></a> (in Dutch). Vol. Semaian 8. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-73084-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-73084-09-1"><bdi>90-73084-09-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javaans+Schrift&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Rijksuniversiteit+te+Leiden&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-73084-09-1&rft.aulast=Molen&rft.aufirst=Willem+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FNTAAAACAAJ%26q%3Djavaans%2Bschrift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolen2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Molen, Willem van der (2000). "Hoe Heft Zulks Kunnen Geschieden? Het Begin van de Javaanse Typografie". In Willem van der Molen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Woord en Schrift in de Oost. De betekenis van zending en missie voor de studie van taal en literatuur in Zuidoost-Azie</i></a> (in Dutch). Vol. Semaian 19. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. pp. 132–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9074956238" title="Special:BookSources/9074956238"><bdi>9074956238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hoe+Heft+Zulks+Kunnen+Geschieden%3F+Het+Begin+van+de+Javaanse+Typografie&rft.btitle=Woord+en+Schrift+in+de+Oost.+De+betekenis+van+zending+en+missie+voor+de+studie+van+taal+en+literatuur+in+Zuidoost-Azie&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=132-162&rft.pub=Vakgroep+Talen+en+Culturen+van+Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB+en+Oceani%C3%AB%2C+Rijksuniversiteit+te+Leiden&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9074956238&rft.aulast=Molen&rft.aufirst=Willem+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQjZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriyama1996" class="citation journal cs1">Moriyama, Mikihiro (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/34/1/340108.pdf">"Discovering the 'Language' and the 'Literature' of West Java: An Introduction to the Formation of Sundanese Writing in 19th Century West Java"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 151–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+%27Language%27+and+the+%27Literature%27+of+West+Java%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Formation+of+Sundanese+Writing+in+19th+Century+West+Java&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-183&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Moriyama&rft.aufirst=Mikihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyoto-seas.org%2Fpdf%2F34%2F1%2F340108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robson, Stuart Owen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/javanese-script-as-cultural-artifact-historical-background">"Javanese script as cultural artifact: Historical background"</a>. <i>RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs</i>. <b>45</b> (1–2): 9–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIMA%3A+Review+of+Indonesian+and+Malaysian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Javanese+script+as+cultural+artifact%3A+Historical+background&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=9-36&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.monash.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fjavanese-script-as-cultural-artifact-historical-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochkyatmo1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rochkyatmo, Amir (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7638/1/PELESTARIAN%20DAN%20MODERNISASI%20AKSARA%20DAERAH.pdf"><i>Pelestarian dan Modernisasi Aksara Daerah: Perkembangan Metode dan Teknis Menulis Aksara Jawa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelestarian+dan+Modernisasi+Aksara+Daerah%3A+Perkembangan+Metode+dan+Teknis+Menulis+Aksara+Jawa&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Rochkyatmo&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F7638%2F1%2FPELESTARIAN%2520DAN%2520MODERNISASI%2520AKSARA%2520DAERAH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthographical_guides">Orthographical guides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Orthographical guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoemisi_Kasoesastran_ing_Sriwedari,_Soerakarta1926" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koemisi Kasoesastran ing Sriwedari, Soerakarta (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3vMqqJNU5HOd3p3ZHFveGpHZW8/view"><i>Wawaton Panjeratipoen Temboeng Djawi mawi Sastra Djawi dalasan Angka</i></a>. Kongres Sriwedari (in Javanese). Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Wawaton+Panjeratipoen+Temboeng+Djawi+mawi+Sastra+Djawi+dalasan+Angka&rft.place=Weltevreden&rft.pub=Landsdrukkerij&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Koemisi+Kasoesastran+ing+Sriwedari%2C+Soerakarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B3vMqqJNU5HOd3p3ZHFveGpHZW8%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span> Also known as <i>Wewaton Sriwedari</i> and <i>Paugeran Sriwedari</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarusuprapta2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Darusuprapta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxoYW5hY2FyYWthbnxneDoyYmZjNmViZTcyNjI4OWEx"><i>Pedoman Penulisan Aksara Jawa</i></a> (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara bekerja sama dengan Pemerintahan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Tengah, dan Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Tengah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8628-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/979-8628-00-4"><bdi>979-8628-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedoman+Penulisan+Aksara+Jawa&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Yayasan+Pustaka+Nusantara+bekerja+sama+dengan+Pemerintahan+Provinsi+Daerah+Istimewa+Yogyakarta%2C+Daerah+Tingkat+I+Jawa+Tengah%2C+dan+Daerah+Tingkat+I+Jawa+Tengah&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=979-8628-00-4&rft.au=Darusuprapta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26pid%3Dsites%26srcid%3DZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxoYW5hY2FyYWthbnxneDoyYmZjNmViZTcyNjI4OWEx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Sanskrit and Kawi </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4eJ6BhvZbrNZkU2elBWQlRfWHM/view"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a> (in Javanese). Vol. 1. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B4eJ6BhvZbrNZkU2elBWQlRfWHM%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4eJ6BhvZbrNaWRUaldrMU94V1E/view"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a> (in Javanese). Vol. 2. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B4eJ6BhvZbrNaWRUaldrMU94V1E%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4eJ6BhvZbrNdXpQR3hZS292Uzg/view"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a> (in Javanese). Vol. 3. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B4eJ6BhvZbrNdXpQR3hZS292Uzg%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Sundanese </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolle1862" class="citation book cs1">Holle, K F (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AupPpeV6EZUC&q=Soendasch+spel-+en+lees+boek,+met+Soendasche+letter&pg=PP18"><i>Soendasch spel- en lees boek, met Soendasche letter</i></a>. Batavia: Lands-drukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soendasch+spel-+en+lees+boek%2C+met+Soendasche+letter&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=Lands-drukkerij&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Holle&rft.aufirst=K+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAupPpeV6EZUC%26q%3DSoendasch%2Bspel-%2Ben%2Blees%2Bboek%2C%2Bmet%2BSoendasche%2Bletter%26pg%3DPP18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javanese_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Javanese script">Javanese script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manuscripts_in_Javanese_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manuscripts in Javanese script">Manuscripts in Javanese script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printed_Javanese_Script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Printed Javanese Script">Printed Javanese Script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_collection">Digital collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Digital collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/">British Library manuscript collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109182644/https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/">Archived</a> 9 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/">National Library of Indonesia manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/katalog">Yayasan Sastra Lestari manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://widyapustaka.webnode.com/paugeran/">Widyapustaka references collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214103733/https://widyapustaka.webnode.com/paugeran/">Archived</a> 14 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digitized_manuscripts">Digitized manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Digitized manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_1403E">A debt written on a piece of lontar</a> (1708) British Library collection no. Sloane MS 1403E</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=MSS_Jav_36"><i>Babad Mataram</i> and <i>Babad ing Sangkala</i></a> (1738) koleksi British Library no. MSS Jav 36</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=MSS_Malay_A_3">A Malay-Javanese-Maduran language word list</a> from early 19th century, British Library collection no. MSS Malay A 3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_12341">An assortment of documents from the Kraton of Yogyakarta</a> (1786–1812) British Library collection no. Add Ms 12341</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Or_15932"><i>Papakem Pawukon</i></a> from Bupati Sepuh Demak of Bogor (1814) British Library collection no. Or 15932</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_12337"><i>Wejangan Hamengkubuwana I</i></a> (1812) British Library collection no. Add MS 12337</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_45273"><i>Raffles Paper</i> - vol III</a> (1816) a collection of Letters received by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Raffles</a> from the rules of the Malay archipelago, British Library collection no. Add MS 45273</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=MSS_Jav_24"><i>Serat Jaya Lengkara Wulang</i></a> (1803) British Library collection no. MSS Jav 24</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=MSS_Jav_28"><i>Serat Selarasa</i></a> (1804) British Library collection no. MSS Jav 28</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/335633/usana"><i>Usana Bali</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619221833/http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/335633/usana">Archived</a> 19 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1870) a Javanese copy of a Balinese lontar of the same title, National Library of Indonesia collection no. CS 152</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hm2yOwsEgkC">Dongèng-dongèng Pieuntengen</a> (1867) a collection of Sundanese tales written in Javanese script compiled by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musa" title="Muhammad Musa">Muhammad Musa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">Unicode proposal for Javanese script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916231034/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">Archived</a> 16 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">Unicode documentation for the behavior of KERET diacritic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916231034/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">Archived</a> 16 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17038-cakra.pdf">Unicode documentation for the behavior of CAKRA diacritic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19083-javanese-pengkal.pdf">Unicode documentation for the behavior of PENGKAL diacritic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19003-javanese-tolong.pdf">Unicode documentation for the behavior of TOLONG diacritic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/javanese/">British Library Asian-African Studies blog, Javanese topic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bennylin.github.io/transliterasijawa/">Javanese script transliterator by Benny Lin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hana.js.org/">Hana - Javanese Script Transliterator by Dan</a></li> <li>Download Javanese fonts in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page">Tuladha Jejeg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027132347/https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page">Archived</a> 27 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/aksara/jawa">Aksara di Nusantara</a>, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/get/noto/">Google Noto</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kawi_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kawi_family" title="Template:Kawi family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kawi_family" title="Template talk:Kawi family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kawi_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kawi family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kawi_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o script">Hanunó'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin/mother scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&oldid=1254517501">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_script&oldid=1254517501</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Javanese_script" title="Category:Javanese script">Javanese script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brahmic_scripts" title="Category:Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Javanese_language" title="Category:Javanese language">Javanese language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_scripts" title="Category:Indonesian scripts">Indonesian scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_without_word_boundaries" title="Category:Writing systems without word boundaries">Writing systems without word boundaries</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Javanese-language_sources_(jv)" title="Category:CS1 Javanese-language sources (jv)">CS1 Javanese-language sources (jv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use American English from May 2021">Use American English from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Javanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Javanese-language text">Articles containing Javanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sundanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sundanese-language text">Articles containing Sundanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Madurese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Madurese-language text">Articles containing Madurese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 11:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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Template:Cite_book"," 10.11% 194.102 288 Template:Script"," 9.71% 186.298 48 Template:Sfn"," 7.05% 135.224 1 Template:Hlist"," 6.04% 115.918 11 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.907","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21034781,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArps1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstuti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrend1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrend1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasparis1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarusuprapta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEswe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorida1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadiwidjana1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinzler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolle1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolle1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiliaan1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoemisi_Kasoesastran_ing_Sriwedari,_Soerakarta1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriyama1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustika2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoerwadarminta1930\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPoerwadarminta1931\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPoerwadarminta1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochkyatmo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaktimulya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiti_Fatimah2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutjaja2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeygeler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinggen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahab2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoetmulder1982\"] = 2,\n [\"gb\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 27,\n [\"Br\"] = 6,\n [\"Brahmic\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 3,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Javanese script\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Kawi family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 18,\n [\"Letter\"] = 238,\n [\"List of writing systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Monospace\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 4,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Numis cite SCWPM\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain row headers\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 2,\n [\"Script\"] = 49,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Javanese\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h2npf","timestamp":"20241122141518","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Javanese 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