CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><script>if(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE|Internet Explorer/i)||navigator.userAgent.match(/Trident\/7\..*?rv:11/i)){var href=document.location.href;if(!href.match(/[?&]nowprocket/)){if(href.indexOf("?")==-1){if(href.indexOf("#")==-1){document.location.href=href+"?nowprocket=1"}else{document.location.href=href.replace("#","?nowprocket=1#")}}else{if(href.indexOf("#")==-1){document.location.href=href+"&nowprocket=1"}else{document.location.href=href.replace("#","&nowprocket=1#")}}}}</script><script>(()=>{class RocketLazyLoadScripts{constructor(){this.v="2.0.2",this.userEvents=["keydown","keyup","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","mouseover","mouseenter","mouseout","mouseleave","touchmove","touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","wheel","click","dblclick","input","visibilitychange"],this.attributeEvents=["onblur","onclick","oncontextmenu","ondblclick","onfocus","onmousedown","onmouseenter","onmouseleave","onmousemove","onmouseout","onmouseover","onmouseup","onmousewheel","onscroll","onsubmit"]}async t(){this.i(),this.o(),/iP(ad|hone)/.test(navigator.userAgent)&&this.h(),this.u(),this.l(this),this.m(),this.k(this),this.p(this),this._(),await Promise.all([this.R(),this.L()]),this.lastBreath=Date.now(),this.S(this),this.P(),this.D(),this.O(),this.M(),await this.C(this.delayedScripts.normal),await this.C(this.delayedScripts.defer),await this.C(this.delayedScripts.async),this.T("domReady"),await this.F(),await this.j(),await this.I(),this.T("windowLoad"),await this.A(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-allScriptsLoaded")),this.everythingLoaded=!0,this.lastTouchEnd&&await new Promise((t=>setTimeout(t,500-Date.now()+this.lastTouchEnd))),this.H(),this.T("all"),this.U(),this.W()}i(){this.CSPIssue=sessionStorage.getItem("rocketCSPIssue"),document.addEventListener("securitypolicyviolation",(t=>{this.CSPIssue||"script-src-elem"!==t.violatedDirective||"data"!==t.blockedURI||(this.CSPIssue=!0,sessionStorage.setItem("rocketCSPIssue",!0))}),{isRocket:!0})}o(){window.addEventListener("pageshow",(t=>{this.persisted=t.persisted,this.realWindowLoadedFired=!0}),{isRocket:!0}),window.addEventListener("pagehide",(()=>{this.onFirstUserAction=null}),{isRocket:!0})}h(){let t;function e(e){t=e}window.addEventListener("touchstart",e,{isRocket:!0}),window.addEventListener("touchend",(function i(o){Math.abs(o.changedTouches[0].pageX-t.changedTouches[0].pageX)<10&&Math.abs(o.changedTouches[0].pageY-t.changedTouches[0].pageY)<10&&o.timeStamp-t.timeStamp<200&&(o.target.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent("click",{target:o.target,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0})),event.preventDefault(),window.removeEventListener("touchstart",e,{isRocket:!0}),window.removeEventListener("touchend",i,{isRocket:!0}))}),{isRocket:!0})}q(t){this.userActionTriggered||("mousemove"!==t.type||this.firstMousemoveIgnored?"keyup"===t.type||"mouseover"===t.type||"mouseout"===t.type||(this.userActionTriggered=!0,this.onFirstUserAction&&this.onFirstUserAction()):this.firstMousemoveIgnored=!0),"click"===t.type&&t.preventDefault(),this.savedUserEvents.length>0&&(t.stopPropagation(),t.stopImmediatePropagation()),"touchstart"===this.lastEvent&&"touchend"===t.type&&(this.lastTouchEnd=Date.now()),"click"===t.type&&(this.lastTouchEnd=0),this.lastEvent=t.type,this.savedUserEvents.push(t)}u(){this.savedUserEvents=[],this.userEventHandler=this.q.bind(this),this.userEvents.forEach((t=>window.addEventListener(t,this.userEventHandler,{passive:!1,isRocket:!0})))}U(){this.userEvents.forEach((t=>window.removeEventListener(t,this.userEventHandler,{passive:!1,isRocket:!0}))),this.savedUserEvents.forEach((t=>{t.target.dispatchEvent(new window[t.constructor.name](t.type,t))}))}m(){this.eventsMutationObserver=new MutationObserver((t=>{const e="return false";for(const i of t){if("attributes"===i.type){const t=i.target.getAttribute(i.attributeName);t&&t!==e&&(i.target.setAttribute("data-rocket-"+i.attributeName,t),i.target.setAttribute(i.attributeName,e))}"childList"===i.type&&i.addedNodes.forEach((t=>{if(t.nodeType===Node.ELEMENT_NODE)for(const i of t.attributes)this.attributeEvents.includes(i.name)&&i.value&&""!==i.value&&(t.setAttribute("data-rocket-"+i.name,i.value),t.setAttribute(i.name,e))}))}})),this.eventsMutationObserver.observe(document,{subtree:!0,childList:!0,attributeFilter:this.attributeEvents})}H(){this.eventsMutationObserver.disconnect(),this.attributeEvents.forEach((t=>{document.querySelectorAll("[data-rocket-"+t+"]").forEach((e=>{e.setAttribute(t,e.getAttribute("data-rocket-"+t)),e.removeAttribute("data-rocket-"+t)}))}))}k(t){Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype,"onclick",{get(){return this.rocketonclick},set(e){this.rocketonclick=e,this.setAttribute(t.everythingLoaded?"onclick":"data-rocket-onclick","this.rocketonclick(event)")}})}S(t){function e(e,i){let o=e[i];e[i]=null,Object.defineProperty(e,i,{get:()=>o,set(s){t.everythingLoaded?o=s:e["rocket"+i]=o=s}})}e(document,"onreadystatechange"),e(window,"onload"),e(window,"onpageshow");try{Object.defineProperty(document,"readyState",{get:()=>t.rocketReadyState,set(e){t.rocketReadyState=e},configurable:!0}),document.readyState="loading"}catch(t){console.log("WPRocket DJE readyState conflict, bypassing")}}l(t){this.originalAddEventListener=EventTarget.prototype.addEventListener,this.originalRemoveEventListener=EventTarget.prototype.removeEventListener,this.savedEventListeners=[],EventTarget.prototype.addEventListener=function(e,i,o){o&&o.isRocket||!t.B(e,this)&&!t.userEvents.includes(e)||t.B(e,this)&&!t.userActionTriggered||e.startsWith("rocket-")?t.originalAddEventListener.call(this,e,i,o):t.savedEventListeners.push({target:this,remove:!1,type:e,func:i,options:o})},EventTarget.prototype.removeEventListener=function(e,i,o){o&&o.isRocket||!t.B(e,this)&&!t.userEvents.includes(e)||t.B(e,this)&&!t.userActionTriggered||e.startsWith("rocket-")?t.originalRemoveEventListener.call(this,e,i,o):t.savedEventListeners.push({target:this,remove:!0,type:e,func:i,options:o})}}T(t){"all"===t&&(EventTarget.prototype.addEventListener=this.originalAddEventListener,EventTarget.prototype.removeEventListener=this.originalRemoveEventListener),this.savedEventListeners=this.savedEventListeners.filter((e=>{let i=e.type,o=e.target||window;return"domReady"===t&&"DOMContentLoaded"!==i&&"readystatechange"!==i||("windowLoad"===t&&"load"!==i&&"readystatechange"!==i&&"pageshow"!==i||(this.B(i,o)&&(i="rocket-"+i),e.remove?o.removeEventListener(i,e.func,e.options):o.addEventListener(i,e.func,e.options),!1))}))}p(t){let e;function i(e){return t.everythingLoaded?e:e.split(" ").map((t=>"load"===t||t.startsWith("load.")?"rocket-jquery-load":t)).join(" ")}function o(o){function s(e){const s=o.fn[e];o.fn[e]=o.fn.init.prototype[e]=function(){return this[0]===window&&t.userActionTriggered&&("string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=i(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach((t=>{const e=arguments[0][t];delete arguments[0][t],arguments[0][i(t)]=e}))),s.apply(this,arguments),this}}if(o&&o.fn&&!t.allJQueries.includes(o)){const e={DOMContentLoaded:[],"rocket-DOMContentLoaded":[]};for(const t in e)document.addEventListener(t,(()=>{e[t].forEach((t=>t()))}),{isRocket:!0});o.fn.ready=o.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(i){function s(){parseInt(o.fn.jquery)>2?setTimeout((()=>i.bind(document)(o))):i.bind(document)(o)}return t.realDomReadyFired?!t.userActionTriggered||t.fauxDomReadyFired?s():e["rocket-DOMContentLoaded"].push(s):e.DOMContentLoaded.push(s),o([])},s("on"),s("one"),s("off"),t.allJQueries.push(o)}e=o}t.allJQueries=[],o(window.jQuery),Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>e,set(t){o(t)}})}P(){const t=new Map;document.write=document.writeln=function(e){const i=document.currentScript,o=document.createRange(),s=i.parentElement;let n=t.get(i);void 0===n&&(n=i.nextSibling,t.set(i,n));const a=document.createDocumentFragment();o.setStart(a,0),a.appendChild(o.createContextualFragment(e)),s.insertBefore(a,n)}}async R(){return new Promise((t=>{this.userActionTriggered?t():this.onFirstUserAction=t}))}async L(){return new Promise((t=>{document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(()=>{this.realDomReadyFired=!0,t()}),{isRocket:!0})}))}async I(){return this.realWindowLoadedFired?Promise.resolve():new Promise((t=>{window.addEventListener("load",t,{isRocket:!0})}))}M(){this.pendingScripts=[];this.scriptsMutationObserver=new MutationObserver((t=>{for(const e of t)e.addedNodes.forEach((t=>{"SCRIPT"!==t.tagName||t.noModule||t.isWPRocket||this.pendingScripts.push({script:t,promise:new Promise((e=>{const i=()=>{const i=this.pendingScripts.findIndex((e=>e.script===t));i>=0&&this.pendingScripts.splice(i,1),e()};t.addEventListener("load",i,{isRocket:!0}),t.addEventListener("error",i,{isRocket:!0}),setTimeout(i,1e3)}))})}))})),this.scriptsMutationObserver.observe(document,{childList:!0,subtree:!0})}async j(){await this.J(),this.pendingScripts.length?(await this.pendingScripts[0].promise,await this.j()):this.scriptsMutationObserver.disconnect()}D(){this.delayedScripts={normal:[],async:[],defer:[]},document.querySelectorAll("script[type$=rocketlazyloadscript]").forEach((t=>{t.hasAttribute("data-rocket-src")?t.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==t.async?this.delayedScripts.async.push(t):t.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==t.defer||"module"===t.getAttribute("data-rocket-type")?this.delayedScripts.defer.push(t):this.delayedScripts.normal.push(t):this.delayedScripts.normal.push(t)}))}async _(){await this.L();let t=[];document.querySelectorAll("script[type$=rocketlazyloadscript][data-rocket-src]").forEach((e=>{let i=e.getAttribute("data-rocket-src");if(i&&!i.startsWith("data:")){i.startsWith("//")&&(i=location.protocol+i);try{const o=new URL(i).origin;o!==location.origin&&t.push({src:o,crossOrigin:e.crossOrigin||"module"===e.getAttribute("data-rocket-type")})}catch(t){}}})),t=[...new Map(t.map((t=>[JSON.stringify(t),t]))).values()],this.N(t,"preconnect")}async $(t){if(await this.G(),!0!==t.noModule||!("noModule"in HTMLScriptElement.prototype))return new Promise((e=>{let i;function o(){(i||t).setAttribute("data-rocket-status","executed"),e()}try{if(navigator.userAgent.includes("Firefox/")||""===navigator.vendor||this.CSPIssue)i=document.createElement("script"),[...t.attributes].forEach((t=>{let e=t.nodeName;"type"!==e&&("data-rocket-type"===e&&(e="type"),"data-rocket-src"===e&&(e="src"),i.setAttribute(e,t.nodeValue))})),t.text&&(i.text=t.text),t.nonce&&(i.nonce=t.nonce),i.hasAttribute("src")?(i.addEventListener("load",o,{isRocket:!0}),i.addEventListener("error",(()=>{i.setAttribute("data-rocket-status","failed-network"),e()}),{isRocket:!0}),setTimeout((()=>{i.isConnected||e()}),1)):(i.text=t.text,o()),i.isWPRocket=!0,t.parentNode.replaceChild(i,t);else{const i=t.getAttribute("data-rocket-type"),s=t.getAttribute("data-rocket-src");i?(t.type=i,t.removeAttribute("data-rocket-type")):t.removeAttribute("type"),t.addEventListener("load",o,{isRocket:!0}),t.addEventListener("error",(i=>{this.CSPIssue&&i.target.src.startsWith("data:")?(console.log("WPRocket: CSP fallback activated"),t.removeAttribute("src"),this.$(t).then(e)):(t.setAttribute("data-rocket-status","failed-network"),e())}),{isRocket:!0}),s?(t.fetchPriority="high",t.removeAttribute("data-rocket-src"),t.src=s):t.src="data:text/javascript;base64,"+window.btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(t.text)))}}catch(i){t.setAttribute("data-rocket-status","failed-transform"),e()}}));t.setAttribute("data-rocket-status","skipped")}async C(t){const e=t.shift();return e?(e.isConnected&&await this.$(e),this.C(t)):Promise.resolve()}O(){this.N([...this.delayedScripts.normal,...this.delayedScripts.defer,...this.delayedScripts.async],"preload")}N(t,e){this.trash=this.trash||[];let i=!0;var o=document.createDocumentFragment();t.forEach((t=>{const s=t.getAttribute&&t.getAttribute("data-rocket-src")||t.src;if(s&&!s.startsWith("data:")){const n=document.createElement("link");n.href=s,n.rel=e,"preconnect"!==e&&(n.as="script",n.fetchPriority=i?"high":"low"),t.getAttribute&&"module"===t.getAttribute("data-rocket-type")&&(n.crossOrigin=!0),t.crossOrigin&&(n.crossOrigin=t.crossOrigin),t.integrity&&(n.integrity=t.integrity),t.nonce&&(n.nonce=t.nonce),o.appendChild(n),this.trash.push(n),i=!1}})),document.head.appendChild(o)}W(){this.trash.forEach((t=>t.remove()))}async F(){try{document.readyState="interactive"}catch(t){}this.fauxDomReadyFired=!0;try{await this.G(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-readystatechange")),await this.G(),document.rocketonreadystatechange&&document.rocketonreadystatechange(),await this.G(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-DOMContentLoaded")),await this.G(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-DOMContentLoaded"))}catch(t){console.error(t)}}async A(){try{document.readyState="complete"}catch(t){}try{await this.G(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-readystatechange")),await this.G(),document.rocketonreadystatechange&&document.rocketonreadystatechange(),await this.G(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("rocket-load")),await this.G(),window.rocketonload&&window.rocketonload(),await this.G(),this.allJQueries.forEach((t=>t(window).trigger("rocket-jquery-load"))),await this.G();const t=new Event("rocket-pageshow");t.persisted=this.persisted,window.dispatchEvent(t),await this.G(),window.rocketonpageshow&&window.rocketonpageshow({persisted:this.persisted})}catch(t){console.error(t)}}async G(){Date.now()-this.lastBreath>45&&(await this.J(),this.lastBreath=Date.now())}async J(){return document.hidden?new Promise((t=>setTimeout(t))):new Promise((t=>requestAnimationFrame(t)))}B(t,e){return e===document&&"readystatechange"===t||(e===document&&"DOMContentLoaded"===t||(e===window&&"DOMContentLoaded"===t||(e===window&&"load"===t||e===window&&"pageshow"===t)))}static run(){(new RocketLazyLoadScripts).t()}}RocketLazyLoadScripts.run()})();</script> <title>Monthly Review | An Independent Socialist Magazine</title><link rel="preload" data-rocket-preload as="image" href="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/header.png" fetchpriority="high"><link rel="preload" data-rocket-preload as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%7CCrimson%20Text%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%7CVidaloka%3Aregular%7CMuli%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%7CAverage%20Sans%3Aregular%7COpen%20Sans%20Condensed%3A300%2C300italic%2C700&display=swap" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%7CCrimson%20Text%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%7CVidaloka%3Aregular%7CMuli%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%7CAverage%20Sans%3Aregular%7COpen%20Sans%20Condensed%3A300%2C300italic%2C700&display=swap" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" /><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open%20Sans%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%7CCrimson%20Text%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%7CVidaloka%3Aregular%7CMuli%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%7CAverage%20Sans%3Aregular%7COpen%20Sans%20Condensed%3A300%2C300italic%2C700&display=swap" /></noscript> <link rel="pingback" href="https://monthlyreview.org/xmlrpc.php" /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://monthlyreview.org/" /> <meta name="description" content="Monthly Review began publication in New York City in May 1949. The first issue featured the lead article “Why Socialism?” by Albert Einstein. From the beginning, Monthly Review spoke for a critical but spirited socialism, independent of any political organization. Read more at our about page." /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Monthly Review" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Monthly Review | An Independent Socialist Magazine" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Monthly Review began publication in New York City in May 1949. The first issue featured the lead article “Why Socialism?” by Albert Einstein. From the beginning, Monthly Review spoke for a critical but spirited socialism, independent of any political organization. Read more at our about page." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://monthlyreview.org/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/mr-logo_500px.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="500" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@monthly_review" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Monthly Review | An Independent Socialist Magazine" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Monthly Review began publication in New York City in May 1949. The first issue featured the lead article “Why Socialism?” by Albert Einstein. From the beginning, Monthly Review spoke for a critical but spirited socialism, independent of any political organization. Read more at our about page." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/mr-logo_500px.jpg" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="tsPYyAIykoIKilRrLudTp6NE-rDL4I9sFlw00YKAKyI" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="DDA3CD0AB040F83F57996792982A0C86" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/WebSite","url":"https://monthlyreview.org/","name":"Monthly Review","description":"An Independent Socialist Magazine","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://monthlyreview.org/search/{search_term_string}/"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/Organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/","url":"https://monthlyreview.org/","name":"Monthly Review | An Independent Socialist Magazine","description":"Monthly Review began publication in New York City in May 1949. The first issue featured the lead article “Why Socialism?” by Albert Einstein. From the beginning, Monthly Review spoke for a critical but spirited socialism, independent of any political organization. Read more at our about page.","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/WebSite"},"breadcrumb":{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Monthly Review"}},"potentialAction":{"@type":"ReadAction","target":"https://monthlyreview.org/"},"about":{"@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/Organization"}},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://monthlyreview.org/#/schema/Organization","name":"Monthly Review","url":"https://monthlyreview.org/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/monthly.review.magazine/","https://twitter.com/monthly_review/","http://instagram.com/monthlyreview","https://www.linkedin.com/company/monthly-review/"]}]}</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me' rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Monthly Review » Feed" href="https://monthlyreview.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Monthly Review » Comments Feed" href="https://monthlyreview.org/comments/feed/" />  <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-90FHGY5076" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" data-rocket-type="text/javascript" async></script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" data-rocket-type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.4'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-90FHGY5076', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-90FHGY5076', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <style type="text/css"> @media only screen and (min-width: 980px) { body.three-col-middle-1100 #main-sidebar-container { width: 73.92%; } body.three-col-middle-1100 #sidebar-alt { width: 22.85%; } body.three-col-middle-1100 #main-sidebar-container #sidebar { width: 30.911796536797%; } body.three-col-middle-1100 #main-sidebar-container #main { width: 64.732142857143%; } } </style> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: "Inter", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cardo: Cardo;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='widgetopts-styles-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/widget-options/assets/css/widget-options.css?ver=4.0.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='woocommerce-inline-inline-css' type='text/css'> .woocommerce form .form-row .required { visibility: visible; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='brands-styles-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/brands.css?ver=9.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-stylesheet-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/mr-canvas/style.css?ver=5.4.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/integrations/woocommerce/css/woocommerce.css?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woo-gravity-forms-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/integrations/gravity-forms/css/gravity-forms.css?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='prettyPhoto-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/css/prettyPhoto.css?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972' type='text/css' media='all' />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-premium/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.2.4" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx,epub,mobi","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-90FHGY5076"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-blockui-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jquery_blockui_params = {"min_password_strength":"2","i18n_password_error":"<span class=\"mr-red\">Please enter a stronger password.<\/span>","i18n_password_hint":"Your password must be <strong>at least 7 characters<\/strong> and contain a mix of <strong>UPPER<\/strong> and <strong>lowercase<\/strong> letters, <strong>numbers<\/strong>, and <strong>symbols<\/strong> (e.g., <strong> ! \" ? % ^ & <\/strong>). Keep adding additional characters and\/or variation until this prompt disappears\u2014you cannot save changes until it is gone."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/jquery-blockui/jquery.blockUI.min.js?ver=2.7.0-wc.9.6.1" id="jquery-blockui-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="js-cookie-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var js_cookie_params = {"min_password_strength":"2","i18n_password_error":"<span class=\"mr-red\">Please enter a stronger password.<\/span>","i18n_password_hint":"Your password must be <strong>at least 7 characters<\/strong> and contain a mix of <strong>UPPER<\/strong> and <strong>lowercase<\/strong> letters, <strong>numbers<\/strong>, and <strong>symbols<\/strong> (e.g., <strong> ! \" ? % ^ & <\/strong>). Keep adding additional characters and\/or variation until this prompt disappears\u2014you cannot save changes until it is gone."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/js-cookie/js.cookie.min.js?ver=2.1.4-wc.9.6.1" id="js-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="woocommerce-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var woocommerce_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","min_password_strength":"2","i18n_password_error":"<span class=\"mr-red\">Please enter a stronger password.<\/span>","i18n_password_hint":"Your password must be <strong>at least 7 characters<\/strong> and contain a mix of <strong>UPPER<\/strong> and <strong>lowercase<\/strong> letters, <strong>numbers<\/strong>, and <strong>symbols<\/strong> (e.g., <strong> ! \" ? % ^ & <\/strong>). Keep adding additional characters and\/or variation until this prompt disappears\u2014you cannot save changes until it is gone."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/woocommerce.min.js?ver=9.6.1" id="woocommerce-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/mr-canvas/js/hovernotes.js?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972" id="crb-hovernotes-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/mr-canvas/js/functions.js?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972" id="crb-functions-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/js/third-party.min.js?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972" id="third-party-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/js/modernizr.min.js?ver=2.6.2" id="modernizr-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/prettyPhoto/jquery.prettyPhoto.min.js?ver=3.1.6-wc.9.6.1" id="prettyPhoto-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/includes/js/general.min.js?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972" id="general-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script>  <style type="text/css"> .col-full, #wrapper { max-width: 1100px !important; } </style> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://monthlyreview.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://monthlyreview.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/21993" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://monthlyreview.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://monthlyreview.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://monthlyreview.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F&format=xml" /> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript"> var el_i13_login_captcha=null; var el_i13_register_captcha=null; </script><style type="text/css">.tptn_posts_list_widget {margin-bottom: 0px} .tptn_posts_widget ul {list-style:decimal; list-style-position:inside} .tptn_posts_widget ul li {margin-top:2px} </style>  <style type="text/css"> body {background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top left;background-attachment:scroll;border-top:0px solid #000000;} a:link, a:visited, #loopedSlider a.flex-prev:hover, #loopedSlider a.flex-next:hover {color:#880000} .quantity .plus, .quantity .minus {background-color: #880000;} a:hover, .post-more a:hover, .post-meta a:hover, .post p.tags a:hover {color:#880000} body #wrapper .button, body #wrapper #content .button, body #wrapper #content .button:visited, body #wrapper #content .reply a, body #wrapper #content #respond .form-submit input#submit, input[type=submit], body #wrapper #searchsubmit, #navigation ul.cart .button, body #wrapper .woo-sc-button {border: none; background:#880000} body #wrapper .button:hover, body #wrapper #content .button:hover, body #wrapper #content .reply a:hover, body #wrapper #content #respond .form-submit input#submit:hover, input[type=submit]:hover, body #wrapper #searchsubmit:hover, #navigation ul.cart .button:hover, body #wrapper .woo-sc-button:hover {border: none; background:#d62e2b} #header {background-color:#870000;background-image:url(https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/header.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left top;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;border:0px solid ;} #logo .site-title a {font:normal 2.5em/1em 'Vidaloka', arial, sans-serif;color:f7f7f7;} #logo .site-description {font:normal 0.9em/1em 'Muli', arial, sans-serif;color:#f7f7f7;} #inner-wrapper {padding-left:30px; padding-right:30px;background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1px solid #dbdbdb;border-bottom:1px solid #dbdbdb;border-left:1px solid #dbdbdb;border-right:1px solid #dbdbdb;border-radius:0px;} .col-full { width: auto; } @media only screen and (max-width:767px) { #inner-wrapper { margin:0; border-radius:none; padding-left:1em; padding-right: 1em; border: none; } } body, p { font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#444444; } h1 { font:normal 2em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; }h2 { font:normal 1.6em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; }h3 { font:normal 1.5em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; }h4 { font:bold 1.2em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; }h5 { font:bold 1.1em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; }h6 { font:normal 1em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; } .page-title, .post .title, .page .title {font:bold 2.1em/1.1em 'Open Sans Condensed', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222;} .post .title a:link, .post .title a:visited, .page .title a:link, .page .title a:visited {color:#222222} .post-meta { font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#880000; } .entry, .entry p{ font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#444444; } .post-more {font:normal 1em/1.5em Average Sans;color:;border-top:0px solid #e6e6e6;border-bottom:0px solid #e6e6e6;} #post-author, #connect {border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;border-left:1px solid #e6e6e6;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e6;border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;-webkit-border-radius:5px;background-color:#fafafa} .nav-entries a, .woo-pagination { font:normal 0.8em/1em 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#888888; } .woo-pagination a, .woo-pagination a:hover {color:#888888!important} .widget h3 {font:bold 1.2em/1.2em Average Sans;color:#555555;border-bottom:1px solid #880000;} .widget_recent_comments li, #twitter li { border-color: #880000;} .widget p, .widget .textwidget { font:normal 0.9em/1.5em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#555555; } .widget {font:normal 0.9em/1.5em Average Sans;color:#555555;border-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius:0px;-webkit-border-radius:0px;} #tabs .inside li a, .widget_woodojo_tabs .tabbable .tab-pane li a { font:bold 1.3em/1.5em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#555555; } #tabs .inside li span.meta, .widget_woodojo_tabs .tabbable .tab-pane li span.meta { font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#999999; } #tabs ul.wooTabs li a, .widget_woodojo_tabs .tabbable .nav-tabs li a { font:normal 1em/2em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#999999; } @media only screen and (min-width:768px) { ul.nav li a, #navigation ul.rss a, #navigation ul.cart a.cart-contents, #navigation .cart-contents #navigation ul.rss, #navigation ul.nav-search, #navigation ul.nav-search a { font:normal 1.1em/1.2em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#444444; } #navigation ul.rss li a:before, #navigation ul.nav-search a.search-contents:before { color:#444444;} #navigation ul.nav li ul, #navigation ul.cart > li > ul > div { border: 0px solid #dbdbdb; } #navigation ul.nav > li:hover > ul { left: 0; } #navigation ul.nav > li { border-right: 0px solid #dbdbdb; }#navigation ul.nav > li:hover > ul { left: 0; } #navigation { box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; }#navigation ul li:first-child, #navigation ul li:first-child a { border-radius:0px 0 0 0px; -moz-border-radius:0px 0 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius:0px 0 0 0px; } #navigation {border-top:0px solid #dbdbdb;border-bottom:0px solid #dbdbdb;border-left:0px solid #dbdbdb;border-right:0px solid #dbdbdb;border-radius:0px; -moz-border-radius:0px; -webkit-border-radius:0px;} #top ul.nav li a { font:normal 1em/1.6em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#ddd; } } #footer, #footer p { font:normal 0.9em/1.4em 'Average Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#666666; } #footer {background-color:#f7f7f7;border-top:1px solid #dbdbdb;border-bottom:0px solid ;border-left:0px solid ;border-right:0px solid ;border-radius:0px; -moz-border-radius:0px; -webkit-border-radius:0px;} .magazine #loopedSlider .content h2.title a { font:normal 1.8em/1em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } .wooslider-theme-magazine .slide-title a { font:normal 1.8em/1em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } .magazine #loopedSlider .content .excerpt p { font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#e5e5e5; } .wooslider-theme-magazine .slide-content p, .wooslider-theme-magazine .slide-excerpt p { font:normal 1em/1.5em 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif;color:#e5e5e5; } .magazine .block .post .title a {font:normal 1.2em/1.2em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#222222; } #loopedSlider.business-slider .content h2 { font:bold 24px/1em Arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } #loopedSlider.business-slider .content h2.title a { font:bold 24px/1em Arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } .wooslider-theme-business .has-featured-image .slide-title { font:bold 24px/1em Arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } .wooslider-theme-business .has-featured-image .slide-title a { font:bold 24px/1em Arial, sans-serif;color:#ffffff; } #wrapper #loopedSlider.business-slider .content p { font:300 13px/1.5em Arial, sans-serif;color:#cccccc; } .wooslider-theme-business .has-featured-image .slide-content p { font:300 13px/1.5em Arial, sans-serif;color:#cccccc; } .wooslider-theme-business .has-featured-image .slide-excerpt p { font:300 13px/1.5em Arial, sans-serif;color:#cccccc; } .archive_header { font:normal 1em/1em 'Crimson Text', arial, sans-serif;color:#444444; } .archive_header {border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;} </style>  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/mr_favicon.png"/>  <link href="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/functions/css/shortcodes.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <link href="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/canvas/custom.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <meta name="generator" content="MR-Canvas 5.4.6" /> <meta name="generator" content="Canvas 5.12.0" /> <meta name="generator" content="WooFramework 6.2.9" />  <noscript><style>.woocommerce-product-gallery{ opacity: 1 !important; }</style></noscript> <style type="text/css" id="woo-header-css"> #logo .site-title a { color: #ffffff; } </style> <style class='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://monthlyreview.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');} </style> <noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style id="rocket-lazyrender-inline-css">[data-wpr-lazyrender] {content-visibility: auto;}</style><meta name="generator" content="WP Rocket 3.18.1.4" data-wpr-features="wpr_delay_js wpr_defer_js wpr_lazyload_images wpr_lazyload_iframes wpr_automatic_lazy_rendering wpr_oci wpr_cdn wpr_desktop" /></head> <body class="home page-template page-template-template-magazine page-template-template-magazine-php page page-id-21993 theme-canvas woocommerce-no-js unknown alt-style-default has-lightbox boxed-layout three-col-middle width-1100 three-col-middle-1100"> <div id="top"> <div class="col-full"> <h3 class="top-menu">Top Menu</h3><ul id="top-nav" class="nav top-navigation fl"><li id="menu-item-186832" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-186832"><a href="https://monthlyreviewarchives.org">Archives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3808"><a href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/press/" title="Monthly Review Press">MR Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3806"><a href="https://mronline.org/">MR Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-164204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-164204"><a href="https://mronline.org/category/monthly-review-essays/" title="MR Essays">Monthly Review Essays</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7925" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7925"><a href="http://climateandcapitalism.com/">Climate & Capitalism</a></li> <li id="menu-item-139781" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-139781"><a href="https://mronline.org/money-on-the-left/">Money on the Left</a></li> <li id="menu-item-83066" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-product menu-item-83066"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/donation/" title="Donate to Monthly Review">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40414" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-40414"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/" title="Click here to log in to your account">Login</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="inner-wrapper"> <h3 class="nav-toggle icon"><a href="#navigation">Navigation</a></h3> <header id="header" class="col-full"> <div id="logo"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/">Monthly Review</a></h1> <span class="site-description">An Independent Socialist Magazine</span> </div> </header> <div id="search" class="search"><script type="rocketlazyloadscript" async data-rocket-src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=010713176322664131896:ticznsl0uks"></script><div class="gcse-search"></div></div><nav id="navigation" class="col-full" role="navigation"> <section class="menus nav-icons nav-icons-1 cart-extended"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org" class="nav-home"><span>Home</span></a> <h3>Main Menu</h3><ul id="main-nav" class="nav fl"><li id="menu-item-118834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-118834"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-146616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146616"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/organizational-solidarity-offer/" title="Organizational Solidarity Offer">Solidarity Offer!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-21995"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/store/" title="Shop Monthly Review Press">Store</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-25770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-product_cat menu-item-25770"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product-category/books/">Books</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25769" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-product_cat menu-item-25769"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product-category/back-issues/">Back Issues</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21996"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/cart/" title="My Cart">View My Cart</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25772" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25772"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/checkout/" title="Checkout Now">Checkout</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18100" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-18100"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/press/" title="Monthly Review Press">Press</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-200631" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-200631"><a href="https://form.jotform.com/243428893367167" title="Submit a Book Proposal or Manuscript to Monthly Review Press">Submit a Book Proposal or Manuscript</a></li> <li id="menu-item-176552" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-product_tag menu-item-176552"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product-tag/new-recently-released/" title="New and Recently Released">New & Recently Released</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18101" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18101"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/mrpress/catalogs/" title="Click to Download Monthly Review Press Catalogs by Year">MR Press Catalogs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18103"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/mrpress/mrpress-books-list/" title="Full List of Monthly Review Press Books">Books (list of all titles)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18107"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/mrpress/info/" title="Information about discounts, shipping, & eBooks ">Discounts, Shipping, and eBooks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18109"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/mrpress/request-a-review-or-desk-copy/">Request a Review or Desk Copy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18110"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/mrpress/sales-and-distribution/">Sales and Distribution</a></li> <li id="menu-item-165362" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165362"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/baran-sweezy-memorial-award/" title="The Paul A. Baran—Paul M. Sweezy Memorial Award">Baran—Sweezy Memorial Award</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-18111"><a href="#">Browse</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-89973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89973"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/search/">Search</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18115"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/browse-the-archives/" title="Browse available online issues">by Year and Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18117"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/browse-the-archives/articles-by-subject/" title="Browse by subject area">by Subject</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18118"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/browse-the-archives/by-geographic-location/" title="Browse by geographic location">by Geographic Location</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18119"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/browse-the-archives/archives-by-magazine-section/" title="Browse by magazine section">by Magazine Section</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18120"><a href="https://monthlyreviewarchives.org/" title="Visit the MR archives">Complete archive, 1949–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18121" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-18121"><a href="#">Contact</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-200861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-200861"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/contact/submissions/">Submit an Article or Book Proposal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18112"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/contact/" title="Contact the editors, make an order inquiry, update subscription information, etc.">Contact <em>Monthly Review</em></a></li> <li id="menu-item-18123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18123"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/contact/reprint-permissions/">Reprint Permissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18124" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18124"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/contact/advertise/">Advertise in <em>Monthly Review</em></a></li> <li id="menu-item-18113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18113"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/about/" title="About Monthly Review">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-18126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18126"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/about/the-editors/" title="The Editors of Monthly Review’s ">The Editors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-18128"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://monthlyreview.org/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18129"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/about/donate/" title="Support Monthly Review">Donate to <em>MR</em></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-25767" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-25767"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/help/" title="Account, Login, and eBook Support">Help</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-117608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-117608"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/help/faq/" title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-117609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-117609"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/help/general-announcement/" title="Read here for more info">New Subscription System!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-61417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-61417"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/help/how-to-download-and-convert-ebooks/">How to Download and Convert eBooks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-22004" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-22004"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/" title="Manage Account Preferences, Subscriptions and Orders">My Account</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-117635" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-117635"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/my-subscription/" title="View and/or Renew your MR subscription">View/Renew Subscription</a></li> <li id="menu-item-73045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-73045"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/edit-account/" title="Account Preferences">Change Email/Password</a></li> <li id="menu-item-73047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-73047"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/lost-password/">Recover My Password</a></li> <li id="menu-item-73046" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-73046"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/my-account/edit-address/" title="Edit your mailing address">Change Address</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="side-nav"> <ul class="cart fr no-rss-link"> <li> <a class="cart-contents" href="https://monthlyreview.org/cart/" title="View your shopping cart"> <span class="count">0 items</span> - <span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><bdi><span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">$</span>0.00</bdi></span> </a> <ul> <li><div class="widget woocommerce widget_shopping_cart"><div class="widget_shopping_cart_content"></div></div></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <a href="#top" class="nav-close"><span>Return to Content</span></a> </nav>  <div id="content" class="col-full magazine"> <div id="main-sidebar-container">  <section id="main"> <article class="post-21993 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <section class="entry"> </section> <div class="fix"></div> <span class="categories"></span> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/notes-from-the-editors/" rel="tag">Notes from the Editors</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-201154 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-09-february section-notes-from-the-editors geography-global subject-biography subject-imperialism subject-marxism subject-media subject_geography-biography subject_geography-geography subject_geography-global subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-media subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/mr-076-09-2025-02_0/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/MR-076-09-2025-02-100x146.png.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 9 (February 2025)" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/MR-076-09-2025-02-100x146.png"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/MR-076-09-2025-02-100x146.png" alt="Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 9 (February 2025)" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/mr-076-09-2025-02_0/" rel="bookmark" title="February 2025 (Volume 76, Number 9)">February 2025 (Volume 76, Number 9)</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/monthlyrevieweditors/" title="Posts by The Editors" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Editors</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 09 (February 2025)" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/mr-076-09-2025-02/">buy this issue</a></div> <p>The editors recall the life and accomplishments of Amiya Kumar Bagchi, a leading light among contemporary Marxist political economists. Bagchi’s insights challenged prevailing Eurocentric ideas about economic history while providing a path forward through a collective, united, anti-imperialist resistance. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/mr-076-09-2025-02_0/" title="February 2025 (Volume 76, Number 9)">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/review-of-the-month/" rel="tag">Review of the Month</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-201155 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-09-february section-review-of-the-month geography-americas geography-israel geography-middle-east geography-palestine geography-united-states subject-history subject-imperialism subject-marxism subject_geography-americas subject_geography-europe subject_geography-geography subject_geography-history subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-israel subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-middle-east subject_geography-palestine subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/imperialism-and-white-settler-colonialism-in-marxist-theory/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Clouds-dance-behind-statues-at-the-Chickasaw-Cultural-Center-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Clouds dance behind statues at the Chickasaw Cultural Center during the 2012 Trail of Tears Conference in Sulphur, Oklahoma near the Chickasaw National Recreation Area" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Clouds-dance-behind-statues-at-the-Chickasaw-Cultural-Center-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Clouds-dance-behind-statues-at-the-Chickasaw-Cultural-Center-100x146.jpg" alt="Clouds dance behind statues at the Chickasaw Cultural Center during the 2012 Trail of Tears Conference in Sulphur, Oklahoma near the Chickasaw National Recreation Area" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/imperialism-and-white-settler-colonialism-in-marxist-theory/" rel="bookmark" title="Imperialism and White Settler Colonialism in Marxist Theory">Imperialism and White Settler Colonialism in Marxist Theory</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/" title="Posts by John Bellamy Foster" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Bellamy Foster</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>Over the last quarter century—and especially since the beginning of Israel’s latest genocidal incursion into Palestine in October 2023—the term “settler colonialism” has proliferated in academic and popular discourse. In February’s “Review of the Month,” John Bellamy Foster connects readers to thinkers from around the globe and across time to illustrate the phenomenon of settler colonialism as a dimension of imperialism, and thus capitalism, driven by a rapacious extractivism that threatens the whole of humanity. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/imperialism-and-white-settler-colonialism-in-marxist-theory/" title="Imperialism and White Settler Colonialism in Marxist Theory">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="newthisweek"><a id="new"></a>New this week!</div> <article class="post-201156 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-09-february geography-asia geography-china subject-agriculture subject-ecology subject-economic-theory subject-imperialism subject-labor subject-movements subject-political-economy subject_geography-agriculture subject_geography-asia subject_geography-china subject_geography-ecology subject_geography-economic-theory subject_geography-geography subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-labor subject_geography-movements subject_geography-political-economy subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/chinese-style-modernization-revolution-and-the-worker-peasant-alliance/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/1620px-The_Communist_Revolution_in_Gansu_10096906073-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The Communist Revolution in Gansu" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/1620px-The_Communist_Revolution_in_Gansu_10096906073-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/1620px-The_Communist_Revolution_in_Gansu_10096906073-100x146.jpg" alt="The Communist Revolution in Gansu" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/chinese-style-modernization-revolution-and-the-worker-peasant-alliance/" rel="bookmark" title="Chinese-Style Modernization: Revolution and the Worker-Peasant Alliance">Chinese-Style Modernization: Revolution and the Worker-Peasant Alliance</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/lu-xinyu/" title="Posts by Lu Xinyu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lu Xinyu</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>Since the 1980s, writes Lu Xinyu, a division between industrial and agricultural labor has grown in China, reflected in the fractured relationship between urban and rural areas. China’s successful navigation of the issue, Lu concludes, relies on creating a vigorous alliance between the rural peasantry and urban workers that aids in the ultimate delinking of China from the imperialist, world system. Chinese-style modernization, Lu concludes, represents a path that, while developed in a Chinese context, “represents the aspirations of the Global South to break free from worldwide Western hegemony.” | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/chinese-style-modernization-revolution-and-the-worker-peasant-alliance/" title="Chinese-Style Modernization: Revolution and the Worker-Peasant Alliance">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <article class="post-201157 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-09-february geography-asia geography-china geography-japan subject-culture subject-ecology subject-labor subject-marxist-ecology subject-media subject-movements subject_geography-asia subject_geography-china subject_geography-culture subject_geography-ecology subject_geography-europe subject_geography-geography subject_geography-japan subject_geography-labor subject_geography-marxist-ecology subject_geography-media subject_geography-movements subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/emerging-oceanic-struggles-for-no-nukes-in-japan/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Sit-Lau-photo-1-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The authors, interviewees, and other attendees at the PARC Symposium" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Sit-Lau-photo-1-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Sit-Lau-photo-1-100x146.jpg" alt="The authors, interviewees, and other attendees at the PARC Symposium" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/emerging-oceanic-struggles-for-no-nukes-in-japan/" rel="bookmark" title="Emerging Oceanic Struggles for No-Nukes in Japan">Emerging Oceanic Struggles for No-Nukes in Japan</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/sittsui/" title="Posts by Sit Tsui" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sit Tsui</a> and <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/laukinchi/" title="Posts by Lau Kin Chi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lau Kin Chi</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <div class="non−subscriber">This article will be released in full online February 17, 2025.</div> <p>In this deeply stirring account, Sit Tsui and Lau Kin Chi share their field research, conducted over years of travel and relationship-building, into the Japanese antinuclear movement. As the people and environment of Fukushima continue to be impacted by the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in March 2011, the No-Nukes movement has grown in response, encompassing aspects of society ranging from artists and monks to fisherfolk and intellectuals. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/emerging-oceanic-struggles-for-no-nukes-in-japan/" title="Emerging Oceanic Struggles for No-Nukes in Japan">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/notes-from-the-editors/" rel="tag">Notes from the Editors</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200878 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-notes-from-the-editors geography-americas geography-united-states subject-democracy subject-fascism subject-marxism subject-media subject-movements subject_geography-americas subject_geography-democracy subject_geography-fascism subject_geography-geography subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-media subject_geography-movements subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/mr-076-08-2025-01_0/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/MR-076-08-2025-01-100x146.png.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/MR-076-08-2025-01-100x146.png" alt="Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 8 (January 2025)" decoding="async"/> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/mr-076-08-2025-01_0/" rel="bookmark" title="January 2025 (Volume 76, Number 8)">January 2025 (Volume 76, Number 8)</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/monthlyrevieweditors/" title="Posts by The Editors" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Editors</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 08 (January 2025)" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/mr-076-08-2025-01/">buy this issue</a></div> <p><em>Monthly Review</em> editors take on the results of the 2024 election, exploring how the lackluster reformist policies of the Biden administration and unfocused nature of the Harris campaign served to drive away much of the working class, as reflected in part by the expansion of the Party of Nonvoters. As neoliberal positions occlude the possibility of a Popular Front against Trump’s fascism, any substantive victory must come from a revolutionary restructuring of society. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/mr-076-08-2025-01_0/" title="January 2025 (Volume 76, Number 8)">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/review-of-the-month/" rel="tag">Review of the Month</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200879 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-review-of-the-month geography-americas geography-cuba geography-united-states subject-biography subject-ecology subject-marxism subject-marxist-ecology subject-media subject_geography-americas subject_geography-biography subject_geography-cuba subject_geography-ecology subject_geography-geography subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-marxist-ecology subject_geography-media subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-dialectical-ecologist-richard-levins-and-the-science-and-praxis-of-the-human-nature-metabolism/" class="post-thumnbail"><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/pb1573-100x146.jpg" class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" alt="Biology Under the Influence" decoding="async" /></a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-dialectical-ecologist-richard-levins-and-the-science-and-praxis-of-the-human-nature-metabolism/" rel="bookmark" title="The Dialectical Ecologist: Richard Levins and the Science and Praxis of the Human-Nature Metabolism">The Dialectical Ecologist: Richard Levins and the Science and Praxis of the Human-Nature Metabolism</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/" title="Posts by John Bellamy Foster" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Bellamy Foster</a> and <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/brettclark/" title="Posts by Brett Clark" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brett Clark</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>In January’s Review of the Month, John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark revisit the legacy of scientist and <em>MR</em> author Richard Levins, from his “red diaper” infancy to his agroecological work in Cuba and his contributions to Marxian ecological thinking as a whole. “As a dialectical ecologist,” they write, “Levins proposed that we ask the big questions, as part of understanding why the world came to be organized in a particular way, and how it might be different.” | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-dialectical-ecologist-richard-levins-and-the-science-and-praxis-of-the-human-nature-metabolism/" title="The Dialectical Ecologist: Richard Levins and the Science and Praxis of the Human-Nature Metabolism">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <article class="post-200880 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january geography-global subject-monopoly subject-political-economy subject-stagnation subject_geography-geography subject_geography-global subject_geography-monopoly subject_geography-political-economy subject_geography-stagnation subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/free-cash-mergers-and-capital-spillage/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Free-Cash-Capital-Accumulation-and-Inequality-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Free Cash, Capital Accumulation and Inequality" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Free-Cash-Capital-Accumulation-and-Inequality-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Free-Cash-Capital-Accumulation-and-Inequality-100x146.jpg" alt="Free Cash, Capital Accumulation and Inequality" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/free-cash-mergers-and-capital-spillage/" rel="bookmark" title="Free Cash, Mergers, and Capital Spillage">Free Cash, Mergers, and Capital Spillage</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/craigmedlen/" title="Posts by Craig Medlen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Craig Medlen</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>Craig Medlen draws on decades of data to reveal how the creeping stagnation of the past half-century has led to the increasing consolidation of corporate monopoly power and concentration of firms by way of mergers and, importantly, the free cash that funds them. This stunning rise in free cash, fueled in part by government deficits, starkly reveals how the ruling class continues to enrich themselves and strengthen their position on the top of the economic heap. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/free-cash-mergers-and-capital-spillage/" title="Free Cash, Mergers, and Capital Spillage">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/interview/" rel="tag">Interview</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200881 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-interview geography-americas geography-brazil geography-global subject-climate-change subject-ecology subject-marxism subject_geography-americas subject_geography-brazil subject_geography-climate-change subject_geography-ecology subject_geography-geography subject_geography-global subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/an-ecological-civilization-will-have-to-be-socialist/" class="post-thumnbail"><img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" alt="Facing the Anthropocene: Fossil Capitalism and the Crisis of the Earth System" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/facing_the_anthropocene-100x146.jpg" /><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/facing_the_anthropocene-100x146.jpg" class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" alt="Facing the Anthropocene: Fossil Capitalism and the Crisis of the Earth System" decoding="async" /></noscript></a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/an-ecological-civilization-will-have-to-be-socialist/" rel="bookmark" title="An Ecological Civilization Will Have to Be Socialist">An Ecological Civilization Will Have to Be Socialist</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/ianangus/" title="Posts by Ian Angus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ian Angus</a> and <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/claudia-antunes/" title="Posts by Claudia Antunes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Claudia Antunes</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>In this interview with Claudia Antunes of Brazilian magazine <em>Sumaúma</em>, Ian Angus takes stock of our current planetary crisis, from its origins in Marx’s ecological thought and the present debate over its designation to the future of human civilization as we know it. “The key question is,” he concludes, “Are we going to see large number of people moving for change?” | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/an-ecological-civilization-will-have-to-be-socialist/" title="An Ecological Civilization Will Have to Be Socialist">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/article/" rel="tag">article</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200882 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-article geography-americas geography-asia geography-china geography-united-states subject-ecology subject-marxism subject-marxist-ecology subject-socialism subject_geography-americas subject_geography-asia subject_geography-china subject_geography-ecology subject_geography-geography subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-marxist-ecology subject_geography-socialism subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/some-preliminary-theses-on-the-concept-of-eco-civilization/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Screen-capture-from-22A-glimpse-into-Ningxia22-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Screen capture from "A glimpse into Ningxia"" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Screen-capture-from-22A-glimpse-into-Ningxia22-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Screen-capture-from-22A-glimpse-into-Ningxia22-100x146.jpg" alt="Screen capture from "A glimpse into Ningxia"" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/some-preliminary-theses-on-the-concept-of-eco-civilization/" rel="bookmark" title="Some Preliminary Theses on the Concept of Eco-Civilization">Some Preliminary Theses on the Concept of Eco-Civilization</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/" title="Posts by John Bellamy Foster" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Bellamy Foster</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>In this talk given at Peking University in October 2024, John Bellamy Foster shares ten theses describing both the roots and contemporary manifestations of the idea of ecological civilization. Relating the concept’s origins in the writings of Marx and Engels to its expression today in Chinese society, Foster reveals the inherently socialist nature of eco-civilization and the necessity of a worldwide ecological revolution to shift toward sustainable human development. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/some-preliminary-theses-on-the-concept-of-eco-civilization/" title="Some Preliminary Theses on the Concept of Eco-Civilization">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/article/" rel="tag">article</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-article geography-americas geography-asia geography-pakistan geography-united-states subject-class subject-democracy subject-imperialism subject-marxism subject-movements subject_geography-americas subject_geography-asia subject_geography-class subject_geography-democracy subject_geography-geography subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-movements subject_geography-pakistan subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-delusions-of-liberal-democracy-imperialism-and-militarism-in-pakistan/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/US_Pakistani_Airforce_operatives_fist_bump-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Soldiers from the U.S. Air Force and Pakistani Air Force bumping fists" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/US_Pakistani_Airforce_operatives_fist_bump-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/US_Pakistani_Airforce_operatives_fist_bump-100x146.jpg" alt="Soldiers from the U.S. Air Force and Pakistani Air Force bumping fists" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-delusions-of-liberal-democracy-imperialism-and-militarism-in-pakistan/" rel="bookmark" title="The Delusions of Liberal Democracy: Imperialism and Militarism in Pakistan">The Delusions of Liberal Democracy: Imperialism and Militarism in Pakistan</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/aasimsajjadakhtar/" title="Posts by Aasim Sajjad Akhtar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Aasim Sajjad Akhtar</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>Against a backdrop of political turmoil and a popular uprising, Aasim Sajjad Akhtar examines how the contradictions of liberal democracy have played out in Pakistan. Exploring the dynamic between the U.S.-backed, militarized Pakistani political elite and the rise of reactionary politician Imran Khan, Akhtar shows how Khan has employed empty anti-imperialist rhetoric to mobilize a discontented populace—and how this could be counteracted with a genuine anti-imperialist movement. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-delusions-of-liberal-democracy-imperialism-and-militarism-in-pakistan/" title="The Delusions of Liberal Democracy: Imperialism and Militarism in Pakistan">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/poetry/" rel="tag">Poetry</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200884 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-poetry geography-americas geography-united-states subject-capitalism subject-class subject-marxism subject-political-economy subject_geography-americas subject_geography-capitalism subject_geography-class subject_geography-geography subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-political-economy subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-extreme-court/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/1664px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_U.S._Supreme_Court_Building-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="U.S. Supreme Court building" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/1664px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_U.S._Supreme_Court_Building-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/1664px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_U.S._Supreme_Court_Building-100x146.jpg" alt="U.S. Supreme Court building" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-extreme-court/" rel="bookmark" title="The Extreme Court">The Extreme Court</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/margepiercy/" title="Posts by Marge Piercy" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marge Piercy</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>A new poem by Marge Piercy. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-extreme-court/" title="The Extreme Court">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/commentary/" rel="tag">Commentary</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200885 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-14010 category-volume-76-issue-08-january section-commentary geography-americas geography-united-states subject-empire subject-history subject-imperialism subject_geography-americas subject_geography-empire subject_geography-geography subject_geography-history subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-subject subject_geography-united-states"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/empire-and-popular-arts/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/IPHOUS-thumbnail-100x146.jpg.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz's Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States: A Graphic Interpretation" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/IPHOUS-thumbnail-100x146.jpg"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/IPHOUS-thumbnail-100x146.jpg" alt="Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz's Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States: A Graphic Interpretation" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/empire-and-popular-arts/" rel="bookmark" title="Empire and Popular Arts: A Note on Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz’s “Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States”">Empire and Popular Arts: A Note on Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz’s “Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States”</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/dylandavis/" title="Posts by Dylan Davis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dylan Davis</a>, <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/paulbuhle/" title="Posts by Paul Buhle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul Buhle</a> and <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/paulpeart-smith/" title="Posts by Paul Peart-Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul Peart-Smith</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <p>This month, we at <em>MR</em> had the great pleasure of publishing this note on <em>Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz’s Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States: A Graphic Interpretation</em>, written by Dylan Davis and Paul Buhle, with illustrations from the book by illustrator Paul Peart-Smith. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/empire-and-popular-arts/" title="Empire and Popular Arts: A Note on Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz’s “Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States”">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="sectionwrap"> <span class="section"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/section/notes-from-the-editors/" rel="tag">Notes from the Editors</a> </span> </div> <article class="post-200537 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-13921 category-volume-76-issue-07-december section-notes-from-the-editors geography-israel geography-middle-east geography-palestine subject-ideology subject-imperialism subject-inequality subject-marxism subject-movements subject-race subject-state-repression subject_geography-europe subject_geography-geography subject_geography-ideology subject_geography-imperialism subject_geography-inequality subject_geography-israel subject_geography-marxism subject_geography-middle-east subject_geography-movements subject_geography-palestine subject_geography-race subject_geography-state-repression subject_geography-subject"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2024/12/01/mr-076-07-2024-11_0/" class="post-thumnbail"><picture class="attachment-small_thumb size-small_thumb wp-post-image" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/MR-076-07-2024-11-100x146.png.webp"/> <img width="100" height="146" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20146'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 7 (December 2024)" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/MR-076-07-2024-11-100x146.png"/><noscript><img width="100" height="146" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/MR-076-07-2024-11-100x146.png" alt="Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 7 (December 2024)" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </a> <header> <h2 class="title entry-title"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2024/12/01/mr-076-07-2024-11_0/" rel="bookmark" title="December 2024 (Volume 76, Number 7)">December 2024 (Volume 76, Number 7)</a></h2> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="mr-byline"><em>by</em> <span class="coauthors"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/monthlyrevieweditors/" title="Posts by The Editors" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Editors</a></span></div> </div> <section class="entry"> <div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review Volume 76, Number 07 (December 2024)" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/mr-076-07-2024-11/">buy this issue</a></div> <p>As the atrocities visited by Israel upon the Palestinian people continue to multiply, this month’s “Notes from the Editors is a forceful condemnation of not only the Zionist entity, but the entire U.S.-led neoliberal world order. Israel’s relentless pursuit of genocide in Palestine “has destroyed any pretense of a commitment to universal human rights on the part of the West,” undeniably revealing “imperialism and settler colonialism in their most brutal forms” as the entire world watches. | <a class="more-link" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2024/12/01/mr-076-07-2024-11_0/" title="December 2024 (Volume 76, Number 7)">more…</a></p> </section> <div class="fix"></div> </article> <div class="pagination woo-pagination"><span aria-label="Page 1" aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a aria-label="Page 2" class="page-numbers" href="https://monthlyreview.org/page/2/">2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a aria-label="Page 156" class="page-numbers" href="https://monthlyreview.org/page/156/">156</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://monthlyreview.org/page/2/">Next →</a></div> </section> <aside id="sidebar"> <div id="text-16" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><p> <iframe loading="lazy" id="JotFormIFrame-243651534879165" title="Attentive Ears Dispatch Email Listing" onload="window.parent.scrollTo(0,0)" allowtransparency="true" allow="geolocation; microphone; camera; fullscreen" src="about:blank" frameborder="0" style="min-width:100%;max-width:100%;height:430px;border:none;" scrolling="no" data-rocket-lazyload="fitvidscompatible" data-lazy-src="https://form.jotform.com/243651534879165"><br /> </iframe><noscript><iframe id="JotFormIFrame-243651534879165" title="Attentive Ears Dispatch Email Listing" onload="window.parent.scrollTo(0,0)" allowtransparency="true" allow="geolocation; microphone; camera; fullscreen" src="https://form.jotform.com/243651534879165" frameborder="0" style="min-width:100%;max-width:100%;height:430px;border:none;" scrolling="no"><br /> </iframe></noscript><br /> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src='https://cdn.jotfor.ms/s/umd/latest/for-form-embed-handler.js' data-rocket-defer defer></script><br /> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript">window.jotformEmbedHandler("iframe[id='JotFormIFrame-243651534879165']", "https://form.jotform.com/")</script></p> </div> </div><div id="block-4" class="widget widget_block"><h3 class="wp-block-heading">New from Monthly Review Press</h3><div data-wc-navigation-id="wc-product-collection-49" data-wc-context="{"accessibilityLoadingMessage":"Loading page, please wait.","accessibilityLoadedMessage":"Page Loaded.","isPrefetchNextOrPreviousLink":false}" data-wc-init="callbacks.onRender" data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}" data-__private-preview-state="{"isPreview":false,"previewMessage":"Actual products will vary depending on the page being viewed."}" data-block-name="woocommerce/product-collection" data-dimensions="{"widthType":"fill"}" data-display-layout="{"type":"flex","columns":2,"shrinkColumns":true}" data-query-context-includes="["collection"]" data-query-id="49" data-query="{"perPage":9,"pages":0,"offset":0,"postType":"product","order":"desc","orderBy":"date","search":"","exclude":[],"inherit":false,"taxQuery":{"product_tag":[9715]},"isProductCollectionBlock":true,"featured":false,"woocommerceOnSale":false,"woocommerceStockStatus":["instock","outofstock","onbackorder"],"woocommerceAttributes":[],"woocommerceHandPickedProducts":[],"filterable":false,"relatedBy":{"categories":true,"tags":true}}" data-tag-name="div" class="wp-block-woocommerce-product-collection is-layout-flow wp-block-product-collection-is-layout-flow"><ul class="wc-block-product-template__responsive columns-2 wc-block-product-template wp-block-woocommerce-product-template"><li class="wc-block-product post-199152 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback first instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199152}' data-wc-key="product-item-199152" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/the-class-struggle-and-welfare-social-policy-under-capitalism/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="The Class Struggle and Welfare: Social Policy under Capitalism"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-200x300.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-500x750.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-800x1200.jpg.webp 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-350x525.jpg.webp 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-300x450.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-80x120.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare.jpg.webp 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-200x300.jpg" alt="The Class Struggle and Welfare: Social Policy under Capitalism" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare-80x120.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Class-Struggle-and-Welfare.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/the-class-struggle-and-welfare-social-policy-under-capitalism/" target="_self" >The Class Struggle and Welfare: Social Policy under Capitalism</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-199151 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback subject-economic subject-literary-studies subject-urban-studies instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199151}' data-wc-key="product-item-199151" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/a-rotten-crowd-america-wealth-and-one-hundred-years-of-the-great-gatsby/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="A Rotten Crowd: America, Wealth, and One-Hundred Years of The Great Gatsby"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-200x298.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-500x744.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-800x1190.jpg.webp 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-350x521.jpg.webp 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-300x446.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-80x119.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd.jpg.webp 1008w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="298" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20298'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="A Rotten Crowd: America, Wealth, and One-Hundred Years of The Great Gatsby" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-200x298.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-500x744.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-800x1190.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-350x521.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-300x446.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-80x119.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd.jpg 1008w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-200x298.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="298" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-200x298.jpg" alt="A Rotten Crowd: America, Wealth, and One-Hundred Years of The Great Gatsby" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-200x298.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-500x744.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-800x1190.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-350x521.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-300x446.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd-80x119.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/A-Rotten-Crowd.jpg 1008w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/a-rotten-crowd-america-wealth-and-one-hundred-years-of-the-great-gatsby/" target="_self" >A Rotten Crowd: America, Wealth, and One-Hundred Years of The Great Gatsby</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-199150 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback geography-latin-america geography-paraguay subject-biography subject-empire subject-history subject-human-rights subject-movements subject-revolutions subject-state-repression subject-war instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199150}' data-wc-key="product-item-199150" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/paraguayan-sorrow/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="Paraguayan Sorrow: Writings of Rafael Barrett, A Radical Voice in a Dispossessed Land"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-200x300.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-500x750.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-800x1200.jpg.webp 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-350x525.jpg.webp 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-300x450.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-80x120.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow.jpg.webp 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Paraguayan Sorrow: Writings of Rafael Barrett, A Radical Voice in a Dispossessed Land" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-80x120.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow.jpg 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-200x300.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-200x300.jpg" alt="Paraguayan Sorrow: Writings of Rafael Barrett, A Radical Voice in a Dispossessed Land" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow-80x120.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Paraguayan-Sorrow.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/paraguayan-sorrow/" target="_self" >Paraguayan Sorrow: Writings of Rafael Barrett, A Radical Voice in a Dispossessed Land</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-199148 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback geography-india subject-marxism subject-movements subject-political-economy last instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199148}' data-wc-key="product-item-199148" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/knowledge-as-commons/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="Knowledge as Commons: Toward Inclusive Science and Technology"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-200x303.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-500x758.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-495x750.jpg.webp 495w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-791x1200.jpg.webp 791w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-346x525.jpg.webp 346w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-297x450.jpg.webp 297w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-300x455.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-80x121.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons.jpg.webp 989w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="303" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20303'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Knowledge as Commons: Toward Inclusive Science and Technology" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-200x303.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-500x758.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-495x750.jpg 495w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-791x1200.jpg 791w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-346x525.jpg 346w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-297x450.jpg 297w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-300x455.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-80x121.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons.jpg 989w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-200x303.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="303" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-200x303.jpg" alt="Knowledge as Commons: Toward Inclusive Science and Technology" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-200x303.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-500x758.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-495x750.jpg 495w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-791x1200.jpg 791w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-346x525.jpg 346w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-297x450.jpg 297w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-300x455.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons-80x121.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Knowledge-as-Commons.jpg 989w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/knowledge-as-commons/" target="_self" >Knowledge as Commons: Toward Inclusive Science and Technology</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-199149 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback geography-india subject-anti-communism subject-biography subject-human-rights subject-movements subject-state-repression subject-strategy first instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199149}' data-wc-key="product-item-199149" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/keeping-up-the-good-fight/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="Keeping Up the Good Fight: From the Emergency to the Present Day"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-200x305.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-500x762.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-492x750.jpg.webp 492w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-787x1200.jpg.webp 787w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-344x525.jpg.webp 344w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-295x450.jpg.webp 295w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-300x457.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-80x122.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight.jpg.webp 984w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="305" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20305'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Keeping Up the Good Fight: From the Emergency to the Present Day" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-200x305.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-500x762.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-492x750.jpg 492w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-787x1200.jpg 787w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-344x525.jpg 344w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-295x450.jpg 295w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-300x457.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-80x122.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight.jpg 984w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-200x305.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="305" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-200x305.jpg" alt="Keeping Up the Good Fight: From the Emergency to the Present Day" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-200x305.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-500x762.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-492x750.jpg 492w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-787x1200.jpg 787w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-344x525.jpg 344w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-295x450.jpg 295w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-300x457.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight-80x122.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Keeping-Up-the-Good-Fight.jpg 984w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/keeping-up-the-good-fight/" target="_self" >Keeping Up the Good Fight: From the Emergency to the Present Day</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-199153 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":199153}' data-wc-key="product-item-199153" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/the-physics-of-capitalism-how-a-new-political-ecology-can-change-the-world/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="The Physics of Capitalism: How a New Political Ecology Can Change the World"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-200x300.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-500x750.jpg.webp 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-800x1200.jpg.webp 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-350x525.jpg.webp 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-300x450.jpg.webp 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-80x120.jpg.webp 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism.jpg.webp 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The Physics of Capitalism: How a New Political Ecology Can Change the World" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-80x120.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism.jpg 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-200x300.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-200x300.jpg" alt="The Physics of Capitalism: How a New Political Ecology Can Change the World" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism-80x120.jpg 80w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Physics-of-Capitalism.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/the-physics-of-capitalism-how-a-new-political-ecology-can-change-the-world/" target="_self" >The Physics of Capitalism: How a New Political Ecology Can Change the World</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-196750 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":196750}' data-wc-key="product-item-196750" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/western-marxism/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="losurdo comp final"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled-200x300.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled.jpg.webp 1366w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Western Marxism: How it was Born, How it Died, How it can be Reborn" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled.jpg 1366w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-80x120.jpg 80w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled-200x300.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled-200x300.jpg" alt="Western Marxism: How it was Born, How it Died, How it can be Reborn" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-scaled.jpg 1366w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/losurdo-comp-final-80x120.jpg 80w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/western-marxism/" target="_self" >Western Marxism: How it was Born, How it Died, How it can be Reborn</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-196748 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-grassroots-books product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback last instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":196748}' data-wc-key="product-item-196748" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/postcards-to-hitler/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="PTH Cover 091423 Final"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled-200x295.jpg.webp 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled.jpg.webp 1390w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="295" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20295'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Postcards to Hitler" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled-200x295.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-500x737.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-800x1179.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-350x516.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-1042x1536.jpg 1042w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled.jpg 1390w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-300x442.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-80x118.jpg 80w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled-200x295.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="295" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled-200x295.jpg" alt="Postcards to Hitler" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled-200x295.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-500x737.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-800x1179.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-350x516.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-1042x1536.jpg 1042w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-scaled.jpg 1390w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-300x442.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PTH-Cover-091423-Final-80x118.jpg 80w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/postcards-to-hitler/" target="_self" >Postcards to Hitler: A German Jew’s Defiance in a Time of Terror</a></h3> </li><li class="wc-block-product post-196747 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-books product_cat-books-cloth product_cat-books-ebooks product_cat-books-paperback product_tag-grassroots-books product_tag-mrp-classics product_tag-new-recently-released pa_format-cloth pa_format-ebook pa_format-paperback first instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes" data-wc-interactive='{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}' data-wc-context='{"productId":196747}' data-wc-key="product-item-196747" > <div data-block-name="woocommerce/product-image" data-image-sizing="thumbnail" data-is-descendent-of-query-loop="true" class="wc-block-components-product-image wc-block-grid__product-image wp-block-woocommerce-product-image"> <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/let-me-speak-new-edition/" style="" data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct"> <picture decoding="async" class="attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail" data-testid="product-image" style="max-width:none;object-fit:cover;" title="viezzer comp final rev"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled-200x300.jpg.webp 200w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/> <img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20200%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Let Me Speak! Testimony of Domitila, A Woman of the Bolivian Mines, New Edition" data-testid="product-image" data-lazy-srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled.jpg 1365w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-80x120.jpg 80w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-lazy-src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled-200x300.jpg"/><noscript><img decoding="async" width="200" height="300" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled-200x300.jpg" alt="Let Me Speak! Testimony of Domitila, A Woman of the Bolivian Mines, New Edition" data-testid="product-image" srcset="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled-200x300.jpg 200w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-500x750.jpg 500w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-350x525.jpg 350w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-scaled.jpg 1365w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-300x450.jpg 300w, https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/viezzer-comp-final-rev-80x120.jpg 80w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"/></noscript> </picture> </a> </div> <h3 style="margin-bottom:0.75rem;margin-top:0;" class="has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a data-wc-on--click="woocommerce/product-collection::actions.viewProduct" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/let-me-speak-new-edition/" target="_self" >Let Me Speak! Testimony of Domitila, A Woman of the Bolivian Mines, New Edition</a></h3> </li></ul> <nav class="wp-block-query-pagination is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-query-pagination-is-layout-1 wp-block-query-pagination-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Pagination"> <div class="wp-block-query-pagination-numbers"><span aria-label="Page 1" aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}" data-wc-key="product-collection-pagination-numbers--660564147" data-wc-on--click="actions.navigate" aria-label="Page 2" class="page-numbers" href="?query-49-page=2">2</a> <a data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}" data-wc-key="product-collection-pagination-numbers--2285941375" data-wc-on--click="actions.navigate" aria-label="Page 3" class="page-numbers" href="?query-49-page=3">3</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}" data-wc-key="product-collection-pagination-numbers--3391704004" data-wc-on--click="actions.navigate" aria-label="Page 5" class="page-numbers" href="?query-49-page=5">5</a></div> <a data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce\/product-collection"}" data-wc-key="product-collection-pagination--next--2248023235" data-wc-on--click="actions.navigate" data-wc-on--mouseenter="actions.prefetchOnHover" data-wc-watch="callbacks.prefetch" href="/?query-49-page=2" class="wp-block-query-pagination-next">Next Page</a> </nav> <div data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce/product-collection"}" class="wc-block-product-collection__pagination-animation" data-wc-class--start-animation="state.startAnimation" data-wc-class--finish-animation="state.finishAnimation"> </div> <div data-wc-interactive="{"namespace":"woocommerce/product-collection"}" class="screen-reader-text" aria-live="polite" data-wc-text="context.accessibilityMessage"> </div> </div></div></aside> </div> <aside id="sidebar-alt"> <div id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="newthisweek aligncenter"><a href="#new">NEW THIS WEEK!</a></div></div></div><div id="widget_tptn_pop-6" class="widget tptn_posts_list_widget"><h3>Popular</h3><div class="tptn_posts_daily tptn_posts_widget tptn_posts_widget-widget_tptn_pop-6 tptn-text-only"><ul><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Why Socialism?</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/alberteinstein/">Albert Einstein</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2024/11/01/the-new-denial-of-imperialism-on-the-left/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">The New Denial of Imperialism on the Left</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/">John Bellamy Foster</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/imperialism-and-white-settler-colonialism-in-marxist-theory/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Imperialism and White Settler Colonialism in Marxist Theory</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/">John Bellamy Foster</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/mr-076-08-2025-01_0/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">January 2025 (Volume 76, Number 8)</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/monthlyrevieweditors/">The Editors</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/the-dialectical-ecologist-richard-levins-and-the-science-and-praxis-of-the-human-nature-metabolism/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">The Dialectical Ecologist: Richard Levins and the Science and Praxis of the Human-Nature Metabolism</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/">John Bellamy Foster</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/chinese-style-modernization-revolution-and-the-worker-peasant-alliance/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Chinese-Style Modernization: Revolution and the Worker-Peasant Alliance</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/lu-xinyu/">Lu Xinyu</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2024/12/01/braverman-monopoly-capital-and-ai-the-collective-worker-and-the-reunification-of-labor/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Braverman, Monopoly Capital, and AI: The Collective Worker and the Reunification of Labor</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/johnbellamyfoster/">John Bellamy Foster</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/01/01/free-cash-mergers-and-capital-spillage/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Free Cash, Mergers, and Capital Spillage</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/craigmedlen/">Craig Medlen</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2025/02/01/mr-076-09-2025-02_0/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">February 2025 (Volume 76, Number 9)</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/monthlyrevieweditors/">The Editors</a></span> </span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/1998/07/01/the-agrarian-origins-of-capitalism/" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">The Agrarian Origins of Capitalism</span></a><span class="tptn_author"> by <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/author/ellenmeiksinswood/">Ellen Meiksins Wood</a></span> </span></li></ul><div class="tptn_clear"></div></div><br /></div></aside> </div> <div data-wpr-lazyrender="1" id="account-status-coupon-toggle"> <span id="stripe-publishable-key" style="display: none;" data-value="pk_live_LDPTAJzjEUu08J7YhqRVzoTL"></span> <span id="wayland-base-url" style="display: none;" data-value="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org"></span> <subscriptioninfo wayland-url="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org" associate-print-coupon="mr_associate_50" associate-electronic-coupon="mr_e-associate_50" basic-print-coupon="mr_basic_20" basic-electronic-coupon="mr_basic-electronic_20" coupon-container="coupons_list"></subscriptioninfo> </div> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/" data-rocket-type="text/javascript" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org/static/js/manifest.js" data-rocket-type="text/javascript" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org/static/js/vendor.js" data-rocket-type="text/javascript" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-src="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org/static/js/app.js" data-rocket-type="text/javascript" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <link href="https://subscriptions.monthlyreview.org/static/css/app.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <footer data-wpr-lazyrender="1" id="footer" class="col-full"> <div id="copyright" class="col-left"> <p><i class="fa fa-copyright" aria-hidden="true"></i> 2025 Monthly Review Foundation. All Rights Reserved</p> </div> <div id="credit" class="col-right"> <p>Monthly Review | Tel: 212-691-2555<br />134 W 29th St Rm 706, New York, NY 10001</p> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="fix"></div> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/36ce609ae68971b4f060ad9c7/d61a087b5a533b9dc7f983a4b.js");</script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','nz5pe'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-type='text/javascript'> (function () { var c = document.body.className; c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, 'woocommerce-js'); document.body.className = c; })(); </script> <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-type="text/javascript"> /* MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ if ( typeof(jQuery) !== 'undefined' ) { jQuery( document ).ready(function(){ function monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load() { if ( ( typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gaTracker && __gaTracker.hasOwnProperty( "loaded" ) && __gaTracker.loaded == true ) || ( typeof(__gtagTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gtagTracker ) ) { (function(factory) { factory(jQuery); }(function($) { /* Scroll Depth */ "use strict"; var defaults = { percentage: true }; var $window = $(window), cache = [], scrollEventBound = false, lastPixelDepth = 0; /* * Plugin */ $.scrollDepth = function(options) { var startTime = +new Date(); options = $.extend({}, defaults, options); /* * Functions */ function sendEvent(action, label, scrollDistance, timing) { if ( 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject || 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent ) { return; } var paramName = action.toLowerCase(); var fieldsArray = { send_to: 'G-90FHGY5076', non_interaction: true }; fieldsArray[paramName] = label; if (arguments.length > 3) { fieldsArray.scroll_timing = timing MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } else { MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } } function calculateMarks(docHeight) { return { '25%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.25, 10), '50%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.50, 10), '75%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.75, 10), /* Cushion to trigger 100% event in iOS */ '100%': docHeight - 5 }; } function checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing) { /* Check each active mark */ $.each(marks, function(key, val) { if ( $.inArray(key, cache) === -1 && scrollDistance >= val ) { sendEvent('Percentage', key, scrollDistance, timing); cache.push(key); } }); } function rounded(scrollDistance) { /* Returns String */ return (Math.floor(scrollDistance/250) * 250).toString(); } function init() { bindScrollDepth(); } /* * Public Methods */ /* Reset Scroll Depth with the originally initialized options */ $.scrollDepth.reset = function() { cache = []; lastPixelDepth = 0; $window.off('scroll.scrollDepth'); bindScrollDepth(); }; /* Add DOM elements to be tracked */ $.scrollDepth.addElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.merge(options.elements, elems); /* If scroll event has been unbound from window, rebind */ if (!scrollEventBound) { bindScrollDepth(); } }; /* Remove DOM elements currently tracked */ $.scrollDepth.removeElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.each(elems, function(index, elem) { var inElementsArray = $.inArray(elem, options.elements); var inCacheArray = $.inArray(elem, cache); if (inElementsArray != -1) { options.elements.splice(inElementsArray, 1); } if (inCacheArray != -1) { cache.splice(inCacheArray, 1); } }); }; /* * Throttle function borrowed from: * Underscore.js 1.5.2 * http://underscorejs.org * (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors * Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license. */ function throttle(func, wait) { var context, args, result; var timeout = null; var previous = 0; var later = function() { previous = new Date; timeout = null; result = func.apply(context, args); }; return function() { var now = new Date; if (!previous) previous = now; var remaining = wait - (now - previous); context = this; args = arguments; if (remaining <= 0) { clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = null; previous = now; result = func.apply(context, args); } else if (!timeout) { timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining); } return result; }; } /* * Scroll Event */ function bindScrollDepth() { scrollEventBound = true; $window.on('scroll.scrollDepth', throttle(function() { /* * We calculate document and window height on each scroll event to * account for dynamic DOM changes. */ var docHeight = $(document).height(), winHeight = window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : $window.height(), scrollDistance = $window.scrollTop() + winHeight, /* Recalculate percentage marks */ marks = calculateMarks(docHeight), /* Timing */ timing = +new Date - startTime; checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing); }, 500)); } init(); }; /* UMD export */ return $.scrollDepth; })); jQuery.scrollDepth(); } else { setTimeout(monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load, 200); } } monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load(); }); } /* End MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ </script><link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-stripe-blocks-checkout-style-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-stripe/build/upe_blocks.css?ver=80aba14d0d0aecb5950a5419963416fe' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/wc-blocks.css?ver=wc-9.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-product-image-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/product-image.css?ver=wc-9.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-product-template-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/product-template.css?ver=wc-9.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-product-collection-css' href='https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/product-collection.css?ver=wc-9.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-query-pagination-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="tptn_tracker-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_tptn_tracker = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/","top_ten_id":"21993","top_ten_blog_id":"1","activate_counter":"11","top_ten_debug":"0","tptn_rnd":"631711964"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/top-10/includes/js/top-10-tracker.min.js?ver=4.0.3" id="tptn_tracker-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mailchimp-woocommerce-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mailchimp_public_data = {"site_url":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org","ajax_url":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","disable_carts":"","subscribers_only":"","language":"en","allowed_to_set_cookies":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-woocommerce/public/js/mailchimp-woocommerce-public.min.js?ver=5.2.07" id="mailchimp-woocommerce-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=019f1420ad166e74856047cb792b0972" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/sourcebuster/sourcebuster.min.js?ver=9.6.1" id="sourcebuster-js-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-order-attribution-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_order_attribution = {"params":{"lifetime":1.0000000000000000818030539140313095458623138256371021270751953125e-5,"session":30,"base64":false,"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","prefix":"wc_order_attribution_","allowTracking":true},"fields":{"source_type":"current.typ","referrer":"current_add.rf","utm_campaign":"current.cmp","utm_source":"current.src","utm_medium":"current.mdm","utm_content":"current.cnt","utm_id":"current.id","utm_term":"current.trm","utm_source_platform":"current.plt","utm_creative_format":"current.fmt","utm_marketing_tactic":"current.tct","session_entry":"current_add.ep","session_start_time":"current_add.fd","session_pages":"session.pgs","session_count":"udata.vst","user_agent":"udata.uag"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/order-attribution.min.js?ver=9.6.1" id="wc-order-attribution-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-cart-fragments-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_cart_fragments_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","cart_hash_key":"wc_cart_hash_97daa215782124e570c8e86930cfe086","fragment_name":"wc_fragments_97daa215782124e570c8e86930cfe086","request_timeout":"5000","min_password_strength":"2","i18n_password_error":"<span class=\"mr-red\">Please enter a stronger password.<\/span>","i18n_password_hint":"Your password must be <strong>at least 7 characters<\/strong> and contain a mix of <strong>UPPER<\/strong> and <strong>lowercase<\/strong> letters, <strong>numbers<\/strong>, and <strong>symbols<\/strong> (e.g., <strong> ! \" ? % ^ & <\/strong>). Keep adding additional characters and\/or variation until this prompt disappears\u2014you cannot save changes until it is gone."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/cart-fragments.min.js?ver=9.6.1" id="wc-cart-fragments-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/wc-blocks-frontend-vendors-frontend.js?ver=82cd8023ff7d2088b834" id="wc-blocks-frontend-vendors-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/wc-interactivity.js?ver=wc-9.6.1" id="wc-interactivity-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/product-collection-frontend.js?ver=c1fbdbe964c34f5a272c" id="wc-product-collection-block-frontend-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script>  <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function($) { jQuery('form.checkout').on('change', 'input[name=payment_method]', function(){ setTimeout(function(){ jQuery(document.body).trigger('update_checkout'); },1000); }) }); </script> <script>window.lazyLoadOptions=[{elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload,iframe[data-lazy-src]",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}},{elements_selector:".rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,}];window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(var i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue} if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName!=='function'){continue} images=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('img');is_image=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IMG";iframes=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('iframe');is_iframe=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IFRAME";rocket_lazy=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName('rocket-lazyload');image_count+=images.length;iframe_count+=iframes.length;rocketlazy_count+=rocket_lazy.length;if(is_image){image_count+=1} if(is_iframe){iframe_count+=1}}});if(image_count>0||iframe_count>0||rocketlazy_count>0){lazyLoadInstance.update()}});var b=document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(b,config)}},!1)</script><script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://p4r4f7y4.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/17.8.3/lazyload.min.js"></script></body> </html>