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.entete.volleyball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style> <p><b>البرونز</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أو <b>البُرُنْزُ</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أو <b>الأَيَارُ</b><sup id="cite_ref-لسان_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أو <b>المَرْشَبُ</b><sup id="cite_ref-لسان_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أو <b>القُلُزُّ</b><sup id="cite_ref-عربي_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-لسان_العرب_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أو <b>القِلِزُّ</b><sup id="cite_ref-لسان_العرب_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> هو اسم يطلق على طائفة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سبيكة">سبائك</a> النحاس المعدنية. وتتكون عادة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نحاس">النحاس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زنك">والزنك</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قصدير">والقصدير</a>، ولكنها ليست بالضرورة مقصورة على هذه العناصر. تم استخدام البرونز من قبل البشر منذ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر البرونزي">العصر البرونزي</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox"> <div class="entete" style="background-color:#CEDEFF;color:#000000"> <div> برونز </div> </div> <div style="border:unset;padding:unset"> <div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG/260px-Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG/390px-Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG/520px-Assorted_bronze_castings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1071"></a></span> </div> </div> <table> <caption style="display:table-caption;background-color:#E1E1E1;text-align:center;color:#000000"> معلومات عامة </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">صنف فرعي من</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قائمة سبائك النحاس">سبيكة نحاس</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21685333" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21685333">خامات نحت</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095?uselang%3Dar%23P279" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">الكثافة</th> <td class=""> <div> 8٬600 كيلوغرام لكل متر مكعب <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095?uselang%3Dar%23P2054" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">صلابة موس</th> <td class=""> <div> 3<sup id="cite_ref-67b0ed86a8d89383a3320494b074978544e12a98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67b0ed86a8d89383a3320494b074978544e12a98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095?uselang%3Dar%23P1088" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">طريقة التصنيع</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q928402" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q928402">bronze casting</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q928402?uselang%3Dar" title="ترجم"><img alt="ترجم" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095?uselang%3Dar%23P2079" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">له جزء أو أجزاء</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نحاس">نحاس</a><br><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قصدير">قصدير</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095?uselang%3Dar%23P527" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered" style="display:block;flex:auto;border-top:2px dotted #CEDEFF;width:100%"><span class="plainlinks" style="background:inherit;text-align:right;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B2%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">تعديل</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B2%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">تعديل مصدري</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095" class="extiw" title="d:Q34095">تعديل ويكي بيانات</a></span><span style="text-align:left;float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حول القالب"><img alt="حول القالب" 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href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نحاس أصفر">نحاس أصفر</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG/220px-Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG/330px-Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG/440px-Early_Ewer_Iran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="1036"></a> <figcaption> آنية مصنوعة من البرونز </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">المصطلح</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">بداية عصر البرونز</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">آسيا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">أوروبا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">أفريقيا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">أمريكا</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">السمات العامة للعصر البرونزي</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">التقسيم التاريخي للعصر البرونزي</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">العصر البرونزي المبكر</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">العصر البرونزي الأوسط</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">العصر البرونزي المتأخر</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A3_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">اقرأ أيضا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">المراجع</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المصطلح"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B5.D8.B7.D9.84.D8.AD"></span>المصطلح</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: المصطلح" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>ينتج البرونز من خلط <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نحاس">النحاس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قصدير">بالقصدير</a> بنسبة نحو 90% من النحاس و 10% من القصدير. وتغطى فترة العصر البرونزي الفترة ما بين عصر النحاس والعصر الحديدي ويختلف تاريخ ظهوره في أجزاء مختلفة من العالم وفقاً للمرحلة الحضارية لكل منطقة.</p> <p>سبائك البرونز الأخرى تشمل برونز الألومنيوم، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="برونز مفسفر">البرونز المفسفر</a>، برونز المنغنيز ومعادن الجرس <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="برونز مزرنخ">والبرونز المزرنخ</a> وغيرها.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="بداية_عصر_البرونز"><span id=".D8.A8.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2"></span>بداية عصر البرونز</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: بداية عصر البرونز" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>يختلف توقيت بداية استخدام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نحاس">النحاس</a> والمناطق التي بدأ فيها حسب الظروف الخاصة بكل منطقة. وقد كشف عن عدد من الأدوات البرونزية في عدد من القارات تعود لفترات مختلفة ولكن أقدم الأدلة على ظهور البرونز هي</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="آسيا"><span id=".D8.A2.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>آسيا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: آسيا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>هي احدث المناطق التي اكتشف فيها البرونز بين نحو 4000-3000 ق.م ثم انتشرت فكرته على طول العلم بين 3000-2000 ق.م. وقد استمر هذا العصر في مناطق <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الأناضول">الأناضول</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الهلال الخصيب">والهلال الخصيب</a> حتى نحو 1200 ق.م عندما عرف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حديد">الحديد</a>. وعلى ذلك فان العصر البرونزي يوافق بصورة عامة بداية العصور التاريخية اختراع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كتابة">الكتابة</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سومر">سومر</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="أوروبا"><span id=".D8.A3.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A8.D8.A7"></span>أوروبا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: أوروبا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>ظهر إنتاج البرونز في نحو 2300 ق.م وكان شائعاً حتى عام 1200 ق.م. ويعتقد أن ظهوره كان نتيجة للتحركات البشرية بين أوروبا واسيا.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="أفريقيا"><span id=".D8.A3.D9.81.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.82.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>أفريقيا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: أفريقيا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png/220px-PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="338"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png/220px-PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png" data-width="220" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/PepiI-CopperStatue-Cropped.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> تمثال للفرعون <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيبي الأول">بيبي الأول</a> مصنوع من البرونز </figcaption> </figure> <p>يعود أقدم دليل على استخدم البرونز في وادي النيل إلى المملكة الحديثة ولكننا لا نتحدث عنه كعصر برونزي بعينه بل نتحدث فقط عن العصرين الحجري الحديث والعصر الحديدي.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="أمريكا"><span id=".D8.A3.D9.85.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.83.D8.A7"></span>أمريكا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: أمريكا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>عرفت أمريكا البرونز في وقت متأخر حيث وجدت بعض الآثار على ذلك في الأرجنتين تعود إلى عام 1000 ومن ثم انتشر إلى بيرو ومناطق أمريكا الجنوبية. كما عرفت طريقة خلط النحاس بالقصدير في المكسيك ولكنه لم يكن بأهمية النحاس ولذلك لم تطلق تسمية العصر البرونزي هناك.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="السمات_العامة_للعصر_البرونزي"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.85.D8.A9_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.8A"></span>السمات العامة للعصر البرونزي</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: السمات العامة للعصر البرونزي" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li>يتميز العصر البرونزي بصورة عامة بظهور عدد من الحضارات في كل من آسيا وأفريقيا وأوروبا. ففي سومر (آسيا) ووادي النيل (أفريقيا) ظهرت أقدم حضارتين في العالم في نهايات العصر البرونزي بنحو 3000 ق.م وهو التاريخ المرتبط بظهور الكتابة في كل من مصر وبلاد ما بين النهرين.</li> <li>حدث تطور واسع للتجارة خلال العصر البرونزي وظهر التخصص الحرفي المرتبط بالتعدين.</li> <li>خطا الإنسان في هذا العصر في بلاد ما بين النهرين خطوات هامة في التاريخ الحضاري خاصة في جانبيه الديني والسياسي حيث تبلور النظام الاجتماعي القائم على المدينة، وانحصرت الثروة في أيدي قلة من طبقة الملوك والكهنة وبالتالي ظهرت القوانين المختلفة التي تحكم تلك الطبقات من خلالها الشعوب.</li> <li>يمثل ظهور الأدوات البرونزية في المقابر والمستوطنات في أوروبا بداية العصر البرونزي نحو 2300 ق.م. ومع حلول عام 1200 ق.م كانت معظم الأدوات اليومية مصنوعة من البرونز وهجرت الأدوات الحجرية بصورة شبه نهائية. وقد تميز العصر البرونزي في أوروبا بظهور طبقة الصفوة ممثلة في عدد من القبور الخاصة حيث كان جسد الميت يحرق وتوضع بقاياه في جرة. ويشير العدد الكبير لهذه المقابر وممارسة هذه العادة الجديدة إلى انسجام ثقافي مثير للاهتمام خاصة وان انتشار هذه العادة قد يشير أيضا إلى أهمية التجارة ونقل الأفكار.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="التقسيم_التاريخي_للعصر_البرونزي"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.82.D8.B3.D9.8A.D9.85_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE.D9.8A_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.8A"></span>التقسيم التاريخي للعصر البرونزي</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التقسيم التاريخي للعصر البرونزي" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>يقسم العصر البرونزي إلى ثلاثة مراحل وفقاً للآثار التي كشف عنها في عدد من المناطق خاصة في الشرق الأدنى وأوروبا. وهي كالآتي:</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العصر_البرونزي_المبكر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A8.D9.83.D8.B1"></span>العصر البرونزي المبكر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العصر البرونزي المبكر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>وهي الفترة الواقعة بين الألف الرابع والألف الثالث ق.م. حيث عرفت بعض المناطق في الشرق الأوسط طريقة صهر النحاس مع القصدير لإنتاج البرونز.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العصر_البرونزي_الأوسط"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.88.D8.B3.D8.B7"></span>العصر البرونزي الأوسط</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العصر البرونزي الأوسط" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>وتتميز هذه الفترة بظهور الأفران وتطورها وتمتد من نحو 2000 ق.م – 1600 ق.م في الشرق الأوسط ومن نحو 1500 – 1200 ق.م في أوروبا.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العصر_البرونزي_المتأخر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.AA.D8.A3.D8.AE.D8.B1"></span>العصر البرونزي المتأخر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العصر البرونزي المتأخر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يمتد من نحو 1600 ق.م حتى ظهور الحديد 1200 ق.م.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="اقرأ_أيضا"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.82.D8.B1.D8.A3_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D8.A7"></span>اقرأ أيضا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: اقرأ أيضا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معدن بريطانيا">معدن بريطانيا</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غشاء العتق">غشاء العتق</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="برونز زرنيخي">برونز زرنيخي</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المراجع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>المراجع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: المراجع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68964954">.mw-parser-output .reflist-wrap{overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:36em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:28em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-4{column-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style> <div class="reflist-wrap"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67b0ed86a8d89383a3320494b074978544e12a98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67b0ed86a8d89383a3320494b074978544e12a98_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">وصلة مرجع: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jewelrynotes.com/the-mohs-scale-of-hardness-for-metals-why-it-is-important/">https://www.jewelrynotes.com/the-mohs-scale-of-hardness-for-metals-why-it-is-important/</a></i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68982381">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFمحمد_هيثم_الخياط2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محمد هيثم الخياط">محمد هيثم الخياط</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/KHA2006ENAR"><i>المعجم الطبي الموحد: إنكليزي - عربي</i></a> (بالعربية والإنجليزية) (ط. 4). بيروت: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مكتبة لبنان ناشرون">مكتبة لبنان ناشرون</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="منظمة الصحة العالمية">منظمة الصحة العالمية</a>. ص. 269. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-9953-33-726-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-9953-33-726-5"><bdi>978-9953-33-726-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192108789">192108789</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12193380" class="extiw" title="d:Q12193380">Q12193380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%3A+%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A+-+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft.place=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192108789&rft.isbn=978-9953-33-726-5&rft.au=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKHA2006ENAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFمحمد_مرعشي2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محمد مرعشي">محمد مرعشي</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/20210410_20210410_1000"><i>معجم مرعشي الطبي الكبير</i></a> (بالعربية والإنجليزية). بيروت: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مكتبة لبنان ناشرون">مكتبة لبنان ناشرون</a>. ص. 171. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-9953-33-054-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-9953-33-054-9"><bdi>978-9953-33-054-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4771449526">4771449526</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98547939" class="extiw" title="d:Q98547939">Q98547939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.place=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4771449526&rft.isbn=978-9953-33-054-9&rft.au=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20210410_20210410_1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFمحمد_دياب_بك1919" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محمد دياب بك">محمد دياب بك</a> (1919)، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/DYA1919ARAR/page/n34/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/DYA1919ARAR"><i>معجم الألفاظ الحديثة</i></a>، القاهرة: مطبعة السعادة، ص. 31، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1353053521">1353053521</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117038111" class="extiw" title="d:Q117038111">Q117038111</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353053521&rft.au=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDYA1919ARAR%2Fpage%2Fn34%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFمجمع_اللغة_العربية_بالقاهرة1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة">مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة</a> (1972)، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/MAJ1972ARAR/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B7%2520-%2520%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25201/page/n69/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/MAJ1972ARAR"><i>المعجم الوسيط (مجمع القاهرة)</i></a>، القاهرة: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة">مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة</a>، ص. 52، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989723329">989723329</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12193386" class="extiw" title="d:Q12193386">Q12193386</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7+%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F989723329&rft.au=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMAJ1972ARAR%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B7%2520-%2520%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25201%2Fpage%2Fn69%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFأحمد_مختار_عمر" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أحمد مختار عمر">أحمد مختار عمر</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111025757/https://shamela.ws/book/29511/1836"><i>معجم اللغة العربية المعاصرة</i></a>. ص. 196. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shamela.ws/book/29511/1836">الأصل</a> في 2023-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.pages=196&rft.au=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshamela.ws%2Fbook%2F29511%2F1836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/CAI1980ENAR/page/n62/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/CAI1980ENAR"><i>معجم ألفاظ الحضارة ومصطلحات الفنون</i></a> (بالعربية والإنجليزية والفرنسية)، القاهرة: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة">مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة</a>، 1980، ص. 54، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863546359">863546359</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123593339" class="extiw" title="d:Q123593339">Q123593339</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863546359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCAI1980ENAR%2Fpage%2Fn62%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFأنطوان_نعمةعصام_مُدوَّرلويس_عجيلمتري_شماس2000" class="citation book cs1">أنطوان نعمة؛ عصام مُدوَّر؛ لويس عجيل؛ متري شماس، المحررون (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/HAM2000ARAR/page/n120/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/HAM2000ARAR/"><i>المنجد في اللغة العربية المعاصرة</i></a>. مراجعة: مأمون الحموي، أنطوان غزال، ريمون حرفوش. إشراف: صبحي حموي (ط. 1). بيروت: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="دار المشرق">دار المشرق</a>. ص. 86. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-2-7214-2226-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-2-7214-2226-2"><bdi>978-2-7214-2226-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491479891">491479891</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OL_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL12529886M">12529886M</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124201082" class="extiw" title="d:Q124201082">Q124201082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.place=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491479891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL12529886M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-7214-2226-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHAM2000ARAR%2Fpage%2Fn120%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFمجمع_اللغة_العربية_بالقاهرة" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة">مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة</a>، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/20201215_20201215_1944/page/n62/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المعجم الوجيز">المعجم الوجيز</a></i>، ص. 47، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12193385" class="extiw" title="d:Q12193385">Q12193385</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2&rft.pages=47&rft.au=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20201215_20201215_1944%2Fpage%2Fn62%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFأحمد_العايدأحمد_مختار_عمرالجيلاني_بن_الحاج_يحيىداود_عبده1989" class="citation cs2">أحمد العايد؛ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أحمد مختار عمر">أحمد مختار عمر</a>؛ الجيلاني بن الحاج يحيى؛ داود عبده؛ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="صالح جواد الطعمة">صالح جواد الطعمة</a>؛ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نديم مرعشلي">نديم مرعشلي</a> (1989)، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/OMR1989ARAR/page/n150/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أحمد مختار عمر">أحمد مختار عمر</a> (المحرر)، <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/arab-league/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>المعجم العربي الأساسي: للناطقين بالعربية ومتعلميها</i></a>، مراجعة: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تمام حسان">تمام حسان</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حسين نصار">حسين نصار</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نديم مرعشلي">نديم مرعشلي</a>، باريس: لاروس، ص. 151، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت">OCLC</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21555237">21555237</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124080663" class="extiw" title="d:Q124080663">Q124080663</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%3A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.place=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21555237&rft.au=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&rft.au=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1&rft.au=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89&rft.au=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%87&rft.au=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A9&rft.au=%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOMR1989ARAR%2Fpage%2Fn150%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/al-mujam-ul-kabeer/02/page/n274/mode/1up?view%3Dtheater">"برنز"</a>، <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المعجم الكبير (مجمع القاهرة)">المعجم الكبير</a></i>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة">مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة</a>، ج. 2، ص. 275، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكي بيانات">QID</a>:<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12193383" class="extiw" title="d:Q12193383">Q12193383</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fal-mujam-ul-kabeer%2F02%2Fpage%2Fn274%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-لسان-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_12-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_12-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">مجلة اللسان العربي، المجلد العاشر، الجزء الثالث، صفحة 147. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مكتب تنسيق التعريب">المكتب الدائم لتنسيق التعريب في الوطن العربي</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة الدول العربية">جامعة الدول العربية</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الرباط">الرباط</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المغرب">المغرب</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-عربي-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">مجلة اللسان العربي، المجلد العاشر، الجزء الثالث، صفحة 151. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مكتب تنسيق التعريب">المكتب الدائم لتنسيق التعريب في الوطن العربي</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة الدول العربية">جامعة الدول العربية</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الرباط">الرباط</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المغرب">المغرب</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-لسان_العرب-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_14-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_14-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">«القِلِزُّ والقُلُزُّ النحاس الذي لا يعمل فيه الحديد.» <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ابن منظور">ابن منظور</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لسان العرب">لسان العرب</a>، مادة (قلز).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/Iron2.pdf">What Caused The Iron Age?</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228194159/http://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/Iron2.pdf">نسخة محفوظة</a> 2010-12-28 على موقع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="واي باك مشين">واي باك مشين</a>. claytoncramer.com. December 10, 1995 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170241/http://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/Iron2.pdf">نسخة محفوظة</a> 14 نوفمبر 2016 على موقع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="واي باك مشين">واي باك مشين</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/technical-discussion/copper_alloys/">"Copper alloys"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911022109/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/copper_alloys/intro.html">مؤرشف</a> من الأصل في 2013-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2014-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+alloys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fapplications%2Farchitecture%2Farch_dhb%2Ftechnical-discussion%2Fcopper_alloys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_CappitelliClaudia_Sorlini2008" class="citation journal cs1">Francesca Cappitelli؛ Claudia Sorlini (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227722">"Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. ج. 74 ع. 3: 564–9. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1128%252FAEM.01768-07">10.1128/AEM.01768-07</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227722">2227722</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18065627">18065627</a>.</cite><span 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class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:علم الأحجار الكريمة والمجوهرات">بوابة علم الأحجار الكريمة والمجوهرات</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Circle-icons-material-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Circle-icons-material-logo.svg/28px-Circle-icons-material-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Circle-icons-material-logo.svg/28px-Circle-icons-material-logo.svg.png" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Circle-icons-material-logo.svg/42px-Circle-icons-material-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Circle-icons-material-logo.svg/56px-Circle-icons-material-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:علم المواد">بوابة علم المواد</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Jordens_inre.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/28px-Jordens_inre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/28px-Jordens_inre.svg.png" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/42px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/56px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:علم طبقات الأرض">بوابة علم طبقات الأرض</a></span></li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> مجلوبة من «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%26oldid%3D69122167">https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=برونز&oldid=69122167</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="MenoBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1735310917"> <span>آخر تعديل بتاريخ 27 ديسمبر 2024، في 14:48</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>اللغات</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – الأفريقانية" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="الأفريقانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الألمانية السويسرية" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية السويسرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%2593%25E1%2588%25B5" title="ናስ – الأمهرية" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="الأمهرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – الأراغونية" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="الأراغونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="कांसा – الأنجيكا" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कांसा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="الأنجيكا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B2" title="برونز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برونز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – الأسترية" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="الأسترية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunc" title="Tunc – الأذربيجانية" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tunc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="الأذربيجانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – الباشكيرية" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="الباشكيرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunggu" title="Prunggu – البالينية" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Prunggu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="البالينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruonza" title="Bruonza – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bruonza" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – البيلاروسية" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="البيلاروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7" title="Бронз – البلغارية" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="البلغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%259E%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259C" title="ব্রোঞ্জ – البنغالية" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রোঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="البنغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arem" title="Arem – البريتونية" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="البريتونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – البوسنية" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="البوسنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الكتالانية" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="الكتالانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%25A5%25E1%258E%25B3_%25E1%258F%2594%25E1%258E%25B7%25E1%258E%25A9%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258E%25A9" title="ᎠᏥᎳ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – الشيروكي" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏥᎳ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="الشيروكي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25D9%2586%25D8%25B2" title="بڕۆنز – السورانية الكردية" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕۆنز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="السورانية الكردية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – التشيكية" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="التشيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – التشوفاشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="التشوفاشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efydd" title="Efydd – الويلزية" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="الويلزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الدانمركية" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="الدانمركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الألمانية" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B6%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Μπρούντζος – اليونانية" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρούντζος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="اليونانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – الإسبرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="الإسبرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة جيدة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronks" title="Pronks – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pronks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brontze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronci" title="Bronci – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bronci" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B2" title="برنز – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronssi" title="Pronssi – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronks" title="Pronks – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pronks" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – الفريزينية الشمالية" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="الفريزينية الشمالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C3%25BBns" title="Brûns – الفريزيان" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brûns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="الفريزيان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C3%25A9-umha" title="Cré-umha – الأيرلندية" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cré-umha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="الأيرلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umha" title="Umha – الغيلية الأسكتلندية" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Umha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="الغيلية الأسكتلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce – الجاليكية" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bronce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="الجاليكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%2582%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%2582" title="કાંસું – الغوجاراتية" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાંસું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="الغوجاراتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593" title="ארד – العبرية" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="العبرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="कांसा – الهندية" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="الهندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronca" title="Bronca – الكرواتية" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bronca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="الكرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – الهنغارية" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="الهنغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A6" title="Բրոնզ – الأرمنية" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="الأرمنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – اللّغة الوسيطة" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="اللّغة الوسيطة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansa" title="Gansa – الإيبان" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Gansa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="الإيبان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perunggu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – الإيدو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="الإيدو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – الأيسلندية" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="الأيسلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzo" title="Bronzo – الإيطالية" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bronzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="الإيطالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%258A%2585" title="青銅 – اليابانية" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="اليابانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branz" title="Branz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Branz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunggu" title="Prunggu – الجاوية" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prunggu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="الجاوية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25AF%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259D" title="ბრინჯაო – الجورجية" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრინჯაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="الجورجية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure%25C9%25A3" title="Azureɣ – القبيلية" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azureɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="القبيلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Қола – الكازاخستانية" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қола" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="الكازاخستانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B3%2581" title="ಕಂಚು – الكانادا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂಚು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="الكانادا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B2%25AD%25EB%258F%2599" title="청동 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aes_(mixtura)" title="Aes (mixtura) – اللاتينية" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aes (mixtura)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="اللاتينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – اللكسمبورغية" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="اللكسمبورغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582" title="Чарвит – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чарвит" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C3%25B3ns" title="Bróns – الليمبورغية" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bróns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="الليمبورغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron" title="Bron – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bron" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – اللومبردية" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="اللومبردية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – الليتوانية" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="الليتوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – اللاتفية" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="اللاتفية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimo" title="Alimo – الملغاشي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="الملغاشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – المقدونية" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="المقدونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%2582" title="വെങ്കലം – المالايالامية" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെങ്കലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="المالايالامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Хүрэл – المنغولية" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүрэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="المنغولية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2587" title="कांसे – الماراثية" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कांसे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="الماراثية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa – الماليزية" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="الماليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الميرانديز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="الميرانديز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2589%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ပန်းတဉ်း – البورمية" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းတဉ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="البورمية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8_(%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2581)" title="काँस (मिश्रधातु) – النيبالية" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँस (मिश्रधातु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="النيبالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258D" title="कँय् – النوارية" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कँय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="النوارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – الهولندية" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="الهولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – النرويجية نينورسك" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="النرويجية نينورسك" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – النرويجية بوكمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="النرويجية بوكمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – الأوكسيتانية" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="الأوكسيتانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzu" title="Bronzu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bronzu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25C3%25A6" title="Бронзæ – الأوسيتيك" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бронзæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="الأوسيتيك" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਕਾਂਸਾ – البنجابية" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="البنجابية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C4%2585zy" title="Brązy – البولندية" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brązy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="البولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="کانسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کانسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champi" title="Champi – كيشوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Champi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="كيشوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D2%25A5" title="Чаҥ – الساخيّة" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="الساخيّة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A0%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B8%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%259F" title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ – السانتالية" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="السانتالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzu" title="Bronzu – الصقلية" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bronzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="الصقلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D9%25BD" title="ڪٽ – السندية" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="السندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – صربية-كرواتية" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="صربية-كرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – السلوفاكية" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="السلوفاكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron" title="Bron – السلوفانية" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="السلوفانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarira" title="Ndarira – الشونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ndarira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="الشونا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxi" title="Bronxi – الألبانية" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bronxi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الألبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – الصربية" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="الصربية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parunggu" title="Parunggu – السوندانية" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Parunggu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="السوندانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons" title="Brons – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzi" title="Bronzi – السواحلية" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bronzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="السواحلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="வெண்கலம் – التاميلية" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்கலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="التاميلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B1%2581" title="కంచు – التيلوغوية" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంచు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="التيلوغوية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D2%25B7%25D3%25A3" title="Биринҷӣ – الطاجيكية" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биринҷӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="الطاجيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%258C" title="สัมฤทธิ์ – التايلاندية" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัมฤทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="التايلاندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – التاغالوغية" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="التاغالوغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz – التركية" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="التركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Бронза – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="کانسی – الأوردية" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کانسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="الأوردية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza – الأوزبكية" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bronza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="الأوزبكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%2593ng_%25C4%2591i%25E1%25BA%25BFu" title="Đồng điếu – الفيتنامية" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng điếu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="الفيتنامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse – الواراي" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bronse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="الواراي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%2593%259C" title="青铜 – الوو الصينية" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="الوو الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%2594_(%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598)" title="ბრონზე (მეტალი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრონზე (მეტალი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593%25D7%2596" title="בראנדז – اليديشية" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראנדז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="اليديشية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%2593%259C" title="青铜 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青铜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%258A%2585" title="青銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhe%25E2%2581%25BF-t%25C3%25A2ng" title="Chheⁿ-tâng – مين-نان الصينية" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheⁿ-tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="مين-نان الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%258A%2585" title="青銅 – الكَنْتُونية" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="青銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="الكَنْتُونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThusi" title="IThusi – الزولو" lang="zu" 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