CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Touchscreen - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f441211d-2d74-4116-b896-9bc36741dea1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Touchscreen","wgTitle":"Touchscreen","wgCurRevisionId":1262838270,"wgRevisionId":1262838270,"wgArticleId":667206,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2023","Articles needing cleanup from January 2024","All pages needing cleanup", "Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2024","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2024","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2018","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from December 2017","Commons category link is on Wikidata","American inventions","European inventions","Touchscreens","Electronic display devices"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Touchscreen","wgRelevantArticleId":667206,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Touch_screen","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Touchscreen","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q165970","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/1200px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/800px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/640px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Touchscreen - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Touchscreen rootpage-Touchscreen skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Touchscreen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Touchscreen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Touchscreen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Touchscreen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Technologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resistive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Resistive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_acoustic_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_acoustic_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Surface acoustic wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_acoustic_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacitive_touchscreen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacitive_touchscreen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Capacitive touchscreen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacitive_touchscreen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_capacitance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_capacitance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Surface capacitance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_capacitance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projected_capacitance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projected_capacitance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Projected capacitance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projected_capacitance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projected_capacitance_touchscreen_layout." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projected_capacitance_touchscreen_layout."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Projected capacitance touchscreen layout. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projected_capacitance_touchscreen_layout.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_capacitance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_capacitance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Mutual capacitance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_capacitance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-capacitance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-capacitance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Self-capacitance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-capacitance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-capacitance_vs._mutual_capacitance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-capacitance_vs._mutual_capacitance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Self-capacitance vs. mutual capacitance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-capacitance_vs._mutual_capacitance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_stylus_on_capacitive_screens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_stylus_on_capacitive_screens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Use of stylus on capacitive screens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_stylus_on_capacitive_screens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Infrared grid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_acrylic_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_acrylic_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Infrared acrylic projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_acrylic_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Optical imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersive_signal_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersive_signal_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Dispersive signal technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersive_signal_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_pulse_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_pulse_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Acoustic pulse recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_pulse_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergonomics_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergonomics_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ergonomics and usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ergonomics_and_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ergonomics and usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ergonomics_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Touchscreen_enable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touchscreen_enable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Touchscreen enable </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touchscreen_enable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_position,_digit_used_and_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_position,_digit_used_and_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Hand position, digit used and switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_position,_digit_used_and_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_with_haptics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_with_haptics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Combined with haptics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_with_haptics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customer_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customer_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Customer service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customer_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Gorilla_arm"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gorilla_arm""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 "Gorilla arm" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gorilla_arm"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fingerprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fingerprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Fingerprints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fingerprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glove_touch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glove_touch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Glove touch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glove_touch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Touchscreen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3" title="شاشة لمس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاشة لمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalla_t%C3%A1ctil" title="Pantalla táctil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pantalla táctil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_ekran" title="Sensor ekran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sensor ekran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="স্পর্শসংবেদী পর্দা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পর্শসংবেদী পর্দা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiok-kh%C3%B2ng_%C3%AAng-b%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Chhiok-khòng êng-bō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiok-khòng êng-bō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="टचस्क्रीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टचस्क्रीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сензорен екран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сензорен екран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Touchscreen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalla_t%C3%A0ctil" title="Pantalla tàctil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pantalla tàctil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotykov%C3%A1_obrazovka" title="Dotyková obrazovka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dotyková obrazovka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgrin_gyffwrdd" title="Sgrin gyffwrdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgrin gyffwrdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%B8ringsf%C3%B8lsom_sk%C3%A6rm" title="Berøringsfølsom skærm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berøringsfølsom skærm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Touchscreen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuteekraan" title="Puuteekraan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puuteekraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Οθόνη αφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθόνη αφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalla_t%C3%A1ctil" title="Pantalla táctil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pantalla táctil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%9Dekrano" title="Tuŝekrano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuŝekrano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukimen-pantaila" title="Ukimen-pantaila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukimen-pantaila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="صفحه لمسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه لمسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cran_tactile" title="Écran tactile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écran tactile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taastskerm" title="Taastskerm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taastskerm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A1ile%C3%A1n_tadhaill" title="Scáileán tadhaill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scáileán tadhaill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%B0" title="터치스크린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="터치스크린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սենսորային էկրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սենսորային էկրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="स्पर्श पटल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पर्श पटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaslon_osjetljiv_na_dodir" title="Zaslon osjetljiv na dodir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zaslon osjetljiv na dodir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar_sentuh" title="Layar sentuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layar sentuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snertiskj%C3%A1r" title="Snertiskjár – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snertiskjár" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screen" title="Touch screen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Touch screen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9A_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2" title="מסך מגע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסך מגע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar_tutul" title="Layar tutul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layar tutul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сенсорлы экран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сенсорлы экран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrinikugusa" title="Skrinikugusa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Skrinikugusa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadurekrans" title="Dadurekrans – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dadurekrans" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrum_tactile" title="Quadrum tactile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quadrum tactile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81rienekr%C4%81ns" title="Skārienekrāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skārienekrāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutiklinis_ekranas" title="Jutiklinis ekranas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jutiklinis ekranas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rint%C5%91k%C3%A9perny%C5%91" title="Érintőképernyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Érintőképernyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Допирен екран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Допирен екран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efijery_kasihina" title="Efijery kasihina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Efijery kasihina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ടച്ച് സ്ക്രീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടച്ച് സ്ക്രീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სენსორული ეკრანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სენსორული ეკრანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاچ اسکرین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تاچ اسکرین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrin_sentuh" title="Skrin sentuh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skrin sentuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Мэдрэгч дэлгэц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдрэгч дэлгэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ထိတွေ့ ဖန်သားပြင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထိတွေ့ ဖန်သားပြင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanraakscherm" title="Aanraakscherm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanraakscherm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="タッチパネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タッチパネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%B8ringsskjerm" title="Berøringsskjerm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berøringsskjerm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecran_tactil" title="Ecran tactil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecran tactil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ٹچسکرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹچسکرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekran_dotykowy" title="Ekran dotykowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekran dotykowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecr%C3%A3_t%C3%A1til" title="Ecrã tátil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecrã tátil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecran_tactil" title="Ecran tactil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecran tactil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сенсорный экран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенсорный экран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schermu_a_tocu" title="Schermu a tocu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Schermu a tocu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Touchscreen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Touchscreen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotykov%C3%A1_obrazovka" title="Dotyková obrazovka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dotyková obrazovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaslon_na_dotik" title="Zaslon na dotik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaslon na dotik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3" title="شاشەلەمس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شاشەلەمس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekran_osjetljiv_na_dodir" title="Ekran osjetljiv na dodir – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ekran osjetljiv na dodir" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodirni_ekran" title="Dodirni ekran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dodirni ekran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosketusn%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6" title="Kosketusnäyttö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosketusnäyttö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peksk%C3%A4rm" title="Pekskärm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pekskärm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="தொடுதிரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொடுதிரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టచ్‌స్క్రీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టచ్‌స్క్రీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="จอสัมผัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอสัมผัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokunmatik_ekran" title="Dokunmatik ekran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dokunmatik ekran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сенсорний екран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сенсорний екран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ٹچ سکرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹچ سکرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screen" title="Touch screen – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Touch screen" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0n_h%C3%ACnh_c%E1%BA%A3m_%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Màn hình cảm ứng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Màn hình cảm ứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitro%C3%BBle_aduz%C3%A5ve" title="Waitroûle aduzåve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Waitroûle aduzåve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A6%E6%91%B8%E5%B1%8F" title="触摸屏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="触摸屏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E8%A7%B8%E5%BC%8F%E7%86%92%E5%B9%95" title="輕觸式熒幕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="輕觸式熒幕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%BC%8F%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95" title="觸控式螢幕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="觸控式螢幕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar_tunyuk" title="Layar tunyuk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Layar tunyuk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Touchscreen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Touchscreen" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Touchscreen" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&oldid=1262838270" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Touchscreen&id=1262838270&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTouchscreen">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTouchscreen">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Touchscreen&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touchscreens" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165970" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Touch_screen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">Touch screen</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Input and output device</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/220px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/330px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg/440px-Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A user operating a touchscreen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg/220px-Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg/330px-Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg/440px-Ecobee4_on_the_wall_from_an_angle_showing_home_screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a> with touchscreen</figcaption></figure> A touchscreen (or touch screen) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">display</a> that can detect touch input from a user. It consists of both an <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> (a touch panel) and an <a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">output device</a> (a visual display). The touch panel is typically layered on the top of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">electronic visual display</a> of a device. Touchscreens are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, and other electronic devices. The display is often an <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMOLED" title="AMOLED">AMOLED</a> or <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> display. A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple or <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> gestures by touching the screen with a special <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">stylus</a> or one or more fingers.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some touchscreens use ordinary or specially coated gloves to work, while others may only work using a special stylus or pen. The user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed and, if the software allows, to control how it is displayed; for example, <a href="/wiki/Zooming_user_interface" title="Zooming user interface">zooming</a> to increase the text size. A touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, instead of using a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a>, or other such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Touchscreens are common in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game consoles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. They are common in <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point-of-sale</a> (POS) systems, <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> (ATMs), <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_machine" title="Electronic voting machine">electronic voting machines</a>, and automobile <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">infotainment systems</a> and controls. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> (PDAs) and some <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-readers</a>. Touchscreens are important in educational settings such as classrooms or on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of <a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">information appliances</a> has driven the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. Touchscreens are found in the medical field, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> (ATMs), and kiosks such as museum displays or <a href="/wiki/Room_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Room automation">room automation</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a> systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> have been made available by a wide array of after-market <a href="/wiki/System_integrator" class="mw-redirect" title="System integrator">system integrators</a>, and not by display, chip, or <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: Unnecessary capitalization. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Touchscreen" title="Special:EditPage/Touchscreen">improve this section</a> if you can. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg/220px-CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg/330px-CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg/440px-CERN-Stumpe_Capacitance_Touchscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6202" /></a><figcaption>The prototype<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> x-y mutual capacitance touchscreen (left) developed at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> in 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beck_(computer_scientist)" title="Frank Beck (computer scientist)">Frank Beck</a>, a British electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN's accelerator SPS (<a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a>). This was a further development of the <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">self-capacitance screen</a> (right), also developed by <a href="/wiki/Bent_Stumpe" title="Bent Stumpe">Stumpe</a> at CERN<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> in 1972.</figcaption></figure> One predecessor of the modern touchscreen includes stylus based systems. 1946 DIRECT LIGHT PEN - A patent was filed by <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco Company</a> for a stylus designed for sports telecasting which, when placed against an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) display would amplify and add to the original signal. Effectively, this was used for temporarily drawing arrows or circles onto a live television broadcast, as described in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2487641A">US 2487641A</a>, Denk, William E, "Electronic pointer for television images", issued 1949-11-08<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2487641A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electronic+pointer+for+television+images&rft.inventor=Denk&rft.date=1949-11-08&rft.appldate=1946-09-07"> . 1962 OPTICAL - The first version of a touchscreen which operated independently of the light produced from the screen was patented by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3016421A">US 3016421A</a>, Harmon, Leon D, "Electrographic transmitter", issued 1962-01-09<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3016421A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electrographic+transmitter&rft.inventor=Harmon&rft.date=1962-01-09&rft.appldate=1960-11-30"> . This touchscreen utilized a matrix of collimated lights shining orthogonally across the touch surface. When a beam is interrupted by a stylus, the <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetectors</a> which no longer are receiving a signal can be used to determine where the interruption is. Later iterations of matrix based touchscreens built upon this by adding more emitters and detectors to improve resolution, pulsing emitters to improve optical <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal to noise ratio</a>, and a nonorthogonal matrix to remove shadow readings when using multi-touch. 1963 INDIRECT LIGHT PEN - Later inventions built upon this system to free telewriting styli from their mechanical bindings. By transcribing what a user draws onto a computer, it could be saved for future use. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3089918A">US 3089918A</a>, Graham, Robert E, "Telewriting apparatus", issued 1963-05-14<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3089918A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Telewriting+apparatus&rft.inventor=Graham&rft.date=1963-05-14&rft.appldate=1960-09-09"> . 1965 CAPACITANCE AND RESISTANCE - The first finger driven touchscreen was developed by Eric Johnson, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a>, England, who described his work on capacitive touchscreens in a short article published in 1965<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-mraths-2016-9">[9]</a> and then more fully—with photographs and diagrams—in an article published in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> MID-60s ULTRASONIC CURTAIN - Another precursor of touchscreens, an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of a terminal display, had been developed by a team around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Mallebrein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Mallebrein (page does not exist)">Rainer Mallebrein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Mallebrein" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Mallebrein">de</a>] at <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> Konstanz for an air traffic control system.<a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-11">[11]</a> In 1970, this evolved into a device named "Touchinput-Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") for the SIG 50 terminal utilizing a conductively coated glass screen in front of the display.<a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-11">[11]</a> This was patented in 1971 and the patent was granted a couple of years later.<a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-11">[11]</a> The same team had already invented and marketed the <a href="/wiki/Rollkugel_(mouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollkugel (mouse)">Rollkugel</a> mouse RKS 100-86 for the SIG 100-86 a couple of years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-12">[12]</a> 1968 CAPACITANCE - The application of touch technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beck_(computer_scientist)" title="Frank Beck (computer scientist)">Frank Beck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bent_Stumpe" title="Bent Stumpe">Bent Stumpe</a>, engineers from <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> (European Organization for Nuclear Research), developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-design_news-14">[14]</a> based on Stumpe's work at a television factory in the early 1960s. Then manufactured by CERN, and shortly after by industry partners,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> it was put to use in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> 1972 OPTICAL - A group at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> filed for a patent on an optical touchscreen<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> that became a standard part of the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a> Plato IV Student Terminal and thousands were built for this purpose. These touchscreens had a crossed array of 16×16 <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> position sensors, each composed of an <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> on one edge of the screen and a matched <a href="/wiki/Phototransistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransistor">phototransistor</a> on the other edge, all mounted in front of a monochrome <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma display</a> panel. This arrangement could sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen. 1973 MULTI-TOUCH CAPACITANCE - In 1973, Beck and Stumpe published another article describing their capacitive touchscreen. This indicated that it was capable of multi-touch but this feature was purposely inhibited, presumably as this was not considered useful at the time ("A...variable...called BUT changes value from zero to five when a button is touched. The touching of other buttons would give other non-zero values of BUT but this is protected against by software" (Page 6, section 2.6).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> "Actual contact between a finger and the capacitor is prevented by a thin sheet of plastic" (Page 3, section 2.3). At that time Projected capacitance had not yet been invented. 1977 RESISTIVE - An American company, Elographics – in partnership with Siemens – began work on developing a transparent implementation of an existing opaque touchpad technology, U.S. patent <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 3,911,215, October 7, 1975, which had been developed by Elographics' founder <a href="/wiki/George_Samuel_Hurst" title="George Samuel Hurst">George Samuel Hurst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HurstPat-19">[19]</a> The resulting resistive technology touch screen was first shown on the <a href="/wiki/1982_World%27s_Fair" title="1982 World's Fair">World's Fair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> 1982 MULTI-TOUCH CAMERA - <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">Multi-touch</a> technology began in 1982, when the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>'s Input Research Group developed the first human-input multi-touch system, using a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. 1983 OPTICAL - An optical touchscreen was used on the <a href="/wiki/HP-150" title="HP-150">HP-150</a> starting in 1983. The HP 150 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> HP mounted their <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> and receivers around the bezel of a 9-inch <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> cathode ray tube (CRT). 1983 MULTI-TOUCH FORCE SENSING TOUCHSCREEN - Bob Boie of AT&T Bell Labs, used capacitance to track the mechanical changes in thickness of a soft, deformable overlay membrane when one or more physical objects interact with it;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the flexible surface being easily replaced, if damaged by these objects. The patent states "the tactile sensor arrangements may be utilized as a touch screen". Many derivative sources<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> retrospectively describe Boie as making a major advancement with his touchscreen technology; but no evidence has been found that a rugged multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, that could sense through a rigid, protective overlay - the sort later required for a mobile phone, was ever developed or patented by Boie.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Many of these citations rely on anecdotal evidence from Bill Buxton of Bell Labs.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, Bill Buxton did not have much luck getting his hands on this technology. As he states in the citation: "Our assumption (false, as it turned out) was that the Boie technology would become available to us in the near future. Around 1990 I took a group from Xerox to see this technology it [sic] since I felt that it would be appropriate for the user interface of our large document processors. This did not work out". UP TO 1984 CAPACITANCE - Although, as cited earlier, Johnson is credited with developing the first finger operated capacitive and resistive touchscreens in 1965, these worked by directly touching wires across the front of the screen.<a href="#cite_note-mraths-2016-9">[9]</a> Stumpe and Beck developed a self-capacitance touchscreen in 1972, and a mutual capacitance touchscreen in 1977. Both these devices could only sense the finger by direct touch or through a thin insulating film.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This was 11 microns thick according to Stumpe's 1977 report.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> 1984 TOUCHPAD - <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touch pad</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Micro_16s" title="Fujitsu Micro 16s">Micro 16</a> to accommodate the complexity of <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters, which were stored as <a href="/wiki/Tile_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tile engine">tiled</a> graphics.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> 1986 GRAPHIC TABLET - A graphic touch tablet was released for the <a href="/wiki/Sega_AI_Computer" title="Sega AI Computer">Sega AI Computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> EARLY 80s EVALUATION FOR AIRCRAFT - Touch-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Control_display_unit" title="Control display unit">control-display units</a> (CDUs) were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early 1980s. Initial research showed that a touch interface would reduce pilot workload as the crew could then select waypoints, functions and actions, rather than be "head down" typing latitudes, longitudes, and waypoint codes on a keyboard. An effective integration of this technology was aimed at helping flight crews maintain a high level of <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situational awareness</a> of all major aspects of the vehicle operations including the flight path, the functioning of various aircraft systems, and moment-to-moment human interactions.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> EARLY 80s EVALUATION FOR CARS - also, in the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> tasked its <a href="/wiki/Delco_Electronics" title="Delco Electronics">Delco Electronics</a> division with a project aimed at replacing an automobile's non-essential functions (i.e. other than <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">braking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering</a>) from mechanical or electro-mechanical systems with <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> alternatives wherever possible. The finished device was dubbed the ECC for "Electronic Control Center", a <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> control system hardwired to various <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servomechanisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenoids">solenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> CRT touchscreen that functioned both as display and sole method of input.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The ECC replaced the traditional mechanical <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">stereo</a>, fan, heater and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">air conditioner</a> controls and displays, and was capable of providing very detailed and specific information about the vehicle's cumulative and current operating status in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time</a>. The ECC was standard equipment on the 1985–1989 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Riviera#Seventh_generation_(1986–1993)" title="Buick Riviera">Buick Riviera</a> and later the 1988–1989 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Reatta" title="Buick Reatta">Buick Reatta</a>, but was unpopular with consumers—partly due to the <a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">technophobia</a> of some traditional <a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a> customers, but mostly because of costly technical problems suffered by the ECC's touchscreen which would render climate control or stereo operation impossible.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> 1985 GRAPHIC TABLET - <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> and <a href="/wiki/SC-3000" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-3000">SC-3000</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a>. It consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where pen presses are detected. It was used primarily with a drawing software application.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> 1985 MULTI-TOUCH CAPACITANCE - The University of Toronto group, including Bill Buxton, developed a multi-touch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems (see <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch#History_of_multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">History of multi-touch</a>). 1985 USED FOR POINT OF SALE - The first commercially available graphical <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point-of-sale</a> (POS) software was demonstrated on the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Atari_520ST" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari 520ST">Atari 520ST</a> color computer. It featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The ViewTouch<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> POS software was first shown by its developer, Gene Mosher, at the Atari Computer demonstration area of the Fall <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> expo in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> 1987 CAPACITANCE TOUCH KEYS - Casio launched the <a href="/wiki/Casio_PB-1000" title="Casio PB-1000">Casio PB-1000</a> pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4×4 matrix, resulting in 16 touch areas in its small LCD graphic screen. 1988 SELECT ON "LIFT-OFF" - Touchscreens had a bad reputation of being imprecise until 1988. Most user-interface books would state that touchscreen selections were limited to targets larger than the average finger. At the time, selections were done in such a way that a target was selected as soon as the finger came over it, and the corresponding action was performed immediately. Errors were common, due to parallax or calibration problems, leading to user frustration. "Lift-off strategy"<a href="#cite_note-Potter1988-40">[40]</a> was introduced by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Human%E2%80%93Computer_Interaction_Lab" title="University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab">University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab</a> (HCIL). As users touch the screen, feedback is provided as to what will be selected: users can adjust the position of the finger, and the action takes place only when the finger is lifted off the screen. This allowed the selection of small targets, down to a single pixel on a 640×480 <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a> (VGA) screen (a standard of that time). 1988 WORLD EXPO - From April to October 1988, the city of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> hosted <a href="/wiki/World_Expo_88" title="World Expo 88">Expo 88</a>, whose theme was “leisure in the age of technology”. To support the event and provide information to expo visitors, Telecom Australia (now <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a>) erected 8 kiosks around the expo site with a total of 56 touch screen information consoles, being specially modified <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a> Workstations. Each system was also equipped with a videodisc player, speakers, and a 20 MB hard drive. In order to keep up-to-date information during the event, the database of visitor information was updated and remotely transferred to the computer terminals each night. Using the touch screens, visitors were able to find information about the exposition’s rides, attractions, performances, facilities, and the surrounding areas. Visitors could also select between information displayed in English and Japanese; a reflection of Australia’s overseas tourist market in the 1980s. It is worth noting that Telecom’s Expo Info system was based on an earlier system employed at <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> 1990 SINGLE AND MULTI-TOUCH GESTURES - Sears et al. (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Sears1990-42">[42]</a> gave a review of academic research on single and multi-touch <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a> of the time, describing gestures such as rotating knobs, adjusting sliders, and swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch). The HCIL team developed and studied small touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed users could type at 25 <abbr title="words per minute">wpm</abbr> on a touchscreen keyboard), aiding their introduction on mobile devices. They also designed and implemented multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger. 1990 TOUCHSCREEN SLIDER AND TOGGLE SWITCHES - HCIL demonstrated a touchscreen slider,<a href="#cite_note-Touchscreen_slider_1991_video-43">[43]</a> which was later cited as prior art in the <a href="/wiki/Lock_screen" title="Lock screen">lock screen</a> patent litigation between Apple and other touchscreen mobile phone vendors (in relation to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7657849">U.S. patent 7,657,849</a>).<a href="#cite_note-UKChannel4News2011-44">[44]</a> 1991 INERTIAL CONTROL - From 1991 to 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> Star7 prototype <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> implemented a touchscreen with <a href="/wiki/Inertial_scrolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial scrolling">inertial scrolling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 1993 CAPACITANCE MOUSE / KEYPAD - Bob Boie of AT&T Bell Labs, patented a simple mouse or keypad that capacitively sensed just one finger through a thin insulator. <a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Although not claimed or even mentioned in the patent, this technology could potentially have been used as a capacitance touchscreen. 1993 FIRST RESISTIVE TOUCHSCREEN PHONE - IBM released the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a>, which is the first touchscreen phone. EARLY 90s ABANDONED GAME CONTROLLER - An early attempt at a <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game console</a> with touchscreen <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">controls</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s intended successor to the <a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a>, though the device was ultimately shelved and never released due to the expensive cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s. 1994 FIRST WIRE BASED PROJECTED CAPACITANCE - Stumpe and Beck's touchscreens (1972/1977 - already cited), used opaque conductive copper tracks that obscured about 50% of the screen (80 micron track / 80 micron space). The advent of projected capacitance in 1984, however, with its improved sensing capability, indicated that most of these tracks could be eliminated. This proved to be so, and led to the invention of a wire based touchscreen in 1994, where one 25 micron diameter, insulation coated wire replaced about 30 of these 80 micron wide tracks, and could also accurately sense fingers through thick glass. Screen masking, caused by the copper, was reduced from 50% to less than 0.5%. The use of fine wire meant that very large touchscreens, several meters wide, could be plotted onto a thin polyester support film with a simple x/y pen plotter,<a href="#cite_note-MakingFineWireTouchscreens-47">[47]</a> eliminating the need for expensive and complicated sputter coating, laser ablation, screen printing or etching. The resulting, incredibly flexible, touchscreen film, less than 100 microns thick, could be attached by static or non-setting weak adhesive to one side of a sheet of glass, for sensing through that glass.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Early versions of this device were controlled by the PIC16C54 microchip. 1994 FIRST PUB GAME WITH TOUCHSCREEN - Appearing in pubs in 1994, JPM's Monopoly SWP (skill with prizes) was the first machine to use touch screen technology instead of buttons (see <a href="/wiki/Quiz_machine" title="Quiz machine">Quiz machine</a> / History). It used a 14 inch version of this newly invented wire based projected capacitance touchscreen and had 64 sensing areas - the wiring pattern being similar to that shown in the lower diagram. The zig-zag pattern was introduced to minimize visual reflections and prevent Moire interference between the wires and the monitor line scans. About 600 of these were sold for this purpose, retailing at £50 apiece, which was very cheap for the time. Working through very thick glass made it ideal for operation in a "hostile" environment, such as a pub. Although reflected light from the copper wires was noticeable under certain lighting conditions, this problem was eliminated by using tinted glass. The reflection issue was later resolved by using finer (10 micron diameter), dark coated wires. Throughout the following decade JPM continued to use touchscreens for many other games such as "Cluedo" and "Who wants to be a Millionaire".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 1998 PROJECTED CAPACITANCE LICENSES - This technology was licensed four years later to Romag Glass Products - later to become <a href="/wiki/Zytronic" title="Zytronic">Zytronic</a> Displays, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Planet" title="Visual Planet">Visual Planet</a> in 2003 (see page 4).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> 2004 MOBILE MULTI-TOUCH PROJECTED CAPACITANCE PATENT - Apple patents its multi-touch capacitive touchscreen for mobile devices. 2004 VIDEO GAMES WITH TOUCHSCREENS - Touchscreens were not popularly used for video games until the release of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> 2007 MOBILE PHONE WITH CAPACITANCE - The first <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> with a capacitive touchscreen was <a href="/wiki/LG_Prada" title="LG Prada">LG Prada</a>, released in May 2007 (which was before the first <a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">iPhone</a> released).<a href="#cite_note-engadgetmobileke850-52">[52]</a> By 2009, touchscreen-enabled mobile phones were becoming trendy and quickly gaining popularity in both basic and advanced devices.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In Quarter-4 2009 for the first time, a majority of smartphones (i.e. not all mobile phones) shipped with touchscreens over non-touch.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> 2013 RESISTIVE VERSUS PROJECTED CAPACITANCE SALES - In 2007, 93% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and only 4% were projected capacitance. In 2013, 3% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and 96% were projected capacitance (see page 5).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 2015 FORCE SENSING TOUCHSCREENS - Until recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This has changed with the commercialization of multi-touch technology, and the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a> being released with a force-sensitive display in April 2015. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16inputDiag2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/220px-16inputDiag2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/330px-16inputDiag2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/440px-16inputDiag2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>16 I/O diagonal touchscreen made with 10 micron diameter insulation coated wire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png/220px-InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png/330px-InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png/440px-InfinitelyExtendableDiagonallyWiredTouchscreen.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Diagonal wiring allows touchscreen width to be increased indefinitely without increasing electrode resistance</figcaption></figure> 2015 BISTATE PROJECTED CAPACITANCE - When used as a Projected Capacitance touchscreen, in mutual capacitance mode, diagonal wiring requires each <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> line to be capable of switching between two states (bistate), an output some of the time and an input at other times. I/Os are inputs most of the time, but, once every scan, one of the I/Os has to take its turn at being an output, the remaining input I/Os sensing any signals it generates. The I/O lines, therefore, may have to change from input to output, and vice versa, many times a second. This new design won an Electronics Weekly Elektra Award in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> 2021 FIRST "INFINITELY WIDE" TOUCHSCREEN PATENT - With standard x/y array touchscreens, the length of the horizontal sensing elements increases as the width of the touchscreen increases. Eventually, a limit is hit where the resistance gets so great that the touchscreen can no longer function properly. The patent describes how the use of diagonal elements ensures that the length of any element never exceeds 1.414 times the height <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \left\lceil H{\sqrt {2}}\right\rfloor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>⌈</mo> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \left\lceil H{\sqrt {2}}\right\rfloor }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e73446133ee1b2d8315f1fa977cdc9c7e0124181" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.357ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\textstyle \left\lceil H{\sqrt {2}}\right\rfloor }"> of the touchscreen, no matter how wide it is.<a href="#cite_note-InfinitelywideTouchscreens-58">[58]</a> This could be reduced to 1.15 times the height, if opposing diagonal elements intersect at 60 degrees instead of 90 degrees. The elongated touchscreen could be controlled by a single processor, or the distant ends could be controlled totally independently by different processors, linked by a synchronizing processor in the overlapping middle section. The number of unique intersections could be increased by allowing individual sensing elements to run in two opposing directions - as shown in the diagram. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technologies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: Grammar & punctuation. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Touchscreen" title="Special:EditPage/Touchscreen">improve this article</a> if you can. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are a number of touchscreen technologies, with different methods of sensing touch.<a href="#cite_note-Sears1990-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistive">Resistive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Resistive">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen" title="Resistive touchscreen">Resistive touchscreen</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Resistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive">resistive</a> touchscreen panel is composed of several thin layers, the most important of which are two transparent electrically resistive layers facing each other with a thin gap between them. The top layer (the layer that is touched) has a coating on the underside surface; just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, while the other along the top and bottom. A voltage is applied to one layer and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become connected at that point.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The panel then behaves as a pair of <a href="/wiki/Voltage_divider" title="Voltage divider">voltage dividers</a>, one axis at a time. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of pressure on the screen can be detected. Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories, and hospitals due to its high tolerance for liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive-touch technology is its low cost. Additionally, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute, as only sufficient pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections (i.e. glare) from the layers of material placed over the screen.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This type of touchscreen has been used by Nintendo in the DS family, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo 3DS line">3DS family</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ResistiveTS1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ResistiveTS1.jpg/220px-ResistiveTS1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ResistiveTS1.jpg/330px-ResistiveTS1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ResistiveTS1.jpg/440px-ResistiveTS1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>For the same number of inputs, tri-state multiplexed touchscreens have many more intersections than x/y multiplexed touchscreens.</figcaption></figure> Due to their simple structure, with very few inputs, resistive touchscreens are mainly used for single touch operation, although some two touch versions (often described as multi-touch) are available.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, there are some true multi-touch resistive touchscreens available. These need many more inputs, and rely on x/y multiplexing to keep the I/O count down. One example of a true multi-touch resistive touchscreen<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> can detect 10 fingers at the same time. This has 80 I/O connections. These are possibly split 34 x inputs / 46 y outputs, forming a standard 3:4 aspect ratio touchscreen with 1564 x/y intersecting touch sensing nodes. <a href="/wiki/Tri-state_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-state multiplexing">Tri-state multiplexing</a> could have been used instead of x/y multiplexing. This would have reduced the I/O count from 80 to 60 while creating 1770 unique touch sensing nodes, with no need for a bezel, and with all inputs coming from just one edge.<a href="#cite_note-Espacenet_-_Original_document-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_acoustic_wave">Surface acoustic wave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surface acoustic wave">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave" title="Surface acoustic wave">Surface acoustic wave</a></div> Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. The change in ultrasonic waves is processed by the <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">controller</a> to determine the position of the touch event. Surface acoustic wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen. SAW devices have a wide range of applications, including <a href="/wiki/Analog_delay_line" title="Analog delay line">delay lines</a>, filters, correlators and <a href="/wiki/DC_to_DC_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="DC to DC converter">DC to DC converters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacitive_touchscreen">Capacitive touchscreen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capacitive touchscreen">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg/220px-Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg/330px-Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg/440px-Capacitive_touchscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg/220px-Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg/330px-Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg/440px-Casio_TC500_Touch_Sensor_Watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="5030" /></a><figcaption>The Casio TC500 Capacitive touch sensor watch from 1983, with angled light exposing the touch sensor pads and traces etched onto the top watch glass surface</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">Capacitive sensing</a></div> A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">insulator</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, coated with a transparent <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">indium tin oxide</a> (ITO).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As the human body is also an electrical conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the screen's <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> field, measurable as a change in <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a>. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Some touchscreens use silver instead of ITO, as ITO causes several environmental problems due to the use of indium.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The controller is typically a <a href="/wiki/Complementary_metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor">complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (CMOS) <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) chip, which in turn usually sends the signals to a CMOS <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) for processing.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen" title="Resistive touchscreen">resistive touchscreen</a>, some capacitive touchscreens cannot be used to detect a finger through electrically insulating material, such as gloves. This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather when people may be wearing gloves. It can be overcome with a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread allowing electrical contact with the user's fingertip. A low-quality <a href="/wiki/Switching-mode_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching-mode power supply">switching-mode power supply</a> unit with an accordingly unstable, noisy <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> may temporarily interfere with the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of capacitive touch screens.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some capacitive display manufacturers continue to develop thinner and more accurate touchscreens. Those for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> are now being produced with 'in-cell' technology, such as in Samsung's <a href="/wiki/AMOLED#Super_AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Super AMOLED</a> screens, that eliminates a layer by building the capacitors inside the display itself. This type of touchscreen reduces the visible distance between the user's finger and what the user is touching on the screen, reducing the thickness and weight of the display, which is desirable in <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. A simple parallel-plate capacitor has two conductors separated by a dielectric layer. Most of the energy in this system is concentrated directly between the plates. Some of the energy spills over into the area outside the plates, and the electric field lines associated with this effect are called fringing fields. Part of the challenge of making a practical capacitive sensor is to design a set of printed circuit traces which direct fringing fields into an active sensing area accessible to a user. A parallel-plate capacitor is not a good choice for such a sensor pattern. Placing a finger near fringing electric fields adds conductive surface area to the capacitive system. The additional charge storage capacity added by the finger is known as finger capacitance, or CF. The capacitance of the sensor without a finger present is known as parasitic capacitance, or CP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_capacitance">Surface capacitance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surface capacitance">edit</a>]</div> In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_coupling" title="Capacitive coupling">capacitive coupling</a>, and needs <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibration</a> during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">kiosks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Although some standard capacitance detection methods are projective, in the sense that they can be used to detect a finger through a non-conductive surface, they are very sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, which expand or contract the sensing plates, causing fluctuations in the capacitance of these plates.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> These fluctuations result in a lot of background noise, so a strong finger signal is required for accurate detection. This limits applications to those where the finger directly touches the sensing element or is sensed through a relatively thin non-conductive surface. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Projected_capacitance">Projected capacitance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Projected capacitance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCT_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PCT_Globe.jpg/220px-PCT_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/PCT_Globe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Back side of a Multitouch Globe, based on projected capacitive touch (PCT) technology</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg/220px-TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg/330px-TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg/440px-TouchScreen_projective_capacitive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Schema of projected-capacitive touchscreen</figcaption></figure> Projected capacitive touch (PCT; also PCAP) technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of artificial intelligence. This intelligent processing enables finger sensing to be projected, accurately and reliably, through very thick glass and even double glazing.<a href="#cite_note-google.co.uk-78">[78]</a> Projected capacitance is a method for accurately detecting and tracking a particular variable, or group of variables (such as finger(s)), by: a) using a simple form of artificial intelligence to develop a profile of the capacitance changing effects expected for that variable, b) specifically looking for such changes, and c) eliminating measured capacitance changes that do not match this profile, attributable to global variables (such as temperature/humidity, dirt build-up, electrical noise), and local variables (such as rain drops, partial shade and hands/elbows). Capacitance sensors may be discrete - possibly (but not necessarily) in a regular array, or they may be multiplexed. Assumptions. In practice, various assumptions are made, such as: - a) fingers will not be touching the screen at "power-up", b) a finger will not be on the same spot for more than a fixed period of time, and c) fingers will not be touching everywhere at the same time. a) If a finger IS touching the screen at "power-up", then, as soon as it is removed a large "anti-touch" capacitance change will be detected. This signals to the processor to reset the touch thresholds and store new "no touch" values for each input. b) Long-term drift compensation is used to gradually raise or lower these thresholds (trending eventually to "no-touch"). This compensates for global changes in temperature and humidity. It also eliminates the possibility of any position appearing to be touched for too long, due to some "non-finger" event. This might be caused, for example, by a wet leaf landing on, and sticking to the screen. c) When a decision is to be made about the validity of one or more touches, then, assumption c) means that the average value, of changes measured for some of the inputs with the smallest change, can be used to "offset" the touch thresholds of the inputs in contention. This minimizes the influence of hands and arms. By these and other means, the processor is constantly fine tuning the touch thresholds, and tweaking the touch sensitivity of each input. This enables very small changes, caused only by fingers, to be accurately detected through thick overlays, or several centimeters of air. When a conductive object, such as a finger, comes into contact with a PCT panel, it distorts the local electrostatic field at that point. This is measurable as a change in capacitance. If a finger bridges the gap between two of the "tracks", the charge field is further interrupted and detected by the controller. The capacitance can be changed and measured at every individual point on the grid. This system is able to accurately track touches.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Due to the top layer of a PCT being glass, it is sturdier than less-expensive resistive touch technology. Unlike traditional capacitive touch technology, it is possible for a PCT system to sense a passive stylus or gloved fingers. Moisture on the surface of the panel, high humidity, or collected dust are not a problem, especially with 'fine wire' based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a very low 'parasitic' capacitance, and there is a greater distance between neighboring conductors. Projected capacitance has "long term drift compensation" built in. This minimizes the effects of slowly changing environmental factors, such as the build-up of dirt and effects caused by changes in the weather.<a href="#cite_note-google.co.uk-78">[78]</a> Drops of rain have little effect, but flowing water, and especially flowing sea water (due to its electrical conductivity), can cause short term issues. A high frequency (RF) signal, possibly from 100 kHz to 1 MHz, is imposed on one track at a time, and appropriate capacitance measurements are taken ( as described later in this article).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This process is repeated until all the tracks have been sampled. Conductive tracks are often transparent, one example being <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">Indium tin oxide</a> (ITO), a transparent electrical conductor, but these conductive tracks can be made of very fine, non-transparent metal mesh<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> or individual fine wires.<a href="#cite_note-MakingFineWireTouchscreens-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Projected_capacitance_touchscreen_layout.">Projected capacitance touchscreen layout.</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Projected capacitance touchscreen layout.">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattice_touchscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lattice_touchscreen.jpg/220px-Lattice_touchscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lattice_touchscreen.jpg/330px-Lattice_touchscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lattice_touchscreen.jpg/440px-Lattice_touchscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>This diagram shows how eight inputs to a lattice touchscreen or keypad creates 28 unique intersections, as opposed to 16 intersections created using a standard x/y multiplexed touchscreen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16inputDiag2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/220px-16inputDiag2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/330px-16inputDiag2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/16inputDiag2.jpg/440px-16inputDiag2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>16 I/O diagonal touchscreen made with 10 micron diameter insulation coated wire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/220px--Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>32 input diagonally wired touchscreen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg/220px-8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg/330px-8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg/440px-8x8wire_touchscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>8 x 8 projected capacitance touchscreen manufactured using 25 micron insulation coated copper wire embedded in a clear polyester film</figcaption></figure> Layout can vary depending on whether a single finger is to be detected or multiple fingers. In order to detect many fingers at the same time, some modern PCT touch screens are composed of thousands of discrete keys, each key being linked individually to the edge of the touch screen. This is enabled by <a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etching</a> an <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> grid pattern in a transparent conductive coating on one side of a sheet of glass or plastic. To reduce the number of input tracks, most PCT touch screens use multiplexing. This enables, for example, 100 (n) discrete key inputs to be reduced to 20 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \left\lceil 2{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>⌈</mo> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \left\lceil 2{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dcba2fe5c2398352415e03d840577af1350c56a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \left\lceil 2{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }"> when using x/y multiplexing, or 15 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \left\lceil 1.5{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>⌈</mo> <mrow> <mn>1.5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \left\lceil 1.5{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6494fac0ea4895ed90653f1039bcbc3be9649c6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.367ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \left\lceil 1.5{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor }"> if using bistate multiplexing or <a href="/wiki/Tri-state_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-state multiplexing">tri-state multiplexing</a>. Capacitance multiplexing requires a grid of intersecting, but electrically isolated conductive tracks. This can be achieved in many different ways. One way is by creating parallel conductive tracks on one side of a plastic film, and similar parallel tracks on the other side, orientated at 90 degrees to the first side.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Another way is to etch tracks on separate sheets of glass, and join these sheets, with tracks at right angles to each other, face to face using a thin non-conductive, adhesive interlayer.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A simple alternative is to embed an x/y or diagonal grid of very fine, insulation coated conductive wires in a thin polyester film. This film can then be attached to one side of a sheet of glass, for operation through the glass.<a href="#cite_note-MakingFineWireTouchscreens-47">[47]</a> Touch resolution and the number of fingers that can be detected simultaneously is determined by the number of cross-over points (x * y). If x + y = n, then the maximum possible number of cross-overs is (n/2)2. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutual_capacitance">Mutual capacitance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mutual capacitance">edit</a>]</div> An electrical signal, imposed on one electrical conductor, can be capacitively "sensed" by another electrical conductor that is in very close proximity, but electrically isolated—a feature that is exploited in mutual capacitance touchscreens. In a mutual capacitive sensor array, the "mutual" crossing of one electrical conductor with another electrical conductor, but with no direct electrical contact, forms a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Construction">touchscreen#Construction</a>). High frequency voltage pulses are applied to these conductors, one at a time. These pulses capacitively couple to every conductor that intersects it. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field, which in turn reduces the capacitance between these intersecting conductors. Any significant change in the strength of the signal sensed is used to determine if a finger is present or not at an intersection.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The capacitance change at every intersection on the grid can be measured to accurately determine one or more touch locations. Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.The greater the number of intersections, the better the touch resolution and the more independent fingers that can be detected.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This indicates a distinct advantage of diagonal wiring over standard x/y wiring, since diagonal wiring creates nearly twice the number of intersections. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagonal2xy6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Diagonal2xy6.png/220px-Diagonal2xy6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Diagonal2xy6.png/330px-Diagonal2xy6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Diagonal2xy6.png/440px-Diagonal2xy6.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Mutual capacitance arrays can have an x/y format or a diagonal format.</figcaption></figure> A 30 i/o, 16×14 x/y array, for example, would have 224 of these intersections / capacitors, and a 30 i/o diagonal lattice array could have 435 intersections. Each trace of an x/y mutual capacitance array only has one function, it is either an input or an output. The horizontal traces may be transmitters while the vertical traces are sensors, or vice versa. The traces in a diagonal mutual capacitance array, however, have to continuously change their functionality, "on the fly", by a process called bi-state multiplexing or <a href="/wiki/Tri-state_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-state multiplexing">Tri-state multiplexing</a>. Some of the time a trace will be an output, at another time it will be an input or "grounded". A "look-up" table can be used to simplify this process. By slightly distorting the conductors in a "n" I/O diagonal matrix, the equivalent of a (n-1) by (n/2) array is formed. After address decoding, this can then be processed as a standard x/y array. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-capacitance">Self-capacitance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Self-capacitance">edit</a>]</div> Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X/Y or diagonal grid layout<a href="#cite_note-Espacenet_-_Original_document-65">[65]</a> as mutual capacitance sensors, but, with self-capacitance all the traces usually operate independently, with no interaction between different traces. Along with several other methods, the extra capacitive load of a finger on a trace electrode may be measured by a current meter, or by the change in frequency of an RC oscillator. Traces are sensed, one after the other until all the traces have been sensed. A finger may be detected anywhere along the whole length of a trace (even "off-screen"), but there is no indication where the finger is along that trace. If, however, a finger is also detected along another intersecting trace, then it is assumed that the finger position is at the intersection of the two traces. This allows for the speedy and accurate detection of a single finger. There is, however, ambiguity if more than one finger is to be detected.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Two fingers may have four possible detection positions, only two of which are true, the other two being "ghosts." However, by selectively de-sensitizing any touch-points in contention, conflicting results are easily resolved.<a href="#cite_note-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance-89">[89]</a> This enables self-capacitance to be used for two touch operation. Although mutual capacitance is simpler for multi-touch, multi-touch can be achieved using self-capacitance. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg/220px-CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg/330px-CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg/440px-CapacitanceSensedHand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hand sensed through thick glass, by projected capacitance - using "masked" self-capacitance</figcaption></figure> If the trace being sensed is intersected by another trace that has a "desensitizing" signal on it, then that intersection is insensitive to touch. By imposing such a "desensitizing" signal on all the intersecting traces, except one, along the trace being sensed, then just a short length of that trace will be sensitive to touch.<a href="#cite_note-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance-89">[89]</a> By selecting a sequence of these sensing sections along the trace, it is possible to determine the accurate position of multiple fingers along the one trace. This process can then be repeated for all the other traces until the whole screen has been scanned. Self-capacitive touch screen layers are used on mobile phones such as the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Xperia Sola">Sony Xperia Sola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SonyDev-90">[90]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 3">Galaxy Note 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S5" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S5">Galaxy S5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Alpha">Galaxy Alpha</a>. Self-capacitance is far more sensitive than mutual capacitance and is mainly used for single touch, simple gesturing and proximity sensing where the finger does not even have to touch the glass surface. Mutual capacitance is mainly used for multitouch applications.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Many touchscreen manufacturers use both self and mutual capacitance technologies in the same product, thereby combining their individual benefits.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-capacitance_vs._mutual_capacitance">Self-capacitance vs. mutual capacitance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-capacitance vs. mutual capacitance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_detections.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ghost_detections.png/220px-Ghost_detections.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ghost_detections.png/330px-Ghost_detections.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ghost_detections.png/440px-Ghost_detections.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Self-capacitance creates n^2 possible finger positions when detecting n fingers.</figcaption></figure> When using a 16 x 14 X/Y array to determine the position of a single finger by self-capacitance, 30 (i.e. 16 + 14) capacitance measurements are required. The finger being determined to be at the intersection of the strongest of the 16 x measurements and the strongest of the 14 y measurements. However, when using mutual capacitance, every intersection may have to be measured, making a total of 224 (i.e. 16 x 14) capacitance measurements. In this example, therefore, mutual capacitance requires nearly 7 times as many measurements as self-capacitance to detect the position of a finger. Many applications, such as selecting items from a list or menu, require just one finger, and self-capacitance is eminently suitable for such applications, due to the relatively low processing load, simpler processing method, the ability to sense through thick dielectric materials or air, and the possibility of reducing the number of inputs required, through repeat track layouts.<a href="#cite_note-Multiple_input_proximity_detector-93">[93]</a> For many other applications, however, such as for expanding / contracting items on the screen and for other gestures, two or more fingers need to be tracked. Two fingers can be detected and tracked accurately using self-capacitance, but this does involve a few extra calculations, and 4 extra capacitance measurements to eliminate the 2 "ghost" positions. One method is to undertake a full self-capacitance scan, to detect the 4 ambiguous finger positions, then use just 4 targeted mutual capacitance measurements to discover which two of the 4 positions are valid and which 2 are not. This gives a total of 34 measurements—still far less than the 224 required when using mutual capacitance alone. With 3 fingers, 9 disambiguations are required; with 4 fingers, 16 disambiguations etc. With more fingers, it may be decided that the process of disambiguation is too unwieldy. If sufficient processing power is available, the switch can then be made to full mutual capacitance scanning.<a href="#cite_note-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_stylus_on_capacitive_screens">Use of stylus on capacitive screens</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use of stylus on capacitive screens">edit</a>]</div> Capacitive touchscreens do not necessarily need to be operated by a finger, but until recently the special styli required could be quite expensive to purchase. The cost of this technology has fallen greatly in recent years and capacitive styli are now widely available for a nominal charge, and often given away free with mobile accessories. These consist of an electrically conductive shaft with a soft conductive rubber tip, thereby resistively connecting the fingers to the tip of the stylus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_grid">Infrared grid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infrared grid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platovterm1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/220px-Platovterm1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/330px-Platovterm1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/440px-Platovterm1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user's touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated.</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a> pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any opaque object including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and POS systems that cannot rely on a conductor (such as a bare finger) to activate the touchscreen. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">capacitive touchscreens</a>, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system. Infrared touchscreens are sensitive to dirt and dust that can interfere with the infrared beams, and suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press when the user hovers a finger over the screen while searching for the item to be selected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_acrylic_projection">Infrared acrylic projection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infrared acrylic projection">edit</a>]</div> A translucent acrylic sheet is used as a rear-projection screen to display information. The edges of the acrylic sheet are illuminated by infrared LEDs, and infrared cameras are focused on the back of the sheet. Objects placed on the sheet are detectable by the cameras. When the sheet is touched by the user, <a href="/wiki/Frustrated_total_internal_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Frustrated total internal reflection">frustrated total internal reflection</a> results in leakage of infrared light which peaks at the points of maximum pressure, indicating the user's touch location. Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PixelSense" title="Microsoft PixelSense">PixelSense</a> tablets use this technology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_imaging">Optical imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Optical imaging">edit</a>]</div> Optical touchscreens are a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more <a href="/wiki/Image_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Image sensors">image sensors</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/CMOS_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS sensor">CMOS sensors</a>) are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the sensor's field of view on the opposite side of the screen. A touch blocks some lights from the sensors, and the location and size of the touching object can be calculated (see <a href="/wiki/Visual_hull#In_two_dimensions" title="Visual hull">visual hull</a>). This technology is growing in popularity due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability for larger touchscreens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersive_signal_technology">Dispersive signal technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dispersive signal technology">edit</a>]</div> Introduced in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, this system detects a touch by using sensors to measure the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectricity</a> in the glass. Complex algorithms interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The technology is unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent optical clarity. Any object can be used to generate touch events, including gloved fingers. A downside is that after the initial touch, the system cannot detect a motionless finger. However, for the same reason, resting objects do not disrupt touch recognition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_pulse_recognition">Acoustic pulse recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acoustic pulse recognition">edit</a>]</div> The key to this technology is that a touch at any one position on the surface generates a sound wave in the substrate which then produces a unique combined signal as measured by three or more tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen. The digitized signal is compared to a list corresponding to every position on the surface, determining the touch location. A moving touch is tracked by rapid repetition of this process. Extraneous and ambient sounds are ignored since they do not match any stored sound profile. The technology differs from other sound-based technologies by using a simple look-up method rather than expensive signal-processing hardware. As with the dispersive signal technology system, a motionless finger cannot be detected after the initial touch. However, for the same reason, the touch recognition is not disrupted by any resting objects. The technology was created by SoundTouch Ltd in the early 2000s, as described by the patent family EP1852772, and introduced to the market by <a href="/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a>'s Elo division in 2006 as Acoustic Pulse Recognition.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The touchscreen used by Elo is made of ordinary glass, giving good durability and optical clarity. The technology usually retains accuracy with scratches and dust on the screen. The technology is also well suited to displays that are physically larger. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application. <big>Multi-touch projected capacitance screens</big> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro-capacitor2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Micro-capacitor2.png/220px-Micro-capacitor2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Micro-capacitor2.png/330px-Micro-capacitor2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Micro-capacitor2.png/440px-Micro-capacitor2.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Section through a micro-capacitor created when two insulation coated conductive wires cross</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:32inputDiag3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/32inputDiag3.png/220px-32inputDiag3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/32inputDiag3.png/330px-32inputDiag3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/32inputDiag3.png/440px-32inputDiag3.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><big>Single wire plot for a 32 input, diagonally wired, projected capacitance touchscreen film</big></figcaption></figure> A very simple, low cost way to make a multi-touch projected capacitance touchscreen, is to sandwich an x/y or diagonal matrix of fine, insulation coated copper or tungsten wires between two layers of clear polyester film. This creates an array of proximity sensing micro-<a href="/wiki/Capacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacitors">capacitors</a>. One of these micro-capacitors every 10 to 15 mm is probably sufficient spacing if fingers are relatively widely spaced apart, but very high discrimination multi-touch may need a micro-capacitor every 5 or 6 mm. A similar system can be used for ultra-high resolution sensing, such as fingerprint sensing. <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprint sensor">Fingerprint sensors</a> require a micro-capacitor spacing of about 44 to 50 microns.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The touchscreens can be manufactured at home, using readily available tools and materials, or it can be done industrially. First, a "continuous-trace" wiring pattern is generated using a simple CAD system. The wire is threaded through a plotter pen and plotted directly, as one continuous wire, onto a thin sheet of adhesive coated, clear polyester film (such as "window film"), using a standard, low cost x/y pen plotter.<a href="#cite_note-MakingFineWireTouchscreens-47">[47]</a> After plotting, the single wire is gently cut into individual sections with a sharp scalpel, taking care not to damage the film. A second identical polyester film is laminated over the first film. The resulting touchscreen film is then trimmed to shape, and a connector is retro-fitted. The end product is extremely flexible, being about 75 microns thick (about the thickness of a human hair). It can even be creased without loss of functionality. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/220px--Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg/Ten_fingers_tracked_using_diagonally_wired_touchscreen_film.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>32 input diagonally wired touchscreen detecting 10 fingers</figcaption></figure> The film can be mounted on, or behind non-conducting (or slightly conducting) surfaces. Usually, it is mounted behind a sheet of glass up to 12 mm thick (or more), for sensing through the glass. This method is suitable for a wide range of touchscreen sizes from very small to several meters wide - or even wider, if using a diagonally wired matrix.<a href="#cite_note-Espacenet_-_Original_document-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-InfinitelywideTouchscreens-58">[58]</a> The end product is environmentally friendly as it uses recyclable polyester, and minute quantities of copper wire. The film could even have a second life as another product, such as drawing film, or wrapping film. Unlike some other touchscreen technologies, no complex processes or rare materials are used. For non-touchscreen applications, other plastics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a>) may be used. The film can be blow molded or heat formed into complex three dimensional shapes, such as bottles, globes or car dashboards. Alternatively, the wires can be embedded in thick plastic such as fiber glass or carbon fiber body panels. <big>Single touch resistive touchscreens</big> In the resistive approach, which used to be the most popular technique, there are typically four layers: <ul><li>Top polyester-coated layer with a transparent metallic-conductive coating on the bottom.</li> <li>Adhesive spacer</li> <li>Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic-conductive coating on the top</li> <li>Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.</li></ul> When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electric current that flows through the display. <big>Dispersive signal</big> Dispersive signal technology measures the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric effect">piezoelectric effect</a>—the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched. <big>Infrared</big> There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting infrared light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">infrared cameras</a> record heat from screen touches. In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> The development of multi-touch screens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen; thus, operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously. With the growing use of touchscreens, the cost of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is nearly eliminated. Touchscreen technology has demonstrated reliability and is found in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliances, and handheld display devices including cellphones; the touchscreen market for mobile devices was projected to produce US$5 billion by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is also advancing with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet-screen</a> hybrids. <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">Polyvinylidene fluoride</a> (PVDF) plays a major role in this innovation due its high piezoelectric properties, which allow the tablet to sense pressure, making such things as digital painting behave more like paper and pencil.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> TapSense, announced in October 2011, allows touchscreens to distinguish what part of the hand was used for input, such as the fingertip, knuckle and fingernail. This could be used in a variety of ways, for example, to copy and paste, to capitalize letters, to activate different drawing modes, etc.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ergonomics_and_usage">Ergonomics and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ergonomics and usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touchscreen_enable">Touchscreen enable</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Touchscreen enable">edit</a>]</div> For touchscreens to be effective input devices, users must be able to accurately select targets and avoid accidental selection of adjacent targets. The design of touchscreen interfaces should reflect technical capabilities of the system, <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">human physiology</a>. Guidelines for touchscreen designs were first developed in the 2000s, based on early research and actual use of older systems, typically using infrared grids—which were highly dependent on the size of the user's fingers. These guidelines are less relevant for the bulk of modern touch devices which use capacitive or resistive touch technology.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> From the mid-2000s, makers of <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> have promulgated standards, but these vary between manufacturers, and allow for significant variation in size based on technology changes, so are unsuitable from a <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">human factors</a> perspective.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Much more important is the accuracy humans have in selecting targets with their finger or a pen stylus. The accuracy of user selection varies by position on the screen: users are most accurate at the center, less so at the left and right edges, and least accurate at the top edge and especially the bottom edge. The <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">R95</a> accuracy (required radius for 95% target accuracy) varies from 7 mm (0.28 in) in the center to 12 mm (0.47 in) in the lower corners.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Users are subconsciously aware of this, and take more time to select targets which are smaller or at the edges or corners of the touchscreen.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> This user inaccuracy is a result of <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, visual acuity and the speed of the feedback loop between the eyes and fingers. The precision of the human finger alone is much, much higher than this, so when assistive technologies are provided—such as on-screen magnifiers—users can move their finger (once in contact with the screen) with precision as small as 0.1 mm (0.004 in).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Touchscreen#Dubious" title="Talk:Touchscreen">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_position,_digit_used_and_switching">Hand position, digit used and switching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hand position, digit used and switching">edit</a>]</div> Users of handheld and portable touchscreen devices hold them in a variety of ways, and routinely change their method of holding and selection to suit the position and type of input. There are four basic types of handheld interaction: <ul><li>Holding at least in part with both hands, tapping with a single thumb</li> <li>Holding with two hands and tapping with both thumbs</li> <li>Holding with one hand, tapping with the finger (or rarely, thumb) of another hand</li> <li>Holding the device in one hand, and tapping with the thumb from that same hand</li></ul> Use rates vary widely. While two-thumb tapping is encountered rarely (1–3%) for many general interactions, it is used for 41% of typing interaction.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In addition, devices are often placed on surfaces (desks or tables) and tablets especially are used in stands. The user may point, select or gesture in these cases with their finger or thumb, and vary use of these methods.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_with_haptics">Combined with haptics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Combined with haptics">edit</a>]</div> Touchscreens are often used with <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic</a> response systems. A common example of this technology is the vibratory feedback provided when a button on the touchscreen is tapped. Haptics are used to improve the user's experience with touchscreens by providing simulated tactile feedback, and can be designed to react immediately, partly countering on-screen response latency. Research from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (Brewster, Chohan, and Brown, 2007; and more recently Hogan) demonstrates that touchscreen users reduce input errors (by 20%), increase input speed (by 20%), and lower their cognitive load (by 40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or tactile feedback. On top of this, a study conducted in 2013 by Boston College explored the effects that touchscreens haptic stimulation had on triggering psychological ownership of a product. Their research concluded that a touchscreens ability to incorporate high amounts of haptic involvement resulted in customers feeling more endowment to the products they were designing or buying. The study also reported that consumers using a touchscreen were willing to accept a higher price point for the items they were purchasing.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customer_service">Customer service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Customer service">edit</a>]</div> Touchscreen technology has become integrated into many aspects of customer service industry in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The restaurant industry is a good example of touchscreen implementation into this domain. Chain restaurants such as Taco Bell,<a href="#cite_note-Hueter_Swart_1998_pp._75–91-117">[117]</a> Panera Bread, and McDonald's offer touchscreens as an option when customers are ordering items off the menu.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> While the addition of touchscreens is a development for this industry, customers may choose to bypass the touchscreen and order from a traditional cashier.<a href="#cite_note-Hueter_Swart_1998_pp._75–91-117">[117]</a> To take this a step further, a restaurant in Bangalore has attempted to completely automate the ordering process. Customers sit down to a table embedded with touchscreens and order off an extensive menu. Once the order is placed it is sent electronically to the kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> These types of touchscreens fit under the Point of Sale (POS) systems mentioned in the lead section. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gorilla_arm"">"Gorilla arm"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: "Gorilla arm"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></div> Extended use of gestural interfaces without the ability of the user to rest their arm is referred to as "gorilla arm".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It can result in fatigue, and even repetitive stress injury when routinely used in a work setting. Certain early pen-based interfaces required the operator to work in this position for much of the workday.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Allowing the user to rest their hand or arm on the input device or a frame around it is a solution for this in many contexts. This phenomenon is often cited as an example of movements to be minimized by proper ergonomic design. Unsupported touchscreens are still fairly common in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a> and data kiosks, but are not an issue as the typical user only engages for brief and widely spaced periods.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fingerprints">Fingerprints</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fingerprints">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg/220px-IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg/330px-IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg/440px-IPad_with_extensive_fingerprints_and_smudges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Fingerprints and smudges on an <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a>) touchscreen</figcaption></figure> Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be mitigated by the use of materials with <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">optical coatings</a> designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils. Most modern smartphones have <a href="/wiki/Oleophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleophobic">oleophobic</a> coatings, which lessen the amount of oil residue. Another option is to install a matte-finish anti-glare <a href="/wiki/Screen_protector" title="Screen protector">screen protector</a>, which creates a slightly roughened surface that does not easily retain smudges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glove_touch">Glove touch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Glove touch">edit</a>]</div> Capacitive touchscreens rarely work when the user wears gloves. The thickness of the glove and the material they are made of play a significant role on that and the ability of a touchscreen to pick up a touch. Some devices have a mode which increases the sensitivity of the touchscreen. This allows the touchscreen to be used more reliably with gloves, but can also result in unreliable and phantom inputs. However, thin gloves such as medical gloves are thin enough for users to wear when using touchscreens; mostly applicable to medical technology and machines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-touchscreen" title="Dual-touchscreen">Dual-touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_harvesting" title="Energy harvesting">Energy harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible keyboard">Flexible keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Glass_Solution" title="One Glass Solution">One Glass Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestural_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestural interface">Gestural interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_touch-solution_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of touch-solution manufacturers">List of touch-solution manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_screen" title="Lock screen">Lock screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_switch" title="Touch switch">Touch switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen_remote_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchscreen remote control">Touchscreen remote control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">Multi-touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnitouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnitouch">Omnitouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device_gesture" title="Pointing device gesture">Pointing device gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensacell" title="Sensacell">Sensacell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlieplexing" title="Charlieplexing">Charlieplexing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Geoff (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528105912/http://ww.walkermobile.com/A_Review_of_Technologies_for_Sensing_Contact_on_the_Surface_of_a_Display.pdf">"A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display: Review of touch technologies"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Society for Information Display. 20 (8): 413–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsid.100">10.1002/jsid.100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40545665">40545665</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww.walkermobile.com/A_Review_of_Technologies_for_Sensing_Contact_on_the_Surface_of_a_Display.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2023-05-28 – via Walker Mobile, LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Information+Display&rft.atitle=A+review+of+technologies+for+sensing+contact+location+on+the+surface+of+a+display%3A+Review+of+touch+technologies&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=413-440&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsid.100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40545665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww.walkermobile.com%2FA_Review_of_Technologies_for_Sensing_Contact_on_the_Surface_of_a_Display.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/toucscre.htm">"What is a Touch Screen?"</a>. Computer Hope. Retrieved 2020-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Hope&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Touch+Screen%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhope.com%2Fjargon%2Ft%2Ftoucscre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllvin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Allvin, Rhian Evans (2014-09-01). "Technology in the Early Childhood Classroom". YC Young Children. 69 (4): 62. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-6619">1538-6619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YC+Young+Children&rft.atitle=Technology+in+the+Early+Childhood+Classroom&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.issn=1538-6619&rft.aulast=Allvin&rft.aufirst=Rhian+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/42092">"The first capacitative touch screens at CERN"</a>. CERN Courrier. 31 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904044213/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/42092">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+first+capacitative+touch+screens+at+CERN&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fcern%2F42092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumpe,_Bent1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bent_Stumpe" title="Bent Stumpe">Stumpe, Bent</a> (16 March 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1266588/files/StumpeMar77.pdf">"A new principle for x-y touch system"</a> (PDF). CERN. Retrieved 2010-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+principle+for+x-y+touch+system&rft.date=1977-03-16&rft.au=Stumpe%2C+Bent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1266588%2Ffiles%2FStumpeMar77.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBent_Stumpe1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bent_Stumpe" title="Bent Stumpe">Bent Stumpe</a> (6 February 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1266589/files/StumpeFeb78.pdf">"Experiments to find a manufacturing process for an x-y touch screen"</a> (PDF). CERN. Retrieved 2010-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experiments+to+find+a+manufacturing+process+for+an+x-y+touch+screen&rft.date=1978-02-06&rft.au=Bent+Stumpe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1266589%2Ffiles%2FStumpeFeb78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckStumpe1973" class="citation report cs1">Beck, Frank; Stumpe, Bent (May 24, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/186242/">Two devices for operator interaction in the central control of the new CERN accelerator</a> (Report). CERN. CERN-73-06. Retrieved 2017-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Two+devices+for+operator+interaction+in+the+central+control+of+the+new+CERN+accelerator&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1973-05-24&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Stumpe%2C+Bent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F186242%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1965" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, E. A. (1965). "Touch Display - A novel input/output device for computers". Electronics Letters. 1 (8): 219–220. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ElL.....1..219J">1965ElL.....1..219J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fel%3A19650200">10.1049/el:19650200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Letters&rft.atitle=Touch+Display+-+A+novel+input%2Foutput+device+for+computers&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=219-220&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fel%3A19650200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965ElL.....1..219J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mraths-2016-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mraths-2016_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mraths-2016_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mraths.org.uk/?page_id=531">"1965 - The Touchscreen"</a>. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131150535/https://mraths.org.uk/?page_id=531">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1965+-+The+Touchscreen&rft.pub=Malvern+Radar+and+Technology+History+Society&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmraths.org.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, E. A. (1967). "Touch Displays: A Programmed Man-Machine Interface". Ergonomics. 10 (2): 271–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140136708930868">10.1080/00140136708930868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ergonomics&rft.atitle=Touch+Displays%3A+A+Programmed+Man-Machine+Interface&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-277&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00140136708930868&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinbach_2018-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallebrein2018" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Mallebrein" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Mallebrein">Mallebrein, Rainer</a> [in German] (2018-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf">"Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein"</a> (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Steinbach, Günter. Singen am Hohentwiel, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. CHM Ref: X8517.2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162137/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+of+Rainer+Mallebrein&rft.place=Singen+am+Hohentwiel%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft.aulast=Mallebrein&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2018%2F05%2F102738746-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> (18 pages) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebner_2018-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbner2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ebner, Susanne (2018-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558">"Entwickler aus Singen über die Anfänge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus""</a> [Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time"]. Leben und Wissen. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier" title="Südkurier">Südkurier</a> (in German). Konstanz, Germany: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Südkurier GmbH">Südkurier GmbH</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234231/https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdkurier&rft.atitle=Entwickler+aus+Singen+%C3%BCber+die+Anf%C3%A4nge+der+Computermaus%3A+%22Wir+waren+der+Zeit+voraus%22&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Ebner&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedkurier.de%2Fueberregional%2Fwissenschaft%2FEntwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus%3Bart1350069%2C9590558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrHopkins1968" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, N. W.; Hopkins, V. D. (1968). "The Role of Touch Display in Air Traffic Control". The Controller. 7: 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Controller&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Touch+Display+in+Air+Traffic+Control&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=N.+W.&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+V.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-design_news-14"><a href="#cite_ref-design_news_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, J. F. (18 November 1974). "Computer creates custom control panel". Design News: 54–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+News&rft.atitle=Computer+creates+custom+control+panel&rft.pages=54-55&rft.date=1974-11-18&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumpeSutton2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Stumpe, Bent; Sutton, Christine (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116094427/https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/june-2010/cern-touch-screen">"CERN touch screen"</a>. Symmetry Magazine. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/june-2010/cern-touch-screen">the original</a> on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symmetry+Magazine&rft.atitle=CERN+touch+screen&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Stumpe&rft.aufirst=Bent&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fjune-2010%2Fcern-touch-screen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1248908">"Another of CERN's many inventions! - CERN Document Server"</a>. CERN Document Server. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Document+Server&rft.atitle=Another+of+CERN%27s+many+inventions%21+-+CERN+Document+Server&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1248908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ebeling, F.; R. Johnson; R. Goldhor. "Infrared light beam x-y position encoder for display devices", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3775560">US 3775560</a> , granted November 27, 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/186242/files/CERN-73-06.pdf">"CERN-73-6"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 23 Aug 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CERN-73-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F186242%2Ffiles%2FCERN-73-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HurstPat-19"><a href="#cite_ref-HurstPat_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSPTO" class="citation web cs1">USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3911215">"DISCRIMINATING CONTACT SENSOR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519034535/http://www.google.com/patents/US3911215">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DISCRIMINATING+CONTACT+SENSOR&rft.au=USPTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS3911215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2010" class="citation web cs1">Emerson, Lewis (December 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oakridger.com/story/opinion/columns/2010/12/14/g-samuel-hurst-tom-edison/63344071007/">""G. Samuel Hurst -- the 'Tom Edison' of ORNL", December 14 2010"</a>. G. Samuel Hurst -- the 'Tom Edison' of ORNL. Retrieved 2010-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G.+Samuel+Hurst+--+the+%27Tom+Edison%27+of+ORNL&rft.atitle=%22G.+Samuel+Hurst+--+the+%27Tom+Edison%27+of+ORNL%22%2C+December+14+2010&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oakridger.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2F2010%2F12%2F14%2Fg-samuel-hurst-tom-edison%2F63344071007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-THdG5gVTw#t=46s">The H.P. Touch Computer (1983)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824003000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-THdG5gVTw">Archived</a> 2017-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. YouTube (2008-02-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4526043A/en">"Conformable Tactile Sensor"</a>. Retrieved 2023-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conformable+Tactile+Sensor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS4526043A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/07/20/a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology-from-the-iphone-to-multi-user-videowalls/">"a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology-from-the-iphone-to-multi-user-videowalls/"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology-from-the-iphone-to-multi-user-videowalls%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fforbestechcouncil%2F2022%2F07%2F20%2Fa-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology-from-the-iphone-to-multi-user-videowalls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/04/from-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology/">"from-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology"</a>. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=from-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2013%2F04%2Ffrom-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zytronic.co.uk/insights/article/history-of-touchscreen-technology/">"history-of-touchscreen-technology"</a>. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=history-of-touchscreen-technology&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zytronic.co.uk%2Finsights%2Farticle%2Fhistory-of-touchscreen-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.justia.com/inventor/robert-a-boie">"patents.justia.com/inventor/robert-a-boie"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=patents.justia.com%2Finventor%2Frobert-a-boie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.justia.com%2Finventor%2Frobert-a-boie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billbuxton.com/inputTimeline.html">"Multi-touch systems that I have known and loved"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-touch+systems+that+I+have+known+and+loved&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billbuxton.com%2FinputTimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/186242/files/CERN-73-06.pdf">"CERN-73-6"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 23 Aug 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CERN-73-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F186242%2Ffiles%2FCERN-73-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1266588/files/StumpeMar77.pdf">"StumpeMar77"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 20 Aug 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=StumpeMar77&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1266588%2Ffiles%2FStumpeMar77.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbh1XP4kCT4">Japanese PCs (1984)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707091011/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbh1XP4kCT4">Archived</a> 2017-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (12:21), <a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI51dkpbcGoC&pg=PA34">"Software that takes games seriously"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reed_Business_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Business Information">Reed Business Information</a>. March 26, 1987. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131150533/https://books.google.com/books?id=RI51dkpbcGoC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Software+that+takes+games+seriously&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1987-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRI51dkpbcGoC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-acc.pdf#page=87">Technology Trends: 2nd Quarter 1986</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015100102/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service - Volume II: Technology & Government </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Biferno, M. A.; Stanley, D. L. (1983). The Touch-Sensitive Control/Display Unit: A Promising Computer Interface. Technical Paper 831532, Aerospace Congress & Exposition, Long Beach, CA: Society of Automotive Engineers. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617155548/http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1986,_Electronics_Developed_for_Lotus_Active_Suspension_Technology">"1986, Electronics Developed for Lotus Active Suspension Technology - Generations of GM"</a>. History.gmheritagecenter.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1986,_Electronics_Developed_for_Lotus_Active_Suspension_Technology">the original</a> on 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1986%2C+Electronics+Developed+for+Lotus+Active+Suspension+Technology+-+Generations+of+GM&rft.pub=History.gmheritagecenter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.gmheritagecenter.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2F1986%2C_Electronics_Developed_for_Lotus_Active_Suspension_Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadal2008" class="citation web cs1">Badal, Jaclyne (2008-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121390461372989357">"When Design Goes Bad"</a>. Online.wsj.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316094403/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121390461372989357">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Design+Goes+Bad&rft.pub=Online.wsj.com&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.aulast=Badal&rft.aufirst=Jaclyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB121390461372989357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smspower.org/Articles/TerebiOekaki">"Terebi Oekaki / Sega Graphic Board - Articles - SMS Power!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723170717/http://www.smspower.org/Articles/TerebiOekaki">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terebi+Oekaki+%2F+Sega+Graphic+Board+-+Articles+-+SMS+Power%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smspower.org%2FArticles%2FTerebiOekaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n6/gettingdowntobusiness.html">The ViewTouch restaurant system</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909074923/http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n6/gettingdowntobusiness.html">Archived</a> 2009-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Giselle Bisson </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewtouch.com">"The World Leader in GNU-Linux Restaurant POS Software"</a>. Viewtouch.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717023914/http://www.viewtouch.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Leader+in+GNU-Linux+Restaurant+POS+Software&rft.pub=Viewtouch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viewtouch.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comdex_1986.png">"File:Comdex 1986.png"</a>. Wikimedia Commons. 2012-09-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220205201/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comdex_1986.png">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3AComdex+1986.png&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Commons&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AComdex_1986.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter1988-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Potter1988_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterWeldonShneiderman1988" class="citation conference cs1">Potter, R.; Weldon, L.; Shneiderman, B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/localphp/hcil/tech-reports-search.php?number=88-04">"Improving the accuracy of touch screens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies"</a>. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88. Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '88. Washington, DC. pp. 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F57167.57171">10.1145/57167.57171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201142376" title="Special:BookSources/0201142376"><bdi>0201142376</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121730/http://www.cs.umd.edu/localphp/hcil/tech-reports-search.php?number=88-04">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Improving+the+accuracy+of+touch+screens%3A+an+experimental+evaluation+of+three+strategies&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+conference+on+Human+factors+in+computing+systems+-+CHI+%2788&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=27-32&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F57167.57171&rft.isbn=0201142376&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Weldon%2C+L.&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Flocalphp%2Fhcil%2Ftech-reports-search.php%3Fnumber%3D88-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2021" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Simon (22 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/blog/together-well-show-world-telecom-expo-info">"Together we'll show the world: Telecom Expo Info"</a>. National Archives of Australia (NAA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240909192836/https://www.naa.gov.au/blog/together-well-show-world-telecom-expo-info">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia+%28NAA%29&rft.atitle=Together+we%27ll+show+the+world%3A+Telecom+Expo+Info&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fblog%2Ftogether-well-show-world-telecom-expo-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears1990-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears1990_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears1990_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearsPlaisantShneiderman1990" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Plaisant, Catherine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Shneiderman, Ben</a> (June 1990). "A new era for high-precision touchscreens". In Hartson, R.; Hix, D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009003729/http://www.cs.umd.edu/local-cgi-bin/hcil/rr.pl?number=90-01">Advances in Human-Computer Interaction</a>. Vol. 3. Ablex (1992). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89391-751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89391-751-7"><bdi>978-0-89391-751-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/local-cgi-bin/hcil/rr.pl?number=90-01">the original</a> on October 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+new+era+for+high-precision+touchscreens&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Human-Computer+Interaction&rft.pub=Ablex+%281992%29&rft.date=1990-06&rft.isbn=978-0-89391-751-7&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Plaisant%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Flocal-cgi-bin%2Fhcil%2Frr.pl%3Fnumber%3D90-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Touchscreen_slider_1991_video-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Touchscreen_slider_1991_video_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFWbdxicvK0">"1991 video of the HCIL touchscreen toggle switches (University of Maryland)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 30 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313060101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFWbdxicvK0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=1991+video+of+the+HCIL+touchscreen+toggle+switches+%28University+of+Maryland%29&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwFWbdxicvK0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKChannel4News2011-44"><a href="#cite_ref-UKChannel4News2011_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/apple-touch-screen-patent-war-comes-to-the-uk">Apple touch-screen patent war comes to the UK (2011)</a>. Event occurs at 1:24 min in video. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102157/http://www.channel4.com/news/apple-touch-screen-patent-war-comes-to-the-uk">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+touch-screen+patent+war+comes+to+the+UK+%282011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Fapple-touch-screen-patent-war-comes-to-the-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CsTH9S79qI&t=4m28s">Star7 Demo</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/021748605/publication/US5463388A?q=US5463388">"Computer mouse or keyboard input device utilizing capacitive sensors"</a>. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+mouse+or+keyboard+input+device+utilizing+capacitive+sensors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F021748605%2Fpublication%2FUS5463388A%3Fq%3DUS5463388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MakingFineWireTouchscreens-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MakingFineWireTouchscreens_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingFineWireTouchscreens_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingFineWireTouchscreens_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingFineWireTouchscreens_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/083283296/publication/WO2015185879A1?q=WO2015185879A1">"MakingFineWireTouchscreens"</a>. Retrieved 2023-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MakingFineWireTouchscreens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F083283296%2Fpublication%2FWO2015185879A1%3Fq%3DWO2015185879A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/010753030/publication/WO9527334A1?q=WO9527334A1">"Multiple input proximity detector"</a>. Retrieved 2023-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiple+input+proximity+detector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F010753030%2Fpublication%2FWO9527334A1%3Fq%3DWO9527334A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinward.games/jpm.html">"JPM Games"</a>. Retrieved 2023-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPM+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinward.games%2Fjpm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf">"Short Course on Projected Capacitance"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Course+on+Projected+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkermobile.com%2FTouch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis_Fahs2009" class="citation web cs1">Travis Fahs (April 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retro.ign.com/articles/974/974695p7.html">"IGN Presents the History of SEGA"</a>. IGN. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204000434/http://retro.ign.com/articles/974/974695p7.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved 2011-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=IGN+Presents+the+History+of+SEGA&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft.au=Travis+Fahs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fretro.ign.com%2Farticles%2F974%2F974695p7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-engadgetmobileke850-52"><a href="#cite_ref-engadgetmobileke850_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2006/12/15/the-lg-ke850-touchable-chocolate/">"The LG KE850: touchable chocolate"</a>. Engadget. 15 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=The+LG+KE850%3A+touchable+chocolate&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2006%2F12%2F15%2Fthe-lg-ke850-touchable-chocolate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/touch-screen-market-to-hit-9b-by-2015/">"Touch Screen Market to Hit $9B by 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 21 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Touch+Screen+Market+to+Hit+%249B+by+2015&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftouch-screen-market-to-hit-9b-by-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2009-10-screen-gamble-technology.html">"Touch screen gamble: Which technology to use"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touch+screen+gamble%3A+Which+technology+to+use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2009-10-screen-gamble-technology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalys.com/newsroom/majority-smart-phones-now-have-touch-screens">"Canalys - the leading global technology market analyst firm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canalys+-+the+leading+global+technology+market+analyst+firm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalys.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fmajority-smart-phones-now-have-touch-screens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf">"Short Course on Projected Capacitance"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Course+on+Projected+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkermobile.com%2FTouch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/elektra-awards-news/elektra-awards-2017-shortlist-passive-electromechanical-product-year-2017-12/">"Elektra Award Winner 2017"</a>. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2023-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elektra+Award+Winner+2017&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicsweekly.com%2Fnews%2Felektra-awards-news%2Felektra-awards-2017-shortlist-passive-electromechanical-product-year-2017-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfinitelywideTouchscreens-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfinitelywideTouchscreens_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfinitelywideTouchscreens_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/083283296/publication/WO2023026062A1?q=WO2023026062A1">"InfinitelywideTouchscreens"</a>. Retrieved 2023-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InfinitelywideTouchscreens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F083283296%2Fpublication%2FWO2023026062A1%3Fq%3DWO2023026062A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/touch-screen">"What is touch screen? - Definition from WhatIs.com"</a>. WhatIs.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatIs.com&rft.atitle=What+is+touch+screen%3F+-+Definition+from+WhatIs.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatis.techtarget.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftouch-screen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Lancet, Yaara. (2012-07-19) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/differences-capacitive-resistive-touchscreens-si/">What Are The Differences Between Capacitive & Resistive Touchscreens?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309025853/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/differences-capacitive-resistive-touchscreens-si/">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Makeuseof.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlad_Savov2011" class="citation web cs1">Vlad Savov (13 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/13/nintendo-3ds-has-resistive-touchscreen-for-backwards-compatibili/">"Nintendo 3DS has resistive touchscreen for backwards compatibility, what's the Wii U's excuse?"</a>. Engadget. AOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112064552/http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/13/nintendo-3ds-has-resistive-touchscreen-for-backwards-compatibili/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Nintendo+3DS+has+resistive+touchscreen+for+backwards+compatibility%2C+what%27s+the+Wii+U%27s+excuse%3F&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft.au=Vlad+Savov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2011%2F06%2F13%2Fnintendo-3ds-has-resistive-touchscreen-for-backwards-compatibili%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dush.co.jp/english/library/005/">"Multi-touch Resistive Touchscreen with 12/15 x/y matrix"</a>. Retrieved 2023-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-touch+Resistive+Touchscreen+with+12%2F15+x%2Fy+matrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dush.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Flibrary%2F005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slashgear.com/fujitsu-multitouch-resistive-touchscreens-bring-cheap-pinch-zooming-to-windows-7-notebooks-17114578/">"Multi-touch Resistive Touchscreen with x/y matrix"</a>. Retrieved 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-touch+Resistive+Touchscreen+with+x%2Fy+matrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslashgear.com%2Ffujitsu-multitouch-resistive-touchscreens-bring-cheap-pinch-zooming-to-windows-7-notebooks-17114578%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schurter.com/en/data/download/rmt-multitouch-technology">"Resistive-touchscreens"</a>. Retrieved 2023-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistive-touchscreens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schurter.com%2Fen%2Fdata%2Fdownload%2Frmt-multitouch-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espacenet_-_Original_document-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espacenet_-_Original_document_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espacenet_-_Original_document_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espacenet_-_Original_document_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=20170125&DB=&locale=en_EP&CC=GB&NR=2540560A&KC=A&ND=4">"Espacenet - Original document"</a>. Worldwide.espacenet.com. 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2018-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espacenet+-+Original+document&rft.pub=Worldwide.espacenet.com&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2ForiginalDocument%3FFT%3DD%26date%3D20170125%26DB%3D%26locale%3Den_EP%26CC%3DGB%26NR%3D2540560A%26KC%3DA%26ND%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongShinJuKim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Chan-Hwa; Shin, Jae-Heon; Ju, Byeong-Kwon; Kim, Kyung-Hyun; Park, Nae-Man; Kim, Bo-Sul; Cheong, Woo-Seok (1 November 2013). "Index-Matched Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Capacitive Touch Screen Panel Applications". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 13 (11): 7756–7759. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1166%2Fjnn.2013.7814">10.1166/jnn.2013.7814</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24245328">24245328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24281861">24281861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nanoscience+and+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Index-Matched+Indium+Tin+Oxide+Electrodes+for+Capacitive+Touch+Screen+Panel+Applications&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=7756-7759&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24281861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24245328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1166%2Fjnn.2013.7814&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Chan-Hwa&rft.au=Shin%2C+Jae-Heon&rft.au=Ju%2C+Byeong-Kwon&rft.au=Kim%2C+Kyung-Hyun&rft.au=Park%2C+Nae-Man&rft.au=Kim%2C+Bo-Sul&rft.au=Cheong%2C+Woo-Seok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujifilm.eu/eu/news/article/fujifilm-reinforces-the-production-facilities-for-its-touch-panel-sensor-film-exclear">"Fujifilm reinforces the production facilities for its touch-panel sensor film "EXCLEAR""</a>. FUJIFILM Europe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FUJIFILM+Europe&rft.atitle=Fujifilm+reinforces+the+production+facilities+for+its+touch-panel+sensor+film+%22EXCLEAR%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.eu%2Feu%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Ffujifilm-reinforces-the-production-facilities-for-its-touch-panel-sensor-film-exclear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujifilm.com/about/research/report/062/pdf/index/ff_rd062_008_en.pdf">"Development of a Thin Double-sided Sensor Film "EXCLEAR" for Touch Panels via Silver Halide Photographic Technology"</a> (PDF). www.fujifilm.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+a+Thin+Double-sided+Sensor+Film+%22EXCLEAR%22+for+Touch+Panels+via+Silver+Halide+Photographic+Technology&rft.pub=www.fujifilm.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com%2Fabout%2Fresearch%2Freport%2F062%2Fpdf%2Findex%2Fff_rd062_008_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fujifilm-innovation.tumblr.com/post/142053562369/whats-behind-your-smartphone-screen-this">"What's behind your smartphone screen? This... |"</a>. fujifilm-innovation.tumblr.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fujifilm-innovation.tumblr.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+behind+your+smartphone+screen%3F+This...+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffujifilm-innovation.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F142053562369%2Fwhats-behind-your-smartphone-screen-this&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujifilmholdings.com/en/sustainability/valuePlan2016/process/policy01/environment2016/02.html">"Environment: [Topics2] Development of Materials That Solve Environmental Issues EXCLEAR thin double-sided sensor film for touch panels | FUJIFILM Holdings"</a>. www.fujifilmholdings.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fujifilmholdings.com&rft.atitle=Environment%3A+%5BTopics2%5D+Development+of+Materials+That+Solve+Environmental+Issues+EXCLEAR+thin+double-sided+sensor+film+for+touch+panels+%26%23124%3B+FUJIFILM+Holdings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilmholdings.com%2Fen%2Fsustainability%2FvaluePlan2016%2Fprocess%2Fpolicy01%2Fenvironment2016%2F02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Joel (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&pg=PA34">"Touchscreen technology basics & a new development"</a>. CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference. 6. CMOS Emerging Technologies Research: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781927500057" title="Special:BookSources/9781927500057"><bdi>9781927500057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMOS+Emerging+Technologies+Conference&rft.atitle=Touchscreen+technology+basics+%26+a+new+development&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2010-05&rft.isbn=9781927500057&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekdkWGqw29EC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanapati2010" class="citation news cs1">Ganapati, Priya (5 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/">"Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Finger+Fail%3A+Why+Most+Touchscreens+Miss+the+Point&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.aulast=Ganapati&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F03%2Ftouchscreens-smartphones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndi2014" class="citation web cs1">Andi (2014-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westfloridacomponents.com/blog/noise-affects-touch-screens/">"How noise affects touch screens"</a>. West Florida Components. Retrieved 2020-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Florida+Components&rft.atitle=How+noise+affects+touch+screens&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.au=Andi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westfloridacomponents.com%2Fblog%2Fnoise-affects-touch-screens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epanorama.net/blog/2013/03/12/touch-screens-and-charger-noise/">"Touch screens and charger noise |"</a>. epanorama.net. 2013-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epanorama.net&rft.atitle=Touch+screens+and+charger+noise+%7C&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epanorama.net%2Fblog%2F2013%2F03%2F12%2Ftouch-screens-and-charger-noise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edn.com/aggressively-combat-noise-in-capacitive-touch-applications/">"Aggressively combat noise in capacitive touch applications"</a>. EDN.com. 2013-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDN.com&rft.atitle=Aggressively+combat+noise+in+capacitive+touch+applications&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Faggressively-combat-noise-in-capacitive-touch-applications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151213043947/http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=18592">"Please Touch! Explore The Evolving World Of Touchscreen Technology"</a>. electronicdesign.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=18592">the original</a> on 2015-12-13. Retrieved 2009-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Please+Touch%21+Explore+The+Evolving+World+Of+Touchscreen+Technology&rft.pub=electronicdesign.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronicdesign.com%2FArticles%2FIndex.cfm%3FAD%3D1%26ArticleID%3D18592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_4.html">"formula for relationship between plate area and capacitance"</a>. 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=formula+for+relationship+between+plate+area+and+capacitance&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-tutorials.ws%2Fcapacitor%2Fcap_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.co.uk-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.co.uk_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.co.uk_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/patents/EP0185671B1">"Touch operated keyboard"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131150533/https://www.google.co.uk/patents/EP0185671B1">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touch+operated+keyboard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fpatents%2FEP0185671B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Knowledge base: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multi-touch-solution.com/en/knowledge-base-en/multitouch-technologies-en/">Multi-touch hardware</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203083820/http://www.multi-touch-solution.com/en/knowledge-base-en/multitouch-technologies-en/">Archived</a> 2012-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admetro.com/news/the-3-main-components-of-projected-capacitive-touchscreens/">"Projected Capacitance"</a>. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projected+Capacitance&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmetro.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-3-main-components-of-projected-capacitive-touchscreens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldscale.com/blog/metal-mesh-vs-ito-infographic/">"Mesh vs ITO"</a>. Retrieved 2023-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesh+vs+ITO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffieldscale.com%2Fblog%2Fmetal-mesh-vs-ito-infographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/788463O/tech-brief-projected-capacitive-technology.pdf?&fn=Projected%20Capacitive%20Technology">"tech-brief-projected-capacitance-technology"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tech-brief-projected-capacitance-technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.3m.com%2Fmws%2Fmedia%2F788463O%2Ftech-brief-projected-capacitive-technology.pdf%3F%26fn%3DProjected%2520Capacitive%2520Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf">"Short Course on Projected Capacitance"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Course+on+Projected+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkermobile.com%2FTouch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dush.co.jp/english/museum/touchscreens/technologies/Projected.asp">"Technologies of touch screen"</a>. Retrieved 2023-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technologies+of+touch+screen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dush.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fmuseum%2Ftouchscreens%2Ftechnologies%2FProjected.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinedocs.microchip.com/pr/GUID-A8A0085D-58D1-4E41-A07D-B93BFDE11AFE-en-US-4/index.html?GUID-F186B556-F266-4585-830D-1CCE04045D0E">"Mutual Capacitance"</a>. Retrieved 2023-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinedocs.microchip.com%2Fpr%2FGUID-A8A0085D-58D1-4E41-A07D-B93BFDE11AFE-en-US-4%2Findex.html%3FGUID-F186B556-F266-4585-830D-1CCE04045D0E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf">"Touch technologies"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2023-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touch+technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkermobile.com%2FTouch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldscale.com/learn-capacitive-sensing/self-mutual-capacitive-touch-sensors/">"Self vs Mutual Capacitance"</a>. Retrieved 2023-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self+vs+Mutual+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffieldscale.com%2Flearn-capacitive-sensing%2Fself-mutual-capacitive-touch-sensors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph250/lee2/docs/art6.pdf">"Ambiguity caused by multitouch in self capacitance touchscreens"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambiguity+caused+by+multitouch+in+self+capacitance+touchscreens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2012%2Fph250%2Flee2%2Fdocs%2Fart6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Multitouch_using_Self_Capacitance_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9035903?/en">"Multitouch using Self Capacitance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multitouch+using+Self+Capacitance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS9035903%3F%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SonyDev-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SonyDev_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.sonymobile.com/wp/2012/03/13/imagine-controlling-your-phone-without-touching-the-screen-floating-touch-makes-it-possible-video/">"Self-capacitive touch described on official Sony Developers blog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120314110416/http://developer.sonymobile.com/wp/2012/03/13/imagine-controlling-your-phone-without-touching-the-screen-floating-touch-makes-it-possible-video/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self-capacitive+touch+described+on+official+Sony+Developers+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.sonymobile.com%2Fwp%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fimagine-controlling-your-phone-without-touching-the-screen-floating-touch-makes-it-possible-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Du, Li (2016). "Comparison of self capacitance and mutual capacitance". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08227">1612.08227</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921315010388">10.1017/S1743921315010388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220453196">220453196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+self+capacitance+and+mutual+capacitance.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1612.08227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220453196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921315010388&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cypress.com/products/cypress-sensing-technologies">"Hybrid self and mutual capacitance touch sensing controllers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrid+self+and+mutual+capacitance+touch+sensing+controllers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cypress.com%2Fproducts%2Fcypress-sensing-technologies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multiple_input_proximity_detector-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Multiple_input_proximity_detector_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/010753030/publication/ES2187556T3?q=GB9406702A">"Multiple input proximity detector"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiple+input+proximity+detector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F010753030%2Fpublication%2FES2187556T3%3Fq%3DGB9406702A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyers2008" class="citation web cs1">Beyers, Tim (2008-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2008/02/13/innovation-series-touchscreen-technology.aspx">"Innovation Series: Touchscreen Technology"</a>. The Motley Fool. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324195620/http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2008/02/13/innovation-series-touchscreen-technology.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.atitle=Innovation+Series%3A+Touchscreen+Technology&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft.aulast=Beyers&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fgeneral%2F2008%2F02%2F13%2Finnovation-series-touchscreen-technology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.elotouch.com/pdfs/marcom/apr_wp.pdf">"Acoustic Pulse Recognition Touchscreens"</a> (PDF). Elo Touch Systems. 2006: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905005921/http://media.elotouch.com/pdfs/marcom/apr_wp.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Pulse+Recognition+Touchscreens&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.elotouch.com%2Fpdfs%2Fmarcom%2Fapr_wp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeoPiChoKang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Seo, Wonkuk; Pi, Jae-Eun; Cho, Sung Haeung; Kang, Seung-Youl; Ahn, Seong-Deok; Hwang, Chi-Sun; Jeon, Ho-Sik; Kim, Jong-Uk; Lee, Myunghee (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796292">"Transparent fingerprint sensor"</a>. Sensors. 18 (1): 293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs18010293">10.3390/s18010293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796292">5796292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351218">29351218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Transparent+fingerprint+sensor&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5796292%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29351218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs18010293&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=Wonkuk&rft.au=Pi%2C+Jae-Eun&rft.au=Cho%2C+Sung+Haeung&rft.au=Kang%2C+Seung-Youl&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Seong-Deok&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Chi-Sun&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Ho-Sik&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jong-Uk&rft.au=Lee%2C+Myunghee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5796292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075202/http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1231-Touch+Screens+in+Mobile+Devices+to+Deliver+$5+Billion+Next+Year">"Touch Screens in Mobile Devices to Deliver $5 Billion Next Year | Press Release"</a>. ABI Research. 2008-09-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1231-Touch+Screens+in+Mobile+Devices+to+Deliver+$5+Billion+Next+Year">the original</a> on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-06-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touch+Screens+in+Mobile+Devices+to+Deliver+%245+Billion+Next+Year+%26%23124%3B+Press+Release&rft.pub=ABI+Research&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abiresearch.com%2Fpress%2F1231-Touch%2BScreens%2Bin%2BMobile%2BDevices%2Bto%2BDeliver%2B%245%2BBillion%2BNext%2BYear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluorotherm.com/insights-into-pvdf-innovations/">"Insights Into PVDF Innovations"</a>. Fluorotherm. 17 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015100123/http://www.fluorotherm.com/insights-into-pvdf-innovations/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insights+Into+PVDF+Innovations&rft.pub=Fluorotherm&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fluorotherm.com%2Finsights-into-pvdf-innovations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/19/new-screen-technology-tapsense-can-distinguish-between-different-parts-of-your-hand/">"New Screen Technology, TapSense, Can Distinguish Between Different Parts Of Your Hand"</a>. 19 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020021807/http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/19/new-screen-technology-tapsense-can-distinguish-between-different-parts-of-your-hand/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Screen+Technology%2C+TapSense%2C+Can+Distinguish+Between+Different+Parts+Of+Your+Hand&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fnew-screen-technology-tapsense-can-distinguish-between-different-parts-of-your-hand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisharrison.net/index.php/Research/TapSense/">"TapSense: Enhancing Finger Interaction on Touch Surfaces"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111095431/http://chrisharrison.net/index.php/Research/TapSense">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TapSense%3A+Enhancing+Finger+Interaction+on+Touch+Surfaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisharrison.net%2Findex.php%2FResearch%2FTapSense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations". Human Factors & Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Factors+%26+Ergonomics+Society&rft.atitle=ANSI%2FHFES+100-2007+Human+Factors+Engineering+of+Computer+Workstations&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)–Part 9: Requirements for Non-keyboard Input Devices". International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=Ergonomic+Requirements+for+Office+Work+with+Visual+Display+Terminals+%28VDTs%29%E2%80%93Part+9%3A+Requirements+for+Non-keyboard+Input+Devices&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/userexperience/conceptual/mobilehig/LayoutandAppearance.html">"iOS Human Interface Guidelines"</a>. Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113309/https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/userexperience/conceptual/mobilehig/LayoutandAppearance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iOS+Human+Interface+Guidelines&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Fios%2Fdocumentation%2Fuserexperience%2Fconceptual%2Fmobilehig%2FLayoutandAppearance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/design/style/metrics-grids.html">"Metrics and Grids"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716165521/https://developer.android.com/design/style/metrics-grids.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metrics+and+Grids&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.android.com%2Fdesign%2Fstyle%2Fmetrics-grids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120338/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/windows/apps/hh465415.aspx">"Touch interactions for Windows"</a>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/hh465415.aspx">the original</a> on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touch+interactions+for+Windows&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fapps%2Fhh465415.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoober2013" class="citation web cs1">Hoober, Steven (2013-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/03/common-misconceptions-about-touch.php">"Common Misconceptions About Touch"</a>. UXmatters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114743/http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/03/common-misconceptions-about-touch.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Misconceptions+About+Touch&rft.pub=UXmatters&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Hoober&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uxmatters.com%2Fmt%2Farchives%2F2013%2F03%2Fcommon-misconceptions-about-touch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoober2013" class="citation web cs1">Hoober, Steven (2013-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/11/design-for-fingers-and-thumbs-instead-of-touch.php">"Design for Fingers and Thumbs Instead of Touch"</a>. UXmatters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160836/http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/11/design-for-fingers-and-thumbs-instead-of-touch.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+for+Fingers+and+Thumbs+Instead+of+Touch&rft.pub=UXmatters&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Hoober&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uxmatters.com%2Fmt%2Farchives%2F2013%2F11%2Fdesign-for-fingers-and-thumbs-instead-of-touch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooberShankBoll2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hoober, Steven; Shank, Patti; Boll, Susanne (2014). "Making mLearning Usable: How We Use Mobile Devices". Santa Rosa, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Making+mLearning+Usable%3A+How+We+Use+Mobile+Devices&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hoober&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Shank%2C+Patti&rft.au=Boll%2C+Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzeRukzioBoll2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henze, Niels; Rukzio, Enrico; Boll, Susanne (2011). "100,000,000 Taps: Analysis and Improvement of Touch Performance in the Large". Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+13th+International+Conference+on+Human+Computer+Interaction+with+Mobile+Devices+and+Services&rft.atitle=100%2C000%2C000+Taps%3A+Analysis+and+Improvement+of+Touch+Performance+in+the+Large&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft.au=Rukzio%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Boll%2C+Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParhi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Parhi, Pekka (2006). "Target Size Study for One-Handed Thumb Use on Small Touchscreen Devices". Proceedings of MobileHCI 2006. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+MobileHCI+2006&rft.atitle=Target+Size+Study+for+One-Handed+Thumb+Use+on+Small+Touchscreen+Devices&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Parhi&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeZhai2009" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Seungyons; Zhai, Shumin (2009). "The performance of touch screen soft buttons". Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1518701.1518750">10.1145/1518701.1518750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605582467" title="Special:BookSources/9781605582467"><bdi>9781605582467</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2468830">2468830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+performance+of+touch+screen+soft+buttons&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2468830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1518701.1518750&rft.isbn=9781605582467&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Seungyons&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Shumin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBérard2012" class="citation book cs1">Bérard, François (2012). "Measuring the linear and rotational user precision in touch pointing". Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces. New York. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2396636.2396664">10.1145/2396636.2396664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450312097" title="Special:BookSources/9781450312097"><bdi>9781450312097</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15765730">15765730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+linear+and+rotational+user+precision+in+touch+pointing&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2012+ACM+international+conference+on+Interactive+tabletops+and+surfaces&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15765730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2396636.2396664&rft.isbn=9781450312097&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9rard&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoober2014" class="citation web cs1">Hoober, Steven (2014-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2014/09/insights-on-switching-centering-and-gestures-for-touchscreens.php">"Insights on Switching, Centering, and Gestures for Touchscreens"</a>. UXmatters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906044746/http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2014/09/insights-on-switching-centering-and-gestures-for-touchscreens.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insights+on+Switching%2C+Centering%2C+and+Gestures+for+Touchscreens&rft.pub=UXmatters&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.aulast=Hoober&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuxmatters.com%2Fmt%2Farchives%2F2014%2F09%2Finsights-on-switching-centering-and-gestures-for-touchscreens.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoober2013" class="citation web cs1">Hoober, Steven (2013-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/02/how-do-users-really-hold-mobile-devices.php">"How Do Users Really Hold Mobile Devices?"</a>. UXmatters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826211832/http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/02/how-do-users-really-hold-mobile-devices.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Do+Users+Really+Hold+Mobile+Devices%3F&rft.pub=UXmatters&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Hoober&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uxmatters.com%2Fmt%2Farchives%2F2013%2F02%2Fhow-do-users-really-hold-mobile-devices.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraselGips2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brasel, S. Adam; Gips, James (2014). "Tablets, touchscreens, and touchpads: How varying touch interfaces trigger psychological ownership and endowment". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 24 (2): 226–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcps.2013.10.003">10.1016/j.jcps.2013.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145501566">145501566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Psychology&rft.atitle=Tablets%2C+touchscreens%2C+and+touchpads%3A+How+varying+touch+interfaces+trigger+psychological+ownership+and+endowment&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=226-233&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcps.2013.10.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145501566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brasel&rft.aufirst=S.+Adam&rft.au=Gips%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuMeyer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Ying; Meyer, Jeffrey (September 2017). "Getting in touch with your thinking style: How touchscreens influence purchase". Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 38: 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jretconser.2017.05.006">10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.05.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Retailing+and+Consumer+Services&rft.atitle=Getting+in+touch+with+your+thinking+style%3A+How+touchscreens+influence+purchase&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jretconser.2017.05.006&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Ying&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hueter_Swart_1998_pp._75–91-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hueter_Swart_1998_pp._75–91_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hueter_Swart_1998_pp._75–91_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHueterSwart1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hueter, Jackie; Swart, William (February 1998). "An Integrated Labor-Management System for Taco Bell". Interfaces. 28 (1): 75–91. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.565.3872">10.1.1.565.3872</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Finte.28.1.75">10.1287/inte.28.1.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18514383">18514383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfaces&rft.atitle=An+Integrated+Labor-Management+System+for+Taco+Bell&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-91&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.565.3872%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18514383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Finte.28.1.75&rft.aulast=Hueter&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Swart%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Rosie (19 May 2011). "FOOD: McDonald's explores digital touchscreens". Marketing Week: 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA264377887">A264377887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Week&rft.atitle=FOOD%3A+McDonald%27s+explores+digital+touchscreens&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A Restaurant That Lets Guests Place Orders Via a Touchscreen Table (Touche is said to be the first touchscreen restaurant in India and fifth in the world)". India Business Insight. 31 August 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA269135159">A269135159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Business+Insight&rft.atitle=A+Restaurant+That+Lets+Guests+Place+Orders+Via+a+Touchscreen+Table+%28Touche+is+said+to+be+the+first+touchscreen+restaurant+in+India+and+fifth+in+the+world%29&rft.date=2011-08-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catb.org/jargon/html/G/gorilla-arm.html">"gorilla arm"</a>. Catb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121023718/http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/G/gorilla-arm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gorilla+arm&rft.pub=Catb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FG%2Fgorilla-arm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213011323/http://gesturedesignblog.com/?page_id=19">"Gesture Fatigue ruined light pens forever. Make sure it doesn't ruin your gesture design"</a>. Gesture Design Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gesturedesignblog.com/?page_id=19">the original</a> on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2014-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesture+Fatigue+ruined+light+pens+forever.+Make+sure+it+doesn%27t+ruin+your+gesture+design&rft.pub=Gesture+Design+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgesturedesignblog.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogue,_David2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pogue, David (January 3, 2013). "Why Touch Screens Will Not Take Over". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 308 (1): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0113-25">10.1038/scientificamerican0113-25</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23342443">23342443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Why+Touch+Screens+Will+Not+Take+Over&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0113-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23342443&rft.au=Pogue%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShneiderman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Shneiderman, B. (1991). "Touch screens now offer compelling uses". IEEE Software. 8 (2): 93–94, 107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.73754">10.1109/52.73754</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14561929">14561929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Software&rft.atitle=Touch+screens+now+offer+compelling+uses&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-94%2C+107&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F52.73754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14561929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shneiderman&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterWeldonShneiderman1988" class="citation book cs1">Potter, R.; Weldon, L. & Shneiderman, B. (1988). An experimental evaluation of three strategies. Proc. CHI'88. Washington, DC: ACM Press. pp. 27–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+experimental+evaluation+of+three+strategies&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Proc.+CHI%2788&rft.pages=27-32&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Weldon%2C+L.&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearsPlaisantShneiderman1992" class="citation book cs1">Sears, A.; Plaisant, C. & Shneiderman, B. (1992). "A new era for high precision touchscreens". In Hartson, R. & Hix, D. (eds.). Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. Vol. 3. Ablex, NJ. pp. 1–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+new+era+for+high+precision+touchscreens&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Human-Computer+Interaction&rft.place=Ablex%2C+NJ&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Plaisant%2C+C.&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearsShneiderman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, Andrew; Shneiderman, Ben (April 1991). "High precision touchscreens: design strategies and comparisons with a mouse". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 34 (4): 593–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7373%2891%2990037-8">10.1016/0020-7373(91)90037-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903%2F360">1903/360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2430120">2430120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Man-Machine+Studies&rft.atitle=High+precision+touchscreens%3A+design+strategies+and+comparisons+with+a+mouse&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=593-613&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1903%2F360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2430120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-7373%2891%2990037-8&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATouchscreen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touchscreens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Touchscreens">Touchscreens</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/touch_screen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:touch screen">touch screen</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165970#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4674585-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007001536">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16563828d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16563828d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01163599">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph608639&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007549652505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&oldid=1262838270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&oldid=1262838270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_inventions" title="Category:European inventions">European inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Touchscreens" title="Category:Touchscreens">Touchscreens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_display_devices" title="Category:Electronic display devices">Electronic display devices</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2021">Articles with dead external links from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_reorganization_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2023">Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from January 2024">Articles needing cleanup from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_January_2024" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2024">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_January_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2024">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2018" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2018">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_September_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2017">Articles with disputed statements from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2024, at 10:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touchscreen&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76f6559ccc-fz9pf","wgBackendResponseTime":392,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.542","walltime":"1.864","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9840,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":271215,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9460,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":436951,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1569.126 1 -total"," 48.85% 766.527 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.50% 321.653 77 Template:Cite_web"," 16.37% 256.790 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.42% 116.447 3 Template:Lang"," 5.95% 93.304 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.91% 92.798 1 Template:Basic_computer_components"," 5.69% 89.240 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.50% 70.645 3 Template:Ambox"," 3.89% 60.964 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.961","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17766323,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-686b57647c-w8q2j","timestamp":"20241213110001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Touchscreen","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Touchscreen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165970","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165970","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-20T07:49:51Z","dateModified":"2024-12-13T10:59:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Hear_Music_touchscreen.jpg","headline":"input\/output device usually layered on the top of an electronic visual display"}</script> </body> </html>