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Morgan & Co.: 1858–1871</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-J.S._Morgan_&_Co.:_1858–1871-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle J.S. Morgan & Co.: 1858–1871 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-J.S._Morgan_&_Co.:_1858–1871-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duncan,_Sherman_&_Company:_1858–1861" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duncan,_Sherman_&_Company:_1858–1861"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Duncan, Sherman & Company: 1858–1861</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duncan,_Sherman_&_Company:_1858–1861-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J._Pierpont_Morgan_&_Co.:_1861–1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J._Pierpont_Morgan_&_Co.:_1861–1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>J. Pierpont Morgan & Co.: 1861–1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J._Pierpont_Morgan_&_Co.:_1861–1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hall_Carbine_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hall_Carbine_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Hall Carbine Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hall_Carbine_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dabney,_Morgan_&_Co.:_1864–1872" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dabney,_Morgan_&_Co.:_1864–1872"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dabney, Morgan & Co.: 1864–1872</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dabney,_Morgan_&_Co.:_1864–1872-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drexel_Morgan_&_Co.:_1871–1895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drexel_Morgan_&_Co.:_1871–1895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Drexel Morgan & Co.: 1871–1895</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drexel_Morgan_&_Co.:_1871–1895-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drexel Morgan & Co.: 1871–1895 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drexel_Morgan_&_Co.:_1871–1895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railroad_investments_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroad_investments_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Railroad investments and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroad_investments_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J.P._Morgan_&_Company:_1895–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J.P._Morgan_&_Company:_1895–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>J.P. Morgan & Company: 1895–1913</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-J.P._Morgan_&_Company:_1895–1913-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle J.P. Morgan & Company: 1895–1913 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-J.P._Morgan_&_Company:_1895–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1893_and_election_of_1896" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1893_and_election_of_1896"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Panic of 1893 and election of 1896</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1893_and_election_of_1896-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikola_Tesla's_Wardenclyffe_station:_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikola_Tesla's_Wardenclyffe_station:_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe station: 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikola_Tesla's_Wardenclyffe_station:_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Securities:_1901–1904" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Securities:_1901–1904"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Northern Securities: 1901–1904</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Securities:_1901–1904-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Steel:_1901–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Steel:_1901–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>U.S. Steel: 1901–1913</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Steel:_1901–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_London_Underground_line:_1902" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_London_Underground_line:_1902"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Failed London Underground line: 1902</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_London_Underground_line:_1902-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Mercantile_Marine_and_RMS_Titanic:_1902–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Mercantile_Marine_and_RMS_Titanic:_1902–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>International Mercantile Marine and RMS <i>Titanic</i>: 1902–1913</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Mercantile_Marine_and_RMS_Titanic:_1902–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Panic of 1907</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_and_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_and_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Criticisms and investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_and_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Morgan_corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Morgan_corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Morgan corporations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Morgan_corporations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Morgan corporations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Morgan_corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_construction_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_construction_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Manufacturing and construction industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_construction_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Residences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organizations_and_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organizations_and_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Social organizations and philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organizations_and_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yachting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yachting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Yachting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yachting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Gems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Specialized studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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P. Morgan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون بيربونت مورجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون بيربونت مورجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Pirpont_Morqan" title="Con Pirpont Morqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Pirpont Morqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জে. পি. মরগান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জে. পি. মরগান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Морган Джон Пирпонт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Морган Джон Пирпонт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Пірпант Морган – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Пірпант Морган" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Пирпонт Морган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Пирпонт Морган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جی‌پی مورگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌پی مورگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._%EB%AA%A8%EA%B1%B4" title="J. P. 모건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="J. P. 모건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Մորգան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Մորգան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99._%D7%A4%D7%99._%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="ג'יי. פי. מורגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יי. פי. מורגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Джон Пирпонт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Пирпонт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE._P._Morgans" title="Dž. P. Morgans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dž. P. Morgans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BB" title="ജെ.പി. മോർഗൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.പി. മോർഗൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون بيربونت مورجان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون بيربونت مورجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жон Морган – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Морган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျေ ပီ မော်ဂန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျေ ပီ မော်ဂန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・モルガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・モルガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇ ਪੀ ਮੌਰਗਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇ ਪੀ ਮੌਰਗਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Морган, Джон Пирпонт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морган, Джон Пирпонт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE._P._Morgan" title="Dž. P. Morgan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dž. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="J.P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99" title="เจ. พี. มอร์แกน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ. พี. มอร์แกน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" title="John Pierpont Morgan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Pierpont Morgan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Пірпонт Морган – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Пірпонт Морган" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="جے پی مورگن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جے پی مورگن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="J. P. Morgan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="J. P. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American financier, banker, and art collector (1837–1913)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American financier. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="J. P. Morgan (disambiguation)">J. P. Morgan (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Morgan (disambiguation)">John Morgan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">J.P. Morgan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J.P._Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/J.P._Morgan.jpg/220px-J.P._Morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/J.P._Morgan.jpg/330px-J.P._Morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/J.P._Morgan.jpg/440px-J.P._Morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="3025" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Morgan in 1902</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Pierpont Morgan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1837-04-17</span>)</span>April 17, 1837<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1913<span style="display:none">(1913-03-31)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_Cemetery_(Hartford,_Connecticut)" title="Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)">Cedar Hill Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Financier</li><li>Investment banker</li><li>Accountant</li><li>Art collector</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding and leading <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Financing the creation of <a href="/wiki/American_Bridge_Company" title="American Bridge Company">American Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Mercantile_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="International Mercantile Marine">International Mercantile Marine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">Southern Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Organizing the Morgan "<a href="/wiki/Money_trust" title="Money trust">money trust</a>" which owned <a href="/wiki/Aetna_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Aetna Inc.">Aetna</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Mercantile_Marine_Company" title="International Mercantile Marine Company">International Mercantile Marine Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Car_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullman Car Company">Pullman Palace Car Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, and 21 railroads</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">New Haven Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Company" title="Pullman Company">Pullman Palace Car Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albany_and_Susquehanna_Railroad" title="Albany and Susquehanna Railroad">Albany & Susquehanna Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a>, General Electric and U.S. Steel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Amelia Sturges</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1861; died 1862)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Frances Louise Tracy</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1865)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4; including <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">Jack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Morgan_(philanthropist)" title="Anne Morgan (philanthropist)">Anne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Spencer_Morgan" title="Junius Spencer Morgan">Junius Spencer Morgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_family" title="Morgan family">Morgan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png/150px-CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png/225px-CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png/300px-CAB_1918_Morgan_John_Pierpont_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Pierpont Morgan Sr.</b> (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913)<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American financier and investment banker who dominated <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">corporate finance</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. As the head of the banking firm that ultimately became known as <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">JPMorgan Chase & Co.</a>, he was a driving force behind the wave of <a href="/wiki/Merger#The_Great_Merger_Movement:_1895–1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger">industrial consolidations</a> in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. </p><p>Over the course of his career on Wall Street, Morgan spearheaded the formation of several prominent <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a> including <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>. He and his partners also held controlling interests in numerous other American businesses including <a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Car_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullman Car Company">Pullman Car Company</a>, and 21 railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather Joseph Morgan was one of the co-founders of Aetna. Through his holdings, Morgan exercised enormous influence over capital markets in the United States. During the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a>, he organized a coalition of financiers that saved the American <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a> from collapse. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>'s leading financier, Morgan's dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">American economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge" title="Adrian Wooldridge">Adrian Wooldridge</a> characterized Morgan as America's "greatest banker."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> estimated his fortune at $80<span class="nowrap"> </span>million (equivalent to $1.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-bioofamerica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioofamerica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junius_Spencer_Morgan_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Junius_Spencer_Morgan_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17976.jpg/220px-Junius_Spencer_Morgan_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Junius_Spencer_Morgan_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17976.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>His father Junius Spencer Morgan guided his son's early career and established the Morgan banking house with offices in London, New York, Philadelphia, and Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>John Pierpont Morgan was born on April 17, 1837, in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Junius_Spencer_Morgan" title="Junius Spencer Morgan">Junius Spencer Morgan</a> (1813–1890), of the influential <a href="/wiki/Morgan_family" title="Morgan family">Morgan family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and Juliet Pierpont (1816–1884). His father, Junius, was then a partner at Howe Mather & Co., the largest dry goods wholesaler in Hartford. His mother Juliet was the daughter of the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Pierpont" title="John Pierpont">John Pierpont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle <a href="/wiki/James_Lord_Pierpont" title="James Lord Pierpont">James Lord Pierpont</a> composed the famous Christmas song <a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>. </p><p>Morgan preferred to be called "Pierpont", as opposed to "John".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, when Morgan was ten years old, his grandfather Joseph Morgan died and left the family a large fortune. He was educated in public and private schools in New England, where he attended West Middle School and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Academy" title="Cheshire Academy">Cheshire Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junius soon became a senior partner at the rechristened Mather Morgan & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198726_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198726-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1851, he passed the entrance exam for <a href="/wiki/The_English_High_School" title="The English High School">The English High School</a> of Boston, which specialized in mathematics for careers in commerce. In April 1852, he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, an illness whose symptoms became more severe as his life progressed and ultimately left him in such pain that he could not walk.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junius sent him to the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> to recover. He convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to Boston to resume his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198731–32_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198731–32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school in the Swiss village of <a href="/wiki/La_Tour-de-Peilz" title="La Tour-de-Peilz">La Tour-de-Peilz</a>, where he gained fluency in French.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father then sent him to the <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg August University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> to improve his German.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attained passable fluency and a degree in art history within six months, completing his studies in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J.S._Morgan_&_Co.:_1858–1871"><span id="J.S._Morgan_.26_Co.:_1858.E2.80.931871"></span>J.S. Morgan & Co.: 1858–1871</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: J.S. Morgan & Co.: 1858–1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg/170px-231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg/255px-231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg/340px-231_Madison_Avenue_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Early view (c. 1855) of 229, 225 and 219 Madison Avenue before the street was paved</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J.S._Morgan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="J.S. Morgan & Co.">J.S. Morgan & Co.</a></div> <p>After completing his education, Morgan went to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in August 1857 to join his father, now a partner in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant banking">merchant banking</a> firm <a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="George Peabody & Co.">George Peabody & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next fourteen years, he worked as his father's American representative in a series of affiliated New York City banking houses, learning the trade and lifestyle of a bank partner: <a href="/wiki/Duncan,_Sherman_%26_Company" title="Duncan, Sherman & Company">Duncan, Sherman & Company</a> (1858–1861), his own firm J. Pierpont Morgan & Co. (1861–1864), and finally Dabney Morgan (1864–1872).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dabney, Morgan & Company was co-founded by Charles H. Dabney and Jim Goodwin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duncan,_Sherman_&_Company:_1858–1861"><span id="Duncan.2C_Sherman_.26_Company:_1858.E2.80.931861"></span>Duncan, Sherman & Company: 1858–1861</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duncan, Sherman & Company: 1858–1861"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan quickly moved on to New York City to begin work at Duncan Sherman as a junior clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his father's reputation and his position as the obvious successor to the Peabody house, he was quickly among the most sought-after young men on Wall Street and enjoyed the company of many of New York's leading citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan had a great deal of independence in both his investment decisions and lifestyle, owing partly to his father's faith in Morgan's austere religious discipline. "Remember," J.S. Morgan wrote his son, "that there is an Eye above that is ever upon you and that for every act, word, and deed you will one day be called to give account."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adopted a serious, energetic approach to his work and was praised by his father's friends for his work ethic and capacity for business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time Morgan entered the firm, Peabody & Co. was struggling in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>, a rash of business failures which dramatically hurt investor confidence in American securities. Peabody & Co., whose business was focused on the United States, was particularly threatened when a few of its American correspondent banks were forced to suspend operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house's creditors, including <a href="/wiki/Baring_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baring Brothers">Baring Brothers</a>, demanded payment; Peabody defied them, daring his rivals to put him out of business, and turned to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> for a loan in November 1857. Morgan himself expressed surprise that the famed Barings house was not more accommodating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loan secured the house's survival and the London office was stabilized, but Duncan Sherman came under criticism on Wall Street, and the Mercantile Agency recommended its dissolution. J. P. Morgan urged his father to stand by Duncan Sherman in the face of "outrageous" reports "of Browns & Barings getting the credit for what they never did."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at Duncan Sherman, Morgan gained early experience in the financing and reorganization of railroads, including the major Ohio & Mississippi and Illinois Central lines, for which he personally negotiated the loans. Most of his work involved collecting and transmitting interest and dividend payments, executing orders on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, and conducting credit checks on mercantile houses doing business with Peabody & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198778_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198778-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in early January 1859, Morgan spent several months in the South to visit the firm's correspondents in Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana and to improve his knowledge of the cotton trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198787–88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198787–88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He briefly visited Cuba, where he developed a lifelong taste for <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban cigars">Cuban cigars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his time in the South was spent in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, a leading cotton export hub. He received a stern warning from Duncan Sherman when he conducted an unauthorized trade of coffee at a profit, which he considered his first totally independent transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that summer, he visited his father in London. They discussed the prospects of Morgan's going into business for himself, and Morgan courted Amelia Sturges, whom he later married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J._Pierpont_Morgan_&_Co.:_1861–1864"><span id="J._Pierpont_Morgan_.26_Co.:_1861.E2.80.931864"></span>J. Pierpont Morgan & Co.: 1861–1864</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: J. Pierpont Morgan & Co.: 1861–1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began, business slowed, delaying Morgan's efforts to open his own office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opened J. Pierpont Morgan & Company some time between April and July 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducting operations out of a one-room office at 53 Exchange Place. As he anticipated, most of his business was for his father and consistent with the work he had managed at Duncan Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198791–92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198791–92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan avoided serving during the war by <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#Civil_War" title="Conscription in the United States">paying a substitute</a> $300 to take his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Civil War radically altered Morgan's focus by virtually eliminating his cotton business and drastically reducing iron imports for American railroads in favor of securities and foreign exchange operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morgans, trading through J. P.'s New York office, made a large profit in the purchase and sale of Union bonds once the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> turned the war in the Union's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198798–100_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198798–100-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morgans also expanded their trade in European securities during a period of industrial expansion, financed by a large deposit from <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Corcoran" title="William Wilson Corcoran">W. W. Corcoran</a> after he liquidated his American holdings out of sympathy for the Confederate cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987100_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987100-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morgan also profited in gold after specie payments were suspended in 1862; its price was largely pegged to the possibility of a Union victory. In October 1863, he and Edward B. Ketchum transferred $1.15 million (equivalent to $22,355,000 in 2023) in gold to England, forcing a price spike and allowing both men to sell their holdings at a large profit. Critics have long considered the deal a speculative effort to corner the American gold market and evidence of Morgan's insensitivity to the nation's financial situation, although the economic consequences were ultimately minor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987101–03_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987101–03-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, Morgan made his cousin, James Goodwin, a partner. The firm received a serious boost when Morgan's father succeeded George Peabody as head of the London office. J.S. Morgan transferred all of the firm's remaining commercial credit and securities accounts from Duncan Sherman, and by the end of 1862, J. Pierpont Morgan & Co. was considered one of the stronger private banking houses on Wall Street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hall_Carbine_Affair">Hall Carbine Affair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hall Carbine Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hall_Carbine_Affair" title="Hall Carbine Affair">Hall Carbine Affair</a></div> <p>In August 1861, Morgan lent $20,000 (equivalent to $532,770 in 2023) to Simon Stevens, a well-connected New York City attorney and former secretary to <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>. Stevens used the money to purchase five thousand carbines for resale to General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, commander of the Department of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbines in question were developed by John H. Hall and manufactured by Simeon North, purchased by the U.S. government, and resold to arms dealer Arthur M. Eastman for $3.50 apiece in June 1861 (equivalent to $122 in 2024). After <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">the Union defeat at Bull Run</a> placed a premium on arms, Stevens used the Morgan loan to purchase the rifles from Eastman at $11.50 apiece and immediately resold them to Frémont, a longtime acquaintance, at $22 each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the loan's thirty-eight day duration, Morgan held title to the carbines and assumed responsibility for having their barrels replaced with rifled ones before shipment to Frémont. Stevens approached Morgan for another loan, which Morgan refused, instead asking Stevens for the $20,000 on the original loan and attempting to remove himself from the transaction. On September 14, Morgan received $55,000 from the Army for the carbines, deducted the face value of the loan plus expenses and interest, and passed the remainder to Stevens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September, when Morgan received payment, the deal was already controversial. Military officials felt Frémont had overpaid, and an 1863 House of Representatives report indicted the profiteers as "worse than traitors in arms." Though Morgan was neither criticized nor censured during contemporary investigations, his name remained connected with the <a href="/wiki/Hall_Carbine_Affair" title="Hall Carbine Affair">Hall Carbine Affair</a> for many years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Debate over Morgan's knowledge and involvement became a <i><a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a></i> within his lifetime, attracting a wide range of commentary, and the debate has persisted long after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in Morgan's role in the affair was rekindled in 1910 with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Myers" title="Gustavus Myers">Gustavus Myers</a>' <i>History of the Great American Fortunes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myers claimed the rifles were more likely to blow the rifleman's thumb off than they were to cause any damage to the enemy. An earlier version of the carbine rifle was known to be subject to this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R._Gordon_Wasson" title="R. Gordon Wasson">R. Gordon Wasson</a>, later the head of public relations for J.P. Morgan & Co., argued that there was no evidence Morgan knew that he was participating in a scheme to profit.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vincent Carosso, author of an academic history of the Morgan house, concurs that Stevens "used Morgan's name" to cover his greed and that "none of the evidence suggested that Morgan himself had been a party to the shabby contract or had participated in its profits," though he "failed to exercise the care and caution that he had demonstrated two years earlier in the New Orleans coffee deal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Josephson" title="Matthew Josephson">Matthew Josephson</a>, who popularized the term "robber baron", asserted that Morgan certainly did know of the scheme, because he had presented the government with a bill for $58,175 before he delivered the remaining rifles that were being held as collateral.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewing the evidence, Charles Morris also concluded that it was "implausible" that Morgan did not know about the source of his profits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2006337_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2006337-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dabney,_Morgan_&_Co.:_1864–1872"><span id="Dabney.2C_Morgan_.26_Co.:_1864.E2.80.931872"></span>Dabney, Morgan & Co.: 1864–1872</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dabney, Morgan & Co.: 1864–1872"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Pierpont_Morgan,_c_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg/250px-J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg/330px-J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg/500px-J_Pierpont_Morgan%2C_c_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Morgan photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On October 1, 1864, George Peabody retired completely from the rechristened <a href="/wiki/J._S._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J. S. Morgan & Co.">J. S. Morgan & Co.</a> and agreed to reinvest his share of the partnership with the firm. In an effort to expand the business internationally, Junius Morgan hired Dabney on November 15 as a senior partner. Dabney, a fifty-seven-year-old partner at Duncan Sherman, was widely respected in the business community for his accounting skill and integrity. In the reconfigured firm, J. P. Morgan took on primary responsibility for recruiting new business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987106–08_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987106–08-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Dabney Morgan and J.S. Morgan & Co. remained focused on <a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodities</a> into the 1870s. Between 1863 and 1873, the firm's profits from its <a href="/wiki/Securities_market" title="Securities market">securities business</a> only exceeded its commissions on trade in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabney Morgan traded globally in a variety of commodities, including iron rails, American cotton, Philippine tobacco, Brazilian coffee, and Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>. Beginning on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> in 1865, J. P. Morgan secured an exclusive four-year contract with the Peruvian government to export guano, used in the production of fertilizer and gunpowder, at a two-and-a-half percent commission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To the extent the firm engaged in securities trading, the focus was railroad stock and government bonds. However, railroad construction had halted during the Civil War. Construction did not recover until after 1867, when the firm of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke_%26_Company" title="Jay Cooke & Company">Jay Cooke & Company</a> in Philadelphia dominated in getting American government financing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, J. S. Morgan & Co. did make a "considerable sum" selling shares of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a> after the trans-Atlantic telegraph wire was laid. Despite this success, the firm's creditor, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Shipley" title="Brown Shipley">Brown Shipley</a>, declined to expand Morgan's <a href="/wiki/Line_of_credit" title="Line of credit">line of credit</a>, stating the company was no better than a <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative</a> trader in securities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drexel_Morgan_&_Co.:_1871–1895"><span id="Drexel_Morgan_.26_Co.:_1871.E2.80.931895"></span>Drexel Morgan & Co.: 1871–1895</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drexel Morgan & Co.: 1871–1895"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871, at the behest of J.S. Morgan, the Philadelphia financier <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel">Anthony Joseph Drexel</a> became J. P.'s mentor. They formed <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">Drexel Morgan & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg200698_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg200698-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new merchant banking partnership, based in New York, served as an agent for European investment in the United States and assumed the leading role in financing America's railroads and stabilizing and revitalizing American securities markets. The firm created a national capital market for industrial companies, which had previously existed only for railroads and canals. Drexel Morgan also played an important role in government finance. To restore investor confidence, Drexel Morgan underwrote the pay of the entire U.S. Army in 1877 and bailed out the U.S. government during the Panic of 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad_investments_and_management">Railroad investments and management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Railroad investments and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States#Expansion_and_consolidation_(1878–1916)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in the United States">History of rail transport in the United States § Expansion and consolidation (1878–1916)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG/250px-New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG/330px-New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG/500px-New_Jersey_Junction_RR_1886_reverse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Bond of the New Jersey Junction Railroad Company, issued 30. June 1886, reverse side with signatures of John Pierpont Morgan and Harris C. Fahnestock as trustees</figcaption></figure> <p>In his ascent to power, Morgan focused on America's largest business enterprises: railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999223–62_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999223–62-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led the syndicate that broke the government-financing privileges of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke" title="Jay Cooke">Jay Cooke</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and developed and financed a national railroad empire by reorganization and consolidation. He raised large sums in Europe, and especially through the <a href="/wiki/American_rails" title="American rails">American rails</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than participating solely as a financier, he actively managed and reorganized the railroad corporations, increasing efficiency<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acting as an <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_private_equity" title="Early history of private equity">early pioneer in the practice of private equity investing</a>, a process that became known as "Morganization."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, Morgan successfully marketed a large part of <a href="/wiki/William_H._Vanderbilt" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Vanderbilt">William H. Vanderbilt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Central">New York Central</a> holdings. In 1885, he reorganized the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad and leased it to the New York Central.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a>. Morgan set up industry conferences in 1889 and 1890 which paved the way for a wave of consolidations in the early 20th century. In an unprecedented move, he brought together railroad presidents to follow the new laws and write agreements for the maintenance of "public, reasonable, uniform and stable rates." The first of their kind, the conferences created a community of interest among competing lines, paving the way for the great consolidations of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987219–69_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987219–69-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987352–96_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987352–96-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J.P._Morgan_&_Company:_1895–1913"><span id="J.P._Morgan_.26_Company:_1895.E2.80.931913"></span>J.P. Morgan & Company: 1895–1913</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: J.P. Morgan & Company: 1895–1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a></div> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel I">Anthony Drexel</a>, the firm was renamed J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with <a href="/wiki/Drexel_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Drexel & Company">Drexel & Company</a> of Philadelphia; <a href="/wiki/Morgan,_Harjes_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan, Harjes & Company">Morgan, Harjes & Company</a> of Paris; and <a href="/wiki/J.S._Morgan_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="J.S. Morgan & Company">J.S. Morgan & Company</a> (after 1910 <a href="/wiki/Morgan,_Grenfell_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan, Grenfell & Company">Morgan, Grenfell & Company</a>) of London. By 1900, it was one of the world's most powerful banking houses, focused primarily on reorganizations and consolidations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Morgan had many partners over the years, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Walbridge_Perkins" title="George Walbridge Perkins">George Walbridge Perkins</a>, but always remained firmly in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His international reputation as a financier began to draw investors to the businesses that he took over.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_of_1893_and_election_of_1896">Panic of 1893 and election of 1896</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Panic of 1893 and election of 1896"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>, around 1895, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a> nearly depleted its gold reserves. Morgan put forward a plan for the federal government to buy gold from his and European banks, but it was declined in favor of a plan to sell government bonds directly to the general public. Morgan demanded a meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, where he claimed the United States government could default that day if action was not taken.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Morgan came up with a plan to use an old <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> statute<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> that allowed Morgan and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschilds</a> to sell 3.5 million ounces<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of gold directly to the U.S. Treasury in exchange for a 30-year bond issue.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episode saved the Treasury but hurt Cleveland's standing with the populist agrarian wing of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a>, ensuring his political career was over. In the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a>, bankers came under a withering attack from <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, and Morgan was among many who donated heavily to Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-test_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikola_Tesla's_Wardenclyffe_station:_1900"><span id="Nikola_Tesla.27s_Wardenclyffe_station:_1900"></span>Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe station: 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe station: 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, the inventor <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> convinced Morgan he could build a trans-Atlantic wireless communication system based on his theories of Earth and atmospheric electrical conduction (eventually sited at <a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe</a>) that would outperform the short range radio wave-based wireless telegraph system then being demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>. In what may have been a philanthropic investment,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan gave Tesla $150,000 (equivalent to $5,669,400 in 2024) to build the system and Tesla offered him a 51% control of the patents. Almost as soon as the letter of agreement was signed Tesla decided to scale up the facility to include his ideas of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Wireless_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless energy transfer">wireless power transmission</a> to make what he thought was a more competitive system.<sup id="cite_ref-teslatech.info_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teslatech.info-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan refused to give Tesla any further money towards the project and, with Tesla unable to secure further investment capital, Wardenclyffe's development stalled and the site was abandoned by 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-teslatech.info_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teslatech.info-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Securities:_1901–1904"><span id="Northern_Securities:_1901.E2.80.931904"></span>Northern Securities: 1901–1904</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Securities: 1901–1904"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg/250px-Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg/330px-Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg/500px-Fedor_Encke_-_Portrait_of_John_Pierpont_Morgan_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of J. P. Morgan; <i>Cutthroat Capitalist</i> –<a href="/wiki/Oil_on_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on canvas">Oil on canvas</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fedor_Encke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fedor Encke (page does not exist)">Fedor Encke</a>, 1903 </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a> went bankrupt in the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. The bankruptcy wiped out the railroad's bondholders, leaving it free of debt, and a complex financial battle for its control ensued. In 1901, a compromise was reached between Morgan, New York financier <a href="/wiki/E._H._Harriman" title="E. H. Harriman">E. H. Harriman</a> and Minnesota railroad builder <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a>. To reduce competition in the Midwest, they created the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company</a> to merge three of the region's most important railways: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad</a>. The parties ran into unexpected opposition from President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who considered the merger bad for consumers and a violation of the seldom enforced <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890</a>. In 1902, Roosevelt ordered Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Philander_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Philander Knox">Philander Knox</a> to sue to break it up. In 1904, the Supreme Court dissolved the Northern Security company; though Morgan did not lose money, his all-powerful political reputation suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987478–79_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987478–79-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987529–30_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987529–30-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999418–33_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999418–33-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999515_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999515-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Steel:_1901–1913"><span id="U.S._Steel:_1901.E2.80.931913"></span>U.S. Steel: 1901–1913</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: U.S. Steel: 1901–1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, Morgan began talks to purchase <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>'s steel business and merge it with several other steel, coal, mining and shipping firms. After financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company, Morgan merged it with the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> and several other steel and iron businesses (including William Edenbirn's Consolidated Steel and Wire Company) in 1901, forming the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">United States Steel Corporation</a>. U.S. Steel was the world's first billion-dollar company, with an authorized capitalization of $1.4 billion, much larger than any other industrial firm and comparable in size to the largest railroads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>U.S. Steel's goals were to achieve greater <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, reduce transportation and resource costs, expand product lines, and improve distribution to allow the United States to compete globally with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-steel_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Steel president <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> and others claimed the company's size would enable it to be more aggressive and effective in pursuing distant international markets.<sup id="cite_ref-steel_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics regarded U.S. Steel as a monopoly, as it sought to dominate not only steel, but also the construction of bridges, ships, railroad cars, rails, wire, nails, and many other products. With U.S. Steel, Morgan captured two-thirds of the steel market, and Schwab was confident that the company would soon hold a 75% market share.<sup id="cite_ref-steel_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. Steel also faced criticism for its labor policies. U.S. Steel was non-union and used aggressive tactics to identify and root out pro-union "troublemakers." The lawyers and bankers who had organized the merger, including Morgan, were more concerned with long-range profits, stability, good public relations, and avoiding trouble. His views generally prevailed, and the result was a "paternalistic" labor policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_London_Underground_line:_1902">Failed London Underground line: 1902</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Failed London Underground line: 1902"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan suffered a rare business defeat in 1902 when he attempted to build and operate a line on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. Transit magnate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tyson_Yerkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Tyson Yerkes">Charles Tyson Yerkes</a> thwarted Morgan's effort to obtain parliamentary authority to build the <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly,_City_and_North_East_London_Railway" title="Piccadilly, City and North East London Railway">Piccadilly, City and North East London Railway</a>, a subway line that would have competed with "tube" lines controlled by Yerkes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan called Yerkes' coup "the greatest rascality and conspiracy I ever heard of".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Mercantile_Marine_and_RMS_Titanic:_1902–1913"><span id="International_Mercantile_Marine_and_RMS_Titanic:_1902.E2.80.931913"></span>International Mercantile Marine and RMS <i>Titanic</i>: 1902–1913</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International Mercantile Marine and RMS Titanic: 1902–1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, J.P. Morgan & Co. financed the formation of <a href="/wiki/International_Mercantile_Marine_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="International Mercantile Marine Co.">International Mercantile Marine Co.</a> (IMMC), an Atlantic shipping company which absorbed several major American and British lines, in an attempt to monopolize the shipping trade. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the unscheduled nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Morgan had booked a luxury suite with a private promenade deck on the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> and scheduled to sail on the ill-fated maiden voyage of the ship, which was owned by an IMMC subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a>, but those plans were later changed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001p._146_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001p._146-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's famous sinking was a financial disaster for IMMC. Analysis of financial records shows that IMMC was over-leveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow causing it to default on bond interest payments.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkClark1997_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkClark1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the sinking, Morgan purportedly said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Monetary losses amount to nothing in life. It is the loss of life that counts. It is that frightful death.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_of_1907">Panic of 1907</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Panic of 1907"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan,_Sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg/250px-Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg/330px-Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg/500px-Morgan%2C_Sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Morgan's overpowering role in the American economy was demonstrated in this political cartoon</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a> was a financial crisis that almost crippled the American economy. Major New York banks were on the verge of bankruptcy and there was no mechanism to rescue them, until Morgan stepped in to help resolve the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunerCarr2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunerCarr2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ease the crisis, Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> earmarked $35 million of federal money to deposit in New York banks.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan then met with the nation's leading financiers in his New York mansion, where he forced them to devise a plan to meet the crisis. <a href="/wiki/James_Stillman" title="James Stillman">James Stillman</a>, president of the National City Bank, also played a central role. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives which redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought up the plummeting stocks of healthy corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A delicate issue arose regarding the brokerage firm of Moore and Schley, which was deeply invested in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Coal,_Iron_and_Railroad_Company" title="Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company">Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company</a> (TCI). Moore and Schley had used over $6 million of TCI stock as collateral for loans to Wall Street banks, which the firm now could not pay. If Moore and Schley failed, it could precipitate a larger crisis. Thus, Morgan proposed merging the TCI with U.S. Steel, one of its chief competitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>U.S. Steel president <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Gary" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbert Gary">Elbert Gary</a> agreed, but was concerned that <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> implications could obstruct the merger. Morgan sent Gary to see President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who promised legal immunity for the deal. U.S. Steel thereupon paid $30 million for the TCI stock and Moore and Schley was saved. The announcement had an immediate effect; by November 7, 1907, the panic was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms_and_investigations">Criticisms and investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticisms and investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg/170px-I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg/255px-I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg/340px-I_Like_a_Little_Competition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><i>"I Like a Little Competition"—J. P. Morgan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen and ink">pen and ink</a> by <a href="/wiki/Art_Young" title="Art Young">Art Young</a>, relating to the answer Morgan gave to the <a href="/wiki/Pujo_Committee" title="Pujo Committee">Pujo Committee</a> in 1912, when asked whether he disliked competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200793_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200793-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While conservatives hailed Morgan for civic responsibility, strengthening the national economy, and devotion to the arts and religion, critics of banking and consolidation viewed him as one of the leading figures in the system they rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attacked Morgan for the terms of his 1895 loan of gold to the U.S. Treasury. Many,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> including writer <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, attacked him for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (January 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 1912, Morgan testified before the <a href="/wiki/Pujo_Committee" title="Pujo Committee">Pujo Committee</a>, a subcommittee of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Banking_and_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Banking and Currency">House Banking and Currency committee</a>. The committee ultimately concluded that a small number of financial leaders was exercising considerable control over many industries. The partners of J.P. Morgan & Co. and directors of First National and <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">National City Bank</a> controlled aggregate resources of $22.245 billion, which <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> compared to the value of all the property in the twenty-two states west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandeis1914ch._2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandeis1914ch._2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, an investigation by historian James Lide discovered that through parts of its business, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> accepted thousands of slaves as collateral on loans made to plantation owners in the early 19th century, and that it ended up owning several hundred slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banks in question, Citizens' Bank and Canal Bank, both now part of JPMorgan, served plantations from the 1830s until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and sometimes took ownership of slaves when the plantation owners defaulted on loans. JPMorgan estimated that between 1831 and 1865, the two banks accepted approximately 13,000 slaves as collateral and ended up owning about 1,250 slaves. An apology was made in compliance with a rule requiring companies to detail past dealings with the slave trade when doing business with the city of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Morgan_corporations">List of Morgan corporations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of Morgan corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1890 to 1913, 42 major corporations were organized or their securities were <a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">underwritten</a>, in whole or part, by J.P. Morgan and Company.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_construction_industry">Manufacturing and construction industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and construction industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bridge_Company" title="American Bridge Company">American Bridge Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Can_Company" title="American Can Company">American Can Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Portland_Cement_Company" title="Atlas Portland Cement Company">Atlas Portland Cement Company</a></li> <li><i>Boomer Coal & Coke</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison" title="Consolidated Edison">Consolidated Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Steel Company">Federal Steel Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></li> <li><i>Hartford Carpet Corporation</i></li> <li><i>Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mercantile_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="International Mercantile Marine">International Mercantile Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telephone & Telegraph">International Telephone & Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Case_Threshing_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="J. I. Case Threshing Machine">J. I. Case Threshing Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennecott_Utah_Copper" title="Kennecott Utah Copper">Kennecott Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Pipe_and_Tube_Company" title="Chester Pipe and Tube Company">National Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Car_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullman Car Company">Pullman Car Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Dry_Goods" class="mw-redirect" title="United Dry Goods">United Dry Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel Corporation">United States Steel Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad" title="Atlantic Coast Line Railroad">Atlantic Coast Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway" title="Central of Georgia Railway">Central of Georgia Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Western_Indiana_Railroad" title="Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad">Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">Chicago Great Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Indianapolis_%26_Louisville_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railroad">Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Joliet_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway">Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_Valley_Railway" title="Hocking Valley Railway">Hocking Valley Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Central_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Central Railroad">Jersey Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">Lehigh Valley Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_System" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Central System">New York Central System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Ontario_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Ontario and Western Railway">New York, Ontario and Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway">New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_Plate_Road" title="Nickel Plate Road">Nickel Plate Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Marquette Railroad">Pere Marquette Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Reading Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway" title="St. Louis–San Francisco Railway">St. Louis–San Francisco Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">Southern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis" title="Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis">Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png/170px-J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png/255px-J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png/340px-J.P._Morgan_and_J.P._Morgan_Jr.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>J. P. Morgan walking alongside his son in the last known photograph of the two together (ca. 1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1861, Morgan married Amelia "Memi" Sturges (1835–1862) at her home on 5 East Fourteenth Street. He had courted her for two years, and when they married, Memi was already seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Morgan had to carry her to the drawing room for a small private ceremony and afterwards to the carriage which took them to the pier. They travelled to Algiers, where he hoped the warm climate would restore their health, but it did not, and she died in Nice in February 1862, four months and ten days after their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198794_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198794-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 31, 1865, Morgan married Frances Louisa "Fanny" Tracy (1842–1924), whom he met at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)" title="St. George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)">St. George's Church</a>. They had four children: </p> <ul><li>Louisa Pierpont Morgan (1866–1946), who married <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Satterlee" title="Herbert L. Satterlee">Herbert L. Satterlee</a> (1863–1947)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatterlee1939[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatterlee1939[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a> (1867–1943), who succeeded his father and married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Norton_Grew" title="Jane Norton Grew">Jane Norton Grew</a></li> <li>Juliet Pierpont Morgan (1870–1952), who married William Pierson Hamilton (1869–1950), a grandson of <a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John Church Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morgan_(philanthropist)" title="Anne Morgan (philanthropist)">Anne Tracy Morgan</a> (1873–1952), philanthropist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg/180px-J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg/270px-J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg/360px-J._P._Morgan_beating_a_photographer_with_his_stick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Morgan was self-conscious about his <a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">rosacea</a> and hated being photographed without permission.</figcaption></figure> <p>Morgan often had a tremendous physical effect on people; one man said that a visit from Morgan left him feeling "as if a gale had blown through the house."<sup id="cite_ref-bioofamerica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioofamerica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was physically large with massive shoulders, piercing eyes, and a purple nose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200969_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200969-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known to dislike publicity and hated being photographed without his permission; as a result of his self-consciousness of his rosacea, all of his professional portraits were retouched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands201070_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands201070-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His deformed nose was due to a disease called <a href="/wiki/Rhinophyma" title="Rhinophyma">rhinophyma</a>, which can result from rosacea. As the deformity worsens, pits, nodules, fissures, lobulations, and pedunculation contort the nose. This condition inspired the crude taunt "Johnny Morgan's nasal organ has a purple hue."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgeons could have shaved away the rhinophymous growth of sebaceous tissue during Morgan's lifetime, but as a child he suffered from infantile seizures, and Morgan's son-in-law, Herbert L. Satterlee, has speculated that he did not seek surgery for his nose because he feared the seizures would return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His social and professional self-confidence were too well established to be undermined by this affliction. It appeared as if he dared people to meet him squarely and not shrink from the sight, asserting the force of his character over the ugliness of his face.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265–66_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265–66-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day and favored large Havana cigars dubbed <i>Hercules' Clubs</i> by observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan was a lifelong member of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a>, and by 1890 was one of its most influential leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinShattuck2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinShattuck2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Club_of_New_York" title="Church Club of New York">Church Club of New York</a>, an Episcopal private member's club in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan was appointed as one of the first laymen on the committee that created the 1892 revision of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, where he petitioned for the creation of a special limited collectible printing that he later financed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/General_Convention_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America">General Convention</a> of the Episcopal Church established a commission, proposed by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brent" title="Charles Brent">Charles Brent</a>, to implement a world conference of churches to address their differences in their "<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">order</a>." Morgan was so impressed by the proposal for such a conference that he contributed $100,000 (equivalent to $2,365,000 in 2023) to finance the commission's work.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences">Residences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Residences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPMorganLibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JPMorganLibrary.jpg/220px-JPMorganLibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JPMorganLibrary.jpg/330px-JPMorganLibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/JPMorganLibrary.jpg/440px-JPMorganLibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morgan Library & Museum">The Morgan Library & Museum</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>His house at 219 Madison Avenue was originally built in 1853 by <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Phelps" title="John Jay Phelps">John Jay Phelps</a> and purchased by Morgan in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 6, 1882, it became the first electrically lit private residence in America. A coal-fueled steam engine provided power for two generators that produced the required electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in the new technology was a result of his financing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Electric Illuminating Company</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001ch._4_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001ch._4-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was there that a reception of 1,000 people was held for the marriage of Juliet Morgan and William Pierson Hamilton on April 12, 1894, where they were given a favorite clock of Morgan's. Morgan also owned the "Cragston" estate, located in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Falls,_New_York" title="Highland Falls, New York">Highland Falls, New York</a>. His son, of the same name, was the owner of East Island in <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York" title="Glen Cove, New York">Glen Cove, New York</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>J. P. Morgan spent three months of every year in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and owned two houses there. His 'town' house, <a href="/wiki/14_Prince%27s_Gate,_London" title="14 Prince's Gate, London">13 Prince's Gate</a> was inherited from his father and was later expanded by the acquisition of the neighbouring Number 14 to house his growing art collection. After his death the merged houses were offered to the US government for use as the residence of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">US Ambassador</a>, from 1929 to 1955. His other property was Dover House, <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, which was later demolished and developed into the <a href="/wiki/Dover_House_Estate" title="Dover House Estate">Dover House Estate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organizations_and_philanthropy">Social organizations and philanthropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social organizations and philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Club_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Union Club of the City of New York">Union Club</a> in New York City. When a friend, <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a> president John King, was <a href="/wiki/Blackballing" title="Blackballing">blackballed</a>, Morgan resigned and organized the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Club_(New_York_City)" title="Metropolitan Club (New York City)">Metropolitan Club</a> of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He donated the land on 5th Avenue and 60th Street at a cost of $125,000, and commanded <a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a> to "...build me a club fit for gentlemen, forget the expense..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invited King in as a charter member and served as club president from 1891 to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morgan was a benefactor of the Morgan Library and Museum, the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (especially its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">medical school</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lying-in_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying-in Hospital">Lying-in Hospital</a> of the City of New York, and the New York trade schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yachting">Yachting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yachting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg/250px-Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg/330px-Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg/500px-Jsj-504a-corsair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>J. P. Morgan's yacht <i>Corsair II</i>, later bought by the U.S. Government and renamed the <a href="/wiki/USS_Gloucester_(1891)" title="USS Gloucester (1891)">USS <i>Gloucester</i></a> to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/John_S._Johnston" title="John S. Johnston">J. S. Johnston</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Morgan was the <a href="/wiki/Yacht_club#Organization" title="Yacht club">Commodore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club" title="New York Yacht Club">New York Yacht Club</a> (NYYC) and was present at a board meeting on October 27, 1898, to discuss the construction of a new clubhouse. Morgan offered to acquire a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) plot on 44th Street in midtown Manhattan <sup id="cite_ref-p574511646_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p574511646-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1898-10-28_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1898-10-28-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the NYYC raised its annual membership dues from $25 to $50 and the new clubhouse occupied the entire site.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1898-10-28_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1898-10-28-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NYYC's board accepted his offer, and Morgan bought the lots the next day for $148,000 and donated to the club.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1898-10-29_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1898-10-29-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p498954045_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p498954045-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NYYC members hosted an informal housewarming party on January 29, 1901, giving Morgan a trophy in gratitude of his purchase of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-p1013633831_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1013633831-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p173095798_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p173095798-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An avid yachtsman, Morgan owned several large yachts, the first being the <i>Corsair</i>, built by <a href="/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons" title="William Cramp & Sons">William Cramp & Sons</a> for Charles J. Osborn (1837–1885) and launched on May 26, 1880. Charles J. Osborn was <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>'s private banker. Morgan bought the yacht in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_of_the_Times_29_May_1880_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit_of_the_Times_29_May_1880-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well-known quote, "If you have to ask the price, you can't afford it" is commonly attributed to Morgan in response to a question about the cost of maintaining a yacht, although the story is unconfirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan was a collector of books, pictures, paintings, clocks and other art objects, many loaned or given to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (of which he was president and a major force in its establishment), and many housed in his London house and in his private library on 36th Street, near <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> in New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For a number of years the British artist and art critic Roger Fry worked for the museum, and in effect for Morgan, as a collector.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son, J. P. Morgan Jr., made the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Pierpont Morgan Library</a> a public institution in 1924 as a memorial to his father, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Belle_da_Costa_Greene" title="Belle da Costa Greene">Belle da Costa Greene</a>, his father's private librarian, as its first director.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuchincloss1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuchincloss1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gems">Gems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the turn of the century, Morgan had become one of America's most important collectors of gems and had assembled the most important gem collection in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co.</a> assembled his first collection, which comprised over 1,000 American gemstones, under Tiffany's chief gemologist, <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">George Frederick Kunz</a>. The collection was exhibited at the World's Fair in Paris in 1889. The exhibit won two golden awards and drew the attention of important scholars, lapidaries, and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Frederick Kunz continued to build a second, even finer, collection which was exhibited in Paris in 1900. These collections have been donated to the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> in New York, where they were known as the Morgan-Tiffany and the Morgan-Bement collections.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography">Photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg/250px-Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg/330px-Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg/500px-Morgan_collection_US_gems.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> from the Morgan collection</figcaption></figure> <p>Morgan was a patron to photographer <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis" title="Edward S. Curtis">Edward S. Curtis</a>, offering Curtis $75,000 in 1906 (equivalent to $1,906,500 in 2023) to create a series on the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis eventually published a 20-volume work entitled <i>The North American Indian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis also produced a motion picture, <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_the_Head_Hunters" title="In the Land of the Head Hunters">In the Land of the Head Hunters</a></i> (1914), which was restored in 1974 and re-released as <i>In the Land of the War Canoes</i>. Curtis was also famous for a 1911 <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lantern</a> slide show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Picture_Opera" title="The Indian Picture Opera">The Indian Picture Opera</a></i> which used his photos and original musical compositions by composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Gilbert" title="Henry F. Gilbert">Henry F. Gilbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is said in the newspaper on March 31, 1913, that Morgan fell ill to "a long sinking spell" which included symptoms of extreme weakness, nervousness after his realization of the inability to take in food due to a paralysis of the muscles in his throat; no other organic trouble was present. When he tried to speak, contraction of his throat followed. As his condition worsened, he was in and out of consciousness, while they gave him food through "injection".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan had been traveling abroad and died on March 31, 1913, in his sleep at the Grand Hotel Plaza in Rome, Italy. His body was brought back to America aboard the <a href="/wiki/SS_France_(1910)" title="SS France (1910)">SS <i>France</i></a>, a French Line passenger ship.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flags on Wall Street flew at <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a>, and in an honor usually reserved for heads of state, the stock market closed for two hours when his body passed through New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was brought to lie in his home and adjacent library the first night of arrival in New York City. His remains were interred in the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_Cemetery_(Hartford,_Connecticut)" title="Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)">Cedar Hill Cemetery</a> in his birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">John Pierpont "Jack" Morgan Jr.</a>, inherited the banking business.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His estate was worth $68.3 million ($1.39 billion in today's dollars based on <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>, or $25.2 billion based on share of GDP), of which about $30 million represented his share in the New York and Philadelphia banks. The value of his art collection was estimated at $50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001ch._8_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001ch._8-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His son, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a>, took over the business at his father's death, but he was never as influential. The 1933 <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> forced the dissolution of the House of Morgan into three entities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Guaranty_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Guaranty Trust">Morgan Guaranty Trust</a> and ended up merging with Chase Bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, an investment house formed by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sturgis_Morgan" title="Henry Sturgis Morgan">Henry Sturgis Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Grenfell">Morgan Grenfell</a> in London, an overseas securities house<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The gemstone <a href="/wiki/Morganite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganite">morganite</a> was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cragston_Dependencies" title="Cragston Dependencies">Cragston Dependencies</a>, associated with his estate, Cragston (at <a href="/wiki/Highlands,_New_York" title="Highlands, New York">Highlands, New York</a>), was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg/250px-John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg/330px-John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg/500px-John_Pierpont_Morgan_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>John Pierpont Morgan memorial in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_Cemetery_(Hartford,_Connecticut)" title="Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)">Cedar Hill Cemetery</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A contemporary literary biography of Morgan is used as an allegory for the financial environment in America after World War I in the second volume, <i>Nineteen Nineteen</i>, of <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>' <a href="/wiki/U.S.A._trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.A. trilogy"><i>U.S.A.</i> trilogy</a>.</li> <li>Morgan appears as a character in Caleb Carr's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alienist" title="The Alienist">The Alienist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in E. L. Doctorow's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ragtime_(novel)" title="Ragtime (novel)">Ragtime</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Steven S. Drachman's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_of_Watt_O%27Hugh" title="The Ghosts of Watt O'Hugh">The Ghosts of Watt O'Hugh</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Graham Moore's novel <i>The Last Days of Night,</i><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Heather_Terrell" title="Heather Terrell">Marie Benedict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Christopher_Murray" title="Victoria Christopher Murray">Victoria Christopher Murray</a>'s novel <i>The Personal Librarian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Morgan is believed to have been the model for Walter Parks Thatcher (played by <a href="/wiki/George_Coulouris" title="George Coulouris">George Coulouris</a>), guardian of the young <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (film directed by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>) with whom he has a tense relationship—Kane blaming Thatcher for destroying his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Phil Orbanes, former vice president of Parker Brothers, the <a href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Rich Uncle Pennybags</a> of the American version of the board game <i><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a></i> is modeled after J. P. Morgan.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family of the illustrator Daniel Fox, who in 1936 created the mascot for the game, have credited J. P. Morgan as being the inspiration for the character.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Morgan's career is highlighted in episodes three and four of the History Channel's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America" title="The Men Who Built America">The Men Who Built America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"My Name Is Morgan (But It Ain't J.P.)" – 1906 popular song released as an <a href="/wiki/Edison_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison cylinder">Edison cylinder</a> recording, with words by Will A. Mahoney, music by <a href="/wiki/Halsey_K._Mohr" title="Halsey K. Mohr">Halsey K. Mohr</a>, and sung by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Roberts_(singer)" title="Bob Roberts (singer)">Bob Roberts</a>. Originally released as a "<a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">coon song</a>" but revised over the years, a poor man named Morgan tells his girlfriend not to mistake him for a rich man.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950s popular singer, later game show panelist <a href="/wiki/Jaye_P._Morgan" title="Jaye P. Morgan">Jaye P. Morgan</a>, born Mary Margaret Morgan, acquired the nickname reflecting J.P. Morgan while serving as her high school class treasurer.</li> <li>The villain of <a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_6" title="Street Fighter 6">Street Fighter 6</a> is an elderly upper-class banker that uses a variety of aliases, all of which have the initials "JP." He claims to have lived for over one hundred years, empowered by his business association with <a href="/wiki/M._Bison" title="M. Bison">M. Bison</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventfort_Hall_Mansion_and_Gilded_Age_Museum" title="Ventfort Hall Mansion and Gilded Age Museum">Ventfort Hall Mansion and Gilded Age Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_J._Pierpont_Morgan" title="SS J. Pierpont Morgan">SS <i>J. Pierpont Morgan</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">lake freighter</a> named after Morgan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The firm was later renamed J.S. Morgan & Co. upon <a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a>'s retirement in 1864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After Morgan's death, the IMMC was forced to apply for bankruptcy protection in 1915. Its fortunes were saved by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and it eventually re-emerged as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lines" title="United States Lines">United States Lines</a>, which went bankrupt in 1986.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-P-Morgan">"J.P. Morgan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J.P.+Morgan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJ-P-Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardBurns2014" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (2014). <i>The Roosevelts: An Intimate History</i>. Alfred A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+alphabet+of+success&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.au=Adrian+Wooldridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21707053-superstars-need-dazzling-range-qualities-alphabet-success&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioofamerica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bioofamerica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bioofamerica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522081232/http://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog17/transcript/page03.html">"John Pierpont Morgan and the American Corporation"</a>. <i>Biography of America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog17/transcript/page03.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography+of+America&rft.atitle=John+Pierpont+Morgan+and+the+American+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fseries%2Fbiographyofamerica%2Fprog17%2Ftranscript%2Fpage03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The World Almanac and Book of Facts</i>. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association. 1906. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Almanac+and+Book+of+Facts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Newspaper+Enterprise+Association&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarr1904" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Frank Farnsworth (1904). <i>The Miles Morgan Family of Springfield, Massachusetts: In the Line of Joseph Morgan of Hartford, Connecticut, 1780-1847</i>. Hartford, Connecticut. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miles+Morgan+Family+of+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts%3A+In+the+Line+of+Joseph+Morgan+of+Hartford%2C+Connecticut%2C+1780-1847&rft.place=Hartford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Frank+Farnsworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuber2022" class="citation book cs1">Huber, William R. (2022). <i>George Westinghouse: Powering the World</i>. McFarland. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8692-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8692-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-8692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Westinghouse%3A+Powering+the+World&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8692-9&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/about/pierpont-morgan-banker/1">"Pierpont Morgan: Banker"</a>. <i>The Morgan Library & Museum</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=connecticuthistory.org&rft.atitle=J.+P.+Morgan%27s+Connecticut+Roots&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconnecticuthistory.org%2Fj-p-morgans-connecticut-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198726-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198726_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198731–32-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198731–32_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2003" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, Morgen (2003). <i>Fifty Key Figures in Management</i>. 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Financial-inspiration.com. March 31, 1913. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financial-inspiration.com/JP-Morgan-biography.html">the original</a> on October 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JP+Morgan+biography+%E2%80%93+One+of+the+most+influential+bankers+in+history&rft.pub=Financial-inspiration.com&rft.date=1913-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financial-inspiration.com%2FJP-Morgan-biography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198763–67_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2006). <i>J. Pierpont Morgan: Industrialist and Financier</i>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Capstone. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1890-5"><bdi>978-0-7565-1890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Pierpont+Morgan%3A+Industrialist+and+Financier&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-1890-5&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198783–91_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 83–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198778-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198778_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198787–88-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198787–88_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198791–92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198791–92_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198795–97_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198798–100-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198798–100_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 98–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987100-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987100_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987101–03-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987101–03_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 101–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198792–94_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wasson_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasson_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWasson1943" class="citation book cs1">Wasson, R. Gordon (1943). <i>The Hall Carbine Affair: A Study in Contemporary Folklore</i>. Pandick Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hall+Carbine+Affair%3A+A+Study+in+Contemporary+Folklore&rft.pub=Pandick+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=R.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2.rediscov.com/spring/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=14871,DATABASE=objects">"U.S. Carbine Model 1843 Breechloading Percussion Hall-North .52"</a>. <i>Springfield Armory Museum collection record</i>. Springfield Armory Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Armory+Museum+collection+record&rft.atitle=U.S.+Carbine+Model+1843+Breechloading+Percussion+Hall-North+.52&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2.rediscov.com%2Fspring%2FVFPCGI.exe%3FIDCFile%3D%2Fspring%2FDETAILS.IDC%2CSPECIFIC%3D14871%2CDATABASE%3Dobjects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyers1910" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Gustavus (1910). <i>History of the Great American Fortunes, V. 3</i>. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+American+Fortunes%2C+V.+3&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Kerr&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Gustavus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephson1934" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Matthew (1934). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robberbaronsg00jose/page/61"><i>The Robber Barons</i></a></span> (Mariner Books 1962 ed.). Harcourt, Brace & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robberbaronsg00jose/page/61">61ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-676790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-676790-3"><bdi>978-0-15-676790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Robber+Barons&rft.pages=61ff&rft.edition=Mariner+Books+1962&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+Co.&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0-15-676790-3&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobberbaronsg00jose%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2006337-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2006337_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2006">Morris 2006</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987106–08-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987106–08_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 106–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987115_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg200698-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg200698_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottenberg2006">Rottenberg 2006</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottenberg2006">Rottenberg (2006)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999223–62-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999223–62_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouse1999">Strouse 1999</a>, pp. 223–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLance_E._DavisRobert_E._Gallman2001" class="citation book cs1">Lance E. Davis; Robert E. Gallman (2001). <i>Evolving Financial Markets and International Capital Flows: Britain, the Americas, and Australia, 1865–1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Financial+Markets+and+International+Capital+Flows%3A+Britain%2C+the+Americas%2C+and+Australia%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Lance+E.+Davis&rft.au=Robert+E.+Gallman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMall2021" class="citation web cs1">Mall, Scott (October 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126151506/https://www.freightwaves.com/news/freightwaves-classicsleaders-jp-morgan-greatly-influenced-us-railroads-in-the-late-19th-century">"FreightWaves Classics/Leaders: J.P. Morgan controlled US railroads and industry policies"</a>. FreightWaves. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freightwaves.com/news/freightwaves-classicsleaders-jp-morgan-greatly-influenced-us-railroads-in-the-late-19th-century">the original</a> on January 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Morgan's first target was the U.S. railroad industry, which will be the focus of this FreightWaves Classics article. He began by taking over small underfinanced companies, streamlined their management and operational efficiency, and then combined the companies into a dominant player.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FreightWaves+Classics%2FLeaders%3A+J.P.+Morgan+controlled+US+railroads+and+industry+policies&rft.pub=FreightWaves&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.aulast=Mall&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freightwaves.com%2Fnews%2Ffreightwaves-classicsleaders-jp-morgan-greatly-influenced-us-railroads-in-the-late-19th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmons2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Timmons, Heather (November 18, 2002). "J.P. Morgan: Pierpont would not approve". <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=J.P.+Morgan%3A+Pierpont+would+not+approve&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft.aulast=Timmons&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albro Martin, Albro. "Crisis of Rugged Individualism: The West Shore-South Pennsylvania Railroad Affair, 1880-1885." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> 93.2 (1969): 218-243. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/download/42502/42223">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114003801/https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/download/42502/42223">Archived</a> November 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987219–69-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987219–69_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 219–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987352–96-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987352–96_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 352–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraty1960[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarraty1960">Garraty 1960</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060314192432/http://voteview.com/rtopic6_ucsd_4.htm">"Morganization: How Bankrupt Railroads were Reorganized"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voteview.com/rtopic6_ucsd_4.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morganization%3A+How+Bankrupt+Railroads+were+Reorganized&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoteview.com%2Frtopic6_ucsd_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The value of the gold would have been approximately $72 million at the official price of $20.67 per ounce (equal to $781 today) at the time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.org/pdf/gold/his_gold_prices.pdf">"Historical Gold Prices – 1833 to Present"</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a>; retrieved December 22, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/jp-morgan-9414735">"J.P. Morgan: Biography"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. A&E Television Networks, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=J.P.+Morgan%3A+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjp-morgan-9414735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a> (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702060356/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_66.shtml">"The Golden Touch"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived July 2, 2010), American Heritage.com; retrieved December 22, 2011; archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_66.shtml">the original</a> on July 10, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). <i>Tesla, Inventor of the Electrical Age</i>. Princeton University Press, page 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teslatech.info-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teslatech.info_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teslatech.info_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeifer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Seifer, Marc J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teslatech.info/ttmagazine/v4n1/seifer.htm">"Nikola Tesla: The Lost Wizard"</a>. <i>ExtraOrdinary Technology</i>. <b>4</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ExtraOrdinary+Technology&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+Lost+Wizard&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Seifer&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteslatech.info%2Fttmagazine%2Fv4n1%2Fseifer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheney2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Margaret (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIuK7iLO9zgC&pg=PA203"><i>Tesla: Man Out of Time</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-1536-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-1536-2"><bdi>0-7432-1536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla%3A+Man+Out+of+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7432-1536-2&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIuK7iLO9zgC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987478–79-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987478–79_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 478–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987529–30-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987529–30_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 529–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999418–33-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999418–33_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouse1999">Strouse 1999</a>, pp. 418–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999515-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999515_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouse1999">Strouse 1999</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrass2001" class="citation news cs1">Krass, Peter (May 2001). "He Did It! (creation of U.S. Steel by J.P. Morgan)". Across the Board (Professional Collection).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=He+Did+It%21+%28creation+of+U.S.+Steel+by+J.P.+Morgan%29&rft.date=2001-05&rft.aulast=Krass&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadsey-Ellis2005" class="citation book cs1">Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). <i>London's Lost Tube Schemes</i>. Capital Transport. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-293-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85414-293-3"><bdi>1-85414-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%27s+Lost+Tube+Schemes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Capital+Transport&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85414-293-3&rft.aulast=Badsey-Ellis&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranch2006" class="citation book cs1">Franch, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIYRJWiXiJkC&pg=PA298"><i>Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes</i></a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-03099-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-03099-0"><bdi>0-252-03099-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robber+Baron%3A+The+Life+of+Charles+Tyson+Yerkes&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-252-03099-0&rft.aulast=Franch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIYRJWiXiJkC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001p._146-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001p._146_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernow2001">Chernow 2001</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven H. Gittelman, J.P. Morgan and the Transportation Kings: The Titanic and Other Disasters, University Press of America, 2012, pages 286-287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkClark1997-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkClark1997_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkClark1997">Clark & Clark 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven H. Gittelman, <i>J. P. Morgan and the Transportation Kings: The Titanic and Other Disasters</i> (Lanham: University Press of America, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2012" class="citation news cs1">Daugherty, Greg (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/seven-famous-people-who-missed-the-titanic-101902418/">"Seven Famous People who missed the Titanic"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Seven+Famous+People+who+missed+the+Titanic&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fseven-famous-people-who-missed-the-titanic-101902418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso1987528–48_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, pp. 528–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunerCarr2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunerCarr2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunerCarr2007">Bruner & Carr 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFridson1998" class="citation book cs1">Fridson, Martin S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQxxN7W1vowC&q=george+cortelyou+%2435+million&pg=PA6"><i>It Was a Very Good Year: Extraordinary Moments in Stock Market History</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471174004" title="Special:BookSources/9780471174004"><bdi>9780471174004</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2006">Morris 2006</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandeis1914ch._2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandeis1914ch._2_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandeis1914">Brandeis 1914</a>, ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJOURNAL2005" class="citation news cs1">JOURNAL, Robin SidelStaff Reporter of THE WALL STREET (May 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111568595843228824">"A Historian's Quest Links J.P. Morgan To Slave Ownership"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 2018)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarosso198794-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarosso198794_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarosso1987">Carosso 1987</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatterlee1939[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatterlee1939[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatterlee1939">Satterlee 1939</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200969-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200969_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2009">Gross 2009</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands201070-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands201070_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2010">Brands 2010</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, David M., and Lizabeth Cohen; <i>The American Pageant</i>; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 2006. p. 541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouse1999">Strouse 1999</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265–66-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouse1999265–66_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouse1999">Strouse 1999</a>, pp. 265–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernow2001">Chernow 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinShattuck2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinShattuck2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinShattuck2005">Hein & Shattuck 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Yacht+Club+House%3B+Commodore+Morgan+Buys+a+75-Foot+Frontage+in+Forty-fourth+Street+for+a+Site.&rft.date=1898-10-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1898%2F10%2F29%2Farchives%2Fnew-yacht-club-house-commodore-morgan-buys-a-75foot-frontage-in-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p498954045-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p498954045_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Com Morgan Pays $148,000.: Loses No Time in Making Good His Offer to Provide Site for New Clubhouse for New York Yacht Club". <i>Boston Daily Globe</i>. 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(January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz_gems_and_precious_stones/page_351"><i>Morgan and His Gem Collection</i></a>; George Frederick Kunz: Gems and Precious Stones of North America, New York, 1890, accessed online February 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz-history-north-carolina-gems/page_012"><i>Morgan and His Gem Collections</i></a>; donations to AMNH; in George Frederick Kunz: History of Gems Found in North Carolina, Raleigh, 1907, accessed online February 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807071011/http://www.fluryco.com/curtis/index.htm">"Biography"</a>. <i>Edward S. 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March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr1994" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Caleb (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienist000carr"><i>The Alienist</i></a></span>. 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Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Night&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2021" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Marie (2021). <i>The Personal Librarian</i>. 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Meet Daniel Gidahlia Fox - The Artist Who Created "Mr. Monopoly" by Emily F.Clements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurpin" class="citation web cs1">Turpin, Zachary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502234420/http://bookofodds.com/Daily-Life-Activities/Hobbies-Recreation/Articles/A0725-Interview-Phil-Orbanes-Monopoly-Expert-Part-Two">"Interview: Phil Orbanes, Monopoly Expert (Part Two)"</a>. Book of Odds. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofodds.com/Daily-Life-Activities/Hobbies-Recreation/Articles/A0725-Interview-Phil-Orbanes-Monopoly-Expert-Part-Two">the original</a> on May 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Phil+Orbanes%2C+Monopoly+Expert+%28Part+Two%29&rft.pub=Book+of+Odds&rft.aulast=Turpin&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofodds.com%2FDaily-Life-Activities%2FHobbies-Recreation%2FArticles%2FA0725-Interview-Phil-Orbanes-Monopoly-Expert-Part-Two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930003432/http://www.thehistorychannelclub.com/articles/articletype/articleview/articleid/1631/the-men-who-built-america">"The Men Who Built America > The History Channel Club"</a>. September 30, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorychannelclub.com/articles/articletype/articleview/articleid/1631/the-men-who-built-america">the original</a> on September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Built+America+%3E+The+History+Channel+Club&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorychannelclub.com%2Farticles%2Farticletype%2Farticleview%2Farticleid%2F1631%2Fthe-men-who-built-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cass Canfield, The Incredible Pierpont Morgan: financier and art collector; Harper & Row (1974), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Jasen, A Century of American Popular Music, Routledge, October 15, 2013, page 142</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuchincloss1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auchincloss" title="Louis Auchincloss">Auchincloss, Louis</a> (1990). <i>J.P. Morgan: The Financier as Collector</i>. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3610-0"><bdi>0-8109-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.P.+Morgan%3A+The+Financier+as+Collector&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8109-3610-0&rft.aulast=Auchincloss&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunerCarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruner, Robert F.; Carr, Sean D. (2007). <i>The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panic+of+1907%3A+Lessons+Learned+from+the+Market%27s+Perfect+Storm&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft.au=Carr%2C+Sean+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrandeis1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis, Louis</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otherpeoplesmone00bran/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It</i></a>. New York: Frederic A. Stokes Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+People%27s+Money+and+How+the+Bankers+Use+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederic+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Brandeis&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fotherpeoplesmone00bran%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrands2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/American_Colossus:_The_Triumph_of_Capitalism,_1865%E2%80%931900" title="American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900"><i>American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colossus%3A+The+Triumph+of+Capitalism%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jpierpontmorgan00mich/"><i>J. Pierpont Morgan: Industrialist and Financier</i></a></span>. Capstone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Pierpont+Morgan%3A+Industrialist+and+Financier&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjpierpontmorgan00mich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarosso1987" class="citation book cs1">Carosso, Vincent P. (1987). <i>The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913</i>. Harvard Univ. Press. p. 888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58729-8"><bdi>978-0-674-58729-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morgans%3A+Private+International+Bankers%2C+1854%E2%80%931913&rft.pages=888&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-674-58729-8&rft.aulast=Carosso&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChernow2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2001). <i>The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance</i>. 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"The International Mercantile Marine Company: A Financial Analysis". <i>American Neptune</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Neptune&rft.atitle=The+International+Mercantile+Marine+Company%3A+A+Financial+Analysis&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Margaret+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarraty1960" class="citation journal cs1">Garraty, John A. (1960). "The United States Steel Corporation Versus Labor: the Early Years". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00236566008583839">10.1080/00236566008583839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Steel+Corporation+Versus+Labor%3A+the+Early+Years&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00236566008583839&rft.aulast=Garraty&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross2009" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Michael (2009). <i>Rogues' Gallery: The Secret History of the Moguls and the Money That Made the Metropolitan Museum</i>. New York: Broadway Books. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2488-7"><bdi>978-0-7679-2488-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244417339">244417339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogues%27+Gallery%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Moguls+and+the+Money+That+Made+the+Metropolitan+Museum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244417339&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-2488-7&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinShattuck2005" class="citation book cs1">Hein, David; Shattuck, Gardiner H. Jr. (2005). <i>The Episcopalians</i>. Westport: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Episcopalians&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shattuck%2C+Gardiner+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Charles (2006). <i>The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy</i>. New York: Holt Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8134-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-8134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tycoons%3A+How+Andrew+Carnegie%2C+John+D.+Rockefeller%2C+Jay+Gould%2C+and+J.+P.+Morgan+Invented+the+American+Supereconomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt+Paperbacks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8134-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRottenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Rottenberg, Dan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL-BpElFOVwC&q=anthony+drexel+pierpont+mentor&pg=PA98"><i>The Man Who Made Wall Street: Anthony J. Drexel and the Rise of Modern Finance</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812219661" title="Special:BookSources/9780812219661"><bdi>9780812219661</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Made+Wall+Street%3A+Anthony+J.+Drexel+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Finance&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780812219661&rft.aulast=Rottenberg&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZL-BpElFOVwC%26q%3Danthony%2Bdrexel%2Bpierpont%2Bmentor%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatterlee1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Satterlee" title="Herbert L. Satterlee">Satterlee, Herbert L.</a> (1939). <i>J. Pierpont Morgan</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Pierpont+Morgan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Satterlee&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span>, written by Morgan's son-in-law</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrouse1999" class="citation book cs1">Strouse, Jean (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morganamericanfi00stro"><i>Morgan, American Financier</i></a></span>. Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095589-2"><bdi>978-0-06-095589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgan%2C+American+Financier&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-06-095589-2&rft.aulast=Strouse&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmorganamericanfi00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>J. P. Morgan</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=J.+P.+Morgan">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=J.+P.+Morgan&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By J. P. Morgan</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=J.+P.+Morgan">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=J.+P.+Morgan&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bryman, Jeremy. <i>J. P. Morgan: Banker to a Growing Nation</i>. Morgan Reynolds Publishing (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883846-60-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-883846-60-9">1-883846-60-9</a>, for middle schools</li> <li>Wheeler, George, <i>Pierpont Morgan and Friends: the Anatomy of a Myth</i>, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136761488" title="Special:BookSources/0136761488">0136761488</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Specialized studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carosso, Vincent P. <i>Investment Banking in America: A History</i> Harvard University Press (1970)</li> <li>De Long, Bradford. "Did JP Morgan's Men Add Value?: An Economist's Perspective on Financial Capitalism," in Peter Temin, ed., <i>Inside the Business Enterprise: Historical Perspectives on the Use of Information</i> (1991) pp. 205–36; shows firms with a Morgan partner on their board had higher stock prices (relative to book value) than their competitors</li> <li>Forbes, John Douglas. <i>J. P. Morgan Jr. 1867–1943</i> (1981). 262 pp. biography of his son</li> <li>Fraser, Steve. <i>Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life</i> HarperCollins (2005)</li> <li>Garraty, John A. <i>Right-Hand Man: The Life of George W. Perkins</i>. (1960) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20186-8">978-0-313-20186-8</a>; Perkins was a top aide 1900–1910</li> <li>Geisst; Charles R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636"><i>Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701235439/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636">Archived</a> July 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press. 2004.</li> <li>Giedeman, Daniel C. "J. P. Morgan, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and Industrial Finance-Constraints in the Early Twentieth Century", <i>Essays in Economic and Business History</i>, 2004 22: 111–126</li> <li>Hannah, Leslie. "J. P. Morgan in London and New York before 1914," <i>Business History Review</i> 85 (Spring 2011) 113–50</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeys1908" class="citation magazine cs1">Keys, C.M. (January 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKPvxXgBN1oC&pg=PA9779">"The Builders I: The House of Morgan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Work" title="The World's Work">The World's Work</a></i>. Vol. 15, no. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">9779–</span>9704<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work&rft.atitle=The+Builders+I%3A+The+House+of+Morgan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9779-%3C%2Fspan%3E9704&rft.date=1908-01&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKPvxXgBN1oC%26pg%3DPA9779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moody, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala"><i>The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street</i></a> (1921)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1901" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Baker, Ray Stannard</a> (October 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr-bCiU2VTgC&pg=PA507">"J. Pierpont Morgan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 17, no. 6. pp. <span class="nowrap">507–</span>518<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClure%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=J.+Pierpont+Morgan&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&rft.date=1901-10&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Ray+Stannard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr-bCiU2VTgC%26pg%3DPA507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span>, a biographical magazine article</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrands1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (1999). <i>Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Enterprise%3A+Giants+of+American+Business+from+John+Jacob+Astor+and+J.+P.+Morgan+to+Bill+Gates+and+Oprah+Winfrey&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span>, including a short biography of Morgan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/J._P._Morgan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/J. 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Morgan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:J._P._Morgan_(banker)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:J. P. Morgan (banker)">J. P. Morgan (banker)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themorgan.org/">The Morgan Library and Museum</a>, 225 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/peopleevents/pande10.html"><i>The American Experience—J.P. Morgan</i></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Cyclopædia of American Biography/Morgan, John Pierpont"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Morgan,_John_Pierpont">"Morgan, John Pierpont" </a></span>. <i>The Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>. 1918. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morgan%2C+John+Pierpont&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Morgan,_John_Pierpont" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morgan, John Pierpont">Morgan, John Pierpont</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morgan%2C+John+Pierpont&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Morgan,_John_Pierpont" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, John Pierpont">Morgan, John Pierpont</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morgan%2C+John+Pierpont&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+P.+Morgan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #99CCFF;">Cultural offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._Rhinelander" title="Frederic W. Rhinelander">Frederic W. Rhinelander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/44px-Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="44" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/66px-Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/88px-Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_by_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Metropolitan Museum of Art">President of the Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> </b><br />1904-1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._DeForest" title="Robert W. DeForest">Robert W. DeForest</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Electric895" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Electric" title="Template:General Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Electric" title="Template talk:General Electric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Electric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Electric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Electric895" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor companies*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace</a> (legal successor of GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Vernova" title="GE Vernova">GE Vernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/90px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/135px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/180px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries<br />and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guarantee_Corporation" title="Australian Guarantee Corporation">Australian Guarantee Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_General_Electric" title="Canadian General Electric">Canadian General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_di_Elettricit%C3%A0" title="Compagnia Generale di Elettricità">Compagnia Generale di Elettricità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Lighting_Solutions" title="Current Lighting Solutions">Current, powered by GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Bond_and_Share_Company" title="Electric Bond and Share Company">Electric Bond and Share Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Additive" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Additive">GE Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace_(1960s)" title="GE Aerospace (1960s)">GE Aerospace (1960s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_Americom" title="SES Americom">GE Americom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Appliances" title="GE Appliances">GE Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Automation_%26_Controls" title="GE Automation & Controls">GE Automation & Controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Betz" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Betz">GE Betz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital" title="GE Capital">GE Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Aviation_Services" title="GE Capital Aviation Services">GE Capital Aviation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_IT_Solutions" title="GE Capital IT Solutions">GE Capital IT Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Rail_Services" title="GE Capital Rail Services">GE Capital Rail Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Commercial_Finance" title="GE Commercial Finance">GE Commercial Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Digital" title="GE Digital">GE Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Equipment_Services" title="GE Equipment Services">GE Equipment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Home_%26_Business_Solutions" title="GE Home & Business Solutions">GE Home & Business Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Industrial">GE Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Infrastructure" title="GE Infrastructure">GE Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Jenbacher" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Jenbacher">GE Jenbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Lighting" title="GE Lighting">GE Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Measurement_%26_Control" title="GE Measurement & Control">GE Measurement & Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Oil_%26_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Oil & Gas">GE Oil & Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Renewable_Energy" title="GE Renewable Energy">GE Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Research">GE Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LM_Wind_Power" title="LM Wind Power">LM Wind Power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Security" title="GE Security">GE Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Transportation" title="GE Transportation">GE Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Engine" title="Waukesha Engine">GE Waukesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Wind" title="GE Wind">GE Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Partners" title="Canaan Partners">GE Venture Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Ventures" title="GE Ventures">GE Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GECIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GECIS">GECIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GXS_Inc." title="GXS Inc.">GEIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Lease" title="Genesis Lease">Genesis Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genpact" title="Genpact">Genpact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genworth_Financial" title="Genworth Financial">Genworth Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrony_Financial" title="Synchrony Financial">Synchrony Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nuclear_Corporation" title="United Nuclear Corporation">United Nuclear Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Construction_Company" title="Utah Construction Company">Utah Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatman_plc" title="Whatman plc">Whatman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_General_Electric" title="List of assets owned by General Electric">Joint ventures/<br /> shareholdings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Current**</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a> (30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFM_International" title="CFM International">CFM International</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Alliance" title="Engine Alliance">Engine Alliance</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Hitachi_Nuclear_Energy" title="GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy">GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Honda_Aero_Engines" title="GE Honda Aero Engines">GE Honda Aero Engines</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProlecGE" title="ProlecGE">ProlecGE</a> (49.99%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_GB" title="TBS GB">TBS GB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alco-GE" title="Alco-GE">Alco-GE</a> (1940–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> (1926–30, 1986–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> (2004–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penske_Truck_Leasing" title="Penske Truck Leasing">Penske Truck Leasing</a> (15.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products<br />and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace#Products" title="GE Aerospace">Aircraft engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">General Comprehensive Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_locomotives" title="List of GE locomotives">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_(light_bulb)" title="Mazda (light bulb)">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_reciprocating_engines" title="List of GE reciprocating engines">Reciprocating engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivection_oven" title="Trivection oven">Trivection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric_people" title="Category:General Electric people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coffin" title="Charles A. Coffin">Charles A. Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_J._Houston" title="Edwin J. Houston">Edwin J. Houston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. P. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Immelt" title="Jeff Immelt">Jeff Immelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Welch" title="Jack Welch">Jack Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wright" title="Bob Wright">Bob Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Outside directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cash_Jr." title="James Cash Jr.">James Cash Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Flannery" title="John L. Flannery">John L. Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_M._Fudge" title="Ann M. Fudge">Ann M. Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Lazarus" title="Rochelle Lazarus">Rochelle Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penske" title="Roger Penske">Roger Penske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Silva" title="Vera Silva">Vera Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">GE Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Building" title="General Electric Building">GE Building (570 Lexington Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nela_Park" title="Nela Park">Nela Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Realty_Plot" title="General Electric Realty Plot">Realty Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory" title="General Electric Research Laboratory">Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Works" title="River Works">River Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Specialty_Control_Plant" title="General Electric Specialty Control Plant">Specialty Control Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Switchgear_Plant" title="General Electric Switchgear Plant">Switchgear Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Welch_Technology_Centre" title="John F. Welch Technology Centre">Welch Technology Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Carousel_of_Progress" title="Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress">Carousel of Progress</a> (1964–65, 1967–73, 1975–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(Epcot)" title="Horizons (Epcot)">Horizons at Epcot</a> (1983–93)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GE_True" title="GE True">GE True</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_Electric_Concert" title="The General Electric Concert">The General Electric Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_EdgeLab" title="General Electric EdgeLab">General Electric EdgeLab</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Theater" title="General Electric Theater">General Electric Theater</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Imaging" title="General Imaging">General Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGEI" title="KGEI">KGEI</a></li> <li>Litigation <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_General_Electric" title="Timeline of General Electric">Timeline</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Bring_Good_Things_to_Life" title="We Bring Good Things to Life">We Bring Good Things to Life</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>* Following corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li> <li>** Joint ventures before corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:GE_Aerospace" title="Template:GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace template</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric" title="Category:General Electric">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_Electric" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General Electric">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="JPMorgan_Chase498" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:JPMorgan_Chase" title="Template:JPMorgan Chase"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:JPMorgan_Chase" title="Template talk:JPMorgan Chase"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JPMorgan_Chase" title="Special:EditPage/Template:JPMorgan Chase"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="JPMorgan_Chase498" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Rail" title="Beacon Rail">Beacon Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_in_the_United_Kingdom#Chase_UK" title="J.P. Morgan in the United Kingdom">Chase UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Paymentech" title="Chase Paymentech">Chase Paymentech</a></li> <li>Chase Card Services Canada</li> <li>EMC Mortgage Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbridge_Capital_Management" title="Highbridge Capital Management">Highbridge Capital Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JP_Morgan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan & Co">JP Morgan & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Equity_Partners" title="One Equity Partners">One Equity Partners</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J_P_Morgan_Chase_Logo_2008_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/J_P_Morgan_Chase_Logo_2008_1.svg/250px-J_P_Morgan_Chase_Logo_2008_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/J_P_Morgan_Chase_Logo_2008_1.svg/330px-J_P_Morgan_Chase_Logo_2008_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <br /> executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon">Jamie Dimon</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Callahan_Erdoes" title="Mary Callahan Erdoes">Mary Callahan Erdoes</a></li> <li>Daniel E. Pinto</li> <li>Gordon A. Smith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Lake" title="Marianne Lake">Marianne Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Ulrich" title="Jing Ulrich">Jing Ulrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Pierpont Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Spencer_Morgan" title="Junius Spencer Morgan">Junius Spencer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sturgis_Morgan" title="Henry Sturgis Morgan">Henry Sturgis Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Harrison_Jr." title="William B. Harrison Jr.">William B. Harrison Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._McCoy" title="John B. McCoy">John B. McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_V._Shipley" title="Walter V. Shipley">Walter V. Shipley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bowdoin" title="Temple Bowdoin">Temple Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes_Staley" title="Jes Staley">Jes Staley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_Masters" title="Blythe Masters">Blythe Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lee_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Lee Jr.">James B. Lee Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont">Thomas W. Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Weatherstone" title="Dennis Weatherstone">Dennis Weatherstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Aldrich">Winthrop Aldrich</a></li> <li>Matthew Zames</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Black_(businessman)" title="Steven Black (businessman)">Steven Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of <br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Linda Bammann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Burke_(businessman)" title="Steve Burke (businessman)">Steve Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Combs" title="Todd Combs">Todd Combs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Crown" title="James Crown">James Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon">Jamie Dimon</a></li> <li>Timothy Flynn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Jackson" title="Laban Jackson">Laban Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellody_Hobson" title="Mellody Hobson">Mellody Hobson</a></li> <li>Michael Neal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phebe_N._Novakovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phebe N. Novakovic">Phebe N. Novakovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Rometty" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Rometty">Virginia Rometty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Fletcher_National_Bank" title="American Fletcher National Bank">American Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Savings_and_Loan" title="American Savings and Loan">American Savings and Loan</a></li> <li>Anchor Savings Bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Commerciale_Italiana_Trust_Co." title="Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co.">Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_One_Corporation" title="Bank One Corporation">Bank One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_United_of_Texas" title="Bank United of Texas">Bank United of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Stearns" title="Bear Stearns">Bear Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenTrust_Bank" title="CenTrust Bank">CenTrust Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank#Merger_as_Chase_Manhattan_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Phenix_National_Bank_and_Trust_Company_of_New_York" title="Chatham Phenix National Bank and Trust Company of New York">Chatham Phenix National Bank and Trust Company of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Bank_and_Trust_Company" title="Continental Bank and Trust Company">Continental Bank & Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange_Bank" title="Corn Exchange Bank">Corn Exchange Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_Savings_Bank_of_New_York" title="Dime Savings Bank of New York">Dime Savings Bank of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank" title="First Chicago Bank">First Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_USA_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First USA Bank">First USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Bank_of_New_York" title="Fourth National Bank of New York">Fourth National Bank of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Bank_(1919%E2%80%931997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Western Bank (1919–1997)">Great Western Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hambrecht_%26_Quist" title="Hambrecht & Quist">Hambrecht & Quist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HF_Ahmanson_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="HF Ahmanson & Co.">HF Ahmanson & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INB_Financial_Corporation" title="INB Financial Corporation">Indiana National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardine_Fleming" title="Jardine Fleming">Jardine Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JP_Morgan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan & Co">JP Morgan & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Savings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Savings">Lincoln Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers Hanover">Manufacturers Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_and_Metals_National_Bank" title="Mechanics and Metals National Bank">Mechanics and Metals National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Trust_Company" title="Metropolitan Trust Company">Metropolitan Trust Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Detroit" title="National Bank of Detroit">National Bank of Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Commerce_in_New_York" title="National Bank of Commerce in New York">National Bank of Commerce in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Bank" title="National Park Bank">National Park Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Trust_Company" title="New York Trust Company">New York Trust Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ord_Minnett" title="Ord Minnett">Ord Minnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providian" title="Providian">Providian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fleming & Co">Robert Fleming & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Chicago" title="State Bank of Chicago">State Bank of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Commerce_Bank" title="Texas Commerce Bank">Texas Commerce Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manhattan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manhattan Company">The Manhattan Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Company_of_America" title="Trust Company of America">Trust Company of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_National_Bank_of_Arizona" title="Valley National Bank of Arizona">Valley National Bank of Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Mutual" title="Washington Mutual">Washington Mutual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/125_London_Wall" title="125 London Wall">125 London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue">245 Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Bank_Street" title="25 Bank Street">25 Bank Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="270 Park Avenue (2021–present)">270 Park Avenue (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue">277 Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue" title="383 Madison Avenue">383 Madison Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Center" title="Chase Center">Chase Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Amarillo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Amarillo)">Chase Tower (Amarillo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Chase Tower (Chicago)">Chase Tower (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Dallas)" title="Chase Tower (Dallas)">Chase Tower (Dallas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(El_Paso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (El Paso)">Chase Tower (El Paso)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chase_Tower_(Englewood,_Colorado)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado) (page does not exist)">Chase Tower (Englewood, Colorado)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Indianapolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Indianapolis)">Chase Tower (Indianapolis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Milwaukee)" title="Chase Tower (Milwaukee)">Chase Tower (Milwaukee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Oklahoma_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)">Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Phoenix)" title="Chase Tower (Phoenix)">Chase Tower (Phoenix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Tower (Rochester)">Chase Tower (Rochester)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chater_House" title="Chater House">Chater House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Square">Indiana Michigan Power Center (Fort Wayne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)">JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_(Houston)" title="JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)">JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCoy_Center" title="McCoy Center">McCoy Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Liberty_Street" title="28 Liberty Street">One Chase Manhattan Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Qube_(Detroit)" title="The Qube (Detroit)">The Qube (Detroit)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:JPMorgan_Chase" title="Category:JPMorgan Chase">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:JPMorgan_Chase" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:JPMorgan Chase">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" class="extiw" title="v:JPMorgan Chase">Wikiversity</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/42px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg/21px-Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg/32px-Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg/42px-Underground_sign_at_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:London_transport" title="Portal:London transport">London transport</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/40px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/60px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57410770">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/154731/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdPJhGMGgrtJqFvb3RKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118784889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85073820">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969305t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969305t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621163">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49283422">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0042557&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Morgan, J. Pierpont"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20241222282&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1450400">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/446488">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068939027">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98006523">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000158095&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqvrct3xqqm5s">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572218805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/46322">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265528705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516171606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14346540">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0577307X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500322851">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/353863">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1492732">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118784889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118784889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027708330">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6348pxj">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/53865">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&oldid=1283492711">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Morgan&oldid=1283492711</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1837_births" title="Category:1837 births">1837 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1913_deaths" title="Category:1913 deaths">1913 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:19th-century American 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