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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_wars_by_death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_wars_by_death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Largest wars by death toll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_wars_by_death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_military_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_military_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>On military personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_military_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>On civilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theories of motivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_motivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories of motivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychoanalytic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalytic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Psychoanalytic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalytic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Evolutionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Marxist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Demographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malthusian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malthusian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Malthusian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malthusian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_bulge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_bulge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Youth bulge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_bulge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Rationalist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Political science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>System-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Societal-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.3</span> <span>Individual-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limiting_and_stopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limiting_and_stopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Limiting and stopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limiting_and_stopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 183 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog" title="Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg" title="Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="युद्ध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="युद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="حرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܩܪܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܪܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimu" title="Polimu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Polimu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra" title="Guèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Guèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5" title="Ñorairõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Рагъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рагъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCharib%C9%99" title="Müharibə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="ساواش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساواش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang" title="Perang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="जुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="དམག་འཁྲུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དམག་འཁྲུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel" title="Brezel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Вăрçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat" title="Gubat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gubat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka" title="Válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera" title="Gera – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Gera" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhondo" title="Nkhondo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nkhondo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo" title="Hondo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hondo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel" title="Rhyfel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94bu" title="Tɔbu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tɔbu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig" title="Krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieg" title="Grieg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grieg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg" title="Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5da" title="Sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Торпинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Торпинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito" title="Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra" title="Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudh" title="Yudh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yudh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre" title="Guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarloch" title="Oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere" title="Vuere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh" title="Cogadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh" title="Cogadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ТӀом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ТӀом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E4%BB%97" title="打仗 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="打仗" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="યુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99i" title="Yaƙi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito" title="Milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat" title="Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang" title="Perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre" title="Guerre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guerre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%AD%E1%95%8B%E1%96%85%E1%91%91%E1%91%8E%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᐊᑭᕋᖅᑑᑎᔪᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑭᕋᖅᑑᑎᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imfazwe" title="Imfazwe – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imfazwe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impi" title="Impi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Stríð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מלחמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang" title="Perang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/You" title="You – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="You" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="جَنٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel" title="Bresel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Тыш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тыш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8" title="Lagè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lagè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8r" title="Lagèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer" title="Şer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera" title="Viera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Viera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ສົງຄາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum" title="Bellum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A1" title="Karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krich" title="Krich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Krich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas" title="Karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg" title="Krieg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krieg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etumba" title="Etumba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etumba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssematalo" title="Ssematalo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ssematalo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="حرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87" title="الجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan" title="Peperangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peperangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang" title="Parang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ng-c%C4%95ng" title="Ciéng-cĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciéng-cĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Торпингесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Торпингесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="စစ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog" title="Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraig" title="Kraig – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kraig" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="हताः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हताः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ТӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriich" title="Kriich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kriich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig" title="Krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig" title="Krig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8rre" title="Dgèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dgèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra" title="Guèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urush" title="Urush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="جگړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جگړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waar" title="Waar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Waar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8re" title="Dgère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dgère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra" title="Guèra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg" title="Krieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Krieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna" title="Wojna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreech" title="Kreech – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kreech" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi" title="Război – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awqanakuy" title="Awqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сэрии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэрии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ngangayaw" title="ngangayaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ngangayaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="युद्धम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="युद्धम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" title="War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta" title="Lufta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0" title="යුද්ධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුද්ධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" title="War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna" title="Vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna" title="Vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95" title="شەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitotama" title="Bitotama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bitotama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sota" title="Sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig" title="Krig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan" title="Digmaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imn%C9%A3i" title="Imnɣi – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imnɣi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADrad" title="Ṭṭrad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭrad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Сугыш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сугыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="สงคราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงคราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ҷанг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9F" title="Savaş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savaş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwang" title="Zwang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancwngh" title="Cancwngh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cancwngh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera" title="Guera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda" title="Soda – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Soda" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh" title="Chiến tranh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5da" title="Sõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere" title="Guere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A1" title="Gerá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gerá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E4%BB%97" title="打仗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="打仗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyimpi" title="Nyimpi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nyimpi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מלחמה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E4%BB%97" title="打仗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="打仗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaina" title="Vaina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang" title="Porang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Porang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intense armed conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Warring" and "Warfare" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="War (disambiguation)">War (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warring (disambiguation)">Warring (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warfare_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warfare (disambiguation)">Warfare (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conflict zone" redirects here. 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style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of the Stele of the Vultures depicting heavy infantry marching in formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg/250px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg/330px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of the Bayeux Tapestry depicting Norman heavy cavalry charging Saxon shield wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg/126px-Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg/189px-Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg/252px-Bayeuxtapestryscene52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nuclear mushroom cloud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/120px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/250px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Napoleon and his troops in winter retreating from Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/250px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/500px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers wading ashore from landing craft on D-Day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/133px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/200px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/266px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British rhomboid tank and soldiers preparing to advance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg/250px-British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg/330px-British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top-left:<br />Ancient warfare: <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of the Vultures</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BCE<br />Medieval warfare: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, 1066<br />Early modern warfare: <a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat from Moscow">Retreat from Moscow</a>, 1812<br />Industrial age warfare: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, 1916<br />Modern warfare: <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>, 1944<br />Nuclear warfare: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Nagasaki">Atomic bombing of Nagasaki</a>, 1945</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>War</b> is an <b>armed conflict</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the armed forces of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, or between <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governmental</a> forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operations</a>, or between such organized groups.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally characterized by widespread <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, destruction, and mortality, using <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular</a> <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military forces</a>. <i><b>Warfare</b></i> refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a> is warfare that is not restricted to purely <a href="/wiki/Legitimate_military_target" title="Legitimate military target">legitimate military targets</a>, and can result in massive <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">civilian</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatant</a> suffering and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The English word <i>war</i> derives from the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> words <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wyrre</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">werre</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">werre</i></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">guerre</i></span> as in modern French), in turn from the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <span title="Old Frankish-language text">*<i lang="frk">werra</i></span>, ultimately deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">werzō</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mixture, confusion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The word is related to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">werran</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">werran</i></span>, and the modern German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">verwirren</i></span>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to confuse, to perplex, to bring into confusion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></div><p>Anthropologists disagree about whether warfare was common throughout human prehistory, or whether it was a more recent development, following the invention of agriculture or organised states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to determine whether warfare occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> due to the sparseness of known remains. Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of violent conflict appears to increase during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period, from around 10,000 years ago onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Case_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Case Kelly">Raymond Case Kelly</a>, a cultural anthropologist and ethnologist from the US, claimed that before 400,000 years ago, groups of people clashed like groups of chimpanzees, however, later they preferred "positive and peaceful social relations between neighboring groups, such as joint hunting, trading, and courtship."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book "Warless Societies and the Origin of War" he explores the origins of modern wars and states that high surplus product encourages conflict, so "raiding often begins in the richest environments".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/War_Before_Civilization" title="War Before Civilization">War Before Civilization</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Keeley" title="Lawrence H. Keeley">Lawrence H. Keeley</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois</a>, says approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many fought constantly.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raids</a>, large raids, and <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. Scarcity of resources meant <a href="/wiki/Defensive_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive works">defensive works</a> were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Keeley_page_55_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeley_page_55-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Rubinstein" title="William Rubinstein">William Rubinstein</a> wrote "Pre-literate societies, even those organized in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty.'"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military activity has continued over much of the globe. In Europe the oldest known battlefield is thought to date to 1250 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> has been described as a key period in the intensification of warfare, with the emergence of dedicated warriors and the development of metal weapons like swords.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other commonly named periods of increase are the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> and Modern Times.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, and its eventual use in warfare, together with the acceleration of technological advances have fomented major changes to war itself. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg/330px-War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg/500px-War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg/960px-War_deaths_caused_by_warfare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies, and Europe and the U.S. in the 20th century. (Lawrence H. Keeley, archeologist)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Coercion,_Capital,_and_European_States,_AD_990%E2%80%931992" title="Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a>, professor of history, sociology, and social science at the University of Michigan and the Columbia University, described as "the founding father of 21st-century sociology"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that ‘War made the state, and the state made war,’ saying that wars have led to creation of states which in their turn perpetuate war.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilly's theory of state formation is considered dominant in the state formation literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrams_in_formation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Abrams_in_formation.jpg/250px-Abrams_in_formation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Abrams_in_formation.jpg/330px-Abrams_in_formation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Abrams_in_formation.jpg/500px-Abrams_in_formation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>American tanks moving in formation during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1945, great power wars, interstate wars,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">territorial conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">war declarations</a> have <a href="/wiki/Long_Peace" title="Long Peace">declined in frequency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wars have been increasingly regulated by <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battle deaths and casualties have declined, in part due to advances in military medicine<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and despite advances in weapons. In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150 conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place, but no battle has taken place since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-War_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, war in some aspects has not necessarily declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil wars</a> have increased in absolute terms since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinctive feature of war since 1945 is that combat has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of civil wars declined since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_warfare">Types of warfare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Types_of_war" title="Outline of war">Types of war</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a> is the methods used in conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a> of drastically different levels of military capability or size.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a>, or germ warfare, is the use of biological infectious agents or toxins such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi against people, plants, or animals. This can be conducted through sophisticated technologies, like <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with rudimentary techniques like catapulting an infected corpse behind enemy lines,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can include weaponized or non-weaponized pathogens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a> involves the use of weaponized chemicals in combat. Poison gas as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapon</a> was principally used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and resulted in over a million estimated casualties, including more than 100,000 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold warfare">Cold warfare</a> is an intense international rivalry without direct military conflict, but with a sustained threat of it, including high levels of military preparations, expenditures, and development, and may involve active conflicts by indirect means, such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">political warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional warfare</a> is a form of warfare between states in which <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">radiological weapons</a> are not used or see limited deployment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a> involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nation's information systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a> is a rebellion against authority, where irregular forces take up arms to change an existing political order. An insurgency can be fought via <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>, and may also be opposed by measures to protect the population, and by political and economic actions of various kinds aimed at undermining the insurgents' claims against the incumbent regime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a> is the application of destructive force on a large scale against information assets and systems, against the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> that support the four critical infrastructures (the power grid, communications, financial, and transportation).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> is warfare in which <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> are the primary, or a major, method of achieving capitulation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological warfare</a> is any form of warfare involving deliberate <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radiation poisoning or contamination</a> of an area with radiological sources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a> is warfare by any means possible, disregarding the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, placing no limits on <a href="/wiki/Legitimate_military_target" title="Legitimate military target">legitimate military targets</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> resulting in significant <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a>, or demanding a <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> requiring significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional warfare</a> can be defined as "military and quasi-military operations other than <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-nagao_definition_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagao_definition-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may use <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert</a> forces or actions such as <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">diversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biowarfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Biowarfare">biowarfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aims">Aims</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Firefight_in_the_Waterpur_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldiers engaged in a firefight with <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgents</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Entities contemplating going to war and entities considering whether to end a war may formulate <i>war aims</i> as an evaluation/propaganda tool. War aims may stand as a proxy for national-military resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <p>Fried defines war aims as "the desired territorial, economic, military or other benefits expected following successful conclusion of a war".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <p>Tangible/intangible aims: </p> <ul><li>Tangible war aims may involve (for example) the acquisition of territory (as in the German goal of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> in the first half of the 20th century) or the recognition of economic concessions (as in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a>).</li> <li>Intangible war aims – like the accumulation of credibility or reputation<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – may have more tangible expression ("conquest restores prestige, annexation increases power").<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Explicit/implicit aims: </p> <ul><li>Explicit war aims may involve published policy decisions.</li> <li>Implicit war aims<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can take the form of minutes of discussion, memoranda and instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Positive/negative aims: </p> <ul><li>"Positive war aims" cover tangible outcomes.</li> <li>"Negative war aims" forestall or prevent undesired outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>War aims can change in the course of conflict and may eventually morph into "peace conditions"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the minimal conditions under which a state may cease to wage a particular war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png/330px-Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png/500px-Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png/960px-Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Global deaths in conflicts since the year 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_war" title="Effects of war">Effects of war</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/300px-War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/450px-War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/600px-War_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for war per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> less than 100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 100–200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 200–600</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 600–1000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1000–1400</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1400–1800</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1800–2200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2200–2600</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2600–3000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 3000–8000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 8000–8800</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> more than 8800</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates for total deaths due to war vary widely. In one estimate, primitive warfare from 50,000 to 3000 BCE has been thought to have claimed 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>million±133,000 victims based on the assumption that it accounted for the 15.1% of all deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Ian Morris</a> estimated that the rate could be as high as 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars find the prehistoric percentage much lower, around 2%, similar to the Neanderthals and ancestors of apes and primates.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 151<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to several<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest estimate for history of 151 million was calculated by William Eckhardt. He explained his method as summing the recorded casualties and multiplying their average by the number of recorded battles or wars. This method excludes indirect deaths for premodern wars and all deaths for unrecorded wars. Few premodern wars were recorded beyond Eurasia and only 18 wars were recorded for period 3000 - 1500 BC worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later researches shifted from Eckhardt's approach to general estimations of the percentage of population killed by wars. <a href="/wiki/Azar_Gat" title="Azar Gat">Azar Gat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Ian Morris</a> both give the lowest estimate of 1% for history including all the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest estimates of both scholars exceed the famous "hoax" of 3,640,000,000 people killed in wars which circulated decades in scholarly literature in various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gat gives 5%,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris gives for the 20th century 2%, for 1400-1900 3% in Europe and "slightly higher" elsewhere, 5% for the ancient empires in 500 BC - AD 200, 10% for the rest of history and 20% for prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His total for history is thus about 9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_wars_by_death_toll">Largest wars by death toll</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Outline of war § Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></div> <p>The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1939 to 1945, with 70–85 million deaths, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at up to 60 million. As concerns a belligerent's losses in proportion to its prewar population, the most destructive war in <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a> may have been the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War_casualties" title="Paraguayan War casualties">Paraguayan War casualties</a>). In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths, down from 72,000 deaths in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-GDB2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War usually results in significant deterioration of infrastructure and the ecosystem, a decrease in social spending, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, large-scale emigration from the war zone, and often the mistreatment of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> or civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, of the nine million people who were on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> in 1941, some 1.6 million were killed by the Germans in actions away from battlefields, including about 700,000 prisoners of war, 500,000 Jews, and 320,000 people counted as partisans (the vast majority of whom were unarmed civilians).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another byproduct of some wars is the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> by some or all parties in the conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increased revenues by <a href="/wiki/Weapons_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons manufacturers">weapons manufacturers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (which is sometimes considered part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, or as overlapping). Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of World War II, being over 60 million, surpasses all other war-death-tolls.<sup id="cite_ref-users.erols_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-users.erols-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Deaths<br />(millions) </th> <th>Date </th> <th>War </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">70–85</div></td> <td>1939–1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (see <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">60</div></td> <td>13th century</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Conquests</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatar_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar invasions">Tatar invasions</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">40</div></td> <td>1850–1864</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">36</div></td> <td>755–763</td> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (death toll uncertain)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">25</div></td> <td>1616–1662</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-users.erols_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-users.erols-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">15–22</div></td> <td>1914–1918</td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (see <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">20</div></td> <td>1937–1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">20</div></td> <td>1370–1405</td> <td>Conquests of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">20.77</div></td> <td>1862–1877</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lu_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">5–9</div></td> <td>1917–1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Foreign Intervention</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_military_personnel">On military personnel</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Military personnel</a> subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>, disease, injury, and death. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In every war in which American soldiers have fought in, the chances of becoming a psychiatric casualty – of being debilitated for some period of time as a consequence of the stresses of military life – were greater than the chances of being killed by enemy fire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>No More Heroes</i>, Richard Gabriel<sup id="cite_ref-War_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Swank and Marchand's World War II study found that after sixty days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving military personnel will become psychiatric casualties. Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and compulsive states, and character disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One-tenth of mobilised American men were hospitalised for mental disturbances between 1942 and 1945, and after thirty-five days of uninterrupted combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>14–18: Understanding the Great War</i>, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker<sup id="cite_ref-War_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Additionally, it has been estimated anywhere from 18% to 54% of Vietnam war veterans suffered from <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, including about 6% in the North and approximately 18% in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 military personnel. <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">United States military casualties of war</a> since 1775 have totaled over two million. Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg/250px-DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg/330px-DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg/500px-DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The remains of dead <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Indians">Crow Indians</a> killed and scalped by Sioux <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1874</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>'s retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> than were killed by the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the <a href="/wiki/Neman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neman River">Neman</a> on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 1500 to 1914 by typhus than from military action.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_Magazine_1940_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_Magazine_1940-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if it were not for modern medical advances there would be thousands more dead from disease and infection. For instance, during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> reported it conscripted 184,899 sailors, of whom 133,708 (72%) died of disease or were 'missing'.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994, 378,000 people per year died due to war.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_civilians">On civilians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">Civilian casualties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/330px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/500px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg/960px-Hanging_from_The_Miseries_and_Misfortunes_of_War_by_Jacques_Callot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5446" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Grandes_Mis%C3%A8res_de_la_guerre" title="Les Grandes Misères de la guerre">Les Grandes Misères de la guerre</a></i> depict the destruction unleashed on civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, disease, and death in the <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in Europe, the population of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was reduced by 15 to 40 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war. War also results in lower quality of life and worse health outcomes. A medium-sized conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths reduces civilian life expectancy by one year and increases <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> by 10% and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> by 3.3%. Additionally, about 1.8% of the population loses access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most estimates of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a> indicate around 60 million people died, 40 million of whom were civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were around <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">27<span class="nowrap"> </span>million</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a high proportion of those killed were young men who had not yet fathered any children, population growth in the postwar Soviet Union was much lower than it otherwise would have been.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_Keynesianism" title="Military Keynesianism">Military Keynesianism</a></div> <p>Once a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, war becomes intertwined with the economy and many wars are partially or entirely based on economic reasons. The common view among economic historians is that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> ended with the advent of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery, though it did help in reducing unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, such as the wars of Louis XIV, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, warfare primarily results in damage to the economy of the countries involved. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprian_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cyprian_War.jpg/250px-Cyprian_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cyprian_War.jpg/330px-Cyprian_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cyprian_War.jpg/500px-Cyprian_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>'s Napoleon Square in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was the most financially costly conflict in history; its belligerents cumulatively spent about a trillion U.S. dollars on the <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> (as adjusted to 1940 prices).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s ended as nations increased their production of war materials.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war, 70% of European industrial infrastructure was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Axis invasion</a> was estimated at a value of 679 billion rubles. The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 40,000 mi (64,374 km) of railroad, 4100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_motivation">Theories of motivation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></div> <p>There are many theories about the motivations for war, but no consensus about which are most common.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a> said, "Every age has its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own peculiar preconceptions."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalytic">Psychoanalytic</h3></div> <p>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> <a href="/wiki/Joost_Meerloo" title="Joost Meerloo">Joost Meerloo</a> held that, "War is often...a mass discharge of accumulated internal rage (where)...the inner fears of mankind are discharged in mass destruction."<sup id="cite_ref-meerloo_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meerloo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other psychoanalysts such as E.F.M. Durban and <a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a> have argued human beings are <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inherently</a> violent.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aggressiveness is fueled by <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">displacement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projection</a> where a person transfers his or her grievances into bias and hatred against other <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">races</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>. By this theory, the nation state preserves order in the local society while creating an outlet for aggression through warfare. </p><p>The Italian psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Franco_Fornari" title="Franco Fornari">Franco Fornari</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a>, thought war was the paranoid or projective "elaboration" of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fornari thought war and violence develop out of our "love need": our wish to preserve and defend the sacred object to which we are attached, namely our early mother and our fusion with her. For the adult, nations are the sacred objects that generate warfare. Fornari focused upon sacrifice as the essence of war: the astonishing willingness of human beings to die for their country, to give over their bodies to their nation. </p><p>Despite Fornari's theory that man's altruistic desire for self-sacrifice for a noble cause is a contributing factor towards war, few wars have originated from a desire for war among the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far more often the general population has been reluctantly drawn into war by its rulers. One psychological theory that looks at the leaders is advanced by Maurice Walsh.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues the general populace is more neutral towards war and wars occur when leaders with a psychologically abnormal disregard for human life are placed into power. War is caused by leaders who seek war such as <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>. Such leaders most often come to power in times of crisis when the populace opts for a decisive leader, who then leads the nation to war. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. ... the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, 18 April 1946<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary">Evolutionary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></div> <p>Several theories concern the evolutionary origins of warfare. There are two main schools: One sees organized warfare as emerging in or after the Mesolithic as a result of complex social organization and greater population density and <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> over resources; the other sees human warfare as a more ancient practice derived from common animal tendencies, such as territoriality and sexual competition.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter school argues that since warlike behavior patterns are found in many primate species such as <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ApesWar_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApesWar-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in many <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> species,<sup id="cite_ref-AntsLandmines_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AntsLandmines-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> group conflict may be a general feature of animal social behavior. Some proponents of the idea argue that war, while innate, has been intensified greatly by developments of technology and social organization such as weaponry and states.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologist and linguist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> argued that war-related behaviors may have been naturally selected in the ancestral environment due to the benefits of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also argued that in order to have credible <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a> against other groups (as well as on an individual level), it was important to have a reputation for retaliation, causing humans to develop instincts for <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a> as well as for protecting a group's (or an individual's) reputation ("<a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honor</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_(panorama).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG/330px-Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG/500px-Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG/960px-Reproduction_of_Bonampak_murals_%28panorama%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8763" data-file-height="4240" /></a><figcaption>Increasing population and constant warfare among the <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Maya</a> city-states over resources may have contributed to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">collapse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> by 900 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crofoot and Wrangham have argued that warfare, if defined as group interactions in which "coalitions attempt to aggressively dominate or kill members of other groups", is a characteristic of most human societies. Those in which it has been lacking "tend to be societies that were politically dominated by their neighbors".<sup id="cite_ref-HumanPrimateAggression_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HumanPrimateAggression-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a> strongly denied universalistic instinctual arguments, arguing that social factors and childhood socialization are important in determining the nature and presence of warfare. Thus, he argues, warfare is not a universal human occurrence and appears to have been a historical invention, associated with certain types of human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montagu's argument is supported by ethnographic research conducted in societies where the concept of aggression seems to be entirely absent, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Chewong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chewong">Chewong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a> of the Malay peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bobbi S. Low has observed correlation between warfare and education, noting societies where warfare is commonplace encourage their children to be more aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_2">Economic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A,_T-55,_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg/250px-Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg/330px-Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg/500px-Disabled_Iraqi_T-54A%2C_T-55%2C_Type_59_or_Type_69_tank_and_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a> on fire during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, 1 March 1991</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></div> <p>War can be seen as a growth of economic competition in a competitive international system. In this view wars begin as a pursuit of markets for <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and for wealth. War has also been linked to <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> by economic historians and development economists studying <a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">state-building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_capacity" title="Fiscal capacity">fiscal capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this theory has been applied to many conflicts, such counter arguments become less valid as the increasing mobility of capital and information level the distributions of wealth worldwide, or when considering that it is relative, not absolute, wealth differences that may fuel wars. There are those on the extreme <a href="/wiki/Right_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right (politics)">right</a> of the political spectrum who provide support, fascists in particular, by asserting a natural right of a strong nation to whatever the weak cannot hold by force.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some centrist, capitalist, world leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a> and U.S. <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">Generals</a>, expressed support for an economic view of war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist">Marxist</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_explanations_of_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist explanations of warfare">Marxist explanations of warfare</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theory of war is quasi-economic in that it states all modern wars are caused by competition for resources and markets between great (<a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a>) powers, claiming these wars are a natural result of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. Marxist economists <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> theorized that <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> was the result of capitalist countries needing new <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>. Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> is only possible if there is a corresponding growth in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer demand">consumer demand</a>. Since the workers in a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist economy">capitalist economy</a> would be unable to fill the demand, producers must expand into non-capitalist markets to find consumers for their goods, hence driving imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic">Demographic</h3></div> <p>Demographic theories can be grouped into two classes, Malthusian and youth bulge theories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malthusian">Malthusian</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian theories</a> see expanding population and scarce resources as a source of violent conflict. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> in 1095, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, advocating Crusade as a solution to European overpopulation, said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage wars, and that many among you perish in civil strife. Let hatred, therefore, depart from among you; let your quarrels end. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from a wicked race, and subject it to yourselves.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is one of the earliest expressions of what has come to be called the Malthusian theory of war, in which wars are caused by expanding populations and limited resources. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> (1766–1834) wrote that populations always increase until they are limited by war, disease, or <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violent <a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudan</a> and other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region have been exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> and population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Youth_bulge">Youth bulge</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_world_map,_median_age_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/330px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/500px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/620px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Median age</a> by country. War reduces life expectancy. A youth bulge is evident for <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africa</a>, and to a lesser extent in some countries in West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central America.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Heinsohn" title="Gunnar Heinsohn">Heinsohn</a>, who proposed <a href="/wiki/Youth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth bulge">youth bulge</a> theory in its most generalized form, a youth bulge occurs when 30 to 40 percent of the males of a nation belong to the "fighting age" cohorts from 15 to 29 years of age. It will follow periods with <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rates</a> as high as 4–8 children per woman with a 15–29-year delay.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinsohn saw both past "Christianist" European colonialism and imperialism, as well as today's Islamist civil unrest and terrorism as results of high birth rates producing youth bulges.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among prominent historical events that have been attributed to youth bulges are the role played by the historically large youth cohorts in the rebellion and revolution waves of early modern Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the effect of economic depression upon the largest German youth cohorts ever in explaining the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in Germany in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> has also been analyzed as following a massive youth bulge.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youth bulge theory has been subjected to statistical analysis by the World Bank,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Institute_for_Population_and_Development" title="Berlin Institute for Population and Development">Berlin Institute for Population and Development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youth bulge theories have been criticized as leading to racial, gender and age discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a> argues that what distinguishes the "Western way of war" based in Western Europe chiefly allows historians to explain its extraordinary success in conquering most of the world after 1500:</p><blockquote><p> The Western way of war rests upon five principal foundations: technology, discipline, a highly aggressive military tradition, a remarkable capacity to innovate and to respond rapidly to the innovation of others and – from about 1500 onward – a unique system of war finance. The combination of all five provided a formula for military success....The outcome of wars has been determined less by technology, then by better war plans, the achievement of surprise, greater economic strength, and above all superior discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Parker argues that Western armies were stronger because they emphasized discipline, that is, "the ability of a formation to stand fast in the face of the enemy, where they're attacking or being attacked, without giving way to the natural impulse of fear and panic." Discipline came from drills and marching in formation, target practice, and creating small "artificial kinship groups: such as the company and the platoon, to enhance psychological cohesion and combat efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalist">Rationalist</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a> is an <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a> or framework. Rationalism (and <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism (international relations)</a>) operate under the assumption that states or international actors are rational, seek the best possible outcomes for themselves, and desire to avoid the costs of war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under one <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> approach, rationalist theories posit all actors can <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_model_of_war" title="Bargaining model of war">bargain</a>, would be better off if war did not occur, and likewise seek to understand why war nonetheless reoccurs. Under another rationalist game theory without bargaining, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_war_game" title="Peace war game">peace war game</a>, optimal strategies can still be found that depend upon number of iterations played. In "Rationalist Explanations for War", <a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a> examined three rationalist explanations for why some countries engage in war: </p> <ul><li>Issue indivisibilities</li> <li>Incentives to misrepresent or <a href="/wiki/Information_asymmetry" title="Information asymmetry">information asymmetry</a></li> <li>Commitment problems<sup id="cite_ref-:0_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>"Issue indivisibility" occurs when the two parties cannot avoid war by bargaining, because the thing over which they are fighting cannot be shared between them, but only owned entirely by one side or the other. "<a href="/wiki/Information_asymmetry" title="Information asymmetry">Information asymmetry</a> with incentives to misrepresent" occurs when two countries have secrets about their individual capabilities, and do not agree on either: who would win a war between them, or the magnitude of state's victory or loss. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> argues that war is a result of miscalculation of strength. He cites historical examples of war and demonstrates, "war is usually the outcome of a diplomatic crisis which cannot be solved because both sides have conflicting estimates of their bargaining power."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirdly, bargaining may fail due to the states' inability to make credible commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the rationalist tradition, some theorists have suggested that individuals engaged in war suffer a normal level of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are still "as rational as you and me".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a>, "Most instigators of conflict overrate their chances of success, while most participants underrate their chances of injury...."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King asserts that "Most catastrophic military decisions are rooted in <a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a>" which is faulty, but still rational.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationalist theory focused around bargaining, which is currently under debate. The Iraq War proved to be an anomaly that undercuts the validity of applying rationalist theory to some wars.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_science">Political science</h3></div> <p>The statistical analysis of war was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson">Lewis Fry Richardson</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. More recent databases of wars and armed conflict have been assembled by the <a href="/wiki/Correlates_of_War" title="Correlates of War">Correlates of War</a> Project, Peter Brecke and the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCDP_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDP-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following subsections consider causes of war from system, societal, and individual levels of analysis. This kind of division was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_State,_and_War" title="Man, the State, and War">Man, the State, and War</a></i> and has been often used by political scientists since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="System-level">System-level</h4></div> <p>There are several different <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a> schools. Supporters of <a href="/wiki/Realism_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism in international relations">realism in international relations</a> argue that the motivation of states is the quest for security, and conflicts can arise from the inability to distinguish defense from offense, which is called the <a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">security dilemma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p><p>Within the realist school as represented by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">neorealist</a> school represented by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a>, two main sub-theories are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> theory: States have the goal of preventing a single state from becoming a hegemon, and war is the result of the would-be hegemon's persistent attempts at power acquisition. In this view, an international system with more equal distribution of power is more stable, and "movements toward unipolarity are destabilizing."<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> However, evidence has shown power <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">polarity</a> is not actually a major factor in the occurrence of wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147–48">: 147–48 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a>: Hegemons impose stabilizing conditions on the world order, but they eventually decline, and war occurs when a declining hegemon is challenged by another rising power or aims to pre-emptively suppress them.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> On this view, unlike for balance-of-power theory, wars become <i>more</i> probable when power is more equally distributed. This "power preponderance" hypothesis has empirical support.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup></li></ol> <p>The two theories are not mutually exclusive and may be used to explain disparate events according to the circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a> as it relates to international relations emphasizes factors such as trade, and its role in disincentivizing conflict which will damage economic relations. Critics respond that military force may sometimes be at least as effective as trade at achieving economic benefits, especially historically if not as much today.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> Furthermore, trade relations which result in a high level of dependency may escalate tensions and lead to conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup> Empirical data on the relationship of trade to peace are mixed, and moreover, some evidence suggests countries at war do not necessarily trade less with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Societal-level">Societal-level</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversionary_foreign_policy" title="Diversionary foreign policy">Diversionary theory</a>, also known as the "scapegoat hypothesis", suggests the politically powerful may use war to as a diversion or to rally domestic popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup> This is supported by literature showing out-group hostility <a href="/wiki/Realistic_conflict_theory" title="Realistic conflict theory">enhances</a> in-group <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">bonding</a>, and a significant domestic "rally effect" has been demonstrated when conflicts begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152–13">: 152–13 </span></sup> However, studies examining the increased use of force as a function of need for internal political support are more mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152–53">: 152–53 </span></sup> U.S. war-time presidential popularity surveys taken during the presidencies of several recent U.S. leaders have supported diversionary theory.<sup id="cite_ref-MilitaryAdventurism_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilitaryAdventurism-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individual-level">Individual-level</h4></div> <p>These theories suggest differences in people's personalities, decision-making, emotions, belief systems, and biases are important in determining whether conflicts get out of hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> For instance, it has been proposed that conflict is modulated by <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">bounded rationality</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive biases">cognitive biases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1998_168-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Prospect_theory" title="Prospect theory">prospect theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1997_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1997-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/250px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/330px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/500px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_War" title="The Apotheosis of War">The Apotheosis of War</a></i> (1871) by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> of war has been the subject of debate for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-DeForrest_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeForrest-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two principal aspects of ethics in war, according to the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a>, are <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_in_bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in bello">jus in bello</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Jus ad bellum</i> (right to war), dictates which unfriendly acts and circumstances justify a proper authority in declaring war on another nation. There are six main criteria for the declaration of a just war: first, any just war must be declared by a lawful authority; second, it must be a just and righteous cause, with sufficient gravity to merit large-scale violence; third, the just belligerent must have rightful intentions – namely, that they seek to advance good and curtail evil; fourth, a just belligerent must have a reasonable chance of success; fifth, the war must be a last resort; and sixth, the ends being sought must be proportional to means being used.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_324_In_besieged_Leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>In besieged <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. "Hitler ordered that Moscow and Leningrad were to be razed to the ground; their inhabitants were to be annihilated or driven out by starvation. These intentions were part of the '<a href="/wiki/General_Plan_East" class="mw-redirect" title="General Plan East">General Plan East</a>'." – <i>The Oxford Companion to World War II.</i><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_in_bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in bello">Jus in bello</a></i> (right in war), is the set of ethical rules when conducting war. The two main principles are proportionality and discrimination. Proportionality regards how much force is necessary and morally appropriate to the ends being sought and the injustice suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of discrimination determines who are the legitimate targets in a war, and specifically makes a separation between combatants, who it is permissible to kill, and non-combatants, who it is not.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to follow these rules can result in the loss of legitimacy for the just-war-belligerent.<sup id="cite_ref-Codevilla,_Seabury_1989_304_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codevilla,_Seabury_1989_304-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The just war theory was foundational in the creation of the United Nations and in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>'s regulations on legitimate war.<sup id="cite_ref-DeForrest_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeForrest-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis Coser, an American conflict theorist and sociologist, argued that conflict provides a function and a process whereby a succession of new equilibriums are created. Thus, the struggle of opposing forces, rather than being disruptive, may be a means of balancing and maintaining a social structure or society.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limiting_and_stopping">Limiting and stopping</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/250px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/330px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/500px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war rally in Washington, D.C., 15 March 2003</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></div><p>Religious groups have long formally opposed or sought to limit war as in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> document <i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudiem et Spes</a></i>: "Any act of war aimed indiscriminately at the destruction of entire cities of extensive areas along with their population is a crime against God and man himself. It merits unequivocal and unhesitating condemnation."<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-war movements have existed for every major war in the 20th century, including, most prominently, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In the 21st century, worldwide anti-war movements occurred in response to the United States <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">invasion of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a>. Protests <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">opposing the War in Afghanistan</a> occurred in Europe, Asia, and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pauses">Pauses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></div> <p>During a war, the parties may agree to pauses. A ceasefire is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ceasefire can be temporary with an intended end date or may be intended to last indefinitely. A ceasefire is distinct from an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> in that the armistice is a formal end to a war whereas a ceasefire may be a temporary stoppage.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_model_of_war" title="Bargaining model of war">bargaining problems</a> that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone (international relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">Outline of war</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "armed conflict" is used instead of, or in addition to, the term "war" with the former being more general in scope. The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> differentiates between international and non-international armed conflict in their definition, "International armed conflicts exist whenever there is resort to armed force between two or more States.... Non-international armed conflicts are protracted armed confrontations occurring between governmental armed forces and the forces of one or more armed groups, or between such groups arising on the territory of a State [party to the Geneva Conventions]. The armed confrontation must reach a minimum level of intensity and the parties involved in the conflict must show a minimum of organisation."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The argument is made from pages 314 to 332 of <a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relevant quotes include on p332 "The first step in understanding violence is to set aside our abhorrence of it long enough to examine why it can sometimes pay off in evolutionary terms.", "Natural selection is powered by competition, which means that the products of natural selection – survival machines, in Richard Dawkins metaphor – should, by default, do whatever helps them survive and reproduce.". On p323 "If an obstacle stands in the way of something an organism needs, it should neutralize the obstacle by disabling or eliminating it.", "Another human obstacle consists of men monopolozing women who could otherwise be taken as wives.", "The competition can be violent". On p324 "So people have invented, and perhaps evolved, an alternate defense: the advertised deterrence policy known as <i>lex talionis</i>, the law of retaliation, familiar from the biblical injunction "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." If you can credibly say to potential adversaries, "We won't attack first, but if we are attacked, we will survive and strike back," you remove Hobbes's first two incentives for quarrel, gain and mistrust.". On p326 "Also necessary for vengeance to work as a deterrent is that the willingness to pursue it be made public, because the whole point of deterrence is to give would-be attackers second thoughts <i>beforehand</i>. And this brings us to Hobbes's final reason for quarrel. Thirdly, glory – though a more accurate word would be "honor"."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/opinion-paper-armed-conflict.pdf">"How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Committee of the Red Cross</i>. 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New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society">9–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2"><bdi>978-0-13-357005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+from+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-13-357005-2&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKhe6qNva10C%26q%3Dpaleolithic%2Bsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerWoodBalanskyMercader2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Barbra; Wood, Bernard; Balansky, Andrew; Mercader, Julio; Panger, Melissa (2006). <i>Anthropology</i>. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-32024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-32024-0"><bdi>978-0-205-32024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-205-32024-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbra&rft.au=Wood%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Balansky%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Mercader%2C+Julio&rft.au=Panger%2C+Melissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Boehm (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197">"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 198</a> Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerWoodBalanskyMercader2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Barbra; Wood, Bernard; Balansky, Andrew; Mercader, Julio; Panger, Melissa (2006). <i>Anthropology</i>. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-32024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-32024-0"><bdi>978-0-205-32024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-205-32024-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbra&rft.au=Wood%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Balansky%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Mercader%2C+Julio&rft.au=Panger%2C+Melissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutrie2005" class="citation book cs1">Gutrie, R. Dale (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&q=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA428"><i>The Nature of Paleolithic art</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Paleolithic+art&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31126-5&rft.aulast=Gutrie&rft.aufirst=R.+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3u6JNwMyMCEC%26q%3DPaleolithic%2Breligions%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&dq=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA428">pp. 420-22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC"><i>Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5787-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-5787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Rites%3A+Origins+and+History+of+the+Passions+of+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5787-4&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFuDltu509YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC">p. 123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108">"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>102</b> (43): <span class="nowrap">15294–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10215294K">2005PNAS..10215294K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102">10.1073/pnas.0505955102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108">1266108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16129826">16129826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+lethal+intergroup+violence&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15294-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16129826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..10215294K&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZagorski" class="citation web cs1">Zagorski, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0506968102#sec-5">"Profile of Raymond C. Kelly"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Raymond+C.+Kelly&rft.aulast=Zagorski&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0506968102%23sec-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV_FlanneryMarcus" class="citation web cs1">V Flannery, Kent; Marcus, Joyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC208841/#abstract1">"The origin of war: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico"</a>. <i>National Library of Medicine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+war%3A+New+14C+dates+from+ancient+Mexico&rft.aulast=V+Flannery&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Farticles%2FPMC208841%2F%23abstract1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121021158/http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html">"Review: War Before Civilization"</a>. Brneurosci.org. 4 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+War+Before+Civilization&rft.pub=Brneurosci.org&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrneurosci.org%2Freviews%2Fwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpengler2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Spengler (4 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706042537/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HG04Aa02.html">"The fraud of primitive authenticity"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=The+fraud+of+primitive+authenticity&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft.au=Spengler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FFront_Page%2FHG04Aa02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinHarrodPérez2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Debra L.; Harrod, Ryan P.; Pérez, Ventura R., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=MARTI002"><i>The Bioarchaeology of Violence</i></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104230028/http://upf.com/book.asp?id=MARTI002">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bioarchaeology+of+Violence&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upf.com%2Fbook.asp%3Fid%3DMARTI002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keeley_page_55-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keeley_page_55_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keeley, Lawrence H: <i>War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage</i>. p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._D._Rubinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">W. D. Rubinstein (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22"><i>Genocide: A History</i></a>. Pearson Longman. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5"><bdi>978-0-582-50601-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=Testing+Tilly%3A+Does+War+Really+Make+States%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30884%2Fseh%2F2022.01.07&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Laura+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociostudies.org%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2F3275058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istp.ethz.ch/events/colloquia/reports/2020/war-did-make-states-testing-tillys-thesis.html">"War Did Make States: Testing Tilly's Thesis"</a>. <i>Institute of Science, Technology and Policy</i>. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Science%2C+Technology+and+Policy&rft.atitle=War+Did+Make+States%3A+Testing+Tilly%E2%80%99s+Thesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistp.ethz.ch%2Fevents%2Fcolloquia%2Freports%2F2020%2Fwar-did-make-states-testing-tillys-thesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorskiSharma2017" class="citation cs1">Gorski, Philip; Sharma, Vivek Swaroop (2017). Strandsbjerg, Jeppe; Kaspersen, Lars Bo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/does-war-make-states/beyond-the-tilly-thesis/4D74B3D06884F763CA76307BABFF798B">"Beyond the Tilly Thesis: "Family Values" and State Formation in Latin Christendom"</a>. <i>Does War Make States?: Investigations of Charles Tilly's Historical Sociology</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14150-6"><bdi>978-1-107-14150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Does+War+Make+States%3F%3A+Investigations+of+Charles+Tilly%27s+Historical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Tilly+Thesis%3A+%22Family+Values%22+and+State+Formation+in+Latin+Christendom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14150-6&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Vivek+Swaroop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fdoes-war-make-states%2Fbeyond-the-tilly-thesis%2F4D74B3D06884F763CA76307BABFF798B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErtman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ertman, Thomas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ53vjKiwR0C"><i>Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48427-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48427-5"><bdi>978-0-521-48427-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Leviathan%3A+Building+States+and+Regimes+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48427-5&rft.aulast=Ertman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQ53vjKiwR0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagge2014" class="citation book cs1">Bagge, Sverre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFJNAgAAQBAJ"><i>Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5010-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+and+Scepter%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Scandinavian+Kingdoms+from+the+Vikings+to+the+Reformation&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5010-5&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFJNAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Security Research Group (2013). "Human Security Report 2013: The decline in global violence," (Simon Fraser University), p 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFazal2025" class="citation journal cs1">Fazal, Tanisha M. (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041923-115351">"Is War in Decline?"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041923-115351">10.1146/annurev-polisci-041923-115351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Is+War+in+Decline%3F&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041923-115351&rft.aulast=Fazal&rft.aufirst=Tanisha+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041923-115351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFazal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fazal, Tanisha M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480546">"Dead Wrong? Battle Deaths, Military Medicine, and Exaggerated Reports of War's Demise"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Dead+Wrong%3F+Battle+Deaths%2C+Military+Medicine%2C+and+Exaggerated+Reports+of+War%27s+Demise&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft.aulast=Fazal&rft.aufirst=Tanisha+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24480546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ralphmag.org/CG/world-war-one2.html">World War One – A New Kind of War | Part II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227114356/http://www.ralphmag.org/CG/world-war-one2.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, From <i>14–18 Understanding the Great War</i>, by Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Bunker and Pamela Ligouri Bunker, "The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism." <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i> 27.2 (2016): 325–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Security Research Group (2013). "Human Security Report 2013: The decline in global violence," (Simon Fraser University), p 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/asymmetrical-warfare">"Asymmetrical warfare | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Asymmetrical+warfare+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fasymmetrical-warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuillemin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Guillemin, Jeanne (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490304">"Scientists and the history of biological weapons: A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century"</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (S1): S45-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400689">10.1038/sj.embor.7400689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-221X">1469-221X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490304">1490304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16819450">16819450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Scientists+and+the+history+of+biological+weapons%3A+A+brief+historical+overview+of+the+development+of+biological+weapons+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S45-9&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1490304%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-221X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16819450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400689&rft.aulast=Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1490304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheelis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wheelis, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/9/01-0536_article">"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa - Volume 8, Number 9—September 2002 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>8</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">971–</span>975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536">10.3201/eid0809.010536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6040">1080-6040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530">2732530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12194776">12194776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Biological+Warfare+at+the+1346+Siege+of+Caffa+-+Volume+8%2C+Number+9%E2%80%94September+2002+-+Emerging+Infectious+Diseases+journal+-+CDC&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E975&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732530%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1080-6040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12194776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0809.010536&rft.aulast=Wheelis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Feid%2Farticle%2F8%2F9%2F01-0536_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD._Hank_Ellison2007" class="citation book cs1">D. Hank Ellison (2007). <i>Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">567–</span>570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-1434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare+Agents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1434-6&rft.au=D.+Hank+Ellison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Brian C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970617035106/http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/infowarfare.htm">"Information Warfare"</a>. <i>Federation of American Scientist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/infowarfare.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Information+Warfare&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Feprint%2Fsnyder%2Finfowarfare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagao_definition-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nagao_definition_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagao2001" class="citation web cs1">Nagao, Yuichiro (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816015847/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/event/symposium/pdf/2001/sympo_e2001_6.pdf">"Unconventional Warfare: A Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute for Defense Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Japan)">Ministry of Defense</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/event/symposium/pdf/2001/sympo_e2001_6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+for+Defense+Studies&rft.atitle=Unconventional+Warfare%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nagao&rft.aufirst=Yuichiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nids.mod.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fevent%2Fsymposium%2Fpdf%2F2001%2Fsympo_e2001_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2012" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceushfFUCpUC">"War Aims and War Outcomes"</a>. <i>Who Wins?: Predicting Strategic Success and Failure in Armed Conflict</i>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199878338.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199878338.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199878338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199878338"><bdi>978-0199878338</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913023410/https://books.google.com/books?id=ceushfFUCpUC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>A state with greater military capacity than its adversary is more likely to prevail in wars with 'total' war aims – the overthrow of a foreign government or annexation of territory – than in wars with more limited objectives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Aims+and+War+Outcomes&rft.btitle=Who+Wins%3F%3A+Predicting+Strategic+Success+and+Failure+in+Armed+Conflict&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199878338.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0199878338&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DceushfFUCpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFried2014" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Marvin Benjamin (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ"><i>Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans During World War I</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2014). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137359018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137359018"><bdi>978-1137359018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214443/https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>War aims are the desired territorial, economic, military or other benefits expected following successful conclusion of a war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+War+Aims+in+the+Balkans+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1137359018&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DETDtAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch distinguishes: "tangible goods such as arms, wealth, and – provided they are strategically or economically valuable – territory and resources" from "intangible goods such as credibility and reputation" – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch1995" class="citation book cs1">Welch, David A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2Z5blE1KGoC"><i>Justice and the Genesis of War</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521558686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521558686"><bdi>978-0521558686</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918185242/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2Z5blE1KGoC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+and+the+Genesis+of+War&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+International+Relations&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521558686&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2Z5blE1KGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFried2014" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Marvin Benjamin (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ"><i>Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans During World War I</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2014). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137359018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137359018"><bdi>978-1137359018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214443/https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Intangibles, such as prestige or power, can also represent war aims, though often (albeit not always) their achievement is framed within a more tangible context (e.g. conquest restores prestige, annexation increases power, etc.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+War+Aims+in+the+Balkans+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1137359018&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DETDtAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatwala2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Katwala" title="Sunder Katwala">Katwala, Sunder</a> (13 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/feb/13/biography.features1">"Churchill by Paul Addison"</a>. Books. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928012352/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/feb/13/biography.features1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>[Churchill] took office and declared he had 'not become the King's First Minister to oversee the liquidation of the British empire'. [...] His view was that an Anglo-American English-speaking alliance would seek to preserve the empire, though ending it was among Roosevelt's implicit war aims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Churchill+by+Paul+Addison&rft.date=2005-02-13&rft.aulast=Katwala&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fbiography.features1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFried2014" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Marvin Benjamin (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ"><i>Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans During World War I</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2014). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137359018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137359018"><bdi>978-1137359018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214443/https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDtAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>At times, war aims were explicitly stated internally or externally in a policy decision, while at other times [...] the war aims were merely discussed but not published, remaining instead in the form of memoranda or instructions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+War+Aims+in+the+Balkans+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1137359018&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DETDtAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFried2015" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Marvin Benjamin (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6AFCgAAQBAJ">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Life and Death Question': Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the First World War"</a>. In Afflerbach, Holger (ed.). <i>The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies</i>. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Vol. 91. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH (published 2015). p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110443486" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110443486"><bdi>978-3110443486</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235519/https://books.google.com/books?id=A6AFCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>[T]he [Austrian] Foreign Ministry [...] and the Military High Command [...] were in agreement that political and military hegemony over Serbia and the Western Balkans was a vital war aim. The Hungarian Prime Minister István Count Tisza, by contrast, was more preoccupied with so-called 'negative war aims', notably warding off hostile Romanian, Italian, and even Bulgarian intervention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A+Life+and+Death+Question%27%3A+Austro-Hungarian+War+Aims+in+the+First+World+War&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+the+First+World+War%3A+War+Aims+and+Military+Strategies&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.series=Schriften+des+Historischen+Kollegs&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.isbn=978-3110443486&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6AFCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaase1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Haase" title="Hugo Haase">Haase, Hugo</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cW6mAAAAIAAJ">"The Debate in the Reichstag on Internal Political Conditions, April 5–6, 1916"</a>. In Lutz, Ralph Haswell (ed.). <i>Fall of the German Empire, 1914–1918</i>. Hoover War Library publications. Stanford University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804723800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804723800"><bdi>978-0804723800</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025051415/https://books.google.com/books?id=cW6mAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Gentlemen, when it comes time to formulate peace conditions, it is time to think of another thing than war aims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Debate+in+the+Reichstag+on+Internal+Political+Conditions%2C+April+5%E2%80%936%2C+1916&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+German+Empire%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.series=Hoover+War+Library+publications&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=978-0804723800&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcW6mAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoser2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roser, Max (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace/">"War and Peace"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116083027/https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=War+and+Peace&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fwar-and-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls">"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828123901/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+and+Burden+of+Disease+Estimates+for+WHO+Member+States+in+2004&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fhealthinfo%2Fglobal_burden_disease%2Fgbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive">'Primitive War'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130414061247/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive">Archived</a> 14 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Ian (2012). "The evolution of war," <i>Cliodynamics</i>, vol 3 (1): p 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez, José María et al (Summer 2016). "The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence," <i>Nature</i>, vol 538 (7624), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.uv.es/~verducam/HHL.pdf">https://www.uv.es/~verducam/HHL.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckhardt1991" class="citation journal cs1">Eckhardt, William (1991). "War-related deaths since 3000 BC". <i>Bulletin of Peace Proposals</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096701069102200410">10.1177/096701069102200410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144946896">144946896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Peace+Proposals&rft.atitle=War-related+deaths+since+3000+BC.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096701069102200410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144946896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Morris, Ian</a> (2012). "The evolution of war," <i>Cliodynamics</i>, vol 3 (1): p 9-37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Ian (2014). <i>War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots</i>. (Profile Books Limited), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=fals">https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=fals</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckhardt1991" class="citation journal cs1">Eckhardt, William (1991). "War-related deaths since 3000 BC". <i>Bulletin of Peace Proposals</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096701069102200410">10.1177/096701069102200410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144946896">144946896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Peace+Proposals&rft.atitle=War-related+deaths+since+3000+BC.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096701069102200410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144946896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Azar_Gat" title="Azar Gat">Gat, Azar</a> (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>, vol 50 (2): p 150, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf">https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Morris, Ian</a> (2012). "The evolution of war," <i>Cliodynamics</i>, vol 3 (1): p 9-37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Ian (2014). <i>War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots</i>. (Profile Books Limited), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false">https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" <i>Population Today</i>, vol 23 (2), p 4-5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288594/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288594/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jongman, B. & Dennen J. M. G. van der (2005). "The great 'war figures' hoax: An investigation in polemomythology," (University of Groningen), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148292168.pdf">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148292168.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Azar_Gat" title="Azar Gat">Gat, Azar</a> (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>, vol 50 (2): p 150, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf">https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haub, Carl (1995). 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class="reference-text">Timothy Snyder, <i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i>, Basic Books, 2010, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dying and Death: Inter-disciplinary Perspectives</i>. p. 153, Asa Kasher (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChew2012" class="citation book cs1">Chew, Emry (2012). <i>Arming the Periphery</i>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+the+Periphery&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Emry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-users.erols-83"><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+worst+massacres+Whole+Earth+Review&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalwebpost.com%2Fgenocide1971%2Farticles%2Fgeneral%2Fworst_massacres.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124111/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380148/Taiping">"Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiping+Rebellion+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Concise&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9380148%2FTaiping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#AnLushan">"Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Death+Tolls+for+Wars%2C+Massacres+and+Atrocities+Before+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Users.erols.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fpre1700a.htm%23AnLushan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing">"World War I - Killed, wounded, and missing | Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Power%3A+The+End+of+the+War+Against+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuclear_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Timur">"Timur Lenk (1369–1405)"</a>. Users.erols.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Timur">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timur+Lenk+%281369%E2%80%931405%29&rft.pub=Users.erols.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fpre1700a.htm%23Timur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Asian">Matthew White's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Asian">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (a compilation of scholarly death toll estimates)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF曹树基" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">曹树基. <i>《中国人口史》</i> (in Chinese). 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(February 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScivilwar.htm">"Russian Civil War"</a>. Spartacus-Educational.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205201225/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Little, Brown & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Killing+%E2%80%93+The+Psychological+Cost+of+Learning+to+Kill+in+War+%26+Society&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Lt.+Col.+Dave+Grossman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaris_Vinovskis1990" class="citation book cs1">Maris Vinovskis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9D4TAwc93VoC"><i>Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39559-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39559-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39559-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526101206/http://books.google.com/books?id=9D4TAwc93VoC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Social+History+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+Exploratory+Essays&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39559-5&rft.au=Maris+Vinovskis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9D4TAwc93VoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, Martin (2000), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html#endnotes">The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512224100/http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, New York: Longman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106154259/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf">The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus</a>. Joseph M. Conlon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME_Magazine_1940-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIME_Magazine_1940_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921004137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794989,00.html">War and Pestilence</a>. <i>Time</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. S. Turberville (2006). <i>Johnson's England: An Account of the Life & Manners of His Age</i>. p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-2726-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-2726-1">1-4067-2726-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008" class="citation journal cs1">Obermeyer Z, Murray CJ, Gakidou E (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>336</b> (7659): <span class="nowrap">1482–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a137">10.1136/bmj.a137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">2440905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566045">18566045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+violent+war+deaths+from+Vietnam+to+Bosnia%3A+analysis+of+data+from+the+world+health+survey+programme&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7659&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1482-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18566045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a137&rft.aulast=Obermeyer&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Murray%2C+CJ&rft.au=Gakidou%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#30YrW">The Thirty Years War (1618–48)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#30YrW">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375">History of Europe – Demographics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723052625/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375">Archived</a> 23 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavenportMokleiv_NygårdArmstrong2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Davenport" title="Christian Davenport">Davenport, Christian</a>; Mokleiv Nygård, Håvard; Armstrong, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-064057">"The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">361–</span>377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-064057">10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064057</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Consequences+of+Contention%3A+Understanding+the+Aftereffects+of+Political+Conflict+and+Violence&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-064057&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Mokleiv+Nyg%C3%A5rd%2C+H%C3%A5vard&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-050317-064057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first3=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last3=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422000628/http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html">"World War II Fatalities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Fatalities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secondworldwar.co.uk%2Fcasualty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm">"Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Leaders+mourn+Soviet+wartime+dead&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4530565.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosking2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey A.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242"><i>Rulers And Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 242–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02178-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905171344/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+And+Victims%3A+The+Russians+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=242-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02178-5&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDMVMqDvp4QC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine">"Alsace-Lorraine"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320174427/https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alsace-Lorraine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlsace-Lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression">"Great Depression"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509121741/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression">Archived</a> 9 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbraith-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Referring to the effect of World War II spending on the economy, economist <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> said, "One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a>, William Cran (writers / producer) (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/ch_menu.html"><i>Commanding Heights, see chapter 6 video or transcript</i></a> (TV documentary). U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commanding+Heights%2C+see+chapter+6+video+or+transcript&rft.place=U.S.&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Flo%2Fstory%2Fch_menu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomer1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Romer, Christina D.</a> (1992). "What Ended the Great Depression?". <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>52</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">757–</span>784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070001189X">10.1017/S002205070001189X</a>. <q>fiscal policy was of little consequence even as late as 1942, suggests an interesting twist on the usual view that World War II caused, or at least accelerated, the recovery from the Great Depression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=What+Ended+the+Great+Depression%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E757-%3C%2Fspan%3E784&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070001189X&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Christina+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggs1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Higgs, Robert</a> (1 March 1992). "Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700010251">10.1017/S0022050700010251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6372">1471-6372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154484756">154484756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Wartime+Prosperity%3F+A+Reassessment+of+the+U.S.+Economy+in+the+1940s&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1992-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154484756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700010251&rft.aulast=Higgs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatrell2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gatrell" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Gatrell">Gatrell, Peter</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2014). <i>Russia's First World War : A Social and Economic History</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: Routledge. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317881391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317881391"><bdi>978-1317881391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+First+World+War+%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317881391&rft.aulast=Gatrell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayer2000" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301155526/http://emayzine.com/lectures/WWII.html">"World War II course lecture notes"</a>. <i>Emayzine.com</i>. Victorville, California: Victor Valley College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emayzine.com/lectures/WWII.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emayzine.com&rft.atitle=World+War+II+course+lecture+notes&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femayzine.com%2Flectures%2FWWII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleman, P. (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302153205/http://members.aol.com/forcountry/ww2/wc1.htm">"Cost of the War"</a>, <i>World War II Resource Guide</i> (Gardena, California: The American War Library)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023043/http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depwar.html">"Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945"</a>. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depwar.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99435-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99435-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526083711/http://books.google.com/books?id=r9kNZrmG0E8C&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Meerloo, M.D. <i>The Rape of the Mind</i> (2009) p. 134, Progressive Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61577-376-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61577-376-3">978-1-61577-376-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durbin, E.F.L. and John Bowlby. <i>Personal Aggressiveness and War</i> 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Fornari 1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanning, T.C.W. "The Origin of Great Wars." <i>The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars.</i> p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, Maurice N. <i>War and the Human Race.</i> 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/quotes/goering.htm">"In an interview with Gilbert in Göring's jail cell during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (18 April 1946)"</a>. 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Handbook of Evolution The Evolution of Human Societies and Cultures Wiley-VCH Verlag</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApesWar-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApesWar_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2004" class="citation news cs1">O'Connell, Sanjida (7 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3317461/Apes-of-war...-is-it-in-our-genes.html">"Apes of war...is it in our genes?"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192203/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3317461/Apes-of-war...-is-it-in-our-genes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Apes+of+war...is+it+in+our+genes%3F&rft.date=2004-01-07&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Sanjida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3317461%2FApes-of-war...-is-it-in-our-genes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> Analysis of chimpanzee war behavior</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AntsLandmines-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AntsLandmines_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1996" class="citation cs1">Anderson, Kenneth (1996). <i>Warrior Ants: The Enduring Threat of the Small War and the Land-mine</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=935783">935783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Ants%3A+The+Enduring+Threat+of+the+Small+War+and+the+Land-mine&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D935783%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> Scholarly comparisons between human and ant wars</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan M.G. van der Dennen. 1995. <i>The Origin of War: Evolution of a Male-Coalitional Reproductive Strategy</i>. Origin Press, Groningen, 1995 chapters 1 & 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker, Steven</a> (2002). <i>The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature</i>. 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Norton & Company</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05931-1"><bdi>978-0-393-05931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lend+me+your+ears%3A+great+speeches+in+history&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05931-1&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, David (2000). <i>Geography: an integrated approach</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Thornes" title="Nelson Thornes">Nelson Thornes</a>. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1"><bdi>978-0-17-444706-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography%3A+an+integrated+approach&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-17-444706-1&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-fulani/in-mali-waning-fortunes-of-fulani-herders-play-into-islamist-hands-idUSKBN13F0L2">"In Mali, waning fortunes of Fulani herders play into Islamist hands"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 20 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131908/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-fulani/in-mali-waning-fortunes-of-fulani-herders-play-into-islamist-hands-idUSKBN13F0L2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+Mali%2C+waning+fortunes+of+Fulani+herders+play+into+Islamist+hands&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mali-fulani%2Fin-mali-waning-fortunes-of-fulani-herders-play-into-islamist-hands-idUSKBN13F0L2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/">"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 28 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304231237/https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Climate+Change+Is+Spurring+Land+Conflict+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5324712%2Fclimate-change-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nigeria/2019-01-23/deadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard">"The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. 23 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218125507/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nigeria/2019-01-23/deadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Deadliest+Conflict+You%27ve+Never+Heard+of&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fnigeria%2F2019-01-23%2Fdeadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helgerson, John L. (2002): "The National Security Implications of Global Demographic Trends"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cia/helgerson2.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010064934/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cia/helgerson2.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinsohn, G. (2006): "Demography and War" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/310263543/Gunnar-Heinsohn-Demography-and-War">(online)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512185458/https://de.scribd.com/doc/310263543/Gunnar-Heinsohn-Demography-and-War">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinsohn, G. (2005): "Population, Conquest and Terror in the 21st Century" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/310265022/Gunnar-Heinsohn-Population-Conquest-and-Terror-in-the-21st-Century">(online)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513082119/https://de.scribd.com/doc/310265022/Gunnar-Heinsohn-Population-Conquest-and-Terror-in-the-21st-Century">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJack_A._Goldstone1993" class="citation book cs1">Jack A. Goldstone (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-T9dR7nWDUC"><i>Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08267-0"><bdi>978-0-520-08267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526133145/http://books.google.com/books?id=M-T9dR7nWDUC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Rebellion+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08267-0&rft.au=Jack+A.+Goldstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-T9dR7nWDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moller, Herbert (1968): 'Youth as a Force in the Modern World', <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i> 10: 238–60; 240–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diessenbacher, Hartmut (1994): <i>Kriege der Zukunft: Die Bevölkerungsexplosion gefährdet den Frieden</i>. Muenchen: Hanser 1998; see also (criticizing youth bulge theory) Marc Sommers (2006): "Fearing Africa's Young Men: The Case of Rwanda." The World Bank: Social Development Papers – Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, Paper No. 32, January 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC21389.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010064638/http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC21389.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Urdal" title="Henrik Urdal">Urdal, Henrik</a> (2004): "The Devil in the Demographics: The Effect of Youth Bulges on Domestic Armed Conflict", <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041118212538/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/07/28/000012009_20040728162225/Rendered/PDF/29740.pdf">[3]</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Action International: "The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The_Security_Demographic_Population_and_Civil_Conflict_After_the_Cold_War-1.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010064933/http://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The_Security_Demographic_Population_and_Civil_Conflict_After_the_Cold_War-1.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kröhnert, Steffen (2004): "Warum entstehen Kriege? Welchen Einfluss haben demografische Veränderungen auf die Entstehung von Konflikten?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Jugend_und_Kriegsgefahr/Warum_entstehen_Kriege.pdf">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904230108/https://www.berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Jugend_und_Kriegsgefahr/Warum_entstehen_Kriege.pdf">Archived</a> 4 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrixson, Anne: "Angry Young Men, Veiled Young Women: Constructing a New Population Threat" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=85999">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530200503/http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=85999">Archived</a> 30 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Parker, "Introduction" in Parker, ed. <i>The Cambridge illustrated history of warfare</i> (Cambridge University Press 1995) pp 2–11, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr0000unse_f0h1">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, :Introduction: pp 2, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFearon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Fearon, James D. (Summer 1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818300033324">10.1017/s0020818300033324</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706903">2706903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38573183">38573183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Rationalist+Explanations+for+War&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38573183%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2706903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818300033324&rft.aulast=Fearon&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Blainey1988" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Blainey (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mcknp3tt0LMC&pg=PA114"><i>Causes of War</i></a> (3rd ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029035917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029035917"><bdi>978-0029035917</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210934/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mcknp3tt0LMC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+of+War&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0029035917&rft.au=Geoffrey+Blainey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcknp3tt0LMC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.092601.141138">"Bargaining Theory and International Conflict"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.092601.141138">10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.092601.141138</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Bargaining+Theory+and+International+Conflict&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.092601.141138&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.polisci.5.092601.141138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Cramer, 'Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850658214" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850658214">978-1850658214</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From point 10 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Modern Conflict is Not What You Think (article)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222013124/http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Archived</a> 22 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 16 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Modern Conflict is Not What You Think</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222013124/http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Archived</a> 22 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Point 6 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Modern Conflict is Not What You Think</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222013124/http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/12/10/modern-conflict-is-not-what-you-think/">Archived</a> 22 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLake2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lake, David A. (November 2010). "Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War". <i>International Security</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00029">10.1162/isec_a_00029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1096131">1096131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Two+Cheers+for+Bargaining+Theory%3A+Assessing+Rationalist+Explanations+of+the+Iraq+War&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1096131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCDP-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCDP_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/about-ucdp/">"Uppsala Conflict Data Program – About"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211437/http://pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/about-ucdp">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uppsala+Conflict+Data+Program+%E2%80%93+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcr.uu.se%2Fresearch%2Fucdp%2Fabout-ucdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy1998-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1998_168-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Levy" class="extiw" title="de:Jack Levy">Levy, Jack S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.1.1.139">"The Causes of War and the Conditions of Peace"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.1.1.139">10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.139</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+War+and+the+Conditions+of+Peace&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.1.1.139&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.polisci.1.1.139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilitaryAdventurism-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MilitaryAdventurism_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707224412/http://www.bepress.com/peps/vol7/iss3/3/">"Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy (p. 19)"</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bepress.com/peps/vol7/iss3/3/">the original</a> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+Economics%2C+Peace+Science+and+Public+Policy+%28p.+19%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bepress.com%2Fpeps%2Fvol7%2Fiss3%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span> More recently studies (Lebow 2008, Lindemann 2010) demonstrated that striving for self-esteem (i.e. virile self images), and recognition as a Great Power or non-recognition (exclusion and punishment of great powers, denying traumatic historical events) is a principal cause of international conflict and war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy1997-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy1997_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Levy" class="extiw" title="de:Jack Levy">Levy, Jack S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075824/http://www.ou.edu/uschina/texts/Levy.97.ISQ.ProspectTheory.pdf">"Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00034">10.1111/0020-8833.00034</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.edu/uschina/texts/Levy.97.ISQ.ProspectTheory.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prospect+Theory%2C+Rational+Choice%2C+and+International+Relations&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00034&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.edu%2Fuschina%2Ftexts%2FLevy.97.ISQ.ProspectTheory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeForrest-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeForrest_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeForrest_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeForrest" class="citation web cs1">DeForrest, Mark Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402204812/http://www.gonzagajil.org/content/view/72/26">"Conclusion"</a>. <i>Just War Theory and the Recent U.S. Air Strikes Against Iraq</i>. Gonzaga Journal of International Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gonzagajil.org/content/view/72/26/">the original</a> on 2 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+War+Theory+and+the+Recent+U.S.+Air+Strikes+Against+Iraq&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.aulast=DeForrest&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonzagajil.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F72%2F26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazar2020" class="citation web cs1">Lazar, Seth (21 March 2020). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/war/">"War"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=War&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2020%2Fentries%2Fwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation web cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020212080058/http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Books/Texts/Aquinas/JustWar.html">"Part II, Question 40"</a>. <i>The Summa Theologica</i>. Benziger Bros. edition, 1947. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Summa+Theologica&rft.atitle=Part+II%2C+Question+40&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethics.sandiego.edu%2FBooks%2FTexts%2FAquinas%2FJustWar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/justwar/">"The Jus Ad Bellum Convention"</a>. <i>Just War Theory</i>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416023712/http://www.iep.utm.edu/justwar/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+War+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Jus+Ad+Bellum+Convention&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fjustwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/I.C.B._Dear" class="mw-redirect" title="I.C.B. Dear">Ian Dear</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.R.D._Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="M.R.D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+War+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Jus+in+Bello&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fjustwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codevilla,_Seabury_1989_304-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Codevilla,_Seabury_1989_304_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCodevillaSeabury1989" class="citation book cs1">Codevilla, Angelo; Seabury, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/war00paul/page/304"><i>War: Ends and Means</i></a>. 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(2019). "Ceasefires". In Romaniuk, Scott; Thapa, Manish; Marton, Péter (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceasefires&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239326729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_8-2&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74336-3&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodauthority.org/news/good-to-know-what-is-a-ceasefire-israel-hamas/">"Ceasefires are fragile: Can Israel and Hamas find peace?"</a>. <i>Good 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Conflict: A Research Agenda"</a>. <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>67</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">1279–</span>1295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220027221128300">10.1177/00220027221128300</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F576568">20.500.11850/576568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252793375">252793375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Ceasefires+in+Civil+Conflict%3A+A+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1279-%3C%2Fspan%3E1295&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F576568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252793375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220027221128300&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Govinda&rft.au=Nyg%C3%A5rd%2C+H%C3%A5vard+Mokleiv&rft.au=Rustad%2C+Siri+Aas&rft.au=Strand%2C+H%C3%A5vard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F00220027221128300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFortna2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortna, Virginia Page (2004). <i>Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18795-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18795-2"><bdi>978-0-691-18795-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1044838807">1044838807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Time%3A+Cease-Fire+Agreements+and+the+Durability+of+Peace&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1044838807&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18795-2&rft.aulast=Fortna&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSosnowski2023" class="citation book cs1">Sosnowski, Marika (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/redefining-ceasefires/AEDBE40203BCD110435E69E19D931BF3"><i>Redefining Ceasefires: Wartime Order and Statebuilding in Syria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge 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Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0128">10.11647/OBP.0128</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-403-9"><bdi>978-1-78374-403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlike+and+Peaceful+Societies%3A+The+Interaction+of+Genes+and+Culture&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0128&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-403-9&rft.aulast=Fog&rft.aufirst=Agner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFornari1974" class="citation book cs1">Fornari, Franco (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychoanalysisof00forn"><i>The Psychoanalysis of War</i></a></span>. Translated by Pfeifer, Alenka. NY: Doubleday Anchor Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385043472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385043472"><bdi>978-0385043472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychoanalysis+of+War&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+Anchor+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0385043472&rft.aulast=Fornari&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychoanalysisof00forn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFry2004" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Douglas (2004). "Conclusion: Learning from Peaceful Societies". In Kemp, Graham (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepingpeaceconf00kemp"><i>Keeping the Peace</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepingpeaceconf00kemp/page/n197">185</a>–204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+Learning+from+Peaceful+Societies&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Peace&rft.pages=185-204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeepingpeaceconf00kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fry, Douglas (2005). <i>The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Fry, Douglas (2009). <i>Beyond War</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Gat" title="Azar Gat">Gat, Azar</a> (2006). <i>War in Human Civilization</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinsohn2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heinsohn, Gunnar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudology.org/Gallup/Heinsohn.pdf#Zweig4"><i>Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen [Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations]</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Orell Füssl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060229/http://www.pseudology.org/Gallup/Heinsohn.pdf#Zweig4">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B6hne+und+Weltmacht%3A+Terror+im+Aufstieg+und+Fall+der+Nationen+%5BSons+and+Imperial+Power%3A+Terror+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Nations%5D&rft.pub=Orell+F%C3%BCssl&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Heinsohn&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pseudology.org%2FGallup%2FHeinsohn.pdf%23Zweig4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heuser, Beatrice. (2022) <i>War: A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices</i> (Oxford UP, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/War-Genealogy-Western-Ideas-Practices/dp/0198796897/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Heuser, Beatrice. (2010) <i>The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present </i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Evolution-Strategy-Thinking-Antiquity-Present/dp/052115524X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Howell, Signe; Willis, Roy (1990). <i>Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesFriedman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Friedman, Jonathan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3587732"><i>Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111045525/https://www.academia.edu/3587732/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._3_Globalizing_War_and_Intervention_2006_">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Violence%2C+Vol.+3%3A+Globalizing+War+and+Intervention&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3587732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesSharma2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Sharma, RR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3587761"><i>Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818150635/https://www.academia.edu/3587761">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Violence%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Transnational+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Sharma%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3587761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Warfare" title="A History of Warfare">A History of Warfare</a></i>. Pimlico.</li> <li>Keeley, Lawrence (1996). <i>War Before Civilization</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeen2012" class="citation book cs1">Keen, David (2012). <i>Useful Enemies: When Waging Wars Is More Important Than Winning Them</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Useful+Enemies%3A+When+Waging+Wars+Is+More+Important+Than+Winning+Them&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, Raymond C. (2000). <i>Warless Societies and the Origin of War,</i> University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Kemp, Graham; Fry, Douglas (2004). <i>Keeping the Peace.</i> New York: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolko1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Kolko, Gabriel</a> (1994). <i>Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+War%3A+Politics%2C+Conflicts%2C+and+Society+since+1914&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lebow, Richard Ned (2008). <i>A Cultural Theory of International Relations</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lindemann, Thomas (2010). <i>Causes of War. The Struggle for Recognition</i>. Colchester, ECPR Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManiscalco,_Fabio2007" class="citation book cs1">Maniscalco, Fabio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lelEGQAACAAJ"><i>World heritage and war: linee guida per interventi a salvaguardia dei beni culturali nelle aree a rischio bellico</i></a>. Massa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87835-89-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87835-89-2"><bdi>978-88-87835-89-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210934/https://books.google.com/books?id=lelEGQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+heritage+and+war%3A+linee+guida+per+interventi+a+salvaguardia+dei+beni+culturali+nelle+aree+a+rischio+bellico&rft.pub=Massa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-87835-89-2&rft.au=Maniscalco%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlelEGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McIntosh, Jane (2002). <i>A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization.</i> Oxford, UK: Westview Press.</li> <li>Metz, Steven and Cuccia, Philip R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo4171"><i>Defining War for the 21st Century,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730083954/https://permanent.fdlp.gov/websites/ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/display.cfm-pubID=1036.htm">Archived</a> 30 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">U.S. Army War College</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-472-0">978-1-58487-472-0</a></li> <li>Montagu, Ashley (1978). <i>Learning Nonaggression.</i> New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Otterbein, Keith (2004). <i>How War Began</i>. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press.</li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (2008) <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1995, revised 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr0000unse_f0h1">online</a></li> <li>Pauketat, Timothy (2005). <i>North American Archaeology</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmall,_MelvinSinger,_Joel_David1982" class="citation book cs1">Small, Melvin; Singer, Joel David (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvASAQAAMAAJ"><i>Resort to arms: international and civil wars, 1816–1980</i></a>. Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-1776-7"><bdi>978-0-8039-1776-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210933/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvASAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resort+to+arms%3A+international+and+civil+wars%2C+1816%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-1776-7&rft.au=Small%2C+Melvin&rft.au=Singer%2C+Joel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvASAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_David_Livingstone2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David Livingstone (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FwBUuzr6QFAC"><i>The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53744-9"><bdi>978-0-312-53744-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210934/https://books.google.com/books?id=FwBUuzr6QFAC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Dangerous+Animal%3A+Human+Nature+and+the+Origins+of+War&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-312-53744-9&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwBUuzr6QFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sponsel, Leslie; Gregor, Thomas (1994). <i>Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence.</i> Lynne Rienner Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew</a> (2013). <i>The Direction of War</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Turchin, P. (2005). <i>War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations</i>. NY: Pi Press.</li> <li>Van Creveld, Martin. <i>The Art of War: War and Military Thought</i> London: Cassell, Wellington House</li> <li>Wade, Nicholas (2006). <i>Before the Dawn</i>, New York: Penguin.</li> <li>Walzer, Michael (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/Just_and_Unjust_Wars" title="Just and Unjust Wars">Just and Unjust Wars</a></i>. Basic Books.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>War</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War" class="extiw" title="c:War">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/War" class="extiw" title="n:War">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/War" class="extiw" title="q:War">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/War" class="extiw" title="s:War">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/War" class="extiw" title="b:War">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://battles.nodegoat.net/viewer.p/23/385/scenario/1/geo/fullscreen">An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histropedia.com/timeline/hpwksw29tp1/Wars">Timeline of wars</a> on Histropedia</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>War</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=War&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=War">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/War_zone_safety#Q198" class="extiw" title="voy:War zone safety">War zone safety</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure" title="List of countries by past military expenditure">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">Category</a></b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/CategoryWar" class="extiw" title="commons:CategoryWar">Commons</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War7" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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military conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War concept</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars" title="Category:Civil wars">Civil wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_non-international_armed_conflicts" title="List of non-international armed conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks" title="Category:Attacks">Attacks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_attacks" title="Category:Lists of attacks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism_by_form" title="Category:Terrorism by form">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare" title="Category:Warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles" title="Category:Battles">Battles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_battles" title="Category:Lists of battles">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars" title="Category:Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars" title="Category:Lists of wars">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterproliferation" title="Counterproliferation">Counterproliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570753">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="války"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph144863&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525638">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054443&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="전쟁"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998004373">Korea</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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