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id="toc-Birth_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khusrau_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khusrau_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Khusrau rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khusrau_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nur_Jahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nur_Jahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nur Jahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nur_Jahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Jahanara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Jahanara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relationship with Jahanara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Jahanara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_prince" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_prince"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rebel prince</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_prince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Famine_of_1630" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famine_of_1630"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Famine of 1630</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famine_of_1630-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successful_military_campaigns_against_Deccan_Sultanates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successful_military_campaigns_against_Deccan_Sultanates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Successful military campaigns against Deccan Sultanates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successful_military_campaigns_against_Deccan_Sultanates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_rebellion_led_by_Guru_Hargobind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_rebellion_led_by_Guru_Hargobind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sikh rebellion led by Guru Hargobind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_rebellion_led_by_Guru_Hargobind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Relations with the Safavid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaign_in_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaign_in_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Military campaign in Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaign_in_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Relations with the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>War with Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolts_against_Shah_Jahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolts_against_Shah_Jahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revolts against Shah Jahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolts_against_Shah_Jahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Contributions to architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shah Jahan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شهاب الدين شاهجهان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهاب الدين شاهجهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Շահ Ճահան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շահ Ճահան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Jahan" title="Sha Jahan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sha Jahan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_%C5%9Eahcahan" title="Sultan Şahcahan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sultan Şahcahan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاه جهان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شاه جهان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শাহ জাহান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাহ জাহান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%99%D1%8B%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шаһ Йыһан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шаһ Йыһан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах-Джахан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шах-Джахан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="शाहजहाँ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शाहजहाँ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах Джахан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шах Джахан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa_Jahan" title="Xa Jahan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xa Jahan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%A1hd%C5%BEah%C3%A1n" title="Šáhdžahán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šáhdžahán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Σαχ Τζαχάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαχ Τζαχάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Jahan" title="Sha Jahan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sha Jahan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Caho_%C4%9Cahano" title="Ŝaho Ĝahano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝaho Ĝahano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاه جهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاه جهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A2h_Jah%C3%A2n" title="Shâh Jahân – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shâh Jahân" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82" title="શાહજહાં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાહજહાં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4_%EC%9E%90%ED%95%9C" title="샤 자한 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤 자한" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Շահ Ջահան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շահ Ջահան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="शाह जहाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाह जहाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_D%C5%BEahan" title="Šah Džahan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šah Džahan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%92%27%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F" title="שאה ג'האן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאה ג'האן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B9_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಷಹ ಜಹಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಷಹ ಜಹಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0-%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შაჰ-ჯაჰანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაჰ-ჯაჰანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاہ جہان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شاہ جہان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="I Шаһ Жаһан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Шаһ Жаһан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах-Жахан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шах-Жахан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahs_D%C5%BEah%C4%81ns" title="Šahs Džahāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šahs Džahāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEahan%C5%A1achas" title="Džahanšachas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džahanšachas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1h_Dzsah%C3%A1n_mogul_sah" title="Sáh Dzsahán mogul sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sáh Dzsahán mogul sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="शाहजहाँ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शाहजहाँ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഷാജഹാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാജഹാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शाह जहान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शाह जहान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاه جهان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاه جهان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8D_%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯍꯥꯍ ꯖꯍꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯍꯥꯍ ꯖꯍꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах Жахан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шах Жахан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="शाहजहाँ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शाहजहाँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A9%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="षाजकाऩ् (सन् २००२या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="षाजकाऩ् (सन् २००२या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="シャー・ジャハーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャー・ジャハーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଶାହଜାହାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶାହଜାହାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoh_Jahon" title="Shoh Jahon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shoh Jahon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ਾਹ ਜਹਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਹ ਜਹਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاہجہان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاہجہان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاه جهان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شاه جهان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szahd%C5%BCahan" title="Szahdżahan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szahdżahan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1_Je%C3%A3" title="Xá Jeã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xá Jeã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах-Джахан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шах-Джахан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="शाहजहानः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शाहजहानः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="شہاب الدین محمد شاہجہاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="شہاب الدین محمد شاہجہاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاهجهان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شاهجهان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شاجیھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شاجیھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%8F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах Џахан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шах Џахан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_D%C5%BEahan" title="Šah Džahan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šah Džahan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shah Jahan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஷாஜகான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஷாஜகான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="షాజహాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షాజహాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรพรรดิชาห์ชะฮัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิชาห์ชะฮัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D2%B3%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шоҳҷаҳон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шоҳҷаҳон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eah_Cihan" title="Şah Cihan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şah Cihan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шах Джахан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шах Джахан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Mughal emperor from 1628 to 1658</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Shah Jahan, see <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shah Jahan (disambiguation)">Shah Jahan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Shah Jahan I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahib" title="Sahib">Sahib</a>-e-Qiran<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_royal_titles_of_the_Mughal_emperors" title="Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors">Al-Sultan Al-Azam</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahenshah-e-Hind</a> (King of Kings of India)</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg/220px-Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg/330px-Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg/440px-Hazrat_Shah_Jahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Bichitr" title="Bichitr">Bichitr</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Hindustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Hindustan">Emperor of Hindustan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1628<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahriyar</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Khurram<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1592-01-05</span>)</span>5 January 1592<br /><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1666<span style="display:none">(1666-01-22)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Muthamman_Burj_(Red_Fort)" title="Muthamman Burj (Red Fort)">Muthamman Burj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra Subah</a>, Mughal Empire <br /> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, Agra, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kandahari_Begum" title="Kandahari Begum">Kandahari Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1610)<wbr /></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1612; died 1631)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Izz-un-Nissa" title="Izz-un-Nissa">Izzunnissa Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1617)<wbr /></div></li><li>Kunwari Leelavati Deiji</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parhez_Banu_Begum" title="Parhez Banu Begum">Parhez Banu Begum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hur-ul-Nisa_Begum" title="Hur-ul-Nisa Begum">Hur-ul-Nisa Begum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roshanara_Begum" title="Roshanara Begum">Roshanara Begum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Bakhsh" title="Murad Bakhsh">Murad Bakhsh</a></li><li>Jahan Afroz</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gauhar_Ara_Begum" title="Gauhar Ara Begum">Gauhar Ara Begum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shah Jahan<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Firduas Ashiyani (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">One who nest in Paradise</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">House of Babur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagat_Gosain" title="Jagat Gosain">Jagat Gosain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Imperial Seal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Shah_Jahan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan I's signature"><img alt="Shah Jahan I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Shah_Jahan.png/125px-Seal_of_Shah_Jahan.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Seal_of_Shah_Jahan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="171" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram</b> (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), commonly called <b>Shah Jahan I</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Persian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʃɑːh<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">King of the World</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also called <b>Shah Jahan the Magnificent</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Hindustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Hindustan">Emperor of Hindustan</a> from 1628 until his deposition in 1658. As the fifth <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a>, his reign marked the zenith of Mughal architectural and cultural achievements. </p><p>The third son of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1605–1627</span>), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_dynasty" title="Sisodia dynasty">Sisodia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> and the rebel <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Lodi (Pashtun tribe)">Lodi</a> nobles of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>. After Jahangir's death in October 1627, Shah Jahan defeated his youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar Mirza</a> and crowned himself emperor in the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>. In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most of his rival claimants to the throne. He commissioned many monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, where his favorite consort <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> is entombed. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>, the conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1649%E2%80%931653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)">wars with the Safavids</a>. He also suppressed several local rebellions and dealt with the devastating <a href="/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630%E2%80%9332" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan famine of 1630–32">Deccan famine of 1630–32</a>. </p><p>In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> as his successor. This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third son <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1658–1707</span>) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor, executing all of his surviving brothers, including Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Shah Jahan recovered from his illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned him in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal. His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. During Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> began to shape Mughal policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993''Shah_Jahan'',_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_in1-3pagen136mode1up_121–122]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993''Shah_Jahan'',_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_in1-3pagen136mode1up_121–122]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_background">Birth and background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615,_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Jahangir weighing young Prince Khurram by <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Das" title="Manohar Das">Manohar Das</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1610-1615</figcaption></figure> <p>He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, present-day Pakistan, as the ninth child and third son of Prince Salim (later known as '<a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>' upon his accession) by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Gosain" title="Jagat Gosain">Jagat Gosain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Findly_1993_125_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findly_1993_125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Khurram (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خرم</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'joyous') was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, with whom the young prince shared a close relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Findly_1993_125_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findly_1993_125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had often told him "There is no comparison between him and your other sons. I consider him my true son."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Khurram was born, Akbar considering him to be auspicious insisted the prince be raised in his household rather than Salim's and was thus entrusted to the care of <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Sultan_Begum" title="Ruqaiya Sultan Begum">Ruqaiya Sultan Begum</a>. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for raising Khurram<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is noted to have raised Khurram affectionately. Jahangir noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuzuk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuzuk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after the death of his grandfather Akbar in 1605, he returned to the care of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared for and loved immensely. Although separated from her at birth, he had become devoted to her and had her addressed as <a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat"><i>Hazrat</i></a> in court chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the death of Jagat Gosain in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Akbarabad</a> on 8 April 1619, he is recorded to be inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned for 21 days. For these three weeks of the mourning period, he attended no public meetings and subsisted on simple vegetarian meals. His consort <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> personally supervised the distribution of food to the poor during this period. She led the recitation of the Quran every morning and gave her husband many lessons on the substance of life and death and begged him not to grieve.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>As a child, Khurram received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">martial training</a> and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Jahangir. According to his chronicler Qazvini, prince Khurram was only familiar with a few <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Turki</a> words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khurram was attracted to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> literature since his childhood, and his Hindi letters were mentioned in his father's biography, <a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of time was 13,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was in a fair amount of physical danger from political opponents of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was at last ordered to return to his quarters by the senior women of his grandfather's household, namely <a href="/wiki/Salima_Sultan_Begum" title="Salima Sultan Begum">Salima Sultan Begum</a> and his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a> as <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s health deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khusrau_rebellion">Khusrau rebellion</h3></div> <p>In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after crushing a rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Prince Khusrau</a> – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath of that event.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to his mother's care.<sup id="cite_ref-Faruqui_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faruqui-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the third son, Khurram did not challenge the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, he enjoyed the benefits of imperial protection and luxury while being allowed to continue with his education and training. This relatively quiet and stable period of his life allowed Khurram to build his own support base in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard the palace and treasury while he went to pursue Khusrau. He was later ordered to bring <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>, his grandmother and Jahangir's harem to him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif gathered around 500 men at Khusrau's instigation and lay await for the Emperor. Khurram relayed this information to Jahangir who praised him.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jahangir had Khurram weighed against gold, silver and other wealth at his mansion at Orta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nur_Jahan">Nur Jahan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/220px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/330px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/440px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Jahangir and <a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a> with prince Khurram at <a href="/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Agra" title="Aram Bagh, Agra">Aram Bagh</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1640-1650</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the long period of tensions between his father and his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>, Khurram began to drift closer to his father, and over time, started to be considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers. This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the <a href="/wiki/Sarkar_(administrative_division)" title="Sarkar (administrative division)">sarkar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hisar_(city)" title="Hisar (city)">Hissar-e-Feroza</a>, which had traditionally been the fief of the heir-apparent, to Khurram in 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her marriage to Jahangir in the year 1611, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a> gradually became an active participant in all decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme powers in administration, so much so that it was obvious to everyone both inside and outside that most of his decisions were actually hers. Slowly, while Jahangir became more indulgent in wine and opium, she was considered to be the actual power behind the throne. Her near and dear relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal court, termed the Nur Jahan junta by historians. Khurram was in constant conflict with his stepmother, Nur Jahan who favoured her son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar Mirza</a> for the succession to the Mughal throne over him. In the last years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in full power, and the emperor had left all the burden of governance on her. She tried to weaken Khurram's position in the Mughal court by sending him on campaigns far in Deccan while ensuring several favours were being bestowed on her son-in-law. Khurram after sensing the danger posed to his status as heir-apparent rebelled against his father in 1622 but did not succeed and eventually lost the favour of his father. Several years before Jahangir's death in 1627, coins began to be struck containing Nur Jahan's name along with Jahangir's name; In fact, there were two prerogatives of sovereignty for the legitimacy of a Muslim monarchy (reading the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">Khutbah</a> and the other being the right to <a href="/wiki/Mint_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint coins">mint coins</a>). After the death of Jahangir in 1627, a struggle developed between Khurram and his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar Mirza</a> for the succession to the Mughal throne. Khurram won the battle of succession and became the fifth Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of her imperial stature, authority, privileges, honors and economic grants and was put under house arrest on the orders of Khurram and led a quiet and comfortable life till her death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Shah Jahan</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Akbar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar I">Akbar I</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Bharmal" title="Bharmal">Bharmal</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Champavati Solanki</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Shah Jahan I</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Maldeo_Rathore" title="Maldeo Rathore">Maldeo Rathore</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Udai_Singh_of_Marwar" title="Udai Singh of Marwar">Udai Singh I</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Swarup Devi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Gosain" title="Jagat Gosain">Jagat Gosain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Askaran" title="Askaran">Askaran</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Rajavat Kachawahi Manrang Devi</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Indravati</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages">Marriages</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shah_Jahan" title="Special:EditPage/Shah Jahan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22">"Shah Jahan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shah+Jahan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shah+Jahan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1607, Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (1593–1631), who is also known as <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"> The Exalted One of the Palace</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). They were about 14 and 15 when they were engaged, and five years later, got married. The young girl belonged to an illustrious <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> noble family that included <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Asaf_Khan" title="Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan">Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan</a>, who had been serving Mughal emperors since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. The family's patriarch was <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghiyas_Beg" title="Mirza Ghiyas Beg">Mirza Ghiyas Beg</a>, who was also known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He had been <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir's</a> finance minister and his son, <a href="/wiki/Asaf_Khan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf Khan IV">Asaf Khan</a> – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important role in the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Minister. Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress <a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a>, chief consort of Emperor Jahangir.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prince would have to wait five years before he was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. This was an unusually long engagement for the time. However, Shah Jahan first married a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Princess (name not known) entitled <a href="/wiki/Kandahari_Begum" title="Kandahari Begum">Kandahari Begum</a>, the daughter of a great-grandson of the great <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, with whom he had a daughter, his first child.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_2000_300_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly_2000_300-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Shah_Jahan,_1628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg/170px-Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg/255px-Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg/340px-Emperor_Shah_Jahan%2C_1628.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal)">Shah Shuja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, and their maternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_ibn_Mirza_Ghiyas_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul-Hasan ibn Mirza Ghiyas Beg">Asaf Khan IV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1612, aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal, on a date chosen by court astrologers. The marriage was a happy one and Khurram remained devoted to her. They had fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood. </p><p>Though there was genuine love between the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute woman and served as a crucial advisor and confidante to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly2000p379_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000p379-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, as empress, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense power, such as being consulted by her husband in state matters, attending the council (<i>shura</i> or <i>diwan</i>), and being responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">imperial seal</a>, which allowed her to review official documents in their final draft. Shah Jahan also gave her the right to issue her own orders (hukums) and make appointments to him. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/220px-TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/330px-TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/440px-TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, the burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mumtaz Mahal died at the young age of 38 (7 June 1631), upon giving birth to Princess <a href="/wiki/Gauhar_Ara_Begum" title="Gauhar Ara Begum">Gauhar Ara Begum</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum haemorrhage">postpartum haemorrhage</a>, which caused considerable blood-loss after painful labor of thirty hours.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention, and Shah Jahan was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her body was temporarily buried in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad, originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Daniyal">Prince Daniyal</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River</a>. Her death had a profound impact on Shah Jahan's personality and inspired the construction of the marvelous <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, where she was later reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khurram had taken other wives, among whom were Kandahari Begum (m. 28 October 1610) and another <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Princess <a href="/wiki/Izz_un-Nisa_Begum" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz un-Nisa Begum">Izz un-Nisa Begum</a> (m. 2 September 1617), the daughters of Prince Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safawi and Shahnawaz Khan, son of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana">Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana</a>, respectively. But according to court chroniclers, these marriages were more out of political consideration, and they enjoyed only the status of being royal wives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Khurram is also recorded to have married his maternal half-cousin, a <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathore</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Princess Kunwari Leelavati Deiji, daughter of Kunwar Sakat/Sagat or Shakti Singh son of Mota Raja <a href="/wiki/Udai_Singh_of_Marwar" title="Udai Singh of Marwar">Udai Singh</a> and half brother of Raja <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Sur Singh of Marwar</a>. The marriage took place at <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a> when Khurram was in rebellion against his father, emperor Jahangir.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Jahanara">Relationship with Jahanara</h3></div> <p>After Shah Jahan fell ill in 1658, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a> had a significant influence in the Mughal administration.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, several accusations of an incestual relationship between Shah Jahan and Jahanara were propagated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such accusations have been dismissed by modern historians as gossip, as no witness of an incident has been mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">K. S. Lal</a> also dismisses such claims as rumors propagated by courtiers and <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a>. He cites <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb's</a> confining of Jahanara in the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> with the Royal prisoner and the talk of the low people magnifying a rumor. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several contemporary travelers have mentioned such accessions. <a href="/wiki/Francois_Bernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Bernier">Francois Bernier</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> physician, mentions rumors of an incestuous relationship being propagated in the Mughal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bernier did not mention witnessing such a relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Niccolao Manucci</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> traveler, dismisses such accusations by Bernier as gossip and <i>"The talk of the Low People".</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_campaigns">Early military campaigns</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg/220px-Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg/330px-Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg/440px-Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Shirt of the Personal Armour of Shah Jahan c.1632-1633</figcaption></figure> <p>Prince Khurram showed extraordinary military talent. The first occasion for Khurram to test his military prowess was during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>, which had been a hostile force to the Mughals since <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar's</a> reign.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a year of a harsh <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a>, Rana <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_I" title="Amar Singh I">Amar Singh I</a> surrendered conditionally to the Mughal forces and became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the Mughal Empire as a result of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_expedition_of_Mewar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal expedition of Mewar">Mughal expedition of Mewar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir to Jahangir. Khurram was sent to pay homage to his mother and stepmothers and was later awarded by Jahangir.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, his mansab was increased from 12000/6000 to 15000/7000, to equal that his brother Parvez's and was further increased to 20000/10000 in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_(Shah_Jahan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg/220px-The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg/330px-The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg/440px-The_Submission_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_of_Mewar_to_Prince_Khurram_%28Shah_Jahan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Submission of <a href="/wiki/Rana_Amar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Amar Singh">Rana Amar Singh</a> of Mewar to Prince Khurram, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1616, on Khurram's departure to Deccan, Jahangir awarded him the title <b>Shah Sultan Khurram</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1617, Khurram was directed to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Lodi (Pashtun tribe)">Lodis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> to secure the Empire's southern borders and to restore imperial control over the region. On his return 1617 after successes in these campaigns, Khurram performed koronush before <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> who called him to jharoka and rose from his seat to embrace him. Jahangir also granting him the title of <b>Shah Jahan</b> (Persian: "King of the World")<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raised his military rank to 30000/20000 and allowed him a special throne in his <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a>, an unprecedented honor for a prince.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward S. Holden writes, "He was flattered by some, envied by others, loved by none."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1618, Shah Jahan was given the first copy of <a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a> by his father who considered him "the first of all my sons in everything."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebel_prince">Rebel prince</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Payag,_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630,_Metmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg/220px-Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg/330px-Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg/440px-Payag%2C_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan on horseback (during his youth).</figcaption></figure> <p>Inheritance in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. As a result, a complex political climate surrounded the Mughal court in Shah Jahan's formative years. In 1611 his father married <a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a>, the widowed daughter of a Persian noble. She rapidly became an important member of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir's</a> court and, together with her brother <a href="/wiki/Asaf_Khan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf Khan IV">Asaf Khan</a>, wielded considerable influence. Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurram consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions in court. </p><p>Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Prince Khurram's youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahzada Shahryar</a> and her support for his claim to the throne led to much internal division. Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan held over his father and was angered at having to play second fiddle to her favourite Shahryar, his half-brother and her son-in-law. When the Persians besieged <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Nur Jahan was at the helm of the affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but he refused. As a result of Prince Khurram's refusal to obey Nur Jahan's orders, Kandahar was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.<sup id="cite_ref-SatishChandra_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatishChandra-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Khurram feared that in his absence Nur Jahan would attempt to poison his father against him and convince Jahangir to name Shahryar the heir in his place. This fear brought Prince Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>. </p><p>In 1622, Prince Khurram raised an army and marched against his father and Nur Jahan.<sup id="cite_ref-SatishChandra_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatishChandra-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Bilochpura" title="Bilochpura">Bilochpur</a> in March 1623. Later he took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> with Maharana <a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh_II" title="Karan Singh II">Karan Singh II</a>. He was first lodged in Delwada Ki Haveli and subsequently shifted to <a href="/wiki/Jag_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jag Mandir">Jagmandir Palace</a> on his request. Prince Khurram exchanged his turban with the Maharana and that turban is still preserved in Pratap Museum, Udaipur (R V Somani 1976). It is believed that the mosaic work of Jagmandir inspired him to use mosaic work in the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>. In November 1623, he found safe asylum in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> after he was driven from Agra and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>. He advanced through <a href="/wiki/Midnapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnapur">Midnapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burdwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan">Burdwan</a>. At Akbarnagar, he defeated and killed the then Subahdar of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Fath-i-Jang" title="Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang">Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang</a>, on 20 April 1624.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and "all the elephants, horses, and 4,000,000 rupees in specie belonging to the Government were delivered to him". After a short stay he then moved to <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rebellion did not succeed in the end and he was forced to submit unconditionally after he was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>. Although the prince was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson continued to grow beneath the surface. </p><p>Upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, the wazir Asaf Khan, who had long been a quiet partisan of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness and determination to forestall his sister's plans to place Prince Shahryar on the throne. He put Nur Jahan in close confinement. He obtained control of Prince Khurram's three sons who were under her charge. Asaf Khan also managed palace intrigues to ensure Prince Khurram's succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne as Abu ud-Muzaffar Shihab ud-Din Mohammad Sahib ud-Quiran ud-Thani Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi (Urdu: شهاب الدین محمد خرم), or Shah Jahan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His regnal name is divided into various parts. <i>Shihab ud-Din</i>, meaning "Star of the Faith", <i>Sahib al-Quiran ud-Thani</i>, meaning "Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction of Jupiter and Venus". <i>Shah Jahan</i>, meaning "King of the World", alluding to his pride in his Timurid roots and his ambitions. More epithets showed his secular and religious duties. He was also titled <i>Hazrat Shahenshah</i> ("His Imperial Majesty"), <i>Hazrat-i-Khilafat-Panahi</i> ("His Majesty the Refuge of the Caliphate"), <i>Hazrat Zill-i-Ilahi</i> ("His Majesty the Shadow of God").<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his stepmother Nur Jahan. Upon Shah Jahan's orders, several executions took place on 23 January 1628. Those put to death included his brother Shahryar; his nephews <a href="/wiki/Dawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawar">Dawar</a> and Garshasp, sons of Shah Jahan's previously executed brother <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Prince Khusrau</a>; and his cousins Tahmuras and <a href="/wiki/Hushang_Mirza" title="Hushang Mirza">Hoshang</a>, sons of the late Prince <a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Mirza" title="Daniyal Mirza">Daniyal Mirza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Shah Jahan to rule his empire without contention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan,_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama,_ca._1657,_The_Royal_Library,_Windsor_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg/220px-Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg/330px-Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg/440px-Darbar_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_Page_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama%2C_ca._1657%2C_The_Royal_Library%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan at his <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Padshahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Padshahnama">Windsor Padshahnama</a>, c. 1657</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg/220px-Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg/330px-Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg/440px-Cha_Jehan_the_Great_Mogul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan the Great Mogul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg/220px-Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg/330px-Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg/440px-Red_Fort_-_The_marble_jharokha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Throne of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal Emperor</a> Shah Jahan of India, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, Delhi</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence from the reign of Shah Jahan states that in 1648 the army consisted of 911,400 infantry, <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketeers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> men, and 185,000 <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">Sowars</a> commanded by princes and nobles. </p><p>His cultural and political initial steps have been described as a type of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>, in which he built historical and political bonds with his Timurid heritage mainly via his numerous unsuccessful military campaigns on his ancestral region of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. In various forms, Shah Jahan appropriated his Timurid background and grafted it onto his imperial legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his reign the <a href="/wiki/Marwari_horse" title="Marwari horse">Marwari horse</a> was introduced, becoming Shah Jahan's favorite, and various Mughal <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a> were mass-produced in the <a href="/wiki/Jaigarh_Fort" title="Jaigarh Fort">Jaigarh Fort</a>. Under his rule, the empire became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from their citizens. But due to his measures in the financial and commercial fields, it was a period of general stability – the administration was centralized and court affairs systematized. </p><p>The Mughal Empire continued to expand moderately during his reign as his sons commanded large armies on different fronts. India at the time was a rich center of the arts, crafts and architecture, and some of the best of the architects, artisans, craftsmen, painters and writers of the world resided in Shah Jahan's empire. According to economist <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>, Mughal-era India's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) grew from 22.7% in 1600 to 24.4% in 1700, surpassing China to become the world's largest.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. Dewick and Murray Titus, quoting <i>Badshahnama</i>, write that 76 temples in <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> were demolished on Shah Jahan's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famine_of_1630">Famine of 1630</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630%E2%80%9332" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan famine of 1630–32">Deccan famine of 1630–32</a></div> <p>A famine broke out in 1630–32 in Deccan, Gujarat and Khandesh as a result of three main crop failures.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two million died of starvation, grocers sold dogs' flesh and mixed powdered bones with flour. It is reported that parents ate their own children. Some villages were completely destroyed, their streets filled with human corpses. In response to the devastation, Shah Jahan set up <i>langar</i> (free kitchens) for the victims of the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successful_military_campaigns_against_Deccan_Sultanates">Successful military campaigns against Deccan Sultanates</h3></div> <p>In 1632, Shah Jahan <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">captured the fortress at Daulatabad, Maharashtra</a> and imprisoned Husein Shah of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Shahi dynasty">Nizam Shahi Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>. Golconda submitted in 1635 and then Bijapur in 1636. Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. During his viceroyalty, Aurangzeb conquered Baglana, then Golconda in 1656, and then Bijapur in 1657.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_rebellion_led_by_Guru_Hargobind">Sikh rebellion led by Guru Hargobind</h3></div> <p>A rebellion of the Sikhs led by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> took place and, in response, Shah Jahan ordered their destruction. Guru Hargobind defeated the Mughal's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1634)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1634)">Battle of Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kartarpur" title="Battle of Kartarpur">Battle of Kartarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rohilla" title="Battle of Rohilla">Battle of Rohilla</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahira" title="Battle of Lahira">Battle of Lahira</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty">Relations with the Safavid dynasty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_(July_1630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg/170px-Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg/255px-Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg/340px-Shah-Jahan_hunting_lions_at_Burhanpur_%28July_1630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Shah Jahan hunting <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, from 1630</figcaption></figure> <p>Shah Jahan and his sons captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in 1638 from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavids</a>, prompting the retaliation of the Persians led by their ruler <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II of Persia</a>, who recaptured it in 1649. The Mughal armies were unable to recapture it despite repeated sieges during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1649%E2%80%931653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Jahan also expanded the Mughal Empire to the west beyond the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> and Kandahar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_campaign_in_Central_Asia">Military campaign in Central Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Central_Asia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Central Asia Campaign">Mughal Central Asia Campaign</a></div> <p>Shah Jahan launched an invasion of Central Asia from 1646 to 1647 against the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. With an total army of 75,000, Shah Jahan and his sons <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murad_Bakhsh" title="Murad Bakhsh">Murad Bakhsh</a> temporarily occupied the territories of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>. However, they retreated from the fruitless lands and Balkh and Badakhshan returned to Bukharan control.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire">Relations with the Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <p>Shah Jahan sent an embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman court</a> in 1637. Led by Mir Zarif, it reached Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> the following year, while he was encamped in Baghdad. Zarif presented him with fine gifts and a letter which encouraged an alliance against Safavid Persia. The Sultan sent a return embassy led by Arsalan Agha. Shah Jahan received the ambassador in June 1640.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While he was encamped in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Murad IV is known to have met ambassadors of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armor. Murad IV gave them the finest weapons, <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftans</a> and ordered his forces to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> to the port of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, where they set sail to <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They exchanged lavish presents, but Shah Jahan was displeased with Sultan Murad's return letter, the tone of which he found discourteous. Sultan Murad's successor, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a>, sent Shah Jahan another letter encouraging him to wage war against the Persians, but there is no record of a reply.<sup id="cite_ref-google_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Portuguese">War with Portuguese</h3></div> <p>Shah Jahan gave orders in 1631 to Qasim Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, to drive out the Portuguese from their trading post at <a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chinsura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugli-Chinsura">Port Hoogly</a>. The post was heavily armed with cannons, <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, fortified walls, and other instruments of war.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese were accused of trafficking by high Mughal officials and due to commercial competition the Mughal-controlled port of <a href="/wiki/Saptagram" title="Saptagram">Saptagram</a> began to slump. Shah Jahan was particularly outraged by the activities of <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in that region, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants. On 25 September 1632, the Mughal Army raised imperial banners and gained control over the <a href="/wiki/Bandel" title="Bandel">Bandel</a> region, and the garrison was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">punished</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 December 1635, Shah Jahan issued a farman ordering the Agra Church to be demolished. The Church was occupied by the Portuguese Jesuits. However the Emperor allowed the Jesuits to conduct their religious ceremonies in privacy. He also banned the Jesuits in preaching their religion and making converts from both Hindus and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Though in the decree, he also granted 777 bighas of rent-free land to the Augustinian Fathers and the Christian community in Bandel, currently in West Bengal, shaping its Portuguese heritage for times to come.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolts_against_Shah_Jahan">Revolts against Shah Jahan</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Kolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> rebelled against the rule of Shah Jahan. In 1622, Shah Jahan sent Raja Vikramjit, the Governor of Gujarat, to subdue the Kolis of <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1632 and 1635, four viceroys were appointed in an effort to manage the Koli's activities. The Kolis of <a href="/wiki/Kankrej,_Gujarat" title="Kankrej, Gujarat">Kankrej</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Gujarat" title="North Gujarat">North Gujarat</a> committed excesses and the Jam of <a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Nawanagar</a> refused to pay tribute to Shah Jahan. Soon, Ázam Khán was appointed in an effort to subdue the Kolis and bring order to the province. Ázam Khán marched against Koli rebels. When Ázam Khán reached <a href="/wiki/Siddhpur" title="Siddhpur">Sidhpur</a>, the local merchants complained bitterly of the outrages of one Kánji, a <a href="/wiki/Chunvalia_Koli" title="Chunvalia Koli">Chunvalia</a> Koli, who had been especially daring in plundering merchandise and committing highway robberies. Ázam Khán, anxious to start with a show of vigour before proceeding to Áhmedábád, marched against Kánji, who fled to the village of Bhádar near <a href="/wiki/Kheralu" title="Kheralu">Kheralu</a>, sixty miles north-east of Áhmedábád. Ázam Khán pursued him so hotly that Kánji surrendered, handed over his plunder and guaranteed that he would not only cease to commit robberies but also pay an annual tribute of Rupees 10,000. Ázam Khán then built two fortified posts in the Koli's territory, naming one Ázamábád after himself, and the other Khalílábád after his son. Additionally, he forced the surrender of the Jam of Nawanagar.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next viceroy, Ísa Tarkhán, carried out financial reforms. In 1644, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> was appointed as the viceroy, who then proceeded to become engaged in religious disputes, such as the destruction of a <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>. Due to these disputes, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a> who failed to subdue Kolis. Subsequently, prince <a href="/wiki/Murad_Bakhsh" title="Murad Bakhsh">Murad Bakhsh</a> was appointed as the viceroy in 1654. He restored order and defeated the Koli rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/170px-Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/255px-Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/340px-Govardhan._Shah_Jahan_and_Dara_Shikoh_ca._1638._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Shah Jahan became ill in 1658, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> (Mumtaz Mahal's eldest son) assumed the role of regent in his father's stead, which swiftly incurred the animosity of his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning of his assumption of the regency, his younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal)">Shuja</a>, Viceroy of Bengal, and <a href="/wiki/Murad_Baksh" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad Baksh">Murad Baksh</a>, Viceroy of Gujarat, declared their independence and marched upon Agra in order to claim their riches. Aurangzeb, the third son, gathered a well-trained army and became its chief commander. He faced Dara's army near Agra and defeated him during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Battle of Samugarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in Agra Fort. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahanara Begum Sahib">Jahanara Begum Sahib</a>, Mumtaz Mahal's eldest surviving daughter, voluntarily shared his 8-year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. In January 1666, Shah Jahan fell ill. Confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 January, he commended the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara. After reciting the <a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah"><i>Kal'ma</i></a> (<i>Laa ilaaha ill allah</i>) and verses from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Shah Jahan died, aged 74. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg/220px-The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg/330px-The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg/440px-The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3363" /></a><figcaption>The Passing of Shah Jahan</figcaption></figure> <p>Shah Jahan's chaplain <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Muhammad_Qanauji" title="Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji">Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji</a> and Kazi Qurban of Agra came to the fort, moved his body to a nearby hall, washed it, enshrouded it, and put it in a coffin of sandalwood.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly2000p379_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000p379-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Princess Jahanara had planned a state funeral which was to include a procession with Shah Jahan's body carried by eminent nobles followed by the notable citizens of Agra and officials scattering coins for the poor and needy. Aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation. The body was taken to the Taj Mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.<sup id="cite_ref-asi1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asi1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombs-in-crypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tombs-in-crypt.jpg/220px-Tombs-in-crypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tombs-in-crypt.jpg/330px-Tombs-in-crypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tombs-in-crypt.jpg/440px-Tombs-in-crypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level of Taj Mahal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_architecture">Contributions to architecture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg/220px-Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg/330px-Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg/440px-Shahjahan%27s_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Seals of Shah Jahan</figcaption></figure> <p>Shah Jahan left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. He was one of the greatest patrons of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign ushered in the golden age of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous building was the Taj Mahal, which he built out of love for his wife, the empress <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>. His relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Indian art, literature and cinema. Shah Jahan personally owned the royal treasury, and several precious stones such as the <a href="/wiki/Kohinoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohinoor">Kohinoor</a>. </p><p>Its structure was drawn with great care and architects from all over the world were called for this purpose. The building took twenty years to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid with brick. Upon his death, his son Aurangzeb had him interred in it next to Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other constructions are the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> also called the <i>Delhi Fort</i> or <i>Lal Qila</i> in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, large sections of Agra Fort, the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moti_Masjid_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moti Masjid (Lahore)">Moti Masjid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens</a>, sections of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mohabbat_Khan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohabbat Khan Mosque">Mahabat Khan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mini_Qutub_Minar" title="Mini Qutub Minar">Mini Qutub Minar</a><sup id="cite_ref-a1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Hastsal" title="Hastsal">Hastsal</a>, the Jahangir mausoleum – his father's tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the <a href="/wiki/Shahjahan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahjahan Mosque">Shahjahan Mosque</a>. He also had the Peacock Throne, <a href="/wiki/Takht_e_Taus" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht e Taus">Takht e Taus</a>, made to celebrate his rule. Shah Jahan also placed profound verses of the Quran on his masterpieces of architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> in Thatta, Sindh province of Pakistan (100 km / 60 miles from Karachi) was built during the reign of Shah Jahan in 1647. The mosque is built with red bricks with blue coloured glaze tiles probably imported from another Sindh's town of <a href="/wiki/Haala" class="mw-redirect" title="Haala">Hala</a>. The mosque has overall 93 domes and it is the world's largest mosque having such a number of domes. It has been built keeping acoustics in mind. A person speaking inside one end of the dome can be heard at the other end when the speech exceeds 100 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>. It has been on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage list since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Fort"><img alt="Red Fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg/120px-Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg/180px-Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg/240px-Ghulam_Ali_Khan_003b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan."><img alt="The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg/120px-Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg/180px-Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg/240px-Naulakha_Pavilion_in_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The elegant <a href="/wiki/Naulakha_Pavilion" title="Naulakha Pavilion">Naulakha Pavilion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> was built during the reign of Shah Jahan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agra Fort"><img alt="Agra Fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg/94px-Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg/141px-Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg/189px-Weeks_Edwin_Gate_Of_The_Fortress_At_Agra_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi."><img alt="Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg/120px-Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg/180px-Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg/240px-Weeks_Edwin_The_Return_Of_The_Imperial_Court_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shah Jahan and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">Mughal Army</a> return after attending a congregation in the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid, Delhi</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.[88]"><img alt="Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg/120px-Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg/180px-Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg/240px-Wazir_khan_mosque_entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lahore's <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a> is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moti Masjid (Red Fort)"><img alt="Moti Masjid (Red Fort)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/120px-Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/180px-Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/240px-Vasily_Vereshchagin_-_Pearl_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moti_Masjid_(Red_Fort)" title="Moti Masjid (Red Fort)">Moti Masjid (Red Fort)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah)."><img alt="Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg/120px-Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg/180px-Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg/240px-Taj_Mahal_finial-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="2084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Finial, <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (combining a <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> and a spear pendant with the word <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coins">Coins</h2></div> <p>Shah Jahan continued striking coins in three metals i.e. gold (mohur), silver (rupee) and copper (dam). His pre-accession coins bear the name Khurram. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan,_Gold_Mohur,_Akbarabad,_10.88g,_AH_1052,_RY_15,_Quatrefoil_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)"><img alt="Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg/180px-Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg/240px-Shah_Jahan%2C_Gold_Mohur%2C_Akbarabad%2C_10.88g%2C_AH_1052%2C_RY_15%2C_Quatrefoil_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan,_from_Patna_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna."><img alt="Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg/120px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg/180px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg/240px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Shah_Jahan%2C_from_Patna_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper Dam from Daryakot mint"><img alt="Copper Dam from Daryakot mint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg/180px-Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg/240px-Shah_Jahan_Dam_Daryakot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper Dam from Daryakot mint</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver Rupee from Multan"><img alt="Silver Rupee from Multan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg/180px-Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg/240px-Shah_Jahan_Rupee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver Rupee from Multan</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Shah Jahan</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg/220px-%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg/330px-%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg/440px-%22Rosette_Bearing_the_Names_and_Titles_of_Shah_Jahan%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3717" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">His Imperial Majesty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative style</th><td class="infobox-data">Alam Pana</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background: #CCDDCC; border:1px solid black">Children of Shah Jahan</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shah_Jahan" title="Special:EditPage/Shah Jahan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22">"Shah Jahan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shah+Jahan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shah+Jahan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shah+Jahan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Name</th> <th width="100px">Mother</th> <th>Portrait</th> <th>Lifespan</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Parhez_Banu_Begum" title="Parhez Banu Begum">Parhez Banu Begum</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandahari_Begum" title="Kandahari Begum">Kandahari Begum</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>21 August 1611 –<br /> 1675 </td> <td>Shah Jahan's first child born to his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Kandahari_Begum" title="Kandahari Begum">Kandahari Begum</a>. Parhez Banu was her mother's only child and died unmarried. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hur-ul-Nisa_Begum" title="Hur-ul-Nisa Begum">Hur-ul-Nisa Begum</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>30 March 1613 –<br /> 5 June 1616 </td> <td>The first of fourteen children born to Shah Jahan's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>. She died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> at the age of 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosvi_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosvi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a></b><br /><i>Padshah Begum</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahanara_1635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jahanara_1635.jpg/100px-Jahanara_1635.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jahanara_1635.jpg/150px-Jahanara_1635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jahanara_1635.jpg/200px-Jahanara_1635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td> <td>23 March 1614 –<br /> 16 September 1681 </td> <td>Shah Jahan's favourite and most influential daughter. Jahanara became the First Lady (<a href="/wiki/Padshah_Begum" title="Padshah Begum">Padshah Begum</a>) of the Mughal Empire after her mother's death, despite the fact that her father had three other consorts. She died unmarried. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a></b><br /> <i>Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Sultan Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dara_Shikoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dara_Shikoh.jpg/100px-Dara_Shikoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dara_Shikoh.jpg/150px-Dara_Shikoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dara_Shikoh.jpg/200px-Dara_Shikoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="344" /></a></span> </td> <td>20 March 1615 –<br /> 30 August 1659 </td> <td>The eldest son and <a href="/wiki/Heir-apparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir-apparent">heir-apparent</a>. He was favoured as a successor by his father, Shah Jahan, and his elder sister, Princess Jahanara Begum, but was defeated and later killed by his younger brother, Prince Muhiuddin (later the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>), in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne. He married and had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sh%C3%A1h_Shuj%C3%A1%CA%BF_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="679" /></a></span> </td> <td>23 June 1616 –<br /> 7 February 1661 </td> <td>He survived in the war of succession. He married and had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Roshanara_Begum" title="Roshanara Begum">Roshanara Begum</a></b><br /> <i>Padshah Begum</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raushanara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raushanara.jpg/100px-Raushanara.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raushanara.jpg/150px-Raushanara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raushanara.jpg/200px-Raushanara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="864" /></a></span> </td> <td>3 September 1617 –<br /> 11 September 1671 </td> <td>She was the most influential of Shah Jahan's daughters after Jahanara Begum and sided with Aurangzeb during the war of succession. She died unmarried. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></b><br /> <i>Mughal emperor</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg/100px-Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg/150px-Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg/200px-Aurangzeb_reading_the_Quran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="645" /></a></span> </td> <td>3 November 1618 –<br /> 3 March 1707 </td> <td>Succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor after emerging victorious in the war of succession that took place after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Jahan Afroz</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Izz-un-Nissa" title="Izz-un-Nissa">Izz-un-Nissa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>25 June 1619 –<br /> March 1621 </td> <td>The only child of Shah Jahan's third wife, <a href="/wiki/Izz-un-Nissa" title="Izz-un-Nissa">Izz-un-Nissa</a> (titled Akbarabadi Mahal). Jahan Afroz died at the age of one year and nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Izad Bakhsh</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>18 December 1619 –<br /> February/March 1621<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker07_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker07-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Surayya Banu Begum</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>10 June 1621 –<br /> 28 April 1628<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker07_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker07-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> at the age of 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosvi_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosvi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Unnamed son</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1622 </td> <td>Died soon after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker07_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker07-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Murad_Bakhsh" title="Murad Bakhsh">Murad Bakhsh</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg/100px-Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg/150px-Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg/200px-Mur%C3%A1d_Baxsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td>8 October 1624 –<br /> 14 December 1661 </td> <td>He was killed in 1661 as per Aurangzeb's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosvi_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosvi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married and had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lutf Allah</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>4 November 1626 –<br /> 13 May 1628<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker07_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker07-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died at the age of one and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosvi_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosvi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Daulat Afza</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>8 May 1628 –<br /> 13 May 1629<sup id="cite_ref-Desai89_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai89-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Husnara Begum</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>23 April 1629 –<br /> 1630<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker07_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker07-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Gauhara_Begum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauhara Begum">Gauhara Begum</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>17 June 1631 –<br /> 1706 </td> <td>Mumtaz Mahal died while giving birth to her on 17 June 1631 in <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>. She died unmarried. </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg/220px-Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg/330px-Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg/440px-Inscription_from_a_well_at_Makrana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Shah Jahan inscription from a well at Makrana, Rajasthan<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The inscription from Makrana, Nagaur District, dating back to 1651 AD, mentions Mirza Ali Baig, who was likely a local governor under Shah Jahan's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes a notice he posted on a step-well, prohibiting low-caste individuals from using the well alongside higher-caste people.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cup_of_Shah_Jahan" title="Wine cup of Shah Jahan">Wine cup of Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahjehan" title="Shahjehan">Shahjehan</a></i>, 1946 Indian film about the emperor</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Lords of the Auspicious Conjunction: The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and the Islamic Ecumene". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/world-imagined/lords-of-the-auspicious-conjunction/8CA86A37AD61BA24FE06F3DC8416C68B"><i>Shah Jahan</i></a>. LSE International Studies. Cambridge University Press. 18 June 2020. pp. 167–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108867948.007">10.1017/9781108867948.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49121-1"><bdi>978-1-108-49121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lords+of+the+Auspicious+Conjunction%3A+The+Ottoman%2C+Safavid%2C+and+Mughal+Empires+and+the+Islamic+Ecumene&rft.btitle=Shah+Jahan&rft.series=LSE+International+Studies&rft.pages=167-213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108867948.007&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49121-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fworld-imagined%2Flords-of-the-auspicious-conjunction%2F8CA86A37AD61BA24FE06F3DC8416C68B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShujauddinShujauddik1967" class="citation book cs1">Shujauddin, Mohammad; Shujauddik, Razia (1967). <i>The Life and Times of Noor Jahan</i>. Lahore: Caravan Book House. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/638031657">638031657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Noor+Jahan&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Caravan+Book+House&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F638031657&rft.aulast=Shujauddin&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Shujauddik%2C+Razia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClru_Necipo%C4%9Flu" title="Gülru Necipoğlu">Necipoğlu, Gülru</a>, ed. (1994). <i>Muqarnas : an annual on Islamic art and architecture</i>. Vol. 11. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10070-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10070-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas+%3A+an+annual+on+Islamic+art+and+architecture&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10070-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2014). "The Evolution of the Sikh Community". In <a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Singh, Pashaura</a>; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <q>Jahangir's son, ponkua, better known as the emperor Shah Jahan the Architect</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Sikh+Community&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Singh, Pashaura</a>; Fenech, Louis E., eds. (2014). "Index". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <q>Shah Jahan, Emperor Shahabuddin Muhammad Khurram</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Index&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloodNecipoglu2017" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClru_Necipo%C4%9Flu" title="Gülru Necipoğlu">Necipoglu, Gulru</a> (2017). <i>A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 897. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0"><bdi>978-1-119-06857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=897&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06857-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft.au=Necipoglu%2C+Gulru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielle_Festing2008" class="citation book cs1">Gabrielle Festing (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Xx4Ag-NsYwC&dq=%22shah+jahan+the+magnificent%22&pg=PA285"><i>When Kings Rode to Delhi</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796174-9-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9796174-9-2"><bdi>978-0-9796174-9-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Kings+Rode+to+Delhi&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9796174-9-2&rft.au=Gabrielle+Festing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Xx4Ag-NsYwC%26dq%3D%2522shah%2Bjahan%2Bthe%2Bmagnificent%2522%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Lane-Poole2008" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Lane-Poole (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZchJc3hpU7oC&dq=%22shah+jahan+the+magnificent%22&pg=PA88"><i>History of India: Mediaeval India from the Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great, Volume 4</i></a>. Cosimo. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-496-3"><bdi>978-1-60520-496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India%3A+Mediaeval+India+from+the+Mohammedan+Conquest+to+the+Reign+of+Akbar+the+Great%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2008-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-496-3&rft.au=Stanley+Lane-Poole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZchJc3hpU7oC%26dq%3D%2522shah%2Bjahan%2Bthe%2Bmagnificent%2522%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti0000unse"><i>Illustrated dictionary of the Muslim world</i></a></span>. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2011. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti0000unse/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7929-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-7929-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+dictionary+of+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+NY&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Reference&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7929-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustrateddicti0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993''Shah_Jahan'',_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_in1-3pagen136mode1up_121–122]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993''Shah_Jahan'',_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_in1-3pagen136mode1up_121–122]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1993">Richards 1993</a>, <i>Shah Jahan</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-3/page/n136/mode/1up">121–122</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Jahan">"Shah Jahan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Shah+Jahan&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FShah-Jahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findly_1993_125-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Findly_1993_125_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findly_1993_125_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFindly1993">Findly 1993</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/30/mode/1up"><i>The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India</i></a>. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512718-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512718-8"><bdi>0-19-512718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512718-8&rft.au=Jahangir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjahangirnamamemo00jaha%2Fpage%2F30%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2000">Eraly 2000</a>, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuzuk-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuzuk_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/46/mode/1up"><i>The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India</i></a>. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512718-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512718-8"><bdi>0-19-512718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512718-8&rft.au=Jahangir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjahangirnamamemo00jaha%2Fpage%2F46%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamboh" class="citation book cs1">Kamboh, Muhammad Saleh. <i>Amal I Salih</i>. <q>During her stay at Fatehpur, the mother of Shah Jahan, Hazrat Bilqis Makani, a resident of Agra became ill. The treatment did not work. Finally, on 4th Jamadi-ul-Awal, she died and according to her will, she was buried at Dehra Bagh, near Noor Manzil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amal+I+Salih&rft.aulast=Kamboh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saleh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerstonPerston" class="citation book cs1">Perston, Diana; Perston, Micheal. <i>A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time: The Story of the Taj Mahal</i>. <q>Although removed from his mother at birth, Shah Jahan had become devoted to her.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Teardrop+on+the+Cheek+of+Time%3A+The+Story+of+the+Taj+Mahal&rft.aulast=Perston&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Perston%2C+Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1986" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Muni (1986). <i>Shah Jahan</i>. Vikas Publishing House. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Jahan&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Muni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1932" class="citation book cs1">Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281500/page/n43/mode/2up?q=turki"><i>History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli 1932</i></a>. Indian Press Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Shahjahan+Of+Dihli+1932&rft.pub=Indian+Press+Limited&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Banarsi+Prasad+Saksena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281500%2Fpage%2Fn43%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dturki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiyada_Asad_Alī2000" class="citation book cs1">Saiyada Asad Alī (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=shah+jahan+hindi+literature"><i>Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature</i></a>. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Influence+of+Islam+on+Hindi+Literature&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Saiyada+Asad+Al%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbpjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dshah%2Bjahan%2Bhindi%2Bliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1930">Prasad 1930</a>, p. 189 "During his grandfather's last illness, he [Khurram] refused to leave the bedside surrounded by his enemies. Neither the advice of his father nor the entreaties of his mother could prevail on him to prefer the safety of his life to his last duty to the father."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicoll2009">Nicoll 2009</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faruqui-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faruqui_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqui2012" class="citation book cs1">Faruqui, Munis D. (2012). <i>The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02217-1"><bdi>978-1-107-02217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+of+the+Mughal+Empire%2C+1504%E2%80%931719&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02217-1&rft.aulast=Faruqui&rft.aufirst=Munis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicoll2009">Nicoll 2009</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmperor1999" class="citation book cs1">Emperor, Jahangir (1999). <i>The Jahangirnama</i>. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. 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[Amar Singh] offered to recognize Mughal supremacy ... Jahangir gladly and unreservedly accepted the terms."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmperor1999" class="citation book cs1">Emperor, Jahangir (1999). <i>The Jahangirnama</i>. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. 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Bagchi & Co. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170743002" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170743002"><bdi>978-8170743002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Jahan+and+his+paradise+on+earth+%3A+the+story+of+Shah+Jahan%27s+creations+in+Agra+and+Shahjahanabad+in+the+golden+days+of+the+Mughals&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=K.P.+Bagchi+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8170743002&rft.aulast=Sarker&rft.aufirst=Kobita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai89-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desai89_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegleyDesai1989" class="citation book cs1">Begley, W. E.; Desai, Z.A., eds. (1989). <i>Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Mughal and European Documentary Sources</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96944-2"><bdi>978-0-295-96944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taj+Mahal%3A+The+Illumined+Tomb%3A+An+Anthology+of+Seventeenth-Century+Mughal+and+European+Documentary+Sources&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Program+for+Islamic+Architecture&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-295-96944-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindica00newd/page/n60/mode/1up"><i>Epigraphia Indica. Arabic and Persian supplement (in continuation of the series Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica)</i></a>. Public Resource. Archaeological Survey of India. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica.+Arabic+and+Persian+supplement+%28in+continuation+of+the+series+Epigraphia+Indo-Moslemica%29&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepigraphiaindica00newd%2Fpage%2Fn60%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.09791"><i>Archaeology progress report of the A.S.I., Western Circle</i></a>. Central Archeological Library. p. 40. <q>Under management of Mirza Ali Baig. As the date A.H. 1061 is equivalent to A.D. 1650, the 25th year must refer to Shah Jahan's reign, Mirza Ali Baig must have been his local governor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+progress+report+of+the+A.S.I.%2C+Western+Circle&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Central+Archeological+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ministry.09791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Ghosh1965" class="citation book cs1">A. Ghosh, (Director General of Archaeology in India) (22 December 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000583a1363"><i>Indian Archaeology 1962-63, A Review</i></a>. Government of India Press, Faridabad. p. 60. <q>INSCRIPTIONS OF THE MUGHALS, DISTRICTS JAIPUR, NAGAUR AND TONK.—<b>Of the inscriptions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shah Jahan</a></b>, the one from Makrana, District Nagaur, records a notice put up on a step-well in А.Н. 1061 (A.D. 1651) by Mirza Ali Baig prohibiting the low-caste people from drawing water from the well along with the people of higher caste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology+1962-63%2C+A+Review&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Press%2C+Faridabad&rft.date=1965-12-22&rft.aulast=A.+Ghosh&rft.aufirst=%28Director+General+of+Archaeology+in+India%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faclcpl00000583a1363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2003" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard (2003) [1992]. <i>Architecture of Mughal India</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>. Vol. I: 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521267281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521267281"><bdi>978-0521267281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Mughal+India&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521267281&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ella+Blanshard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA379"><i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141001432" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141001432"><bdi>978-0141001432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Mughals&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0141001432&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04ellRQx4nMC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindly1993" class="citation book cs1">Findly, Ellison Banks (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA282"><i>Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195360608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195360608"><bdi>978-0195360608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nur+Jahan%3A+Empress+of+Mughal+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0195360608&rft.aulast=Findly&rft.aufirst=Ellison+Banks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugxFjVDk3I8C%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Koch" title="Ebba Koch">Koch, Ebba</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch"><i>The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500342091" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500342091"><bdi>978-0500342091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Taj+Mahal%3A+And+the+Riverfront+Gardens+of+Agra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0500342091&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ebba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetajmahal0000koch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Nicoll" title="Fergus Nicoll">Nicoll, Fergus</a> (2009). <i>Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor</i>. London: Haus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906598181" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906598181"><bdi>978-1906598181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Jahan%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Mughal+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1906598181&rft.aulast=Nicoll&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1930" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Beni (1930) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009"><i>History of Jahangir</i></a> (2nd ed.). Allahabad: The Indian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jahangir&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Indian+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Beni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">Richards, John F.</a> (1993). <i>The Mughal Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521566032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521566032"><bdi>978-0521566032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521566032&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9380607344" title="Special:BookSources/978-9380607344"><bdi>978-9380607344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9380607344&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah+Jahan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shah_Jahan_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shah Jahan I">Shah Jahan I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecmsindia.org/art.html#shah_jehan">Shah Jehan in Christian Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twocircles.net/2008jul29/shah_jahans_353rd_death_anniversary_observed_taj_mahal.html">Shah Jahan's 353rd death anniversary observed at Taj Mahal at TwoCircles.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boloji.com/history/013.htm">History of Islam in India at IndiaNest.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618125100/http://boloji.com/history/013.htm">Archived</a> 18 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=3286">Shah Jahan's Coin Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tajmahalfacts.com/shah-jahan.html">Shah Jahan</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Shah Jahan </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 5 January 1592</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 22 January 1666</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> </b><br />1627–1658 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Flags of the Mughal Empire"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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95.504 2 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 6.19% 87.677 3 Template:Marriage"," 5.46% 77.350 4 Template:Navbox"," 5.32% 75.407 1 Template:Mughal_Empire"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.885","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25177876,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Ghosh1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFASI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshburner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBano2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegleyDesai1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstable1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot1867–1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmperor1999\"] = 10,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarooqi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqui2012\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFSaiyada_Asad_Alī2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShujauddinShujauddik1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghFenech2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_Lane-Poole2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitusDewick1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Gráda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFʻInāyat_Khān1990\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Banglapedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"Hidden bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden top\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royal styles\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 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