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id="toc-Mexican-American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican-American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mexican-American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican-American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Return to New Orleans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peacetime_Officer,_West_Point_Superintendent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacetime_Officer,_West_Point_Superintendent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Peacetime Officer, West Point Superintendent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacetime_Officer,_West_Point_Superintendent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creole_State,_First_CSA_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creole_State,_First_CSA_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Creole State, First CSA General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creole_State,_First_CSA_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_the_Civil_War,_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_the_Civil_War,_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Start of the Civil War, Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_the_Civil_War,_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Bull Run (First Manassas)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confederate_battle_flag_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_battle_flag_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Confederate battle flag design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_battle_flag_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shiloh_and_Corinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiloh_and_Corinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Shiloh and Corinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiloh_and_Corinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Charleston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Charleston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Return to Charleston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Charleston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Richmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Return to the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-bellum_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-bellum_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-bellum career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-bellum_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-bellum career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-bellum_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Views on race</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_on_race-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views on race subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_on_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_by_Anglo-Americans_due_to_his_Creole_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_by_Anglo-Americans_due_to_his_Creole_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Treatment by Anglo-Americans due to his Creole heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_by_Anglo-Americans_due_to_his_Creole_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views_after_the_end_of_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views_after_the_end_of_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Political views after the end of the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views_after_the_end_of_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shift_toward_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shift_toward_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Shift toward acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shift_toward_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_views_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views_during_the_Reconstruction_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Political views during the Reconstruction Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views_during_the_Reconstruction_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1868_post-war_interview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1868_post-war_interview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>1868 post-war interview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1868_post-war_interview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abraham_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abraham_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Abraham Lincoln</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abraham_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana_Unification_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana_Unification_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Louisiana Unification Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana_Unification_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Civil rights legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">P. G. T. Beauregard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بيير بيوريغارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير بيوريغارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C.%D8%AC%DB%8C.%D8%AA%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پی.جی.تی. بوریقارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پی.جی.تی. بوریقارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant-Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" title="P.G.T. Beauregard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="P.G.T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C.%D8%AC%DB%8C.%D8%AA%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پی.جی.تی. بوریگارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پی.جی.تی. بوریگارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%80%EB%93%9C" title="피에르 보우리가드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 보우리가드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4.%D7%92.%D7%98._%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פ.ג.ט. בורגארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פ.ג.ט. בורגארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Gustavus_Toutant_Beauregard" title="Petrus Gustavus Toutant Beauregard – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Gustavus Toutant Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بيير بيوريجارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير بيوريجارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" title="P.G.T. Beauregard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="P.G.T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E3%83%BBG%E3%83%BBT%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="P・G・T・ボーリガード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="P・G・T・ボーリガード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" title="P.G.T. Beauregard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="P.G.T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_G.T._Beauregard" title="Pierre G.T. Beauregard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre G.T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Beauregard" title="Pierre Beauregard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Тутан де Борегар, Пьер Гюстав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тутан де Борегар, Пьер Гюстав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пјер Борегар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Борегар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="P. G. T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" title="P.G.T. Beauregard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="P.G.T. Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="П'єр Гюстав Тутан де Борегар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Гюстав Тутан де Борегар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard" title="Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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G. T. Beauregard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard,_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg/220px-Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg/330px-Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg/440px-Gen._Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard%2C_C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860–1865</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Little Black Frenchman<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Little Frenchman</li><li>Little Napoleon</li><li>Little Creole</li><li>Bory</li><li>Felix</li><li>Hero of Fort Sumter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-05-28</span>)</span>May 28, 1818<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 20, 1893<span style="display:none">(1893-02-20)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Tomb of the Army of Tennessee, <a href="/wiki/Metairie_Cemetery" title="Metairie Cemetery">Metairie Cemetery</a>, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1838–1861 (U.S.)</li><li>1861–1865 (C.S.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/23px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/46px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> (U.S.)</li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/25px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/38px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/50px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army#General_(Full_general)" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">General</a> (C.S.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Potomac" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Siege of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="First Battle of Charleston Harbor">First Battle of Charleston Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fort_Wagner" title="First Battle of Fort Wagner">First Battle of Fort Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Wagner" title="Second Battle of Fort Wagner">Second Battle of Fort Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Charleston Harbor">Second Battle of Charleston Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Second Battle of Fort Sumter">Second Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hundred Campaign">Bermuda Hundred Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Battle of Bentonville</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Marie Antoinette Laure Villeré (m. 1841–1850; her death)<br />Caroline Deslonde (m. 1860–1864; her death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="G. T. Beauregard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg/100px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg/150px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg/200px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_Beauregard_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard</b> (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893) was an American military officer known as being the <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">Confederate General</a> who started the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">battle of Fort Sumter</a> on April 12, 1861. Today, he is commonly referred to as <b>P. G. T. Beauregard</b>, but he rarely used his first name as an adult. He signed correspondence as <b>G. T. Beauregard</b>. </p><p>Trained in <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, Beauregard served with distinction as an <a href="/wiki/Engineer_officer" title="Engineer officer">engineer officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Following a brief appointment as superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy in 1861, and after <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a> seceded, he resigned from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and became the first <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. He commanded the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, at the start of the Civil War at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> on April 12, 1861. Three months later he helped win the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas, Virginia</a>. </p><p>Beauregard held several key commands in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>, including control of armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Siege of Corinth</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, both in 1862. He returned to Charleston and defended it in 1863 from repeated naval and land attacks by Union forces. He is most known for his defense of the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>, from Union troops in June 1864, which delayed the eventual fall of the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> in April 1865. </p><p>His influence over Confederate strategy was lessened by his poor professional relationships with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and other senior generals and officials. In April 1865, Beauregard and his commander, General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, convinced Davis and the remaining cabinet members that the war needed to end. Johnston surrendered most of the remaining armies of the Confederacy, including Beauregard and his men, to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>. </p><p>After his military career, Beauregard returned to Louisiana, where he advocated black civil rights including suffrage, served as a <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> executive, and became wealthy as a promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Lottery_Company" title="Louisiana State Lottery Company">Louisiana Lottery</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg/150px-P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg/225px-P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg/300px-P_G_T_Beauregard_by_Richard_Clague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Pierre G. T. Beauregard as a young man, painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Clague" title="Richard Clague">Richard Clague</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beauregard was born at the "Contreras" sugar-cane <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana</a>, about 20 miles (32 km) outside <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> family. Beauregard was the third child of Hélène Judith de Reggio, of mixed <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> ancestry and descendant of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie,_Chevalier_de_Reggio" title="François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio">Francesco Maria de Reggio</a>, member of an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Noble_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble family">noble family</a> whose family had migrated first to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, and her husband, Jacques Toutant-Beauregard, of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had three brothers and three sisters. As was typical for <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>, his family spoke French and practiced <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard had several <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creole of color</a> cousins and uncles; the Creole of color side of Beauregard's family came from a marriage between Marguerite Pantalon (daughter of a prominent New Orleans Creole of color family) and one of Beauregard's uncles, Martin Barthelemy Toutant Beauregard.<sup id="cite_ref-emilyclark_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emilyclark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child, he befriended and played with slave boys his own age, including his favorite friend, the tall and strong storyteller Baptiste; Beauregard was often seen following and frolicking by Baptiste's side. Beauregard was nursed by a slave woman from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>) named Mamie Françoise Similien.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similien and Beauregard had a very close relationship, often seen giving each other hugs and kisses. Similien was held in the Beauregards' highest esteem, and after Pierre's grandfather died, the Beauregard family gave Similien a Creole Cottage in the <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Faubourg Treme</a> of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre often visited with Mamie, and during an interview with a reporter of the <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune/The_New_Orleans_Advocate" title="The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate">New Orleans Times</a> in 1882, while sharing stories of Pierre's youth and growing up, Mamie pointed to a personal portrait that Pierre gave her during a visit in 1867, saying "that's my son".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard grew up in a large one-story house, unlike the "later plantation palaces, but a mansion of aristocracy by the standards of its time." He hunted and rode in the woods and fields around his family's plantation and paddled his boat in its waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauregard attended New Orleans private schools and then went to a "French school" in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. During his four years in New York, beginning at age 12, he learned to speak English, as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> had been his first and only language in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Point">West Point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: West Point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauregard attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>. One of his instructors was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(major)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Anderson (major)">Robert Anderson</a>, the later commander of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>; he surrendered to Beauregard at the start of the Civil War. Upon enrolling at West Point, Beauregard dropped the hyphen from his surname and treated Toutant as a middle name, to fit in with his classmates. From that point on, he rarely used his first name, preferring "G. T. Beauregard."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated second in his class in 1838 and excelled both as an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artilleryman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a>. His Army friends gave him many nicknames: "Little Creole", "Bory", "Little <a href="/wiki/Frenchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenchman">Frenchman</a>", "Felix", and "Little <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1845, Beauregard returned to Louisiana, where he moved into the <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a> of New Orleans, living in a prominent Creole of color neighborhood on St.Louis Street. Beauregard maintained an office on <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street" title="Bourbon Street">Bourbon Street</a>, where he continued his work for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. In the meantime, he worked on an improved furnace for boiling sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican-American_War">Mexican-American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mexican-American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofChapultepec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BattleofChapultepec.jpg/220px-BattleofChapultepec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BattleofChapultepec.jpg/330px-BattleofChapultepec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BattleofChapultepec.jpg/440px-BattleofChapultepec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>, September 13, 1847</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard,_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_P.G.T._Beauregard%2C_by_Alexandre-Charles_Jaume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U_S_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U S Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> P.G.T. Beauregard</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, Beauregard served as an engineer under General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(US_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (US Army)">captain</a> for the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a>, where he was wounded in the shoulder and thigh. He was noted for his eloquent performance in a meeting with Scott in which he convinced the assembled general officers to change their plan for attacking the fortress of Chapultepec. He was one of the first officers to enter <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Beauregard considered his contributions in dangerous reconnaissance missions and devising strategy for his superiors to be more significant than those of his engineer colleague, Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, so he was disappointed when Lee and other officers received more brevets than he did.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_New_Orleans">Return to New Orleans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to New Orleans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauregard returned from Mexico in 1848. For the next 12 years, he was in charge of what the Engineer Department called "the Mississippi and Lake defenses in Louisiana." Much of his engineering work was done elsewhere, repairing old forts and building new ones on the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> coast and in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. He also improved the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Forts St. Philip and Jackson</a> on the Mississippi River below New Orleans. He worked on a board of Army and Navy engineers to improve the navigation of the shipping channels at the mouth of the Mississippi. He created and patented an invention he called a "self-acting bar excavator" to be used by ships in crossing bars of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. While serving in the Army, he actively campaigned for the election of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, the Democratic presidential candidate in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>, and a former general in the Mexican War who had been impressed by Beauregard's performance at Mexico City. Pierce appointed Beauregard as superintending engineer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Custom_House_(New_Orleans)" title="United States Custom House (New Orleans)">U.S. Custom House</a> in New Orleans, a huge granite building that had been built in 1848. As it was sinking unevenly in the moist soil of Louisiana, Beauregard had to develop a renovation program. He served in this position from 1853 to 1860 and stabilized the structure successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peacetime_Officer,_West_Point_Superintendent"><span id="Peacetime_Officer.2C_West_Point_Superintendent"></span>Peacetime Officer, West Point Superintendent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peacetime Officer, West Point Superintendent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his service in New Orleans, Beauregard became dissatisfied as a peacetime officer. He informed the U.S. Army Engineer Department late in 1856 that he was going to join the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a>, who had seized control of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>; he had offered Beauregard the rank of second-in-command of his army. Senior officers, including general-in-chief Winfield Scott, convinced Beauregard to stay in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_pp._42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_pp._42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard briefly entered politics as a reform candidate for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Orleans" title="Mayor of New Orleans">mayor of New Orleans</a> in 1858, where he was promoted by both the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties to challenge the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> party candidate. Beauregard was narrowly defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_pp._42_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_pp._42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employing the political influence of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>, Beauregard obtained an appointment as <a href="/wiki/Superintendents_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendents of the United States Military Academy">superintendent</a> of the U.S. Military Academy on January 23, 1861. However, when <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">seceded</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal Government</a> immediately revoked his orders and he subsequently relinquished his office after only five days. He protested to the U.S. War Department that they had cast "improper reflection upon [his] reputation or position in the Corps of Engineers" by forcing him out as a Southern officer before any hostilities began.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creole_State,_First_CSA_General"><span id="Creole_State.2C_First_CSA_General"></span>Creole State, First CSA General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Creole State, First CSA General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg/220px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg/330px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg/440px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard-1845-1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>General P. G. T. Beauregard</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>On first meeting, most people were struck by [Beauregard's] "foreign" appearance. His skin was smooth and olive-complexioned. His eyes, half-lidded, were dark, with a trace of Gallic melancholy about them. His hair was black (though by 1860 he maintained this hue with dye). He was strikingly handsome and enjoyed the attentions of women, but probably not excessively or illicitly. He sported a dark mustache and goatee, and he rather resembled <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, then ruler of France—although he often saw himself in the mold of the more celebrated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">David Detzer, <i>Allegiance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Beauregard traveled by steamship from New York to New Orleans and immediately began giving military advice to the local authorities in his home state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, which included further strengthening Forts St. Philip and Jackson, which guarded the Mississippi approaches to New Orleans. He hoped to be named commander of the Louisiana state army, but was disappointed that the state legislature appointed <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>. Aware that Beauregard might resent him, Bragg offered him the rank of colonel. Instead Beauregard enrolled as a private in the "<a href="/wiki/1st_Louisiana_Native_Guard_(Confederate)" title="1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate)">Orleans Guards</a>", a battalion of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creoles">French Creole</a> aristocrats. At the same time, he communicated with Slidell and the newly chosen President Davis, angling for a senior position in the new Confederate States Army. Rumors that Beauregard would be placed in charge of the entire Army infuriated Bragg. Concerned about the political situation regarding the Federal presence at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, Davis selected Beauregard to take command of Charleston's defenses. Beauregard seemed the perfect combination of military engineer and charismatic Southern leader needed at that time and place.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard became one of the most frequently described generals in Confederate chronicles, and almost every observer noted his foreign French visage.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._55_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._55-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His comportment was "courteous, grave, sometimes reserved and severe, sometimes abrupt with people who displeased him." Associates saw him go months without smiling. "Many who saw him thought he looked like a French marshal or like Napoleon in a gray uniform—which was what he wanted them to think."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Because he was French and seemed different, he was the victim of all kind of rumors, most of them baseless. The charge of immorality was, of course, inevitable. Some soldiers believed that he was accompanied by a train of concubines and wagons loaded with cases of champagne. Even in Louisiana it was said, by non-Creoles, that he was unfaithful to his wife, infidelity being allegedly a Creole characteristic."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[Beauregard's] military retinue was a wonderful collection in itself to inspire rumor. His staff glittered with former governors and senators serving as voluntary aides."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauregard also kept the company of Frederick Maginnis, a very important confidant;<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._55_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._55-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he rented him from a South Carolinian woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._60_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._60-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Another eminent camp follower was a young Spaniard who served as Beauregard's barber and valet."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._60_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._60-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard became the first Confederate <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a>, appointed a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">brigadier general</a> in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States on March 1, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (On July 21, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Confederate_States_Army_Generals#General_(Full_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Confederate States Army Generals">full general</a> in the Confederate Army, one of only seven appointed to that rank; his date of rank made him the fifth most senior general, behind <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Samuel Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Start_of_the_Civil_War,_Fort_Sumter"><span id="Start_of_the_Civil_War.2C_Fort_Sumter"></span>Start of the Civil War, Fort Sumter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Start of the Civil War, Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter,_Charleston_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="OfficialBattle flag of the Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg/160px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg/240px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg/320px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a>, April 12–13, 1861</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The CSA Flag</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Arriving in Charleston on March 3, 1861, Beauregard met with Governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">Francis Wilkinson Pickens</a> and inspected the defenses of the harbor, which he found to be in disarray. He was said to display "a great deal in the way of zeal and energy ... but little professional knowledge and experience."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter wrote to Washington, D.C., that Beauregard, who had been his student at West Point in 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would guarantee that South Carolina's actions be exercised with "skill and sound judgment." Beauregard wrote to the Confederate government that Anderson was a "most gallant officer". He sent several cases of fine brandy and whiskey and boxes of cigars to Anderson and his officers at Sumter, but Anderson ordered that the gifts be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early April, political tensions were mounting and Beauregard demanded that Sumter surrender before a planned Union expedition to re-provision the fort could arrive. Early on the morning of April 12, negotiations with Anderson had failed. Beauregard ordered the first shots of the American Civil War to be fired from nearby Fort Johnson. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">bombardment of Fort Sumter</a> lasted for 34 hours. After a heavy bombardment from batteries ringing the harbor, Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter on April 14. Biographer <a href="/wiki/T._Harry_Williams" title="T. Harry Williams">T. Harry Williams</a> described the extravagant praise from throughout the Confederacy that "The Hero of Fort Sumter" received for his victory: "He was the South's first <a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">paladin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)"><span id="First_Bull_Run_.28First_Manassas.29"></span>First Bull Run (First Manassas)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Bull Run (First Manassas)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_%26_Allison_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3848" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_First_Manassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of First Manassas">Battle of First Manassas</a>, July 21, 1861</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Bull_Run_(Manassas)_July_21_1000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png/220px-First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png/330px-First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png/440px-First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1000.png 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Start of the First Battle of Manassas</figcaption></figure> <p>Summoned to the new Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, Beauregard received a hero's welcome at the railroad stations along the route. He was given command of the "Alexandria Line"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of defenses against an impending Federal offensive that was being organized by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a> (one of Beauregard's West Point classmates) against the Confederate railroad junction at Manassas. Beauregard devised strategies to concentrate the forces of (full) General Joseph E. Johnston from the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> with his own, aiming not only to defend his position, but to initiate an offensive against McDowell and Washington. Despite his seniority in rank, Johnston lacked familiarity with the terrain and ceded tactical planning of the impending battle to Beauregard as a professional courtesy. President Davis considered many of Beauregard's plans to be impractical for an army as inexperienced as the Confederates could field in 1861; throughout the war, Davis and Beauregard would argue about Beauregard's tendencies to devise grand strategies based on formal military principles. Davis believed he lacked a pragmatic grasp of logistics, intelligence, relative military strengths, and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> (First Manassas) began early on July 21, 1861, with an element of surprise for both armies—both McDowell and Beauregard planned to envelop their opponent with an attack from their right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDowell struck first, crossing <a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_(Occoquan_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Run (Occoquan River)">Bull Run</a> and threatening Beauregard's left flank. For a while, Beauregard persisted in moving his troops for an attack on his right flank (McDowell's left, toward <a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville</a>), but Johnston urged him to travel with him to the threatened flank at <a href="/wiki/Henry_House_Hill" title="Henry House Hill">Henry House Hill</a>, which was weakly defended. Seeing the strength of the Union attack at that point, Beauregard insisted that Johnston leave the area of immediate action and coordinate the overall battle from a position 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the rear. Beauregard rallied the troops, riding among the men, brandishing regimental colors, and giving inspirational speeches. The Confederate line held.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Johnston's final troops arrived from the Shenandoah Valley, the Confederates launched a counterattack that routed the Union Army, sending it streaming in disorder back toward Washington. <a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">William C. Davis</a> credits Johnston with the majority of the tactical decisions that led to the victory, judging that "Beauregard acted chiefly as a dime novel general, leading the charge of an individual regiment, riding along the line to cheer the troops, accepting the huzzas of the soldiers and complementing them in turn. The closest he came to a major tactical decision was his fleeting intention to withdraw from the Henry Hill line when he briefly mistook the advance of Johnston's reinforcements for the arrival of fresh Union troops."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Beauregard received the bulk of the acclaim from the press and general public. On July 23, Johnston recommended to President Davis that Beauregard be promoted to full general. Davis approved, and Beauregard's date of rank was established as the date of his victory, July 21.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederate_battle_flag_design">Confederate battle flag design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confederate battle flag design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_Battle_Flag_(draft_design).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png/220px-Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png/330px-Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png/440px-Confederate_Battle_Flag_%28draft_design%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Beauregard's original design of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Confederate battle flag</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">CSA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Bull Run, Beauregard advocated the use of a standardized battle flag other than the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">"Stars and Bars"</a> Confederate national flag to avoid visual confusion with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._flag" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. flag">U.S. flag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked with Johnston and <a href="/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles" title="William Porcher Miles">William Porcher Miles</a> to create the Confederate Battle Flag. Women visiting Beauregard's army contributed silk material from their dresses to create the first three flags, for Beauregard, Johnston, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Van_Dorn" title="Earl Van Dorn">Earl Van Dorn</a>; thus, the first flags contained more feminine pink than martial red.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the official battle flag had a red background with white stars.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his career, Beauregard worked to have the flag adopted, and he helped to make it the most popular symbol of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Army went into winter quarters, Beauregard caused considerable friction with the Confederate high command. He strongly advocated an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to threaten the flank and rear of Washington. With his plan rebuffed as impractical, he requested reassignment to New Orleans, which he assumed would be under Union attack in the near future, but his request was denied. He quarreled with Commissary General <a href="/wiki/Lucius_B._Northrop" title="Lucius B. Northrop">Lucius B. Northrop</a> (a personal friend of Davis) about the inadequate supplies available to his army. He issued public statements challenging the ability of the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> to give commands to a full general. And he enraged President Davis when his report about Bull Run was printed in the newspaper, which suggested that Davis's interference with Beauregard's plans prevented the pursuit and full destruction of McDowell's army and the capture of Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shiloh_and_Corinth">Shiloh and Corinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shiloh and Corinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg/220px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg/330px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg/440px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9648" data-file-height="6920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>, April 6–7, 1862</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png/220px-Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png/330px-Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png/440px-Shiloh_Battle_April_6_pm.png 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Battle of Shiloh, afternoon of April 6, 1862, after Beauregard took command</figcaption></figure> <p>Having become a political liability in Virginia, Beauregard was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to become second-in-command to General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> (no relation to Joseph E. Johnston) in his <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a>, effective March 14, 1862. The two generals planned the concentration of Confederate forces to oppose the advance of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> before he could combine his army with that of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a> in a thrust up the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth, Mississippi</a>. The march from Corinth was plagued by bad weather, which delayed the army's arrival by several days, and during that time, several contacts were made with Union scouts. Because of this, Beauregard felt the element of surprise had been lost and recommended calling off the attack, but Johnston decided to proceed with the plan. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>, which began April 6, 1862, the Confederates launched a surprise attack against Grant's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>, which despite days of prior reports of Confederate troop movements, were completely unaware that the entire Army of Mississippi was coming directly at them. Once again a more senior general named Johnston deferred to the junior Beauregard in planning the attack. The massive frontal assault was marred by Beauregard's improper organization of forces—successive attacks by corps in lines 3 miles (4.8 km) long, rather than assigning each corps a discrete portion of the line for a side-by-side assault. This arrangement caused intermingling of units and confusion of command; it failed to concentrate mass at the appropriate place on the line to affect the overall objectives of the attack. In midafternoon, Johnston, who was near the front of the battle action, was mortally wounded. Beauregard, positioned in the rear of the army to send reinforcements forward, assumed command of the army and Johnston's overall Western department (officially designated "Department Number Two"). As darkness fell, he chose to call off the attack against Grant's final defensive line, which had contracted into a tight semicircle backed up to the Tennessee River at Pittsburg Landing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard's decision was one of the most controversial of the Civil War. Numerous veterans and historians have wondered about the aftermath if the assault had gone forward into the night. Beauregard believed that the battle was essentially won and his men could finish off Grant in the morning. He knew the terrain to be crossed (a steep ravine containing a creek named Dill Branch) was extremely difficult and Grant's defensive line was heavy with massed artillery and supported by gunboats in the river. Unbeknownst to Beauregard, Buell's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> began arriving that afternoon, and he and Grant launched a massive counterattack on April 7. Overwhelmed, the Confederates retreated to Corinth.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant was temporarily disgraced by the surprise attack and near defeat, causing his superior, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, to assume field command of the combined armies. Halleck cautiously and slowly approached Beauregard's fortifications at Corinth; his action became derisively called the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Siege of Corinth</a>. Beauregard withdrew from Corinth on May 29 to <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo, Mississippi</a>. He was able to deceive Halleck into thinking the Confederates were about to attack; he ran empty trains back and forth through the town while whistles blew and troops cheered as if massive reinforcements were arriving. Beauregard retreated because of the overwhelming Union force and because of contaminated water supplies in Corinth. In April and May, the Confederates lost almost as many men to death by disease in Corinth as had been killed in battle at Shiloh. Nevertheless, his leaving the critical rail junction at Corinth without a fight was another controversial decision. When Beauregard went on medical leave without requesting permission in advance, President Davis relieved him of command and replaced him with Gen. <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Charleston">Return to Charleston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Return to Charleston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley,_Dec._6,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg/220px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg/330px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg/440px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Submarine_Torpedo_Boat_H.L._Hunley%2C_Dec._6%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, Dec 6, 1863</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg/220px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg/330px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg/440px-Pierre_Gustave_Toutant_de_Beauregard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard</figcaption></figure> <p>At Beauregard's request, his allies in the Confederate Congress petitioned Davis to restore his command in the West. Davis remained angry at Beauregard's absence and told him he should have stayed at his post even if he had to be carried around in a litter. He wrote, "If the whole world were to ask me to restore General Beauregard to the command which I have already given to General Bragg, I would refuse it."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauregard was ordered to Charleston and took command of coastal defenses in South Carolina, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a>. The latter was promoted to lieutenant general and transferred to command the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard was unhappy with his new assignment, believing that he deserved command of one of the great Confederate field armies. He performed successfully, however, preventing the capture of Charleston by Union naval and land attacks in 1863. On April 7, 1863, <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Samuel Francis Du Pont</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">South Atlantic Blockading Squadron</a>, led a union <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> attack against Fort Sumter that was repulsed by highly accurate artillery fire from Beauregard's forces. In July through September 1863, union land forces under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gillmore" title="Quincy Adams Gillmore">Quincy A. Gillmore</a> launched a series of attacks on <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Wagner" title="Second Battle of Fort Wagner">Fort Wagner</a> on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> and other fortifications at the mouth of the harbor, while Rear Adm. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Dahlgren" title="John A. Dahlgren">John A. Dahlgren</a> attempted to destroy <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Second Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>. Because the latter operation failed, the successful seizure of Morris Island was not effective in threatening Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Beauregard promoted innovative naval defense strategies, such as early experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> (called "torpedoes" in the Civil War), and with a small vessel called a torpedo-ram. A swift boat fitted with a torpedo on a pole projecting from its bow under water, it could be used to surprise an enemy vessel and impale it underneath the water line. He was also busy devising strategies for other generals in the Confederacy. He proposed that some of the state governors meet with Union governors of the Western states (what are called the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> states today) for a peace conference. The Davis administration rejected the idea, but it caused considerable political maneuvering by Davis's enemies in the Congress. Beauregard also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>—submitted anonymously through his political allies so that it was not tainted by his reputation—to reinforce the Western armies at the expense of Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, destroy the Federal army in Tennessee, which would induce Ulysses S. Grant to relieve pressure on Vicksburg and maneuver his army into a place where it could be destroyed. The Confederate Army would continue to Ohio, and induce the Western states to ally with the Confederacy. Meanwhile, a fleet of torpedo-rams built in England could be used to recapture New Orleans, ending the war. There is no record that his plan was ever officially presented to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While visiting his forces in Florida, which had just repelled a Union advance at <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, Beauregard received a telegram that his wife had died on March 2, 1864. Living in Union-occupied New Orleans, she had been seriously ill for two years. A Northern-leaning local newspaper printed an opinion that her husband's actions had exacerbated her condition. This so fanned negative popular opinion that 6,000 people attended her funeral. Union Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> provided a steamer to carry her body upriver for burial in her native parish. Beauregard wrote that he would like to rescue "her hallowed grave" at the head of an army.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richmond">Richmond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Richmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png/330px-Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png/495px-Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png/660px-Battle_of_Cold_Harbor.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>, May 31 – June 12, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1864, Beauregard saw little opportunity for military glory because he foresaw that there would be no more significant assaults against Charleston, and prospects for a major field command were unlikely. He requested a leave to recover from fatigue and a chronic throat ailment, but he instead received an order to report to <a href="/wiki/Weldon,_North_Carolina" title="Weldon, North Carolina">Weldon, North Carolina</a>, near the Virginia border, to play a key role in the defense of Virginia. His new assignment, the Department of North Carolina and Cape Fear, also included Virginia south of the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>. When he took command on April 18, he renamed it, on his own initiative, the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. The Confederates were preparing for the spring offensive of Union Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and were concerned that attacks south of Richmond could interrupt the critical supply lines to Richmond and the army of Robert E. Lee.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Nothing illustrates better the fundamental weakness of the Confederate command system than the weary series of telegrams exchanged in May and early June between Davis, Bragg, Beauregard, and Lee. Beauregard evaded his responsibility for determining what help he could give Lee; Davis and Bragg shirked their responsibility to decide, when he refused. The strangest feature of the whole affair was that, in the face of Lee's repeated requests, nobody in the high command thought to <i>order</i> Beauregard to join Lee. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">T. Harry Williams, <i>Napoleon in Gray</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>As Grant moved south against Lee in the <a href="/wiki/Overland_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland campaign">Overland campaign</a>, Union Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> launched the surprise <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hundred Campaign">Bermuda Hundred Campaign</a> with landings up the James River. Beauregard successfully lobbied with Jefferson Davis's military adviser, Braxton Bragg, to prevent significant units of his small force from being transferred north of Richmond to the aid of Lee. His timely action, coupled with the military incompetence of Butler, bottled up the Union army, nullifying its threat to Petersburg and Lee's supply line. Now that this sector was stable, pressure began to rise to transfer troops from Beauregard's front to Lee's. Beauregard did send a division (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoke" title="Robert Hoke">Robert Hoke</a>'s) to Lee for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>, but Lee urgently wanted more and took the step of offering Beauregard command of the right wing of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> for his cooperation. Beauregard replied in a <a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive–aggressive behavior">passive–aggressive</a> manner, "I am willing to do anything for our success, but cannot leave my Department without orders of War Department."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_June15-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/220px-Petersburg_June15-16.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/330px-Petersburg_June15-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/440px-Petersburg_June15-16.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Beauregard's defense of Petersburg, Federal assaults of June 15–18</figcaption></figure> <p>After Cold Harbor, Lee and the Confederate high command were unable to anticipate Grant's next move, but Beauregard's strategic sense allowed him to make a prophetic prediction: Grant crossed the James River and attempt to seize Petersburg, which was lightly defended, but contained critical rail junctions supporting Richmond and Lee. Despite persistent pleas to reinforce this sector, Beauregard could not convince his colleagues of the danger. On June 15, his weak 5,400-man force—including boys, old men, and patients from military hospitals—resisted an assault by 16,000 Federals, known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a>. He gambled by withdrawing his Bermuda Hundred defenses to reinforce the city, assuming correctly that Butler would not capitalize on the opening. His gamble succeeded, and he held Petersburg long enough for Lee's army to arrive. It was arguably his finest combat performance of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard continued commanding the defenses of Petersburg in the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege</a>, but with the loss of the Weldon Railroad in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Battle of Globe Tavern</a> (August 18–21), he was criticized for not attacking more forcefully and he became dissatisfied with the command arrangements under Lee. He hoped for an independent command, but his desires were thwarted in two instances: Lee chose Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> to lead an expedition north through the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington, and Davis chose Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> to replace the faltering Joseph E. Johnston in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_West">Return to the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return to the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg/495px-Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg/660px-Battle_of_Nashville_Kurz_%26_Allison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Battle of Nashville</a>, December 15–16, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, President Davis considered replacing John Bell Hood in command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> and he asked <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> to find out if Beauregard would be interested. Beauregard was indeed interested, but it is unclear whether Davis seriously considered the appointment, and in the end decided to retain Hood. Davis met with Beauregard in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, on October 2 and offered him command of the newly created Department of the West, responsible for the five Southern states from Georgia to the Mississippi River, with the armies of Hood and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> under his ostensible command. However, it was a thankless job that was limited to logistical and advisory responsibilities, without true operational control of the armies unless he should join them in person during an emergency. Nevertheless, anxious to return to the field, he accepted the assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major field operation of the fall was Hood's <a href="/wiki/Franklin-Nashville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin-Nashville Campaign">Franklin-Nashville Campaign</a>, an invasion of Tennessee, which he undertook under Beauregard and Davis' orders. Beauregard always kept in touch with Hood, despite all the obstacles facing the latter general's way. The two later developed a friendship that lasted until Hood's death in 1879, after which Beauregard became chairman of the Hood Relief Committee; he arranged for the publication of Hood's memoirs, <i>Advance and Retreat</i>, in order to care for the orphaned Hood children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hood traveled through Alabama and into Tennessee, Union Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> began his <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a> from Atlanta to <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, which focused Beauregard's attention back to Georgia. He was ineffective in stopping, or even delaying, Sherman's advance. He had inadequate local forces and was reluctant to strip defenses from other locations to concentrate them against Sherman. Furthermore, Sherman did an excellent job of deceiving the Confederates as to the intermediate and final targets of his march. Savannah fell on December 21, and Sherman's army began to march north into South Carolina in January. Also in late December, Beauregard found out that Hood's army had been severely weakened in its defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Battle of Nashville</a>; there were very few men in fighting condition who could oppose Sherman's advance.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard attempted to concentrate his small forces before Sherman could reach Columbia, South Carolina, the state capital. His urgent dispatches to Richmond were treated with disbelief—Davis and Robert E. Lee (now the general in chief of all the Confederate armies) could not believe that Sherman was advancing without a supply line as quickly as Beauregard was observing him do. Also concerned about what he considered Beauregard's "feeble health," Lee recommended to Davis that he be replaced by Joseph E. Johnston. The change of command came on February 22 and Beauregard, although outwardly cooperative and courteous to Johnston, was bitterly disappointed at his replacement. For the remainder of the war, Beauregard was Johnston's subordinate, assigned to routine matters without combat responsibilities. Johnston and Beauregard met with President Davis on April 13, and their assessment of the Confederate situation helped convince Davis that Johnston should meet with Sherman to negotiate a surrender of his army. The two surrendered to Sherman near <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>, on April 26, 1865, and were paroled in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a> on May 2. Beauregard traveled to Mobile and then took a U.S. naval transport to his hometown of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August that year, Beauregard's house was surrounded by troops who suspected he was harboring <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a>. All the inhabitants were locked in a cotton press overnight. Beauregard complained to General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> who expressed his annoyance at his erstwhile enemy's treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-bellum_career">Post-bellum career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-bellum career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg/220px-Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg/330px-Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg/440px-Pierre_Beauregard.pageantofamerica_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Beauregard, later in life</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Beauregard was reluctant to seek amnesty as a former Confederate officer by publicly swearing an oath of loyalty, but both Lee and Johnston counseled him to do so, which he did before the mayor of New Orleans on September 16, 1865. He was one of many Confederate officers issued a mass pardon by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> on July 4, 1868. His final privilege as an American citizen, the right to run for public office, was restored when he petitioned the Congress for relief and the bill on his behalf was signed by President Grant on July 24, 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard pursued a position in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> in 1865, but declined the Brazilians' offer. He claimed that the positive attitude of President Johnson toward the South swayed his decision. "I prefer to live here, poor and forgotten, than to be endowed with honor and riches in a foreign country." He also declined offers to take command of the armies of <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard worked to end the harsh penalties levied on Louisiana by <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>. His outrage over the perceived excesses of Reconstruction, such as heavy property taxation, was a principal source for his indecision about remaining in the United States and his flirtation with foreign armies, which lasted until 1875. He was active in the Reform Party, an association of conservative New Orleans businessmen, which spoke in favor of black <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> and voting, and attempted to form alliances between black and white Louisianians to vote out the Radical Republicans in control of the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard's first employment following the war was in October 1865 as chief engineer and general superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Jackson_and_Great_Northern" title="New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern">New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern</a> Railroad. In 1866 he was promoted to president, a position he retained until 1870, when he was ousted in a hostile takeover. This job overlapped with that of president of the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_and_Carrollton_Railroad" title="New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad">New Orleans and Carrollton Street Railway</a> (1866–1876), where he invented a system of cable-powered street railway cars. Once again, Beauregard made a financial success of the company, but was fired by stockholders who wished to take direct management of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg/220px-CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg/330px-CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg/440px-CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Beauregard revolutionized <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">cable cars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1869, he demonstrated a <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">cable car</a><sup id="cite_ref-St._Charles_Streetcar_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Charles_Streetcar-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Streetcars_of_New_Orleans_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Streetcars_of_New_Orleans-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was issued <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US97343">U.S. patent 97,343</a></span>. </p><p>After the loss of these two railway executive positions, Beauregard spent time briefly at a variety of companies and civil engineering pursuits, but his personal wealth became assured when he was recruited as a supervisor of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Lottery_Company" title="Louisiana State Lottery Company">Louisiana State Lottery Company</a> in 1877. He and former Confederate general Jubal Early presided over lottery drawings and made numerous public appearances, lending the effort some respectability. For 15 years the two generals served in these positions, but the public became opposed to government-sponsored gambling and the lottery was closed down by the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard's military writings include <i>Principles and Maxims of the Art of War</i> (1863), <i>Report on the Defense of Charleston</i>, and <i>A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas</i> (1891). He was the uncredited co-author of his friend Alfred Roman's <i>The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War Between the States</i> (1884). He contributed the article "The Battle of Bull Run" to <i>Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine</i> in November 1884. During these years, Beauregard and Davis published a series of bitter accusations and counter-accusations retrospectively blaming each other for the Confederate defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard served as <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general" title="Adjutant general">adjutant general</a> for the Louisiana state militia, 1879–88. During the late nineteenth century the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, an organization for labor advocacy and militancy, organized sugar worker wage strikes. Democratic newspapers began circulating false reports of black-on-white violence from the Knights of Labor, and several states called out militias to break the strikes. In 1887, Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/John_McEnery_(politician)" title="John McEnery (politician)">John McEnery</a> called for the assistance of ten infantry companies and an artillery company of the state militia.<sup id="cite_ref-JKH_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKH-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> They were to protect black strikebreakers and suppress the wage strikers. A part of the militia arrived to suppress wage strikers in <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Mary Parish, Louisiana">St. Mary Parish</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Thibodaux Massacre">Thibodaux Massacre</a>; the Attakapas Rangers led by Captain C. T. Cade joined a sheriff's posse facing down a group of sugar strikers. When one of the wage strikers reached into a pocket, posse members opened fire into the crowd, "as many as twenty people" killed or wounded on November 5 in the black village of Pattersonville.<sup id="cite_ref-JKH_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKH-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191">: 191 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JKH_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKH-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the militia protected some 800 strikebreakers in Terrebone Parish, and captured and arrested 50 wage strikers, mostly for union activities. The Knights of Labor strike collapsed there, and sugar workers returned to the plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-JKH_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKH-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191">: 191 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, he was elected as commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> in New Orleans. When <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> and his wife died in 1879, leaving ten destitute orphans, Beauregard used his influence to get Hood's memoirs published, with all proceeds going to the children. He was appointed by the governor of Virginia to be the grand marshal of the festivities associated with the laying of the cornerstone of Robert E. Lee's statue in Richmond. But when <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> died in 1889, Beauregard refused the honor of heading the funeral procession, saying "We have always been enemies. I cannot pretend I am sorry he is gone. I am no hypocrite."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard died in his sleep in New Orleans. The cause of death was recorded as "heart disease, aortic insufficiency, and probably <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a>, the last surviving full general of the Confederacy, served as the "chief mourner" as Beauregard was interred in the vault of the Army of Tennessee in historic <a href="/wiki/Metairie_Cemetery" title="Metairie Cemetery">Metairie Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="Special:EditPage/P. G. T. Beauregard">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1841, Beauregard married Marie Antoinette Laure Villeré (1823–1850), the daughter of a Louisiana sugarcane planter. The two had three children – Rene (1843–1910), Henri (1845–1915), and Laure (1850–1884). Marie died giving birth to the latter, her only daughter. In 1860, Beauregard married Caroline Deslonde (1831–1864), who died in New Orleans following a long illness. Beauregard was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_race">Views on race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Views on race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_by_Anglo-Americans_due_to_his_Creole_heritage">Treatment by Anglo-Americans due to his Creole heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Treatment by Anglo-Americans due to his Creole heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard,_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg/220px-Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg/330px-Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg/440px-Gen._Pierre_G.T._Beauregard%2C_CSA_LOC_cwpb.05517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption>Beauregard, civil rights advocate</figcaption></figure> <p>Beauregard in his young adult years had lived and served primarily with <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a> in the US army (a rarity for <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the bloody years of the Civil War he fought almost exclusively with Anglo-American Confederates; the prevailing attitudes of his Anglo-American peers were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">anti-foreign</a>, and he was rejected by many of them; they often ignored his opinions during the Civil War, such as his emphasis on the defense of New Orleans and his native Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Confederacy, because he was a Creole Frenchman and seemed different, he was the victim of all kinds of rumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._52_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._52-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of these Confederate rumors is his treatment after he was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>; rumors circulated that during the battle he was lying in a tent crying because of sadness and depression. Another rumor from the Confederate media said that the Frenchman was insane and stayed in his quarters fondling a pheasant. They spun the tale that a soldier found a pheasant cowering in a bush and brought it back to Beauregard as a present, and that Beauregard ordered the soldier to cage it as a present for one of his friends. The media claimed that on the day of the battle, both the hopes of a Confederate victory and the bird disappeared with the Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soldiers who served under Beauregard respected him greatly; here is a quote where a Confederate soldier relates to his father the cheer Beauregard's men gave him after the defeat at the Battle of Shiloh: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As he rode away after a shout such as Napoleon might have heard from the lips of the "Guard," went up, "Hurrah for Beauregard our Chief." It is strange Pa how we love that little black Frenchman, but there is not a man in the army who wouldn't willingly die in following his lead.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Non-Creoles continually judged him as being immoral, as he was a favorite of ladies, constantly receiving letters, flags, scarves, writing desks, and flowers. His entourage during the war included a black man from South Carolina named Frederick Maginnis whom Beauregard made his confidant and with whom he talked freely of his war plans, and a young Spaniard who acted as his barber and valet.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._52_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._52-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the constant need to conform to Anglo-American societal pressures, Beauregard always sought to Americanize himself. One such example was his refusal to use his first name "Pierre", always signing his name "G.T. Beauregard" in order to not seem foreign to his peers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/330px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/495px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/660px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> home in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Civil War ended, Beauregard went back to his native Louisiana, which in the meantime had been under <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Federal occupation</a> and had adopted many Anglo-American racial policies and attitudes. Beauregard had not been home for years, and just one week after his return to New Orleans, as he was going down a road in <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">Algiers</a>, he was stopped by an Anglo-American man with anti-Creole sentiments. The man screamed at him "I always did believe you were a nigger. Tell me if you are a nigger or not," and continued his stream of abuse, the result of which caused Beauregard to flee the area.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views_after_the_end_of_the_Civil_War">Political views after the end of the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political views after the end of the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg/330px-Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg/495px-Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg/660px-Louisiana_Outrages_Streetcar_Barricade_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat-aligned</a> <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> barricading a New Orleans road</figcaption></figure> <p>Reconstruction was a period of great unrest, and resulted in the rise of racial tension and political bipartisanship. Two parties, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, now controlled the political power in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American Union</a>, and they also had to contend with the lower classes having the right to vote. </p><p>In Louisiana, for example, laws had been put in place ever since Louisiana's admission into the Union that restricted the vote to only the elite class, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">grands habitants</a></i>. These were the aristocratic planters throughout the state; now all men of any class could vote, and the Republicans and Democrats sought supporters. Republicans served mainly Northern interests such as industrialization, while Democrats served mainly Southern interests such as revitalizing the plantation economy. In the South, poor whites began to vote mostly for Democrats, and freed slaves began to vote mostly for Republicans. Voting and racial tensions were being inflamed in the South, causing public demonstrations, fighting, and riots between the groups. New Orleans was split between Democrats and Republicans. Beauregard was insulted, even ridiculed at his home in New Orleans, and had the threat looming of being arrested, exiled, or executed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal Government</a> for having joined the Confederacy. Indeed, Federal troops surrounded Beauregard's home one night as they were hunting for Confederate fugitives. The Federal soldiers imprisoned Beauregard and all of his family in a cotton press overnight as they ransacked his home.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard was in a very dark place of his life in 1865. As Reconstruction began, Southern Democrats began to blame the newly emancipated black population of their states for the widespread postwar poverty, destruction, and starvation. Beauregard wrote a letter to his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a> in regards to the newly freed slaves; his words echoed the ideas of his embittered Democratic Confederate colleagues,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that freed slaves were inferior, ignorant, and indolent; freed slaves had not yet voted in the South, and at this time it did not appear to him that they would. In this period, Beauregard was still a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._266_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._266-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift_toward_acceptance">Shift toward acceptance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shift toward acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_views_during_the_Reconstruction_Era">Political views during the Reconstruction Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political views during the Reconstruction Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg/290px-Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg/435px-Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg/580px-Harpers1874LouisianaOutrage_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a>, September 14, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following the beginning of Reconstruction, Beauregard's opinions changed. Unlike other ex-Confederates, his economic situation improved, and his native home of Louisiana seemed soon to be redeemed from the Reconstruction Period. Beauregard played a prominent vocal role in Louisiana during Reconstruction, and he began writing many letters, gave interviews, and made speeches about almost every issue of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._266_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._266-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1867, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> enforced black suffrage but, when many Southerners became angry and resistant, Beauregard wrote a widely published letter advising Southerners to accept the new situation. He said that the South could either submit or resist, and common sense made it clear that resistance was futile.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_pp._277–279_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._277–279-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesar_Antoine_(circa_1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Caesar_Antoine_%28circa_1873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Antoine" title="Caesar Antoine">Caesar Antoine</a>, Creole Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <p>Beauregard sought to end the bickering between the Democrats and the Republicans; he felt that by encouraging the cooperation of the races through voting, a better future could be created for the South. His pragmatic change of opinion was exemplified when he argued that emancipated blacks were native to the South, and that all they needed was education and property to take an active interest in Southern politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_pp._277–279_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._277–279-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1868_post-war_interview">1868 post-war interview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1868 post-war interview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868, while Beauregard was vacationing at <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> invited him to a resort, along with other famous Confederates, as well as <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> general and politician. The purpose of the meeting was to combat the Republican charge that the mostly-Democratic Southerners could not be trusted to deal justly with emancipated blacks. The result of the meeting was a document, signed by the parties present, including Beauregard, stating that the South would accept the results of the war and emancipation, and that they felt kindly towards emancipated blacks, although there was opposition to their exercising of political power.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rosecrans gave an interview upon returning to the north and described Lee's efforts as somewhat weak but that Lee was a sincere man. When asked if Beauregard was weak, Rosecrans responded: "By the side of Lee, certainly. Take him alone, however, and he strikes you as quick, ready and incisive — well, a man of the world, a good business character, a smart active Frenchman. But with Lee he dwindles. Lee says shut the door, and Beauregard shuts the door." When asked by the interviewer if the Southern generals would really allow freed slaves to vote, Rosecrans responded: "Lee will not, probably, but Beauregard will. He is in favor of it and so expressed himself to me."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Abraham Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauregard became a deep admirer of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. In 1889, he was personally invited by the president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Memorial League (page does not exist)">Lincoln Memorial League</a> to participate in ceremonies at <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> that were honoring Abraham Lincoln. Beauregard wanted to go, but he was unfortunately unable to make the trip. He replied regretfully that he would be present in spirit to pay homage. Beauregard wrote the following in regards to Abraham Lincoln:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To the memory of a great & good man: at his untimely taking off, his life was invaluable;... His life was of extraordinary importance to the country he served so well, with a clear intellect- and loved so profoundly, with a big & guileless heart.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; background:#ddd; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><i>Dernier Tribut</i> (English: <span lang="en">Last Tribute</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Victor_E._Rillieux" title="Victor E. Rillieux">Victor E. Rillieux</a> (1893) <p><b>French</b>: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Oh! chez lui l'on peut dire avec toute franchise, <br /> Qu'en tout temps l'on trouvait un [vrai]ment beau regard<br /> Pour l'humble vétéran, pour la veuve soumise<br /> Aux coups du dur destin, frappant sans nul égard! <br /> Noble, grand, généreux; durant sa longue vie<br /> Jamais le noir soupçon par son fatal venin<br /> Ne put même effleurer sa gloire, son génie, <br /> Lui donnant l'une et l'autre un prestige divin! <br /> Tendre époux, bon soldat et chevalier créole, <br /> Son nom, dictame saint aux cœurs louisianais, <br /> Resplendira toujours, ainsi que l'auréole<br /> Qui partant d'un ciel pur brille et ne meurt jamais! <br /> Sur la tombe où repose un guerrier magnanime, <br /> Près de ses compagnons morts en braves soldats, <br /> Je viens y déposer pour tout gage d'estime<br /> Une modeste palme à leur noble trépas!<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p><b>English</b>: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Oh! Of him we can say with all frankness,<br /> At all times we found him a truly beautiful judgment<br /> For the humble veteran, for the widow subjected<br /> To the blows of hard destiny, striking without regard!<br /> Noble, great, generous: during his long life<br /> Never the fatal venom of any dark suspicion<br /> Could even caress his glory, his genius,<br /> That gave him a divine prestige.<br /> Tender husband, good soldier, and Creole knight,<br /> His name, saintly balm to the hearts of Louisianans,<br /> Will always shine, like the sun's halo<br /> That leaving from a pure sky shines and never dies.<br /> In the grave where rests a magnanimous warrior,<br /> Near his dead companions the brave soldiers,<br /> I come here to deposit for all a pledge of esteem<br /> A modest laurel to your noble passing!<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beauregard continued voting Republican, but <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> maintained the heavy taxation of the South; he sought ways to change the economical situation of his state. In a public letter, he endorsed the 1872 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republican</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Beauregard "called for peace, reconciliation, a forgetting of old issues, and a union of conservative-minded people to remove corruption and extravagance from the government".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, Beauregard resumed an interest in politics. He was one of the guiding leaders to form the Reform Party of Louisiana, a Southern party made up of Louisiana businessmen, advocating an economical state government, and recognized black civil and political rights. The Reform Party demanded that the South acknowledge black political power. It attempted to replace the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic party</a> and sought to end <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republican</a> taxation. In 1873, the Reform Party created a detailed and specific plan to induce cooperation between the races in a political union. The plan called for the creation of the Louisiana Unification Movement. Approving letters and interviews about the movement came flooding into the newspapers. The majority of the communications came from New Orleans businessmen who declared that they were willing to work with blacks, and recognize their political and civil equality if they would agree to cooperate to lower the high taxes and end the inflammation of racial tension. The chant of the Unification movement was "Equal Rights! One Flag! One Country! One People!"<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_pp._282–284_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._282–284-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana_Unification_Movement">Louisiana Unification Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Louisiana Unification Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauregard approached Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Antoine" title="Caesar Antoine">Caesar Antoine</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> Republican, and invited fifty leading white and fifty black New Orleanian families to join for a meeting on June 16, 1873. The fifty white sponsors were leaders of the community in business, legal and journalistic affairs, and the presidents of almost every corporation and bank in the city attended. The black sponsors were the wealthy, cultured <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a>, who were well-off and had been free before the war. Beauregard was the chairman of the resolutions committee. He spoke at the meeting: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am persuaded that the natural relation between the white and colored people is that of friendship, I am persuaded that their interests are identical; that their destinies in this state, where the two races are equally divided are linked together, and that there is no prosperity in Louisiana that must not be the result of their cooperation. I am equally convinced that the evils anticipated by some men from the practical enforcement of equal rights are mostly imaginary, and that the relation of the races in the exercise of these rights will speedily adjust themselves to the satisfaction of all.</p></blockquote> <p>The result of the meeting was a report that "advocated complete political equality for blacks, an equal division of state offices between the races, and a plan where blacks would become land owners. It denounced discrimination because of color in hiring laborers or in selecting directors of corporations, and called for the abandonment of segregation in public conveyances, public places, railroads, steams, and public schools." Beauregard argued that blacks "already had equality and the whites had to accept that hard fact".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_pp._282–284_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._282–284-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_legacy">Civil rights legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Civil rights legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauregard lived a paradoxical life. Unlike many ex-Confederates, he did not look back on "the planting South and the mellow glories of the ancient regime" but looked toward the future of the international house of Louisiana, to the industrial district of New Orleans, and a bustling delta of a better tomorrow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The tone or style of material in the vicinity of this tag may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. (May 2024)">tone</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard was admired by many because of his work after the war, and when he went to a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin" title="Waukesha, Wisconsin">Waukesha, Wisconsin</a> in 1889, he was given the title by a local reporter of "Sir Galahad of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Chivalry">Southern Chivalry</a>". A Northerner at the meeting welcomed Beauregard, commenting on the fact that 25 years ago, the North "did not feel very kindly toward him; but the past was dead and now they admired him". Beauregard responded by saying: "As to my past life, I have always endeavored to do my duty under all circumstances, from the point I entered West Point, a boy of seventeen, up to the present". He was then loudly applauded.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Beauregard's death in 1893, <a href="/wiki/Victor_E._Rillieux" title="Victor E. Rillieux">Victor E. Rillieux</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creole of color</a> and poet who wrote poems for many famous contemporary civil rights activists, including <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>, was moved by Beauregard's passing to create a poem titled "Dernier Tribut" (English: <span lang="en">"Last Tribute"</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Our_People_and_Our_History:_Fifty_Creole_Portraits_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_People_and_Our_History:_Fifty_Creole_Portraits-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg/220px-BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg/330px-BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg/440px-BeauregardStatueSideOct08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Beauregard_Equestrian_Statue" title="General Beauregard Equestrian Statue">General P.G.T. Beauregard Equestrian Statue</a> by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Doyle" title="Alexander Doyle">Alexander Doyle</a> was in New Orleans in 1915–2017.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beauregard's residence at 1113 Chartres Street in New Orleans is now called the <a href="/wiki/Beauregard-Keyes_House" title="Beauregard-Keyes House">Beauregard-Keyes House</a>, and is operated as a <a href="/wiki/Historic_house_museum" title="Historic house museum">historic house museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously owned by American author <a href="/wiki/Frances_Parkinson_Keyes" title="Frances Parkinson Keyes">Frances Parkinson Keyes</a>, who wrote a fictional biography of Beauregard in which the house is an important setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Castel_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castel-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beauregard_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauregard Parish">Beauregard Parish</a> in western Louisiana is named for him. As was Camp Beauregard, a former U.S. Army base and National Guard camp near <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_Louisiana" title="Pineville, Louisiana">Pineville</a> in central Louisiana, until 2023, when it was renamed <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_National_Guard_Training_Center_Pineville" title="Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville">Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated community">unincorporated community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beauregard,_Alabama" title="Beauregard, Alabama">Beauregard, Alabama</a> is also named for him, as is <a href="/wiki/Beauregard,_Mississippi" title="Beauregard, Mississippi">Beauregard, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Everett-Heath2017_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everett-Heath2017-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four camps are named after Beauregard in the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/General_Beauregard_Equestrian_Statue" title="General Beauregard Equestrian Statue">equestrian monument</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Doyle" title="Alexander Doyle">Alexander Doyle</a> in New Orleans depicted him. The monument was removed on May 17, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> in the 1999 <a href="/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT (U.S. TV network)">TNT</a> <a href="/wiki/TV_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="TV movie">TV movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunley" title="The Hunley">The Hunley</a></i>. </p><p>Beauregard Hall was an Instructional Building at <a href="/wiki/Nicholls_State_University" title="Nicholls State University">Nicholls State University</a>. It was renamed as College of Sciences and Technology in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-NSU_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSU-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Component </th></tr> <tr> <td>No insignia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadet#United_States" title="Cadet">Cadet, USMA</a></td> <td>July 1, 1834</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td>July 1, 1838</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a></td> <td>June 16, 1839</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>August 20, 1847 (brevet)<br />March 3, 1853 (permanent)</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>September 13, 1847 (brevet)</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/75px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/113px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/150px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td> <td>Brigadier General</td> <td>March 1, 1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Provisional Army of the Confederate States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/75px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/113px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/150px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td> <td>General</td> <td>July 21, 1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source:</b><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)">List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Combahee_Ferry" title="Raid on Combahee Ferry">Raid on Combahee Ferry</a>, where a pig named after the general began a journey to <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> territory<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._148-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._148_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/catholics-and-the-civil-war.html">"Catholics and the Civil War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818215103/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/catholics-and-the-civil-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catholics+and+the+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fcatholics-and-the-civil-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emilyclark-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emilyclark_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Clark2013" class="citation book cs1">Emily Clark (2013). <i>The Strange History of the American Quadroon Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World</i>. United States of America: University of North Carolina Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469607535" title="Special:BookSources/9781469607535"><bdi>9781469607535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+History+of+the+American+Quadroon+Free+Women+of+Color+in+the+Revolutionary+Atlantic+World&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781469607535&rft.au=Emily+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seanmichaelchick-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seanmichaelchick_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Michael_Chick2022" class="citation book cs1">Sean Michael Chick (2022). <i>Dreams of Victory General P. G. T. Beauregard in the Civil War</i>. United States of America: Savas Beatie. pp. 2–3, 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611215229" title="Special:BookSources/9781611215229"><bdi>9781611215229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+Victory+General+P.+G.+T.+Beauregard+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=2-3%2C+9-10&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781611215229&rft.au=Sean+Michael+Chick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 5; Detzer, <i>Allegiance</i>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 6; Woodworth, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eicher-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001) p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 13–33; Woodworth, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 34–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_pp._42-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_pp._42_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_pp._42_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 42–44; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 45–47; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21; Woodworth, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detzer, <i>Allegiance</i>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 47–50; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21; Woodworth, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._55-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._55_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._55_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._60-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._60_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._60_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, p. 85; Eicher, pp. 123, 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fort Sumter brochure, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Interior">United States Department of Interior</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detzer, <i>Allegiance</i>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detzer, <i>Allegiance</i>, pp. 272–301; Williams, pp. 57–61; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/beaubio.htm">"Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard"</a>. <i>Biography</i>. Civil War Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000738/http://www.civilwarhome.com/beaubio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Pierre+Gustave+Toutant+Beauregard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Fbeaubio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 124, 323; Williams, p. 103. The official names of Beauregard's command were the Department of the Potomac (May 31 – June 2), the Alexandria Line (June 2–20), and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Potomac" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Potomac">Confederate Army of the Potomac</a> (June 20 – July 21). After the First Battle of Bull Run, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> merged his <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a> with Beauregard's and commanded the overall force, which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. Beauregard persisted in calling his part of the army the Army of the Potomac, although he was in essence a corps commander in that army, reporting to Johnston until March 14, 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 66–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detzer, <i>Donnybrook</i>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 81–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gevinson, Alan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424">The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars'</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330172120/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424">Archived</a> March 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachighistory.org">Teachinghistory.org</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052144/http://www.teachighistory.org/">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), accessed October 8, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 109–110; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coski, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 96–112; Woodworth, pp. 76–77; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 113–132; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 23–24; Woodworth, pp. 99–102; Cunningham, pp. 99, 138–140, 277–280; Eicher, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 148–149; Woodworth, pp. 102–103; Cunningham, pp. 323–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 150–159; Woodworth, pp. 103–106; Cunningham, pp. 387–396; Kennedy, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, 124. He commanded the Department of South Carolina and Georgia from August 29 to October 7, 1862, and the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida from October 7, 1862, to April 18, 1864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, pp. 263–320; Williams, pp. 177–196; Wise, pp. 1–204; Kennedy, pp. 191–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 167–168, 181–183, 203–204; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 207–208; Eicher, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 208–225; Kennedy, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 225–235; Gallagher, p. 90; Kennedy, pp. 352–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 236–238; Gallagher, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 239–242; Woodworth, p. 293; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, Stephen M. <i>John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. pp. 91–111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-140-5">978-1-61121-140-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 243–250; Woodworth, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 251–256; Eicher, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"America: Arrival of the Cuba", <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>, September 4, 1865</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 257–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 262–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway & Taylor, p. 26; Williams, pp. 266–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway & Taylor, p. 27; Williams, pp. 273–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._Charles_Streetcar-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St._Charles_Streetcar_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilbeau2011" class="citation book cs1">Guilbeau, James (2011). <i>St. Charles Streetcar, The: Or, the New Orleans & Carrollton Railroad</i>. Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879714021" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879714021"><bdi>978-1879714021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Charles+Streetcar%2C+The%3A+Or%2C+the+New+Orleans+%26+Carrollton+Railroad&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1879714021&rft.aulast=Guilbeau&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Streetcars_of_New_Orleans-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Streetcars_of_New_Orleans_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_C._HennickElbridge_Harper_Charlton1965" class="citation book cs1">Louis C. Hennick; Elbridge Harper Charlton (1965). <i>The Streetcars of New Orleans</i>. Pelican Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455612598" title="Special:BookSources/978-1455612598"><bdi>978-1455612598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Streetcars+of+New+Orleans&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1455612598&rft.au=Louis+C.+Hennick&rft.au=Elbridge+Harper+Charlton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072405/https://www.asme.org/getmedia/40ef6e7c-697d-4f77-8daa-059a37f698b3/101-St-Charles-Avenue-Streetcar-Line-1835.aspx">"St. Charles Avenue Streetcar Line, 1835"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/getmedia/40ef6e7c-697d-4f77-8daa-059a37f698b3/101-St-Charles-Avenue-Streetcar-Line-1835.aspx">the original</a> on December 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Charles+Avenue+Streetcar+Line%2C+1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Fgetmedia%2F40ef6e7c-697d-4f77-8daa-059a37f698b3%2F101-St-Charles-Avenue-Streetcar-Line-1835.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 27–28; Williams, pp. 291–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29; Williams, pp. 304–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JKH-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JKH_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JKH_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JKH_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JKH_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue2006" class="citation book cs1">Hogue, James Keith (2006). <i>Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of ..</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncivil+War%3A+Five+New+Orleans+Street+Battles+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+...&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=James+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thibodaux-massacre-left-60-african-americans-dead-and-spelled-end-unionized-farm-labor-south-decades-180967289/">"The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Thibodaux+Massacre+Left+60+African-Americans+Dead+and+Spelled+the+End+of+Unionized+Farm+Labor+in+the+South+for+Decades&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthibodaux-massacre-left-60-african-americans-dead-and-spelled-end-unionized-farm-labor-south-decades-180967289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Suppression of the Black Knights". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvn5tw84.9"><i>The Black Worker, Volume 3</i></a>. Temple University Press. 1978. pp. 135–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvn5tw84.9">10.2307/j.ctvn5tw84.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvn5tw84.9">j.ctvn5tw84.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243248189">243248189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suppression+of+the+Black+Knights&rft.btitle=The+Black+Worker%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=135-240&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243248189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvn5tw84.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvn5tw84.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvn5tw84.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack D. Welsh, <i>Medical Histories of Confederate Generals</i> (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), p. 19; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-853-5">978-0-87338-853-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 328; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 29; Eicher, p. 124; Gallagher, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 43, 64, 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._52-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._52_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._52_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._266-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._266_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._266_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_pp._277–279-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_pp._277–279_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_pp._277–279_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 277–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.centenary.edu/rillieux/">"Victor Ernest Rillieux: "Dernier Tribut"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>French Centenary College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Centenary+College&rft.atitle=Victor+Ernest+Rillieux%3A+%22Dernier+Tribut%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrench.centenary.edu%2Frillieux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Marsala2018" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Marsala (2018). 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Beauregard statue is 3rd New Orleans monument to be taken down"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Confederate+Gen.+P.G.T.+Beauregard+statue+is+3rd+New+Orleans+monument+to+be+taken+down&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2017%2F05%2F17%2Fconfederate-gen-beauregard-statue-taken-down%2F101782666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSU-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSU_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2020" class="citation web cs1">Copp, Dan (June 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailycomet.com/news/20200603/nicholls-to-change-names-of-beauregard-and-polk-halls">"Nicholls to change names of Beauregard and Polk halls"</a>. <i>Daily Comet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608131025/https://www.dailycomet.com/news/20200603/nicholls-to-change-names-of-beauregard-and-polk-halls">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Comet&rft.atitle=Nicholls+to+change+names+of+Beauregard+and+Polk+halls&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycomet.com%2Fnews%2F20200603%2Fnicholls-to-change-names-of-beauregard-and-polk-halls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1891" class="citation book cs1">Cullum, George W. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalreg00gradgoog/page/696/mode/2up"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from Its Establishment in 1802 to 1890</i></a>. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. pp. 697–698. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874708353">874708353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+U.S.+Military+Academy+at+West+Point%2C+N.Y.%2C+from+Its+Establishment+in+1802+to+1890&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=697-698&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874708353&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalreg00gradgoog%2Fpage%2F696%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216040502/http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40">"Sarah H. Bradford (Sarah Hopkins), b. 1818. Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman"</a>. December 16, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40">the original</a> on December 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarah+H.+Bradford+%28Sarah+Hopkins%29%2C+b.+1818.+Scenes+in+the+Life+of+Harriet+Tubman.&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fneh%2Fbradford%2Fbradford.html%23bradf40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Basso, Hamilton. <i>Beauregard: The Great Creole</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/693265">693265</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beauregard,_Pierre_Gustave_Toutant">"Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beauregard%2C+Pierre+Gustave+Toutant&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+G.+T.+Beauregard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coski, John M. <i>The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem</i>. Boston: Belknap Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01983-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01983-0">0-674-01983-0</a>.</li> <li>Cunningham, O. Edward. <i>Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862</i>. Edited by Gary Joiner and Timothy Smith. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-27-2">978-1-932714-27-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> <i>Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0867-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0867-7">0-8071-0867-7</a>.</li> <li>Detzer, David. <i>Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War</i>. New York: Harcourt, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100641-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100641-5">0-15-100641-5</a>.</li> <li>Detzer, David. <i>Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861</i>. New York: Harcourt, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603143-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603143-1">978-0-15-603143-1</a>.</li> <li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">David J. Eicher</a>. <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In <i>The Confederate General</i>, vol. 1, edited by <a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">William C. Davis</a> and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918678-63-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-918678-63-3">0-918678-63-3</a>.</li> <li>Hattaway, Herman M., and Michael J. C. Taylor. "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In <i>Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary</i>, edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3">0-313-29560-3</a>.</li> <li>Reed, Rowena. <i>Combined Operations in the Civil War</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-122-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-122-6">0-87021-122-6</a>.</li> <li>Silkenat, David. <i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6">978-1-4696-4972-6</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Gustavus, Woodson. (2001) <i>Company "A" Corps of Engineers, U.S.A., 1846–1848, in the Mexican War.</i> Edited by Leonne M. Hudson, The Kent State University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-707-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-707-4">0-87338-707-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Harry_Williams" title="T. Harry Williams">Williams, T. Harry</a>. <i>P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1974-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1974-1">0-8071-1974-1</a>.</li> <li>Wise, Stephen R. <i>Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-985-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-985-5">0-87249-985-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> <i>Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0461-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0461-8">0-7006-0461-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Conrad, Glenn R. "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In <i>A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography</i>, vol. 1, edited by Glenn R. Conrad. New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Association, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940984-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940984-37-0">978-0-940984-37-0</a>.</li> <li>Robertson, William Glenn. <i>Backdoor to Richmond: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign, April–June 1864</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1672-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1672-6">0-8071-1672-6</a>.</li> <li>Roman, Alfred. <i>The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War between the States, 1861 to 1865: Including a Brief Personal Sketch and a Narrative of his Services in the War with Mexico, 1846–8</i>. New York, Da Capo Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80546-2">978-0-306-80546-2</a>. First published 1884 by Harper & Brothers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Winters" title="John D. Winters">Winters, John D.</a> <i>The Civil War in Louisiana</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0">0-8071-0834-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._T._Beauregard&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:P.G.T._Beauregard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2009/05/caroline-beauregard.html">Caroline Beauregard</a>, womenhistoryblog.com. Accessed March 26, 2024.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/P._G._T._Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard biography and timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060224093147/http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/P._G._T._Beauregard">Archived</a> February 24, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9823">Works by P. G. T. Beauregard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20Toutant%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20G%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustave%20Toutant%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustave%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustave%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustave%20Toutant%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustave%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Toutant%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20Toutant%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20G%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20G%2E%20Toutant%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustave%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustave%20Toutant%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustave%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustave%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustave%20Toutant%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustave%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20T%2E%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20Toutant%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustave%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20Gustave%22%29%20OR%20%28%221818-1893%22%20AND%20Beauregard%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gustave Toutant Beauregard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20P.%20G.%20T.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P.%20G.%20T.%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20P.%20G.%20T.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P.%20G.%20T.%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beauregard%2C%20P%2E%20G%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P.%20G.%20T.%20Beauregard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P.%20G.%20T.%20Beauregard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221818-1893%22%20AND%20Beauregard%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about P. G. T. Beauregard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4327">Works by P. G. T. Beauregard</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021065545/http://familytales.org/results.php?tla=pgb">Several Letters of P. G. T. Beauregard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/search/collection/richey/searchterm/beauregard/mode/all/order/datea">Correspondences of P.G.T. Beauregard during the American Civil War</a> – held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.citadel.edu/archivesguide/index.php/BEAUREGARD,_PIERRE_GUSTAVE_TOUTANT,_1818-1893">The Citadel Archives, Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 1818–1893</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221073246/http://www3.citadel.edu/archivesguide/index.php/BEAUREGARD,_PIERRE_GUSTAVE_TOUTANT,_1818-1893">Archived</a> February 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Beauregard's_Charleston_Quickstep_(Schreiner%2C_Hermann_L.)">Hermann Screiner's Beauregard's Charleston Quickstep</a>. Accessed March 26, 2024.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8xzzw">G.T. Beauregard Papers</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://specialcollections.usm.edu/repositories/3/resources/610">Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard Papers</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.usm.edu/spcol">Special Collections</a> at The University of Southern Mississippi (Historical Manuscripts)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superintendents_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; 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Lee">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Barnard" title="John G. Barnard">Barnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Delafield" title="Richard Delafield">Delafield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beauregard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Delafield" title="Richard Delafield">Delafield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Bowman" title="Alexander Hamilton Bowman">Bowman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zealous_Bates_Tower" title="Zealous Bates Tower">Tower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gamble_Pitcher" title="Thomas Gamble Pitcher">Pitcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Parke" title="John Parke">Parke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Moulder_Wilson" title="John Moulder Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Herbert_Ernst" title="Oswald Herbert Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Leopold_Mills" title="Albert Leopold Mills">Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">Scott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Barry" title="Thomas Henry Barry">Barry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Page_Townsley" title="Clarence Page Townsley">Townsley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="John Biddle (United States Army officer)">Biddle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Escue_Tillman" title="Samuel Escue Tillman">Tillman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Winchester_Sladen" title="Fred Winchester Sladen">Sladen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merch_Bradt_Stewart" title="Merch Bradt Stewart">Stewart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Edwin B. Winans (United States Army officer)">Winans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ruthven_Smith" title="William Ruthven Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Durward_Connor" title="William Durward Connor">Connor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leland_Benedict" title="Jay Leland Benedict">Benedict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Eichelberger" title="Robert L. Eichelberger">Eichelberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowditch_Wilby" title="Francis Bowditch Wilby">Wilby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Moore" title="Bryant Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Irving" title="Frederick Augustus Irving">Irving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blackshear_M._Bryan" title="Blackshear M. Bryan">Bryan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garrison_H._Davidson" title="Garrison H. Davidson">Davidson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Benjamin_Lampert" title="James Benjamin Lampert">Lampert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_V._Bennett" title="Donald V. Bennett">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Koster" title="Samuel W. Koster">Koster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Knowlton" title="William A. Knowlton">Knowlton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bryan_Berry" title="Sidney Bryan Berry">Berry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodpaster" title="Andrew Goodpaster">Goodpaster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Warren_Scott_Jr." title="Willard Warren Scott Jr.">Scott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Richard_Palmer" title="Dave Richard Palmer">Palmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_D._Graves" title="Howard D. Graves">Graves</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Christman" title="Daniel W. Christman">Christman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lennox_Jr." title="William J. Lennox Jr.">Lennox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_L._Hagenbeck" title="Franklin L. Hagenbeck">Hagenbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Huntoon" title="David H. Huntoon">Huntoon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Caslen" title="Robert L. Caslen">Caslen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darryl_A._Williams" title="Darryl A. Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_W._Gilland" title="Steven W. 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href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313976#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115672369">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37191239">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/153663/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhVJB8xxfgVTfYMx94bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119445158">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85081799">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978012n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978012n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1183877">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p169302148">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355037">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119445158.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119445158">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570419">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60r9nd2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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