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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anushtegin_Gharachai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anushtegin_Gharachai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Anushtegin Gharachai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anushtegin_Gharachai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ala_ad-Din_Atsiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ala_ad-Din_Atsiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Ala ad-Din Atsiz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ala_ad-Din_Atsiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Territorial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il-Arslan_and_Tekish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-Arslan_and_Tekish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Il-Arslan and Tekish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-Arslan_and_Tekish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maximum_expansion_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_expansion_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Maximum expansion and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_expansion_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ala_al-Din_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ala_al-Din_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Ala al-Din Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ala_al-Din_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkan_Khatun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkan_Khatun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Turkan Khatun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkan_Khatun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Capital cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics_in_the_Khwarazmian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics_in_the_Khwarazmian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ceramics in the Khwarazmian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics_in_the_Khwarazmian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mercenaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercenaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mercenaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercenaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khwarazmian Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة الخوارزمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الخوارزمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Corasmia" title="Imperio de Corasmia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio de Corasmia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xar%C9%99zm%C5%9Fahlar" title="Xarəzmşahlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xarəzmşahlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خارزمشاهلار دؤولتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خارزمشاهلار دؤولتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="খোয়ারিজমীয় সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খোয়ারিজমীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Хорезмшаһтар дәүләте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хорезмшаһтар дәүләте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Anuixtig%C3%ADnida" title="Imperi Anuixtigínida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Anuixtigínida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3rezmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Chórezmská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chórezmská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezmi_riik" title="Horezmi riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horezmi riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Χορεσμίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Χορεσμίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_jorezmita" title="Imperio jorezmita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio jorezmita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4orezma_Imperio" title="Ĥorezma Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥorezma Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarezmiar_Inperioa" title="Khwarezmiar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khwarezmiar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خوارزمشاهیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوارزمشاهیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_khwarezmien" title="Empire khwarezmien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire khwarezmien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%98_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="화레즘 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화레즘 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ख्वारिज्मी साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख्वारिज्मी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezmijsko_Carstvo" title="Horezmijsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Horezmijsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Khwarezmia" title="Kekaisaran Khwarezmia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Khwarezmia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_corasmio" title="Impero corasmio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero corasmio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%27%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הח'ווארזמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הח'ווארזמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Хорезмшах мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хорезмшах мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorezmo_imperija" title="Chorezmo imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chorezmo imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%A1rezmi_Birodalom" title="Hvárezmi Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hvárezmi Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხვარაზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხვარაზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Khoarezmiyah" title="Empayar Khoarezmiyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Khoarezmiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Хорезмын эзэнт улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хорезмын эзэнт улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Khwarezmian" title="Empèri Khwarezmian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Khwarezmian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorazmshohlar_davlati" title="Xorazmshohlar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xorazmshohlar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="خوارزم شاہی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خوارزم شاہی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="د خوارزمشاهیانو واکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د خوارزمشاهیانو واکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Chorezmijskie" title="Imperium Chorezmijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Chorezmijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Cor%C3%A1smio" title="Império Corásmio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Corásmio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezm%C5%9Fahlar_Devleti" title="Harezmşahlar Devleti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Harezmşahlar Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Государство Хорезмшахов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство Хорезмшахов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хорезмијска империја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорезмијска империја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezmijska_Monarhija" title="Horezmijska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Horezmijska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovaresmian_valtakunta" title="Kovaresmian valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kovaresmian valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குவாரசமியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாரசமியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Давлати Хоразмшоҳиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Хоразмшоҳиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezm%C5%9Fahlar_Devleti" title="Harezmşahlar Devleti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harezmşahlar Devleti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7_t%C3%BCrkmen_d%C3%B6wleti" title="Köneürgenç türkmen döwleti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Köneürgenç türkmen döwleti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хорезмська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хорезмська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="خوارزم شاہی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خوارزم شاہی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Khwarazm" title="Đế quốc Khwarazm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Khwarazm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewleta_Xarezmiyan" title="Dewleta Xarezmiyan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewleta Xarezmiyan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="花剌子模帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="花剌子模帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63134381#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval Muslim empire (c. 1077–1231)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Khwarazmian (disambiguation)">Khwarazmian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Khwarazmian Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خوارزمشاهیان</span></span><br /><i><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Khwārazmshāhiyān</i></span></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1077</span>–1231</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Khwarazmian Empire is located in Khwarazmian Empire"><img alt="Khwarazmian Empire is located in Khwarazmian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png/300px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png/450px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png/600px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="3370" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span><div id="annotation_200x120" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:120px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHURID EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_30x20" style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:20px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x20" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:20px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIPCHAKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x120" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:120px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">AYYUBID<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x110" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:110px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ABBASID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x90" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ZENGIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x55" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:55px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GEORGIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x70" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">RUM SELJUKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x170" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:170px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x40" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:40px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QARA KHITAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x67" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:67px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARA-<br />KHANIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x180" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:180px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1100_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1300_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1300 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Khwarazmian Empire (Khwarazmian Empire)</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Khwarazmian Empire on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquests</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Gurganj</a> <span class="nowrap">(1077–1212)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> <span class="nowrap">(1212–1220)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> <span class="nowrap">(1220–1221)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> <span class="nowrap">(1225–1231)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahr-e Ray">Shahr-e Ray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (official)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabayan200314_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabayan200314-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsovFedorov2013145_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsovFedorov2013145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1077–1096/7 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anushtegin Gharchai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1220–1231 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu">Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1077</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1219–1221</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yass%C4%B1%C3%A7emen" title="Battle of Yassıçemen">Battle of Yassıçemen</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1230</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1231</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1210 est.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</th><td class="infobox-data">2,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (890,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1218 est.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,600,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1220<sup id="cite_ref-John_Man_2007._Page_180_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Man_2007._Page_180-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pop_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadilis" title="Ahmadilis">Ahmadilis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavand dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Khwarazmian Empire</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>Khwarazm</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, was a culturally <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> empire of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khwarazmians ruled large parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao dynasty),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from circa 1190 as independent rulers up until the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest</a> in 1219–1221. </p><p>The date of the founding of the state remains debatable. The dynasty that ruled the empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anush Tigin</a> (also known as Gharachai), initially a Turkic slave of the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Gharchistan" title="Gharchistan">Gharchistan</a>, later a Mamluk in the service of the Seljuks. However, it was <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Ala ad-Din Atsiz</a> (r. 1127–1156), descendant of Anush Tigin, who achieved Khwarazm's independence from its neighbors. </p><p>The Khwarazmian Empire eventually became the most powerful state in the lands around Persia, defeating the Seljuk Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a>, and even threatening the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the empire spanned an area of 2.3 to 3.6 million square kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire, which was modelled on the preceding Seljuk Empire, was defended by a huge cavalry army composed largely of <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak Turks">Kipchak Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khwarezmian Empire was the last Turco-Persian Empire before the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion of Central Asia</a>. In 1219, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> under their ruler <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> invaded the Khwarazmian Empire, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">successfully conquering the whole of it in just two years</a>. The Mongols exploited existing weaknesses and conflicts in the empire, besieging and plundering the richest cities, while putting its citizens to the sword in one of the bloodiest wars in human history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a> was introduced in 305 by the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Afrighids" title="Afrighids">Afrighids</a> and existed until 995. After a short interval, the title was reinstated. During the uprising in <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> in 1017, rebels killed Khwarazmshah <a href="/wiki/Ma%27mun_II" title="Ma'mun II">Ma'mun II</a> and his wife Khurra-ji, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Mahmud invaded the region to quell the rebellion. He later installed a new ruler and annexed Khwarazm. As a result, it became a province of the Ghaznavid empire and remained so until 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1978_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1978-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984762–764_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984762–764-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1077, the control of the region, which previously belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqs">Seljuqs</a> from 1042 to 1043, passed into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anushtegin Gharchai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a> commander of the Seljuqs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1097, the Khwarazm governor of Turkic origin <a href="/wiki/Ekinchi_(Khwarazm_Shah)" title="Ekinchi (Khwarazm Shah)">Ekinchi ibn Qochqar</a> declared independence from the Seljuqs and proclaimed himself the shah of Khwarazm. After a short time, however, he was killed by several Seljuq amirs who had risen in revolt. He was replaced with Anush Tigin Gharachai's son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad I of Khwarazm">Qutb al-Din Muhammad</a>, by the Seljuqs, who had reconquered the region. Qutb al-Din became the first hereditary Khwarazmshah.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise">Rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anushtegin_Gharachai">Anushtegin Gharachai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anushtegin Gharachai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Anushtegin Gharchai</a></div> <p>Anushtegin Gharachai was a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a> commander of the Seljuqs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> from approximately 1077 until 1097. He was the first member of his family to rule Khwarazm and the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">namesake for the dynasty</a> that would rule the province in the 12th and early 13th centuries. </p><p>Anushtegin was put in command together with his master <a href="/wiki/Al-Taj_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtegin" title="Al-Taj Gümüshtegin">Al-Taj Gümüshtegin</a> in 1073 by the Seljuq sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a> to retake territory in northern <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> had seized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196893_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196893-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently made the sultan's <i>tasht-dar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: "keeper of the royal vessels"), and, as the revenues from Khwarazm were used to pay for the expenses incurred by this position, he was made governor of the province. The details of his tenure as governor are unclear. He died by 1097 and the post was briefly given to <a href="/wiki/Ekinchi_(Khwarazm_Shah)" title="Ekinchi (Khwarazm Shah)">Ekinchi bin Qochqar</a> before being transferred to his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad I of Khwarazm">Qutb al-Din Muhammad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ala_ad-Din_Atsiz">Ala ad-Din Atsiz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ala ad-Din Atsiz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz,_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/220px-Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/330px-Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/440px-Coin_of_the_Khwarazmshah_Atsiz%2C_citing_his_suzerain_Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4073" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted under <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a>, citing his <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> suzerain <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Atsiz gained his position following his father Qutb al-Din's death in 1127. During the early part of his reign, he focused on securing Khwarazm against nomad attacks. In 1138, he rebelled against his suzerain, the Seljuq sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a>, but was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Hazarasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazarasp">Hazarasp</a> and forced to flee. Sanjar installed his nephew Suleiman Shah as ruler of Khwarazm and returned to <a href="/wiki/Marv,_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marv, Turkmenistan">Merv</a>. Atsiz returned, however, and Suleiman Shah was unable to hold on to the province. Atsiz then attacked Bukhara, but by 1141 he again submitted to Sanjar, who pardoned him and formally returned control of Khwarazm over to him. The same year that Sanjar pardoned Atsiz, the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Khitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Khitai">Kara Khitai</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> defeated the Seljuqs in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan (1141)</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>. Atsiz took advantage of the defeat to invade <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, occupying Merv and <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>. Yelü Dashi, however, sent a force to plunder Khwarazm, forcing Atsiz to pay an annual tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1142, Atsiz was expelled from Khorasan by Sanjar, who invaded Khwarazm in the following year and forced Atsiz back into vassalage, although he continued to pay tribute to the Kara Khitai until his death. Sanjar undertook another expedition against Atsïz in 1147 when the latter became rebellious again.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atsiz was a flexible politician and ruler, and was able to maneuver between the powerful Seljuk Sultan Sanjar and the equally powerful Kara Khitai ruler Yelü Dashi. He continued the land-gathering policy initiated by his predecessors, annexing Jand and <a href="/wiki/Mangyshlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyshlak">Mangyshlak</a> to Khwarazm. Many nomadic tribes were dependent on the Khwarazmshah. Towards the end of his life, Atsiz subordinated the entire northwestern part of Central Asia, and in fact, achieved its independence from its neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_expansion">Territorial expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Territorial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Il-Arslan_and_Tekish">Il-Arslan and Tekish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Il-Arslan and Tekish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Tekish" title="Ala al-Din Tekish">Ala al-Din Tekish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-Arslan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il-Arslan.jpg/310px-Il-Arslan.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il-Arslan.jpg/465px-Il-Arslan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il-Arslan.jpg/620px-Il-Arslan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Khwarazmshah <a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a> at his coronation, painting from the book <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami' al-Tawarikh">Jami' al-Tawarikh</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1306–1314</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-Arslan was the Shah of Khwarazm from 1156 until 1172. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsïz</a>. Initially, Il-Arslan was made governor of <a href="/wiki/Jand_(Transoxania)" title="Jand (Transoxania)">Jand</a>, an outpost on the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> which had recently been reconquered, by his father. In 1156, Atsiz died and Il-Arslan succeeded him as Khwarazmshah. Like his father, he decided to pay tribute to both the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjar">Sanjar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> gurkhan. </p><p>Sanjar died only a few months after Il-Arslan's ascension, causing Seljuq Khurasan to descend into chaos. This allowed Il-Arslan to effectively break off Seljuk suzerainty, although he remained on friendly terms with Sanjar's successor, Mas'ud. Like his father, Il-Arslan sought to expand his influence in Khurasan. </p><p>In 1158, Il-Arslan became involved in the affairs of another Qara Khitai vassal state, the <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>. The Karakhanid Chaghri Khan had been persecuting the <a href="/wiki/Qarluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarluks">Qarluks</a> in his realm, and several Qarluk leaders fled to Khwarazm and sought Il-Arslan's help. He responded by invading the Karakhanid dominions, taking <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and besieging Samarqand, where Chaghri Khan had taken refuge. The latter appealed to both the Turks of the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> and the Qara Khitai, and the gurkhan sent an army, but its commander hesitated to enter into conflict with the Khwarazmians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg/220px-KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg/330px-KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg/440px-KonyeUrgenchMausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Ala al-Din Tekish in <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a> (former Gurganj) in present-day Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1172, the Qara Khitai launched a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against Il-Arslan, who had not paid the required annual tribute. The Khwarazmian army was defeated, and Il-Arslan died shortly after. Following his death the state briefly became embroiled in turmoil, as the succession was disputed between his sons <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Tekish" title="Ala al-Din Tekish">Tekish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Shah_of_Khwarezm" title="Sultan Shah of Khwarezm">Sultan Shah</a>. Tekish emerged victorious and subsequently ruled the empire from 1172 to 1200. </p><p>Tekish stayed with the <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a> policies of his father Il-Arslan. Despite gaining his throne with the help of the Qara Khitai, he later shook off their suzerainty and repulsed the subsequent Qara Khitai invasion of Khwarazm. Tekish maintained close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turkmens</a> and Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchak tribes</a> from the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, and recruited them at times for his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. A great number of these <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a> were still <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>, and they were known in Iran for their barbarism and intense ferocity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1194, Tekish defeated the Seljuq sultan of <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toghrul_III" title="Toghrul III">Toghrul III</a>, in an alliance with Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">Al-Nasir</a>, and conquered his territories. After the war, he broke with the Caliphate and was on the brink of a war with it until the Caliph accepted him as the sultan of Iran, Khorasan, and Turkestan in 1198. Tekish died of a <a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">peritonsillar abscess</a> in 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad II of Khwarezm">Ala ad-Din Muhammad</a>. His death triggered spontaneous revolts and widespread massacre of the hated Khwarazmian Turkic soldiers stationed in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_expansion_and_decline">Maximum expansion and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maximum expansion and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ala_al-Din_Muhammad">Ala al-Din Muhammad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ala al-Din Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Battle of Andkhud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/220px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/330px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg/440px-Mort_de_Muhammad_Hw%C3%A2razmsh%C3%A2h.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad II's death, depicted in a 1430 manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After his father <a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Tekish</a> died, Muhammad succeeded him. Muhammad led the maximum expansion of the Khwarazmian Empire, extinguishing the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> in 1213, and sweeping aside the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurids</a> in 1215 whom they vassalized after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ghuri">Muhammad Ghuri</a>. The coins of Muhammad were minted in the Kara-Khanid capitals of <a href="/wiki/Uzgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzgen">Uzgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> from 1213.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1218, a small contingent of Mongols crossed borders in pursuit of an <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">escaped enemy general</a>. Upon successfully retrieving him, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> made contact with the Shah. Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade Khwarazm. </p><p>Genghis sent emissaries to Khwarazm to emphasize his hope for a trade road. Muhammad II, in turn, had one of his governors (<a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">Inalchuq</a>, his uncle) openly accuse the party of spying, seizing their rich goods and arresting the party.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trying to maintain diplomacy, Genghis sent an envoy of three men to the shah, to give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of the governor's actions and hand him over to the Mongols for punishment. The shah executed the envoy (again, some sources claim one man was executed, some claim all three were), and then immediately had the Mongol merchant party (Muslim and Mongol alike) put to death and their goods seized.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events led Genghis to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">retaliate with a force of 100,000 to 150,000 men</a> that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a> in 1219 and sacked the cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a>, and others. Muhammad's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Kunya_Urgench" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunya Urgench">Gurganj</a>, followed soon after. The Shah <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</a> fled and died some weeks later on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkan_Khatun">Turkan Khatun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkan Khatun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)</a></div> <p>On the eve of the Mongol invasion, a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a> developed in the Khwarazmian Empire. Khwarazmshah Muhammad II was considered the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_ruler" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute ruler">absolute ruler</a>, but the influence of his mother <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Turkan Khatun</a> (Terken Khatun) was also great. Turkan Khatun even had the <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a>: "the Ruler of the World" (Khudavand-e Jahaan), and another one for her decrees: "Protector of peace and faith, Turkan the Great, the ruler of women of both worlds." Turkan Khatun had a separate <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan (government)">Diwan</a>, separate palace and the orders of the Sultan were not considered to be effective without her signature. This fact, coupled with her conflicts with Muhammad II might have contributed to the impotence of the Khwarazmian Empire in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol onslaught</a>. </p><p>In 1221, she was captured by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and died in poverty in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu">Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni" title="Jalal al-Din Mangburni">Jalal al-Din Mangburni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river,_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/220px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/330px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/440px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus" title="Battle of the Indus">Battle of the Indus</a>, depicting the Khwarazm Jalal al-Din crossing the rapid <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> on horseback, escaping <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and the Mongol army</figcaption></figure> <p>Jalal al-Din was the last of Khwarazmshahs, who ruled the remnants of the Khwarazmian Empire and northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> from 1220 to 1231. He was reportedly the eldest son of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, while his mother was a <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> concubine named Ay Chichek.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the low status of Jalal al-Din's mother, his powerful grandmother and <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a> refused to support him as heir to the throne, and instead favored his half-brother Uzlagh-Shah, whose mother was also a Qipchaq. Jalal al-Din first appears in historical records in 1215, when Muhammad II divided his empire amongst his sons, giving the southwestern part (part of the former <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a>) to Jalal al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attempted to flee to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but the Mongols caught up with him before he got there, and he was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Indus">Battle of Indus</a>. He escaped and sought asylum in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iltumish" class="mw-redirect" title="Iltumish">Iltumish</a> however denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliphs</a>. Returning to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, he gathered an army and re-established a kingdom. He never consolidated his power, however, spending the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm">Seljuks of Rum</a>, and pretenders to his own throne. He lost his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> Mountains. Escaping to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, he captured <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> in 1225, setting up his capital at <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. In 1226 he attacked <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and sacked <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. Following on through the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> highlands he clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, capturing the town <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Ahlat</a> along the western shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, which sought the aid of the Seljuq <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanate of Rûm</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_I" title="Kayqubad I">Kayqubad I</a> defeated him at <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Arzinjan</a> on the Upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yass%C4%B1%C3%A7emen" title="Battle of Yassıçemen">Battle of Yassıçemen</a> in 1230. He escaped to <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a>, while the Mongols conquered Azerbaijan in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> highwaymen.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_apparatus">State apparatus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head of the central state apparatus (al-Majlis al-Ali al-Fahri at-Taji) of Kharazmshahs was a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>, the first adviser to the head of state. He was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">diwan</a> officials (askhab ad-dawawin), who appointed them and established salaries, pensions (arzak), controlling tax administration and the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent vizier of the Khwarazmian Empire was Al-Harawi, who built a mosque for the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'is</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marv,_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marv, Turkmenistan">Merv</a>, a huge madrassah, a mosque and a repository of manuscripts in Gurganj. He died at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Ismaili">Shia Ismailis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199961_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199961-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important position in the state apparatus of the Khwarazmshahs was also held by the senior or great <i>hajib</i>, who most of the time, was a representative of the Turkic nobility. The hajib reported to the Khwarazmshah on issues related to the shah and his family. The Khwarazmshah could have several hajibs, who carried out the "personal" instructions of the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199962_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199962-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_cities">Capital cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capital cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urgench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urgench.jpg/220px-Urgench.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urgench.jpg/330px-Urgench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urgench.jpg/440px-Urgench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Gurganj (present-day <a href="/wiki/Koneurgench" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneurgench">Koneurgench</a>) was the first and most important capital of the Khwarazmian empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the main city of the Khwarazmian Empire was <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Urganch</a> or Gurganj. A prominent <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> biographer and geographer, <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, who visited Gurganj in 1219, wrote, "I have not seen a city greater, richer and more beautiful than Gurganj." <a href="/wiki/Al-Qazvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qazvini">Al-Qazvini</a>, a Persian physician, astronomer, geographer and writer of Arab ancestry, states: </p> <blockquote><p>Gurganj is a very beautiful city, surrounded by the attention of angels who represent the city in paradise just like a bride in a groom's house. The inhabitants of the capital were skillful artisans, especially the blacksmiths, carpenters and others. Carvers were famous for their products made of ivory and ebony. Workshops for the production of natural silk operated in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199965_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199965-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> also served as the capital of the later Khwarazmian Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the Kwarazmian Empire consisted mainly of sedentary <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> and half-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban population of the empire was concentrated in a relatively small number of (by medieval standards) very large cities as opposed to a huge number of smaller towns. The population of the empire is estimated at 5 million people on the eve of the Mongol invasion in 1220, making it sparse for the large area it covered.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Man_2007._Page_180_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Man_2007._Page_180-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pop_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical demographers <a href="/wiki/Tertius_Chandler" title="Tertius Chandler">Tertius Chandler</a> and Gerald Fox give the following estimations for the populations of the empire's major cities at the beginning of the 13th century, which adds up to at least 520,000 and at most 850,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_by_Shamsuddin_al-Hasani_Abu_Zayd,_Iran,_December_1210_AD_(dated_AH_Jumada_II_607),_composite_body_painted_over_glaze_with_luster_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Plate_by_Shamsuddin_al-Hasani_Abu_Zayd%2C_Iran%2C_December_1210_AD_%28dated_AH_Jumada_II_607%29%2C_composite_body_painted_over_glaze_with_luster_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04647.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Plate_by_Shamsuddin_al-Hasani_Abu_Zayd%2C_Iran%2C_December_1210_AD_%28dated_AH_Jumada_II_607%29%2C_composite_body_painted_over_glaze_with_luster_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04647.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Plate_by_Shamsuddin_al-Hasani_Abu_Zayd%2C_Iran%2C_December_1210_AD_%28dated_AH_Jumada_II_607%29%2C_composite_body_painted_over_glaze_with_luster_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC04647.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustreware</a> plate painted by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Zayd al-Kashani">Abu Zayd al-Kashani</a> in December 1210 (dated AH Jumada II 607), at the time of the Khwarazmian Empire. Iran, <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/File:Lusterware_bowl_with_Dragons,_Iran_dated_1210_CE.jpg" title="File:Lusterware bowl with Dragons, Iran dated 1210 CE.jpg">another example from 1210 CE</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Khwarazmshahs had a Turkic origin, just as their <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq</a> predecessors, they adopted <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a>, adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and had their richest and most populous cities in Khorasan. Thus, the Khwarazmshah era had a dual character, reflecting both its Turkic origin and Persian high culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg/220px-Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg/330px-Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg/440px-Kunya-Urgench-130377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The Mausoleum of a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> of Khwarazm, <a href="/wiki/Najm-ad-Din_al-Kubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra">Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra</a>, in old Gurganj (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kunya-Urgench" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunya-Urgench">Kunya-Urgench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Khwarazmshah era, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> society was fragmented, unified under one banner only recently. The Khwarazmian military mostly consisted of Turks, while the civilian and administrative element was almost exclusively Persian. The spoken language of the Turkic population of Khwarazm was <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz Turkic">Oghuz</a>, the latter being the legacy of the previous masters of the area, <a href="/wiki/Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqs">Seljuq Turkomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the dominant language of the era and the one spoken by the majority in the important Khwarazmian cities was <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. The language of the sedentary <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan (government)">diwan</a> was also Persian, and its members had to be well versed in Persian culture, regardless of their ethnic origin. Persian became the official state language of the Khwarazmshahs and served as the language of administration, history, fiction and poetry. The Turkic language was the mother tongue and "home language" of the Anushteginid family, while Arabic served primarily as the language of science, philosophy, and theology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics_in_the_Khwarazmian_period">Ceramics in the Khwarazmian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ceramics in the Khwarazmian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">Lusterware</a></div> <p>The finely decorated <a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ceramics</a> were mainly produced in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, in the decades leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Persia">Mongol invasion of Persia</a> in 1219, at a time when the Khwarazmian Empire ruled the area, initially under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, and independently from 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the "most iconic" productions of stonepaste vessels can be attributed to the Khwarazmian rulers, after the end of Seljuk domination (the Seljuk Empire itself ended in 1194).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it is considered that Mina'i ware was manufactured from the late 12th century and the early 13th century, and dated Mina’i wares range from 1186 to 1224.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensive <a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">lusterware</a> also belongs to this period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina%27i_ware,_early_13th_century,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horsemen, Mina'i ware, early 13th century, Iran[54]"><img alt="Horsemen, Mina'i ware, early 13th century, Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/200px-Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/300px-Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/400px-Mina%27i_ware%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="2488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horsemen, <a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a>, early 13th century, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider,_early_13th_century,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mina'i Bowl with horserider, early 13th century, Iran[55]"><img alt="Mina'i Bowl with horserider, early 13th century, Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/200px-Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/300px-Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/400px-Mina%27i_Bowl_with_horserider%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina'i Bowl">Mina'i Bowl</a> with horserider, early 13th century, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl,_early_13th_century,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mina'i Lobed bowl, early 13th century, Iran[56]"><img alt="Mina'i Lobed bowl, early 13th century, Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/199px-Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/299px-Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg/399px-Mina%27i_Lobed_bowl%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mina'i Lobed bowl, early 13th century, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard,_early_13th_century,_Kashan,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lusterware bowl with leopard, early 13th century, Kashan, Iran[57] Dated examples are also known."><img alt="Lusterware bowl with leopard, early 13th century, Kashan, Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg/200px-Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg/300px-Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg/400px-Lusterware_bowl_with_leopard%2C_early_13th_century%2C_Kashan%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="3172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">Lusterware</a> bowl with leopard, early 13th century, Kashan, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/File:Seljuk_Islamic_Art_(28624723921).jpg" title="File:Seljuk Islamic Art (28624723921).jpg">Dated examples</a> are also known.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Kyzyl-Kala_under_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khorezm_fortresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm fortresses">Khwarazmian fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a>, under restoration</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Khwarazmian Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Khwarazmian Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png/300px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png/450px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1215_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1215 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1215</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x80" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHWARAZMIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x45" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:45px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMAN KHANATES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x25" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIEVAN<br />RUS'</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x40" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">MONGOL<br />CONFEDERATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x40" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:40px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIPCHACKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x57" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:57px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QARA KHITAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_162x70" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_123x103" style="position:absolute; left:123px; top:103px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHURIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_35x82" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:82px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ZENGIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x90" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:90px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ABBASID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x125" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x70" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">XI XIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x100" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_2x100" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">AYYUBID<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x73" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SULTANATE<br />OF RUM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongol Confederation c. 1215, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai</a> (1218) and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire</a> (1219–1222)</div></div></div> <p>It is estimated that the Khwarazmian army, prior to the Mongol invasion, consisted of about 40,000 cavalry, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin. Militias existed in Khwarazm's major cities but were of poor quality. With collective populations of around 700,000, the major cities probably had 105,000 to 140,000 healthy males of fighting age in total (15–20% of the population), but only a fraction of these would be part of a formal militia with any notable measure of training and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercenaries">Mercenaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mercenaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246" title="Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246">Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene,_circa_1200_CE,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg/220px-Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg/440px-Mina%27i_bow_battle_scene%2C_circa_1200_CE%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i bowl</a> depicting battle scene in <a href="/wiki/Khalkhal,_Iran" title="Khalkhal, Iran">Khalkhal, Iran</a>, early 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, many Khwarazmians survived by employing themselves as mercenaries in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Sultan Jalal ad-Din's followers remained loyal to him even after his death in 1231, and raided the Seljuq lands of <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> for the next several years, calling themselves the <i>Khwarazmiyya</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a>, in Egypt, later hired them against his uncle <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus">as-Salih Ismail</a>. The <i>Khwarazmiyya</i>, heading south from Iraq towards Egypt, invaded <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a>-held <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> along the way, on 11 July 1244 (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">Siege of Jerusalem (1244)</a>). The city's citadel, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a>, surrendered on 23 August, and the Christian population of the city was expelled. This triggered a call from Europe for the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>, but the Crusaders would never again be successful in retaking Jerusalem. After being conquered by the Khwarazmian forces, the city stayed under Muslim control until 1917, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">when it was taken</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. </p><p>After taking Jerusalem, the Khwarazmian forces continued south, and on 17 October 1244 fought on the side of the Ayyubids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Forbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Forbie">Battle of La Forbie</a>, as the Crusaders used to call <a href="/wiki/Hiribya" title="Hiribya">Harbiyah</a>, a village northeast of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, destroying the remains of the Crusader army there, with some 1,200 knights killed. It was the largest battle involving the Crusaders since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of the Horns of Hattin</a> in 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pop-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Additionally, the population of roughly the same area (Persia and Central Asia) plus some others (Caucasia and northeast Anatolia) is estimated at 5–6 million nearly 400 hundreds later, under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelt <i>Khwarezmian</i>, <i>Khorezmian</i> or <i>Chorasmian Empire</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خوارزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Khwārazm</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medieval historians such as <a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a> believed that Anushtegin was of <a href="/wiki/Begdili" title="Begdili">Begdili</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Turkish historian Kafesoğlu states that Anushtegin was either of <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigil</a> origin and the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a> believes he was of <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Qanghli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabayan200314-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabayan200314_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabayan2003">Babayan 2003</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatouzian2007">Katouzian 2007</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsovFedorov2013145-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsovFedorov2013145_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuznetsovFedorov2013">Kuznetsov & Fedorov 2013</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gafurov, B. G. <i>Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times</i>, Vol. 2, (Shipra Publications, 1989), p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasilyeva, G. P. "Ethnic processes in origins of Turkmen people." Soviet Ethnography. Publishing house: Nauka, 1969. pp. 81–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Man_2007._Page_180-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Man_2007._Page_180_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Man_2007._Page_180_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", February 6, 2007. p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-iii">"Herat iii. History, Medieval Period"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/khwarazmian">"Khwarazmian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a></i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khwarazmian&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkhwarazmian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA164"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <q>Mahm ̄ud and Masc ̄ud I of Ghazna had appointed Turkish slave commanders from their own army, Altuntash and his sons, as governors there with the ancient title of Khwarazm Shah." (...) "In order to secure these important regions, Malik Sh ̄ah had appointed the keeper of the royal washing bowls (tast-d ̄ar), his slave commander An ̄ush-tegin Gharcha' ̄ı, as titular governor at least in Khwarazm. During Berkyaruk's reign, the sultan appointed in 1097 another Turkishghul ̄am, Ekinchi b. Kochkar, with the historic title of KhwarazmShah. When, in that same year, Ekinchi was killed, Berkyaruk nominated in his stead An ̄ushtegin's son Qutb al-D ̄ın Muhammad as governor, and Muhammad's tenure of power there (1097–1127) inaugurates the fourth and most brilliant line of hereditary KhwarazmShahs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C. E. Bosworth</a> : Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>, online ed., 2009: <i>"Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model."</i> Norman M. Naimark, Genocide: A World History (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2017), 20 <i>"The Persian-speaking and Islamic Khwarezmian empire, which was founded in Central Asia south of the Aral Sea around its capital of Samarkand, and included such remarkable centers of trade and civilizations as Bukhara and Urgench, ..."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Grousset, <i>The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia</i>, Transl. Naomi Walford, Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, Michel, <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2005), 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA164"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <q>This dynasty eventually built up, as the Seljuq empire in the east tottered to its close, the most powerful and aggressively expansionist empire in the Persian lands, in the end defeating their rivals for control of Khurasan, the Ghurids of Afghanistan, threatening western Persia and Iraq and the Abbasid caliphate itself, and only disintegrating under the overwhelming military might of the Mongol invaders in the opening decades of the thirteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2015" class="citation book cs1">Abulafia, David (2015). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c. 1198–c. 1300</i>. p. 610.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+5%2C+c.+1198%E2%80%93c.+1300&rft.pages=610&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.E. Bosworth, <i>The Ghaznavids: 994-1040</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, page 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1978-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1978_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1978">Bosworth 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984762–764-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984762–764_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1984">Bosworth 1984</a>, pp. 762–764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, Michel, <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045365/Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty#87942.hook">LINK</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadlullah1987" class="citation book cs1">Fadlullah, Rashid al-Din (1987). <i>Oghuznameh</i>. Baku: Elm. <q>Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad,_Khwarezm-Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad, Khwarezm-Shah">Muhammad Khwarazmshah</a> was <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_Gharchai" title="Anushtegin Gharchai">Nushtekin Gharcha</a>, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oghuznameh&rft.place=Baku&rft.pub=Elm&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Fadlullah&rft.aufirst=Rashid+al-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuniyatov1986" class="citation book cs1">Buniyatov, Z.M (1986). <i>The State of Khwarazmshah-Anushteginids (1097-1231)</i>. Nauka. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Khwarazmshah-Anushteginids+%281097-1231%29&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Buniyatov&rft.aufirst=Z.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196893-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196893_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, Rene, <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan: Encyclopedic Dictionary</i>. ed. by: Gundogdyeva, O. A.; Muradova R. G. Istanbul: UNDP, 2000. pp 1-381. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-97256-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/975-97256-0-6">975-97256-0-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E (1968). <i>The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)</i>. Vol. V. Cambridge. pp. 181–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000-1217%29&rft.pages=181-197&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik, <i>History of the World Conqueror</i>, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1997. p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafesoglu1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kafesoglu, Ibrahim (1956). <i>The History of the State of Khwarazmshah (485-617/1092-1229)</i> (in Turkish). Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 83–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+State+of+Khwarazmshah+%28485-617%2F1092-1229%29&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=83-146&rft.pub=Turk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Kafesoglu&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGafurov2005" class="citation book cs1">Gafurov, Bobodzhan Gafurovich (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ5pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA165"><i>Central Asia: Pre-historic to Pre-modern Times</i></a>. Shipra Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7541-245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7541-245-3"><bdi>978-81-7541-245-3</bdi></a>. <q>In Uzgend , the capital of the largest principality of the Karakhanids and in Samarkand , the capital of the Karakhanid state were minted coins in 1213 with the name of Mohammad, Khwarezm Shah . This confirmed the complete annihilation of the dynasty of the Kharakanids</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+Pre-historic+to+Pre-modern+Times&rft.pub=Shipra+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7541-245-3&rft.aulast=Gafurov&rft.aufirst=Bobodzhan+Gafurovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ5pAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvat_Soucek2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svat_Soucek" title="Svat Soucek">Svat Soucek</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc/page/106"><i>A History of Inner Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0"><bdi>0-521-65704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-65704-0&rft.au=Svat+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2005" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reak1EUA57sC"><i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection</i></a>. Bantam. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81498-9"><bdi>978-0-553-81498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+Life%2C+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-553-81498-9&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dreak1EUA57sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gundogdiyev, O. <i>Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan: Encyclopedic Dictionary</i>. Istanbul. 2000. page 381. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789759725600" title="Special:BookSources/9789759725600">9789759725600</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2018" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Jürgen (2018). "Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35031762"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam - 3</i></a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jal%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+Mangburn%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+-+3&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35031762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006044631/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001012&ct=107&rqs=68&rqs=491&rqs=893">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001012&ct=107&rqs=68&rqs=491&rqs=893">the original</a> on 6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D90001012%26ct%3D107%26rqs%3D68%26rqs%3D491%26rqs%3D893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuniyatov1999" class="citation book cs1">Buniyatov, Z.M. (1999). <i>Selected works in three volumes</i>. Vol. 3. Baku. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+works+in+three+volumes&rft.place=Baku&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Buniyatov&rft.aufirst=Z.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199961-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199961_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuniyatov1999">Buniyatov 1999</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199962-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199962_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuniyatov1999">Buniyatov 1999</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199965-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuniyatov199965_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuniyatov1999">Buniyatov 1999</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gafurov, B.G. <i>Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times</i>. vol. 2. Shipra Publications, 1989. p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2002" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GqEWw_54uVUC&q=population+of+persia+1600&pg=PA18"><i>Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521525978" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521525978"><bdi>978-0521525978</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Merchants+and+Eurasian+Trade%2C+1600%E2%80%931750&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521525978&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGqEWw_54uVUC%26q%3Dpopulation%2Bof%2Bpersia%2B1600%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertius Chandler & Gerald Fox, "3000 Years of Urban Growth", pp. 232–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler & Fox, p. 232: Merv, Samarkand, and Nipashur are referred to as "vying for the [title of] largest" among the "Cities of Persia and Turkestan in 1200", implying populations of less than 70,000 for the other cities (Otrar and others do not have precise estimates given). "Turkestan" seems to refer to Central Asian Turkic countries in general in this passage, as Samarkand, Merv, and Nishapur are located in modern Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and northeastern Iran respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2008" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004173279.i-396.37">"A Brief Biography Of Abu Zayd"</a>. <i>Muqarnas, Volume 25</i>. Brill. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004173279.i-396.37">10.1163/ej.9789004173279.i-396.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004173279" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004173279"><bdi>978-9004173279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Biography+Of+Abu+Zayd&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%2C+Volume+25&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004173279.i-396.37&rft.isbn=978-9004173279&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004173279.i-396.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand1999" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicartarchit0000hill/page/96/mode/2up"><i>Islamic art and architecture</i></a>. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 97, Fig. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7"><bdi>978-0-500-20305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+art+and+architecture&rft.pages=97%2C+Fig.+70&rft.pub=London+%3A+Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20305-7&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicartarchit0000hill%2Fpage%2F96%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilyeva1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasilyeva, G.P (1969). <i>Ethnic processes in origins of Turkmen people; Soviet Ethnography</i> (in Russian). Nauka (Science). pp. 81–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+processes+in+origins+of+Turkmen+people%3B+Soviet+Ethnography&rft.pages=81-98&rft.pub=Nauka+%28Science%29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Vasilyeva&rft.aufirst=G.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komaroff, 4; Michelsen and Olafsdotter, 76; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/collections/islamicart/77591">Fitzwilliam Museum: "Mina’i, meaning ‘enamelled’ ware, is one of the glories of Islamic ceramics, and was a speciality of the renowned ceramics centre of Kashan in Iran during the decades of the late 12th and early 13th centuries preceding the Mongol invasions"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While stonepaste vessels are often attributed to the Seljuq period, some of the most iconic productions in the medium took place after this dynasty lost control over its eastern territories to other Central Asian Turkic groups, such as the Khwarezm-Shahis" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugiadi" class="citation web cs1">Rugiadi, Martina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sljt/hd_sljt.htm">"Ceramic Technology in the Seljuq Period: Stonepaste in Syria and Iran in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art (2021)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Ceramic+Technology+in+the+Seljuq+Period%3A+Stonepaste+in+Syria+and+Iran+in+the+Twelfth+and+Early+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.aulast=Rugiadi&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fsljt%2Fhd_sljt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100159261;jsessionid=21645A75EF89457977CFC748CC18DE27"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Mina'i ware</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195189483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195189483"><bdi>978-0195189483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Decorative+Arts%3A+Mina%27i+ware&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0195189483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100159261%3Bjsessionid%3D21645A75EF89457977CFC748CC18DE27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/460719">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F460719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/461340">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F461340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/460910">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F460910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452003">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F452003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sverdrup, Carl. The Mongol Conquests: The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sube'etei. Helion and Company, 2017. pp. 148–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolod2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holod, Renata (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2097203">"The Freer Gallery's Siege Scene Plate"</a>. <i>Ars Orientalis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+Freer+Gallery%27s+Siege+Scene+Plate&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.aulast=Holod&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2097203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/object/F1943.3/">"Bowl"</a>. <i>Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian%27s+National+Museum+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Bowl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.si.edu%2Fobject%2FF1943.3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghazali.org/saladin/maas-171.pdf"><i>Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Osprey publishing. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men-at-arms+series+171+-+Saladin+and+the+saracens&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Osprey+publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.org%2Fsaladin%2Fmaas-171.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2017" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA335"><i>Tamta's World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16756-8"><bdi>978-1-107-16756-8</bdi></a>. <q>It has recently been proposed that the dish represents an attack on an Assassin stronghold in eastern Azerbaijan by Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah in about 1225.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamta%27s+World&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16756-8&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANAoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley-Smith <i>The Crusades</i>, p. 191</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabayan2003" class="citation book cs1">Babayan, K. (2003). <i>Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs: cultural landscapes of early modern Iran</i>. Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics%2C+monarchs%2C+and+messiahs%3A+cultural+landscapes+of+early+modern+Iran&rft.pub=Harvard+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Babayan&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khwarazm-shahs-SIM_4206">"K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2w%C4%81razm-S%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81hs&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkhwarazm-shahs-SIM_4206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-mamun">"Āl-e Maʾmūn"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 762–764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80l-e+Ma%CA%BEm%C5%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=762-764&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fal-e-mamun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Katouzian, Homa</a> (2007). <i>Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297547"><bdi>978-0415297547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+History+and+Politics%3A+The+Dialectic+of+State+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415297547&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznetsovFedorov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kuznetsov, Andrew; Fedorov, Michael (2013). "Late Drachms of the Khwārazmshāh Azkājvār and Imitations of such Drachms". <i>Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: 145–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran%3A+Journal+of+the+British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft.atitle=Late+Drachms+of+the+Khw%C4%81razmsh%C4%81h+Azk%C4%81jv%C4%81r+and+Imitations+of+such+Drachms&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-149&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kuznetsov&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Fedorov%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhwarazmian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazmian_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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